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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 78° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, Panama, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 78th meridian west forms a great circle with the 102nd meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 78th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellesmere Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Baffin Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellesmere Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Baffin Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Bylot Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Eclipse Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Baffin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Basin
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Koch Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Basin
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Foxe Peninsula, Baffin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — unnamed island just west of Mill Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20remodeling | In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading.
In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year.
An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub-processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Physiology
Bone homeostasis involves multiple but coordinated cellular and molecular events. Two main types of cells are responsible for bone metabolism: osteoblasts (which secrete new bone), and osteoclasts (which break bone down). The structure of bones as well as adequate supply of calcium requires close cooperation between these two cell types and other cell populations present at the bone remodeling sites (e.g. immune cells). Bone metabolism relies on complex signaling pathways and control mechanisms to achieve proper rates of growth and differentiation. These controls include the action of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, growth hormone, steroids, and calcitonin, as well as several bone marrow-derived membrane and soluble cytokines and growth factors (e.g. M-CSF, RANKL, VEGF and IL-6 family). It is in this way that the body is able to maintain proper levels of calcium required for physiological processes. Thus bone remodeling is not just occasional "repair of bone damage" but rather an active, continual process that is always happening in a healthy body.
Subsequent to appropriate signaling, osteoclasts move to resorb the surface of the bone, followed by deposition o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp%20Corporation | is a Japanese electronics company. It is headquartered in Sakai, Osaka and was founded by Tokuji Hayakawa in 1912 in Honjo, Tokyo and established as the Hayakawa Metal Works Institute in Abeno, Osaka in 1924. Since 2016, it is majority owned by Taiwan-based manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd., better known as Foxconn.
History
Early years 1912–1945
In 1912, Tokuji Hayakawa founded a metal workshop in Honjo, Tokyo. The first of his many inventions was a snap buckle named 'Tokubijo'. Another of his inventions was the Ever-Ready Sharp mechanical pencil in 1915. The product became one of the first internationally available mechanical pencils (while concurrent US design replaced it soon and became a modern type), and due to this big success the Sharp Corporation derived its name from it. After the pencil business was destroyed by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the company relocated to Osaka and began designing the first generation of Japanese radio sets. These went on sale in 1925.
The company was established as "Hayakawa Metal Works" in 1924, in Tanabe-cho, Osaka. In 1942, the name was changed to "Hayakawa Electric Industry Company".
1945–1999
In 1953, Hayakawa Electric started producing the first Japan-made TV sets (the "Sharp TV3-14T").
In 1964, the company developed the world's first transistor calculator (the Sharp CS-10A), which was priced at JP¥535,000 (US$1,400). It took Sharp several years to develop the product as they had no experience in making computing devices at the time. Two years later, in 1966, Sharp introduced its first IC calculator using 145 Mitsubishi Electric-made bipolar ICs, priced at JP¥350,000 (about US$1000). Its first LSI calculator was introduced in 1969. This was the first pocketable calculator priced at less than JP¥100,000 (less than US$300), and turned out to be a popular item. Also in the same era the company introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable between 1964 and 1966. The company was renamed Sharp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%E2%80%93salinity%20diagram | In oceanography, temperature-salinity diagrams, sometimes called T-S diagrams, are used to identify water masses. In a T-S diagram, rather than plotting each water property as a separate "profile," with pressure or depth as the vertical coordinate, potential temperature (on the vertical axis) is plotted versus salinity (on the horizontal axis). As long as it remains isolated from the surface, where heat or fresh water can be gained or lost, and in the absence of mixing with other water masses, a water parcel's potential temperature and salinity are conserved. Deep water masses thus retain their T-S characteristics for long periods of time, and can be identified readily on a T-S plot.
Temperature and salinity combine to determine the potential density of seawater; contours of constant potential density are often shown in T-S diagrams. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20function | In mathematics, auxiliary functions are an important construction in transcendental number theory. They are functions that appear in most proofs in this area of mathematics and that have specific, desirable properties, such as taking the value zero for many arguments, or having a zero of high order at some point.
Definition
Auxiliary functions are not a rigorously defined kind of function, rather they are functions which are either explicitly constructed or at least shown to exist and which provide a contradiction to some assumed hypothesis, or otherwise prove the result in question. Creating a function during the course of a proof in order to prove the result is not a technique exclusive to transcendence theory, but the term "auxiliary function" usually refers to the functions created in this area.
Explicit functions
Liouville's transcendence criterion
Because of the naming convention mentioned above, auxiliary functions can be dated back to their source simply by looking at the earliest results in transcendence theory. One of these first results was Liouville's proof that transcendental numbers exist when he showed that the so called Liouville numbers were transcendental. He did this by discovering a transcendence criterion which these numbers satisfied. To derive this criterion he started with a general algebraic number α and found some property that this number would necessarily satisfy. The auxiliary function he used in the course of proving this criterion was simply the minimal polynomial of α, which is the irreducible polynomial f with integer coefficients such that f(α) = 0. This function can be used to estimate how well the algebraic number α can be estimated by rational numbers p/q. Specifically if α has degree d at least two then he showed that
and also, using the mean value theorem, that there is some constant depending on α, say c(α), such that
Combining these results gives a property that the algebraic number must satisfy; therefore any n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%20Ethernet | A metropolitan-area Ethernet, Ethernet MAN, or metro Ethernet network is a metropolitan area network (MAN) that is based on Ethernet standards. It is commonly used to connect subscribers to a larger service network or for internet access. Businesses can also use metropolitan-area Ethernet to connect their own offices to each other.
An Ethernet interface is typically more economical than a synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH) or plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) interface of the same bandwidth. Another distinct advantage of an Ethernet-based access network is that it can be easily connected to the customer network, due to the prevalent use of Ethernet in corporate and residential networks.
A typical service provider's network is a collection of switches and routers connected through optical fiber. The topology could be a ring, hub-and-spoke (star), or full or partial mesh. The network will also have a hierarchy: core, distribution (aggregation), and access. The core in most cases is an existing IP/MPLS backbone but may migrate to newer forms of Ethernet transport in the form of 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s, or 100 Gbit/s speeds or even possibly 400 Gbit/s to Terabit Ethernet network in the future.
Ethernet on the MAN can be used as pure Ethernet, Ethernet over SDH, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or Ethernet over DWDM. Ethernet-based deployments with no other underlying transport are cheaper but are harder to implement in a resilient and scalable manner, which has limited its use to small-scale or experimental deployments. SDH-based deployments are useful when there is an existing SDH infrastructure already in place; its main shortcoming is the loss of flexibility in bandwidth management due to the rigid hierarchy imposed by the SDH network. MPLS-based deployments are costly but highly reliable and scalable and are typically used by large service providers.
Metropolitan area networks
Familiar network domains are likely to exist regardless of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification | Vitrification (, via French ) is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say, a non-crystalline amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals: dimH = 3. In the production of ceramics, vitrification is responsible for their impermeability to water.
Vitrification is usually achieved by heating materials until they liquidize, then cooling the liquid, often rapidly, so that it passes through the glass transition to form a glassy solid. Certain chemical reactions also result in glasses.
In terms of chemistry, vitrification is characteristic for amorphous materials or disordered systems and occurs when bonding between elementary particles (atoms, molecules, forming blocks) becomes higher than a certain threshold value. Thermal fluctuations break the bonds; therefore, the lower the temperature, the higher the degree of connectivity. Because of that, amorphous materials have a characteristic threshold temperature termed glass transition temperature (Tg): below Tg amorphous materials are glassy whereas above Tg they are molten.
The most common applications are in the making of pottery, glass, and some types of food, but there are many others, such as the vitrification of an antifreeze-like liquid in cryopreservation.
In a different sense of the word, the embedding of material inside a glassy matrix is also called vitrification. An important application is the vitrification of radioactive waste to obtain a substance that is thought to be safer and more stable for disposal.
One study suggests during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, a victim's brain was vitrified by the extreme heat of the volcanic ash; however, this has been strenuously disputed.
Ceramics
Vitrification is the progressive partial fusion of a clay, or of a body, as a result of a firing process. As vitrification proceeds, the proportion of gla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20botanique%20de%20France | The Société botanique de France (SBF) is a French learned society founded on 23 April 1854. At its inaugural meeting it stated its purpose as "to contribute to the progress of botany and related sciences and to facilitate, by all means at its disposal, the education and the work of its members" (Article 2 of the founding statutes).
Foundation
The creation of the society was a result of a meeting on 12 March 1854 of the following sixteen botanists, who became founding members:
Antoine François Passy (1792–1873)
Adolphe Brongniart (1801–1876), professor at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
Joseph Decaisne (1807–1882), professor at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1801–1863)
Count Hippolyte Jaubert (1798–1874)
Louis Graves (1791–1857), director general of forests
Vicomte de Noé
Timothée Puel (1812–1890)
Charles Philippe Robin (1821–1885), former Chief Inspector of Roads and Bridges
Alphonse Maille (1813–1865)
Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (1819–1889)
Pierre Étienne Simon Duchartre (1811–1894)
Wladimir de Schoenefeld (1816–1875)
Adolphe De Bouis (1804–1878), doctor of medicine
Jacques Nicolas Ernest Germain de Saint-Pierre (1815–1882)
François Simon Cordier (1797-1874), former Army doctor and botanist
Three of these participants, L. Graves, A. Passy and W. de Schoenefeld, formed a committee and established society rules inspired by the Société géologique de France in whose creation Louis Graves had taken part. The Société géologique de France also hosted the first meeting of the SBF. During the first official meeting, which took place on 24 May 1854, a committee was elected. It included A. Brongniart as president, J. Decaisne, D. Delessert and H. Moquin-Tandon as Vice-Presidents, W. de Schoenefeld and P. Duchartre as Secretaries, T. Puel and E. Cosson as vice-secretaries, Caillette de Hervilliers as treasurer and de Bouis as archivist.
In 1868 the SBF relocated to the new premises of the National Hor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated%20local%20effects | Accumulated local effects (ALE) is a machine learning interpretability method.
Concepts
ALE uses a conditional feature distribution as an input and generates augmented data, creating more realistic data than a marginal distribution.
It ignores far out-of-distribution (outlier) values. Unlike partial dependence plots and marginal plots, ALE is not defeated in the presence of correlated predictors.
It analyzes differences in predictions instead of averaging them by calculating the average of the differences in model predictions over the augmented data, instead of the average of the predictions themselves.
Example
Given a model that predicts house prices based on its distance from city center and size of the building area, ALE compares the differences of predictions of houses of different sizes. The result separates the impact of the size from otherwise correlated features.
Limitations
Defining evaluation windows is subjective. High correlations between features can defeat the technique. ALE requires more and more uniformly distributed observations than PDP so that the conditional distribution can be reliably determined. The technique may produce inadequate results if the data is highly sparse, which is more common with high-dimensional data (curse of dimensionality).
See also
Interpretability (machine learning) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnocodiaceae | This family of alga is known from Permian to Cretaceous strata. It has been aligned with the chlorophytes and rhodophytes; whilst the latter is the most widely held opinion, some authors still consider a green algal affinity possible. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 34° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 34th meridian west forms a great circle with the 146th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 34th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Rocas Atoll, (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Claimed by both (Argentine Antarctica) and (British Antarctic Territory)
|-
|}
See also
33rd meridian west
35th meridian west
w034 meridian west |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drisapersen | Drisapersen (also known as Kyndrisa, PRO051 and GSK2402968) is an experimental drug that was under development by BioMarin, after acquisition of Prosensa, for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The drug is a 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that alters the splicing of the dystrophin RNA transcript, eliminating exon 51 from the mature dystrophin mRNA.
Mechanism of action
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused when a mutation in the dystrophin gene changes the RNA so that it no longer codes for functional dystrophin protein. This usually happens due to a mutation that alters the reading frame of the RNA downstream of the mutation, so-called frameshift mutation. If an exon with an appropriate number of bases lies near the mutation, removing that exon can correct the downstream reading frame, restoring the production of partially functional dystrophin. This is the general strategy used in the design of exon-skipping oligonucleotides for DMD. As there are 79 exons in the longest splice form of the dystrophin transcript, many different oligonucleotides are needed to address the range of mutations present in the population of people with DMD.
Clinical studies
The compound has completed Phase III trials and did not meet its primary endpoint. In January 2016, the FDA rejected drisapersen (Kyndrisa) largely on the basis of toxicity which limits dosing, and so efficacy. This effectively shifted focus of exon skipping therapy to a competing drug, eteplirsen. Eteplirsen is another exon skipping drug, but has a different backbone chemistry (it is a Morpholino antisense oligomer) which gives it different pharmacology while still targeting the same site on the dystrophin gene, exon 51. The hope is that lower toxicity of that backbone chemistry will allow higher dosing and greater efficacy.
A long-term open-label extension study (DEMAND IV) suggests that giving the drug at an earlier age and treating the boys for longer may delay progression of the di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20conoid | In geometry, a right conoid is a ruled surface generated by a family of straight lines that all intersect perpendicularly to a fixed straight line, called the axis of the right conoid.
Using a Cartesian coordinate system in three-dimensional space, if we take the to be the axis of a right conoid, then the right conoid can be represented by the parametric equations:
where is some function for representing the height of the moving line.
Examples
A typical example of right conoids is given by the parametric equations
The image on the right shows how the coplanar lines generate the right conoid.
Other right conoids include:
Helicoid:
Whitney umbrella:
Wallis's conical edge:
Plücker's conoid:
hyperbolic paraboloid: (with x-axis and y-axis as its axes).
See also
Conoid
Helicoid
Whitney umbrella
Ruled surface
External links
Right Conoid from MathWorld.
Plücker's conoid from MathWorld
Surfaces
Geometric shapes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMEA%200183 | NMEA 0183 is a combined electrical and data specification for communication between marine electronics such as echo sounder, sonars, anemometer, gyrocompass, autopilot, GPS receivers and many other types of instruments. It has been defined and is controlled by the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA). It replaces the earlier NMEA 0180 and NMEA 0182 standards. In leisure marine applications it is slowly being phased out in favor of the newer NMEA 2000 standard, though NMEA 0183 remains the norm in commercial shipping.
Details
The electrical standard that is used is EIA-422, also known as RS-422, although most hardware with NMEA-0183 outputs are also able to drive a single EIA-232 port. Although the standard calls for isolated inputs and outputs, there are various series of hardware that do not adhere to this requirement.
The NMEA 0183 standard uses a simple ASCII, serial communications protocol that defines how data are transmitted in a "sentence" from one "talker" to multiple "listeners" at a time. Through the use of intermediate expanders, a talker can have a unidirectional conversation with a nearly unlimited number of listeners, and using multiplexers, multiple sensors can talk to a single computer port.
At the application layer, the standard also defines the contents of each sentence (message) type, so that all listeners can parse messages accurately.
While NMEA 0183 only defines an RS-422 transport, there also exists a de facto standard in which the sentences from NMEA0183 are placed in UDP datagrams (one sentence per packet) and sent over an IP network.
The NMEA standard is proprietary and sells for at least US$2000 (except for members of the NMEA) as of September 2020. However, much of it has been reverse-engineered from public sources.
UART settings
There is a variation of the standard called NMEA-0183HS that specifies a baud rate of 38,400. This is in general use by AIS devices.
Message structure
All transmitted data are printable ASCI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified%20electronic%20signature | A qualified electronic signature is an electronic signature that is compliant with EU Regulation No 910/2014 (eIDAS Regulation) for electronic transactions within the internal European market. It enables to verify the authorship of a declaration in electronic data exchange over long periods of time. Qualified electronic signatures can be considered as a digital equivalent to handwritten signatures.
Description
The purpose of eIDAS was to create a set of standards to ensure that electronic signatures could be used in a secure manner while conducting business online or while conducting official business across borders between EU member states. The qualified electronic signature is one such standard that has been outlined under eIDAS.
A qualified electronic signature is an advanced electronic signature with a qualified digital certificate that has been created by a qualified signature creation device (QSCD). For an electronic signature to be considered as a qualified electronic signature, it must meet three main requirements: First, the signatory must be linked and uniquely identified to the signature. The second point is that data used to create the signature must be under the sole control of the signatory. And last it must have the ability to identify if the data that accompanies the signature has been tampered with since the signing of the message.
It is important to note that creating a qualified electronic signature is more than merely adding a qualified certificate to an advanced electronic signature. The signature must also be created using a qualified signature creation device (QSCD). This device is responsible for qualifying digital signatures by using specific hardware and software that ensures that only the signatory has control of their private key. In addition, a qualified trust service provider manages the signature creation data that is produced. The signature creation data must remain unique, confidential and protected from forgery.
Qualified electr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose%20meter | A glucose meter, also referred to as a "glucometer", is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of glucose testing, including home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) performed by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. A small drop of blood, obtained from slightly piercing a fingertip with a lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dL or mmol/L.
Since approximately 1980, a primary goal of the management of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been achieving closer-to-normal levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times a day. The benefits include a reduction in the occurrence rate and severity of long-term complications from hyperglycemia as well as a reduction in the short-term, potentially life-threatening complications of hypoglycemia.
History
Leland Clark presented his first paper about the oxygen electrode, later named the Clark electrode, on 15 April 1956, at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Organs during the annual meetings of the Federated Societies for Experimental Biology.
In 1962, Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital developed the first glucose enzyme electrode. This biosensor was based on a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an oxygen electrode. Thus, the readout was the amount of oxygen consumed by GOx during the enzymatic reaction with the substrate glucose. This publication became one of the most often cited papers in life sciences. Due to this work he is considered the “father of biosensors,” especially with respect to the glucose sensing for diabetes patients.
Another early glucose meter was the Ames Reflectance Meter by Anton H. Clemens. It was used i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Wheeler | Mary Fanett Wheeler (born December 28, 1938) is an American mathematician. She is known for her work on numerical methods for partial differential equations, including domain decomposition methods.
In 1998, Wheeler was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for "the computer simulation of subsurface flow and the underlying mathematical algorithms".
In 2009 she was awarded the Theodore von Kármán Prize by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).
Personal background
Mary Fanett Wheeler was born on December 28, 1938, in Cuero, Texas. She earned a double major in social sciences and mathematics from the University of Texas in 1960, and a Master's degree in 1963. She did her masters thesis on the Peaceman-Rachford method, and later went on to do her Ph.D. under Rachford at Rice University in 1971.
Professional background
Wheeler studies finite element analysis and porous media problems with applications in engineering, oil-field exploitation, and the cleaning up of environmental pollution. Her early work consisted of fundamental contributions to finite element methods and numerical analysis. She then moved into porous media problems, using her numerical expertise to study problems in the oil industry such as managing oil-field extraction. She also studies environmental problems such as cleaning up underground reservoirs, spills of toxic waste, and carbon dioxide sequestration. In addition, Wheeler has worked with the United States Army Corps of Engineers on environmental impact in the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Florida Bay.
On the matter of pure versus applied math, Wheeler has been noted to say "To me it is important to see your work used. I do abstract things as well, and I don't know if I will live to see them applied."
Wheeler worked at the Rice University from 1971 to 1995, with a two-year hiatus at University of Houston from 1988 to 1990. In 1995 she moved to the University of Texas at Austin where she serves a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp%27s%20algorithm | In mathematics, particularly computational algebra, Berlekamp's algorithm is a well-known method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also known as Galois fields). The algorithm consists mainly of matrix reduction and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1967. It was the dominant algorithm for solving the problem until the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm of 1981. It is currently implemented in many well-known computer algebra systems.
Overview
Berlekamp's algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree with coefficients in a finite field and gives as output a polynomial with coefficients in the same field such that divides . The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over a finite field is a unique factorization domain).
All possible factors of are contained within the factor ring
The algorithm focuses on polynomials which satisfy the congruence:
These polynomials form a subalgebra of R (which can be considered as an -dimensional vector space over ), called the Berlekamp subalgebra. The Berlekamp subalgebra is of interest because the polynomials it contains satisfy
In general, not every GCD in the above product will be a non-trivial factor of , but some are, providing the factors we seek.
Berlekamp's algorithm finds polynomials suitable for use with the above result by computing a basis for the Berlekamp subalgebra. This is achieved via the observation that Berlekamp subalgebra is in fact the kernel of a certain matrix over , which is derived from the so-called Berlekamp matrix of the polynomial, denoted . If then is the coefficient of the -th power term in the reduction of modulo , i.e.:
With a certain polynomial , say:
we may associate the row vector:
It is relatively straightforward to see that the row |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene%20%28journal%29 | Oncogene is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published under the Nature Portfolio addressing cancer cell genetics and the structure and function of oncogenes. The journal has editorial office in London, England under the publishing company Springer Nature. The journal was established in 1987. An open access online-only sister journal, Oncogenesis, was established in 2012 by Douglas R. Green, who was then Oncogene'''s editor-in-chief.Oncogene received a 2021 impact factor of 8.756 and received Journal Citation Reports rankings of 38th out of 245 journals in the category Oncology, 16th out of 175 in the category Genetics & Heredity, 41st out of 194 in the category Cell Biology, and 40th out of 296 in the category Biochemistry & Molecular Biology''.
The current editors-in-chief are George Miller and Justin Stebbing.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
EBSCO Discovery Service, Google Scholar, OCLC, Summon by ProQuest, BIOSIS, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), SCOPUS, EBSCO Academic Search, EBSCO Advanced Placement Source, EBSCO Agriculture Plus, EBSCO Biomedical Reference Collection, EBSCO Science & Technology Collection, EBSCO STM Source, EBSCO TOC Premier, and INIS Atomindex.
See also
Nature Research
List of Nature Research journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvitxada | Salsa de calçots (Calçots' sauce) is a Catalan sauce originating in Valls, province of Tarragona in the region of Catalonia, which is served almost exclusively with calçots at the calçotades, a traditional local barbecue.
It is similar to romesco sauce with the difference that it is thickened with toast rubbed with fresh garlic, moistened with a little vinegar and pulverized.
See also
List of sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese%20Biedl | Therese Charlotte Biedl is an Austrian computer scientist known for her research in computational geometry and graph drawing. Currently she is a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
Education
Biedl received her Diploma in Mathematics at the Technical University of Berlin, graduating in 1996
and earned a Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1997 under the supervision of Endre Boros.
Research
Biedl's research is in developing algorithms related to graphs and geometry. Planar graphs are graphs that can be drawn without crossings. Biedl develops algorithms that minimize or approximate the area and the height of such drawings. With Alam, Felsner, Gerasch, Kaufmann, and Kobourov, Biedl found provably optimal linear time algorithms for proportional contact representation of a maximal planar graph.
Awards
Biedl was named a Ross & Muriel Cheriton Faculty Fellow in 2011, a recognition of the reach and importance of her scholarly works.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20computing%20hardware%20before%201950 | This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing software and hardware: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing.
Prehistory–antiquity
Medieval–1640
1641–1850
1851–1930
1931–1940
1941–1949
Computing timeline
Timeline of computing
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
History of computing hardware
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astressin-B | Astressin-B is a nonselective corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist that reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol.
It reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and improves the sexual drive of rats under stressing conditions.
Astressin-B is able to delay the emptying of solid food in mice. Astressin-B can prevent the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone in mice due to shock, alcohol and endotoxemia.
Treatment with astressin-B caused the sudden growth of hair in mice bred for a propensity for stress. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Rao%20bound | The quantum Cramér–Rao bound is the quantum analogue of the classical Cramér–Rao bound. It bounds the achievable precision in parameter estimation with a quantum system:
where is the number of independent repetitions, and is the quantum Fisher information.
Here, is the state of the system and is the Hamiltonian of the system. When considering a unitary dynamics of the type
where is the initial state of the system, is the parameter to be estimated based on measurements on
Simple derivation from the Heisenberg uncertainty relation
Let us consider the decomposition of the density matrix to pure components as
The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is valid for all
From these, employing the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we arrive at
Here
is the error propagation formula, which roughly tells us how well can be estimated by measuring Moreover, the convex roof of the variance is given as <ref
where is the quantum Fisher information. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastic%20%28plant%20resin%29 | Mastic () is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). It is also known as tears of Chios, being traditionally produced on the island Chios, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets.
Mastic is excreted by the resin glands of certain trees and dries into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum. The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing flavor similar to pine and cedar.
History
Mastic has been harvested for at least 2,500 years since Greek antiquity. The word mastic is derived from , 'to gnash the teeth', which is also the source of the English word masticate. The first mention of actual mastic 'tears' was by Hippocrates. Hippocrates used mastic for the prevention of digestive problems, colds and as a breath freshener. Romans used mastic along with honey, pepper, and egg in the spiced wine conditum paradoxum. Under the Byzantine Empire, the mastic trade became the Emperor's monopoly. In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan gathered the finest mastic crop to send to his harem.
During the Ottoman rule of Chios, mastic was worth its weight in gold. The penalty for stealing mastic was execution by order of the sultans. In the Chios Massacre of 1822, the people of the Mastichochoria region were spared by the sultan to provide mastic to him and his harem. , the Turkish name for the island of Chios, means 'gum island'. The mastic villages are fortress-like, out of sight from the sea, surrounded by high walls and with no doors at street level (meaning that the villages were entered only by ladders), in order to protect the sap from invaders.
Although the liqueur is much younger, it is still tied up with Greek history. Digestive liqueurs, similar to Mastichato (Mastika), but made with grapes, were known as Greek elixirs before the French Revolution.
The production of mastic was threatened by the Chios forest fire that destroye |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20mass | Stellar mass is a phrase that is used by astronomers to describe the mass of a star. It is usually enumerated in terms of the Sun's mass as a proportion of a solar mass (). Hence, the bright star Sirius has around . A star's mass will vary over its lifetime as mass is lost with the stellar wind or ejected via pulsational behavior, or if additional mass is accreted, such as from a companion star.
Properties
Stars are sometimes grouped by mass based upon their evolutionary behavior as they approach the end of their nuclear fusion lifetimes.
Very-low-mass stars with masses below 0.5 do not enter the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) but evolve directly into white dwarfs. (At least in theory; the lifetimes of such stars are long enough—longer than the age of the universe to date—that none has yet had time to evolve to this point and be observed.)
Low-mass stars with a mass below about 1.8–2.2 (depending on composition) do enter the AGB, where they develop a degenerate helium core.
Intermediate-mass stars undergo helium fusion and develop a degenerate carbon–oxygen core.
Massive stars have a minimum mass of 5–10 . These stars undergo carbon fusion, with their lives ending in a core-collapse supernova explosion. Black holes created as a result of a stellar collapse are termed stellar-mass black holes.
The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines the surface gravity. Giant stars have a much lower surface gravity than main sequence stars, while the opposite is the case for degenerate, compact stars such as white dwarfs. The surface gravity can influence the appearance of a star's spectrum, with higher gravity causing a broadening of the absorption lines.
Range
One of the most massive stars known is Eta Carinae, with ; its lifespan is very short—only several million years at most. A study of the Arches Cluster suggests that is the upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe. The reason for this limit is not precisely known, but it is par |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetics%20Internet%20Protocol | Kinetics Internet Protocol (KIP) is a network protocol used for the encapsulation and routing of AppleTalk data packets over IP. It also controls the routing tables.
It is defined in RFC 1742.
Apple Computer adopted the usage of KIP and refer to it as part of MacIP.
Literature
Sidhu, Andrews, Oppenheimer: Inside AppleTalk, 2nd, Addison-Wesley, 1999
Apple Computer Inc.: Inside Macintosh: Networking, 2nd, Addison-Wesley, 1994, Chapter 1 - Introduction to AppleTalk (online version)
Network protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor%20Botanical%20Gardens | The Bogor Botanical Gardens () is a botanical garden located in Bogor, Indonesia, 60 km south of central Jakarta. It is currently operated by the National Research and Innovation Agency. The garden is located in the city center and adjoin the presidential palace compound of Istana Bogor. It covers an area of and contains 13,983 different kinds of trees and plants of various origin. The geographic position of Bogor means it rains almost daily, even in the dry season. This makes the garden an advantageous location for the cultivation of tropical plants.
Founded in 1817 by the order of the government of the Dutch East Indies, the garden thrived under the leadership of many renowned botanists including Johannes Elias Teijsmann, Rudolph Herman Christiaan Carel Scheffer, and Melchior Treub. Since its foundation, the Bogor botanical garden has served as a major research center for agriculture and horticulture. It is the oldest botanical garden in Southeast Asia.
History
Background
The area that is now Bogor Botanical Gardens was part of the samida (man-made forest) that was established at least around the era when Sri Baduga Maharaja (Prabu Siliwangi, 1474–1513) ruled the Sunda Kingdom, as written in the Batutulis inscription. This forest was created to protect seeds of rare trees. The forest remained neglected after the Sundanese kingdom was destroyed in the 16th century. In 1744 the Dutch East India Company established a garden and mansion at the site of the present botanical gardens in Buitenzorg (now known as Bogor).
After the successful British invasion of Java in 1811, Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island's lieutenant-governor, and he took Buitenzorg Palace as his residence. During his rule in the palace, he had the garden re-landscaped into English-style garden. His wife, Olivia Mariamne Raffles, died in Buitenzorg on November 26, 1814, and was buried in Batavia. A memorial monument was built in the garden, as a commemoration for her.
's Lands Planten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLUKA | FLUKA (FLUktuierende KAskade) is a fully integrated Monte Carlo simulation package for the interaction and transport of particles and nuclei in matter.
FLUKA has many applications in particle physics, high energy experimental physics and engineering, shielding, detector and telescope design, cosmic ray studies, dosimetry, medical physics, radiobiology. A recent line of development concerns hadron therapy.
It is the standard tool used in radiation protection studies in the CERN particle accelerator laboratory.
FLUKA software code is used by Epcard, which is a software program for simulating radiation exposure on airline flights.
Comparison with other codes
MCNPX is slower than FLUKA.
Geant4 is slower than FLUKA. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20L.%20Boggs | Carol Linda Boggs (born April 11, 1952) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology, population biology, ecology, and evolution of butterflies. Boggs completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin. Since 2013, she has been a professor in the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina. Boggs is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several journals. She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001.
Career
Boggs was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences (1986-1997). She was promoted to associate professor (teaching) (1997–2002), consulting professor (2002–2006), and finally, professor (teaching) (2006–2012). In parallel with these appointments, she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University (1994–2006). Boggs also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director (1994–1995) and director (1995–2006) of the Center for Conservation Biology, and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology (2006–2012). In 2013, Boggs moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment (2013–2018) and as a professor in the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences (2013–present).
Boggs has served on several editorial boards, either as a founding member or as an associate editor, for journals including Functional Ecology, Ecological Applications, Evolution, and the Journal of Insect Conservation. She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), serving on the board of trustees as a member for more tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver%20%28information%20theory%29 | The receiver in information theory is the receiving end of a communication channel. It receives decoded messages/information from the sender, who first encoded them. Sometimes the receiver is modeled so as to include the decoder. Real-world receivers like radio receivers or telephones can not be expected to receive as much information as predicted by the noisy channel coding theorem. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20sorting | Optical sorting (sometimes called digital sorting) is the automated process of sorting solid products using cameras and/or lasers.
Depending on the types of sensors used and the software-driven intelligence of the image processing system, optical sorters can recognize an object's color, size, shape, structural properties and chemical composition. The sorter compares objects to user-defined accept/reject criteria to identify and remove defective products and foreign material (FM) from the production line, or to separate product of different grades or types of materials.
Optical sorters are in widespread use in the food industry worldwide, with the highest adoption in processing harvested foods such as potatoes, fruits, vegetables and nuts where it achieves non-destructive, 100 percent inspection in-line at full production volumes. The technology is also used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and nutraceutical manufacturing, tobacco processing, waste recycling and other industries. Compared to manual sorting, which is subjective and inconsistent, optical sorting helps improve product quality, maximize throughput and increase yields while reducing labor costs.
History
Optical sorting is an idea that first came out of the desire to automate industrial sorting of agricultural goods like fruits and vegetables. Before automated optical sorting technology was conceived in the 1930s, companies like Unitec were producing wooden machinery to assist in the mechanical sorting of fruit processing. In 1931, a company known as “the Electric Sorting Company” was incorporated and began the creation of the world’s first color sorters, which were being installed and used in Michigan’s bean industry by 1932. In 1937, optical sorting technology had advanced to allow for systems based on a two-color principle of selection. The next few decades saw the installation of new and improved sorting mechanisms, like gravity feed systems and the implementation of optical sorting in more agricult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation%203%20models | The PlayStation 3 (PS3) video game console has been produced in various models during its life cycle. At launch, the PlayStation 3 was available with either a 20 or 60 GB hard disk drive in the US and Japan, respectively— priced from US$499 to US$599; and with either a 40, 60, or 80 GB hard disk drive in Europe, priced from £299 to £425. Since then, Sony have released two further redesigned models, the "Slim" and "Super Slim" models. , the total number of consoles sold is estimated at 87.4 million.
Original model
There are several original PlayStation 3 hardware models, which are commonly referred to by the size of their included hard disk drive: 20, 40, 60, 80, or 160 GB. Although referred to by their HDD size, the capabilities of the consoles vary by region and release date. The only difference in the appearance of the first five models was the color of the trim, number of USB ports, the presence or absence of a door (which covers the flash card readers on equipped models) and some minor changes to the air vents. All retail packages include one or two Sixaxis controllers or a DualShock 3 controller (beginning June 12, 2008), one Type-A to Mini-B USB cable (for connecting the controller and PlayStation Portable to the system), one composite video/stereo audio output cable, one Ethernet cable (20, 60 and CECHExx 80 GB only) and one power cable. The original and CECHExx models were also the only video game consoles ever made to feature a Super Audio CD player.
All models support software emulation of the original PlayStation, but support for PlayStation 2 backward compatibility diminished with later compatible models and the last model to have integrated backward compatibility was the NTSC 80 GB (CECHE) Metal Gear Solid 4 Bundle. Compatibility issues with games for both systems are detailed in a public database hosted by the manufacturer. All models, excluding the 20 GB model, include 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi.
In addition to all of the features of the 20 GB model, the 60 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform%20eminence | The cruciform eminence (or cruciate eminence) divides the deeply concave internal surface of the occipital bone into four fossae:
The upper two fossae are called the cerebral fossae, are triangular and lodge the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.
The lower two are called the cerebellar fossae, are quadrilateral and accommodate the hemispheres of the cerebellum.
The upper fossae are separated from the lower fossae by a groove for the transverse sinuses. At the point of intersection between all four fossae is the internal occipital protuberance.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock%20trainwreck | In computer science, the term Mock Trainwreck refers to the difficulty of mocking a deeply nested model structure. Mocking is the creation of mock objects which can be used to mimic the behavior of real objects, often because it is hard to test with the real objects. A trainwreck is multiple levels of method calls (called a chain), which each return objects upon which new methods can be called. Deeply nested models go against the Law of Demeter because the property's property must be accessed. The Law of Demeter, also known as the principle of least knowledge is a design guideline to promote loose coupling of data structures that are not closely related, and thus should probably not be coupled together. In addition, this level of coupling can be considered an inappropriate intimacy code smell.
Mock trainwrecks should be avoided when possible. This is because not only does it makes it harder to test the code which uses them, but also because they are harder to work with from a design standpoint. In addition, it increases the amount of information an object can access, due to its close relation with other parameters that are not related to its main functionality.
Example of a trainwreck
If someone wanted to write a test looking for a library that receives public funding, or by its head librarian, he or she might use code like the following:
Java
assertEqual(
l.getHeadLibrarian()
.getName().split(" ")[1]
, "Smith")
assertEqual(
l.getFunding().getType()
, "public")
Ruby
l.headLibrarian.name.split(/ +/).last.should == "Smith"
l.funding.type.should == "public"
To mock up an object that matches the search result, they would have to have mocking code like what follows:
Java
HeadLibrarian h = mock(HeadLibrarian.class);
when(h.getName()).thenReturn("Jane Smith");
Funding f = mock(Funding.class);
when(f.getType()).thenReturn("public");
Library l = mock(Library.class);
when(l.getHeadLibrarian()).thenReturn(h);
when(l.getFunding()).thenRetur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20polyhedron | In geometry, a spherical polyhedron or spherical tiling is a tiling of the sphere in which the surface is divided or partitioned by great arcs into bounded regions called spherical polygons. Much of the theory of symmetrical polyhedra is most conveniently derived in this way.
The most familiar spherical polyhedron is the soccer ball, thought of as a spherical truncated icosahedron. The next most popular spherical polyhedron is the beach ball, thought of as a hosohedron.
Some "improper" polyhedra, such as hosohedra and their duals, dihedra, exist as spherical polyhedra, but their flat-faced analogs are degenerate. The example hexagonal beach ball, is a hosohedron, and is its dual dihedron.
History
The first known man-made polyhedra are spherical polyhedra carved in stone. Many have been found in Scotland, and appear to date from the neolithic period (the New Stone Age).
During the 10th Century, the Islamic scholar Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī (Abu'l Wafa) wrote the first serious study of spherical polyhedra.
Two hundred years ago, at the start of the 19th Century, Poinsot used spherical polyhedra to discover the four regular star polyhedra.
In the middle of the 20th Century, Coxeter used them to enumerate all but one of the uniform polyhedra, through the construction of kaleidoscopes (Wythoff construction).
Examples
All regular polyhedra, semiregular polyhedra, and their duals can be projected onto the sphere as tilings:
Improper cases
Spherical tilings allow cases that polyhedra do not, namely hosohedra: figures as {2,n}, and dihedra: figures as {n,2}. Generally, regular hosohedra and regular dihedra are used.
Relation to tilings of the projective plane
Spherical polyhedra having at least one inversive symmetry are related to projective polyhedra (tessellations of the real projective plane) – just as the sphere has a 2-to-1 covering map of the projective plane, projective polyhedra correspond under 2-fold cover to spherical polyhedra that are symmetric under ref |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oum%20Sang-il | Oum Sang-il (; born 1976) is a Korean mathematician working in graph theory and discrete mathematics. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at KAIST and the chief investigator of the Discrete Mathematics Group in the Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences at the Institute for Basic Science. He is known for his work on structural graph theory and in particular for structures and algorithms relating to rank-width, clique-width, and branch-width. He published more than 45 journal papers.
He won the Young Scientist Award from the South Korean government in 2012.
and the TJ Park Young Professor Fellowship from the POSCO TJ Park Foundation in 2009.
He has been an editor of the Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society since 2011 and a founding member of Young Korean Academy of Science and Technology.
He wrote a monthly pieces for the monthly magazine "Math Donga" (ko) for 4 years from 2016, sharing the latest research breakthroughs in mathematics.
In the Korean Mathematical Society, he was appointed twice (2011-2012, 2017-2018) as an executive member of the board of trustees in charge of the Korean Mathematical Olympiad. He was a member of the Korean Mathematical Olympiad Committee for 2011-2018 and was the deputy leader of the South Korean team at the International Mathematical Olympiad in 2012 and 2018.
Education
Born in Yecheon County, Oum attended Daegu Science High School in Daegu from 1992. He then went to KAIST where he majored in mathematics and graduated with a B.S. in 1998. Studying in the Program of Applied and Computational Mathematics of Princeton University, he majored in graph theory and discrete mathematics. His dissertation was overseen by Professor Paul Seymour and Ph.D. was awarded in 2005.
Career
From 1999 to 2002, Oum worked as a computer programmer in Korea.
He was a visiting assistant professor in the School of Mathematics, Georgia Tech for 2005-2006 and a postdoctoral fellow under |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Kotlin () is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose high-level programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin's standard library depends on the Java Class Library,
but type inference allows its syntax to be more concise. Kotlin mainly targets the JVM, but also compiles to JavaScript (e.g., for frontend web applications using React) or native code via LLVM (e.g., for native iOS apps sharing business logic with Android apps). Language development costs are borne by JetBrains, while the Kotlin Foundation protects the Kotlin trademark.
On 7 May 2019, Google announced that the Kotlin programming language was now its preferred language for Android app developers. Since the release of Android Studio 3.0 in October 2017, Kotlin has been included as an alternative to the standard Java compiler. The Android Kotlin compiler produces Java 8 bytecode by default (which runs in any later JVM), but lets the programmer choose to target Java 9 up to 20, for optimization, or allows for more features; has bidirectional record class interoperability support for JVM, introduced in Java 16, considered stable as of Kotlin 1.5.
Kotlin has support for the web with Kotlin/JS, either through a classic interpreter-based backend which has been declared stable since version 1.3, or an intermediate representation-based backend which has been declared stable since version 1.8. Kotlin/Native (for e.g. Apple silicon support) is considered beta since version 1.3.
History
In July 2011, JetBrains unveiled Project Kotlin, a new language for the JVM, which had been under development for a year. JetBrains lead Dmitry Jemerov said that most languages did not have the features they were looking for, with the exception of Scala. However, he cited the slow compilation time of Scala as a deficiency. One of the stated goals of Kotlin is to compile as quickly as Java. In February 2012, JetBrains open sourced the project |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRG1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRG1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the GABAA receptor.
Variants of this gene may be associated with alcohol dependence. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diametral%20compression%20test | A diametral compression test involves applying a stress load or force to the point where a material object is split in half (down the diameter of the object). This test indirectly measures the tensile property of a material object, as the molecules of the material are pushed apart in opposite directions, similar to what happens to molecules in a direct tensile strength test. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX6B1 | Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX6B1 gene. Cytochrome c oxidase 6B1 is a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, also known as Complex IV, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mutations of the COX6B1 gene are associated with severe infantile encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D).
Structure
The COX6B1 gene, located on the q arm of chromosome 19 in position 13.1, contains 4 exons and is 10,562 base pairs in length. The COX6B1 protein weighs 10 kDa and is composed of 86 amino acids. The protein is a subunit of Complex IV, a heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes, and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes.
Function
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. It is a heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits function in electron transfer, and the nuclear-encoded subunits may be involved in the regulation and assembly of the complex. This nuclear gene encodes subunit VIb. Three pseudogenes COX6BP-1, COX6BP-2 and COX6BP-3 have been found on chromosomes 7, 17 and 22q13.1-13.2, respectively.
Summary reaction:
4 Fe2+-cytochrome c + 8 H+in + O2 → 4 Fe3+-cytochrome c + 2 H2O + 4 H+out
Clinical significance
Mutations affecting the COX6B1 gene are associated with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D), a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, dela |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler%20differential | In mathematics, Kähler differentials provide an adaptation of differential forms to arbitrary commutative rings or schemes. The notion was introduced by Erich Kähler in the 1930s. It was adopted as standard in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry somewhat later, once the need was felt to adapt methods from calculus and geometry over the complex numbers to contexts where such methods are not available.
Definition
Let and be commutative rings and be a ring homomorphism. An important example is for a field and a unital algebra over (such as the coordinate ring of an affine variety). Kähler differentials formalize the observation that the derivatives of polynomials are again polynomial. In this sense, differentiation is a notion which can be expressed in purely algebraic terms. This observation can be turned into a definition of the module
of differentials in different, but equivalent ways.
Definition using derivations
An -linear derivation on is an -module homomorphism to an -module satisfying the Leibniz rule (it automatically follows from this definition that the image of is in the kernel of ). The module of Kähler differentials is defined as the -module for which there is a universal derivation . As with other universal properties, this means that is the best possible derivation in the sense that any other derivation may be obtained from it by composition with an -module homomorphism. In other words, the composition with provides, for every , an -module isomorphism
One construction of and proceeds by constructing a free -module with one formal generator for each in , and imposing the relations
,
,
,
for all in and all and in . The universal derivation sends to . The relations imply that the universal derivation is a homomorphism of -modules.
Definition using the augmentation ideal
Another construction proceeds by letting be the ideal in the tensor product defined as the kernel of the multiplication map
Then the module of Käh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Serenata%20de%20Amor | Operation Serenata de Amor is an artificial intelligence project designed to analyze public spending in Brazil. The project has been funded by a recurrent financing campaign since September 7, 2016, and came in the wake of major scandals of misappropriation of public funds in Brazil, such as the Mensalão scandal and what was revealed in the Operation Car Wash investigations.
The analysis began with data from the National Congress then expanded to other types of budget and instances of government, such as the Federal Senate. The project is built through collaboration on GitHub and using a public group with more than 600 participants on Telegram.
The name "Serenata de Amor," which means "serenade of love," was taken from a popular cashew cream bonbon produced by Chocolates Garoto in Brazil.
Modules
Throughout development of the project, new modules have been newly introduced in addition to the main repository:
The main repository, serenata-de-amor, serves as the starting point for investigative work.
Rosie is the robot programmed to identify public funds expenses with discrepancies, starting with CEAP (Quota for Exercise of Parliamentary Activity); it analyzes each of the reimbursements requested by the deputies and senators, indicating the reasons that lead it to believe they are suspicious.
From Rosie was born whistleblower, which tweets under the name of @RosieDaSerenata, distributing the results found on social media.
Jarbas (Github repository) is a data visualization tool which shows a complete list of reimbursements made available by the Chamber of Deputies and mined by Rosie.
Toolbox is a Python installable package that supports the development of Serenata de Amor and Rosie.
History
Operation Serenata de Amor is an Artificial intelligence project for analysis of public expenditures. It was conceived in March 2016 by data scientist Irio Musskopf, sociologist Eduardo Cuducos and entrepreneur Felipe Cabral. The project was financed collectively in the Cat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Summit%20on%20Evolution | The World Summit on Evolution is an evolutionary biology meeting hosted at the Galapagos Islands by Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), an Ecuadorian private liberal arts university. Its focus is on recent research and new advances in our understanding of evolution and the diversity of life.
The summit hosts more than 150 participants presenting invited and submitted talks, poster sessions and scientific-outreach talks. It has been called "The Woodstock of Evolution" bringing together experts and students from widely different areas of evolutionary biology that rarely meet. It has attracted researchers working on evolution from over 15 different countries, including Peter and Rosemary Grant, Niles Eldredge, Antonio Lazcano, Douglas Futuyma, Lynn Margulis, Ada Yonath, William H. Calvin and Daniel Dennett.
Objectives
Objectives:
Join experts from different branches of evolutionary biology to discuss on the impacts of recent discoveries in order to integrate them inside the basic concepts of evolution.
Through a series of presentations and discussions the participants ask the big questions: What is the evidence for the theory of evolution? How has each field and their respective approaches deepened our understating? And where are the future horizons? Bringing together international experts and students for debate helps to answer these questions and hopefully lead to decisions that will shape the direction of evolutionary science in the foreseeable future.
Remind the scientific community of the importance of the Galapagos Islands and the discoveries produced thanks to their particular natural resources. Present the islands as a living and dynamic laboratory of evolution.
Promote Ecuador, its research community and its academic institutions.
Subjects
Subjects:
Origin and diversification of life—How did the first living cells originate, clues provided by RNA, new paradigms in prokaryotic and early eukaryotic evolution.
Evolution of plants and animals—Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%20gun%20fire-control%20system | Ship gun fire-control systems (GFCS) are analogue fire-control systems that were used aboard naval warships prior to modern electronic computerized systems, to control targeting of guns against surface ships, aircraft, and shore targets, with either optical or radar sighting. Most US ships that are destroyers or larger (but not destroyer escorts except Brooke class DEG's later designated FFG's or escort carriers) employed gun fire-control systems for and larger guns, up to battleships, such as .
Beginning with ships built in the 1960s, warship guns were largely operated by computerized systems, i.e. systems that were controlled by electronic computers, which were integrated with the ship's missile fire-control systems and other ship sensors. As technology advanced, many of these functions were eventually handled fully by central electronic computers.
The major components of a gun fire-control system are a human-controlled director, along with or later replaced by radar or television camera, a computer, stabilizing device or gyro, and equipment in a plotting room.
For the US Navy, the most prevalent gunnery computer was the Ford Mark 1, later the Mark 1A Fire Control Computer, which was an electro-mechanical analog ballistic computer that provided accurate firing solutions and could automatically control one or more gun mounts against stationary or moving targets on the surface or in the air. This gave American forces a technological advantage in World War II against the Japanese, who did not develop remote power control for their guns; both the US Navy and Japanese Navy used visual correction of shots using shell splashes or air bursts, while the US Navy augmented visual spotting with radar. Digital computers would not be adopted for this purpose by the US until the mid-1970s; however, it must be emphasized that all analog anti-aircraft fire control systems had severe limitations, and even the US Navy's Mark 37 system required nearly 1000 rounds of mechanical f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodora%20myristica | Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production.
Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.
Cultivation and history
The calabash nutmeg tree grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon, Ghana, Angola and also Uganda and west Kenya. Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and become known as Jamaican nutmeg. In 1897, Monodora myristica was introduced to Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia, where the trees flower on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected. Due to its large and orchid-like flowers, the tree is also grown as an ornamental.
Botany
Tree and leaves
Monodora myristica can reach a height of and in diameter at breast height (DBH). It has a clear trunk and branches horizontally. The leaves are alternately arranged and drooping with the leaf blade being elliptical, oblong or broadest towards the apex and tapering to the stalk. They are petiolate and can reach a size of up to .
Flower
The flower appears at the base of new shoots and is singular, pendant, large and fragrant. The pedicel bears a leaf-like bract and can reach in length. The flower’s sepals are red-spotted, crisped and long. The corolla is formed of six petals of which the three outer reach a length of and show curled margins and red, green and yellow spots. The t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-B-cell%20leukemia%20homeobox | Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) refers to a family of transcription factors.
Types include:
PBX1
PBX2
PBX3
PBX4
See also
Pre-B cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201344 | IEEE 1344 is a standard that defines parameters for synchrophasors for power systems. The standard added extension to the IRIG-B time code to cover year, time quality, daylight saving time, local time offset and leap second information. IEEE 1344 was superseded by IEEE C37.118 in 2005 and the time extensions were adopted as part of the IRIG timing standard in the 2004 edition.
Description
IRIG-B timecode consists of 100 bits, repeated each second. Every tenth bit is a "position identifier", and most of the remainder encode the current time (date, hour, minute and second). Bits 60–68 and 70–78 are reserved for other uses; IEEE 1344 is such a use. It defines the bits as follows:
The DST and leap warning bits are set no more than 59 seconds before the indicated change, and indicate the change at the end of the minute. During a leap second,
the warning bit should be set, the seconds field should show "60", and the Straight Binary Seconds field should equal 60 + 60 × minutes + 3600 × hours. The next second, the leap second warning bit should be clear, and the SBS field will repeat. Since negative leap seconds have never happened, and almost certainly never will, the LS bit is always 0.
The clock quality indication is a binary value. 0 means the clock is locked to a UTC-traceable source, without specifying a particular accuracy, and 15 means the clock has failed and the time is not reliable. Values between 1 and 11 indicate the time is accurate to within 10x−10 seconds of UTC, i.e. x=1 indicates UTC±1 ns, while x=11 indicates UTC±10 s.
The time zone offset indicates the difference UTC – timecode, so UTC = timecode + offset. This value changes when DST is active. The Straight Binary Seconds field also jumps by 3600 when this happens.
The parity bit is even parity over all data bits from 1 through 74. Marker bits are ignored (or, equivalently, read as 0).
The standard also calls for indicating 2 digits of year in bits 50–58, which has been incorporated into |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20Bootstrapping%20Architecture | Generic Bootstrapping Architecture (GBA) is a technology that enables the authentication of a user. This authentication is possible if the user owns a valid identity on an HLR (Home Location Register) or on an HSS (Home Subscriber Server).
GBA is standardized at the 3GPP (http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/33220.htm). The user authentication is instantiated by a shared secret, one in the smartcard, for example a SIM card inside the mobile phone and the other is on the HLR/HSS.
GBA authenticates by making a network component challenge the smartcard and verify that the answer is the one predicted by the HLR/HSS.
Instead of asking the service provider to trust the BSF and relying on it for every authentication request, the BSF establishes a shared secret between the simcard card and the service provider. This shared secret is limited in time and for a specific domain.
Strong points
This solution has some strong points of certificate and shared secrets without having some of their weaknesses:
- There is no need for user enrollment phase nor secure deployment of keys, making this solution a very low cost one when compared to PKI.
- Another advantage is the ease with which the authentication method may be integrated into terminals and service providers, as it is based on HTTP's well known "Digest access authentication". Every Web server already implement HTTP digest authentication and the effort to implement GBA on top of digest authentication is minimal. For example, it could be implemented on SimpleSAMLPhP http://rnd.feide.no/simplesamlphp with 500 PHP lines of code and only a few tens of lines of code are Service Provider specific making it really easy to port it to another Web site.
- On device side is needed:
A Web browser (in fact an HTTP client) implementing digest authentication and the special case designed by a "3gpp" string in the HTTP header.
A means to dialog with a smartcard and signed the challenge sent by the BSF, either Bluetooth SAP or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanobacteria | Katanobacteria is a bacterial phylum formerly known as WWE3. It has candidate status, meaning there are no cultured representatives, and is a member of the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR).
The Katanobacteria phylum was first proposed in 2008 following the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences from a mesophilic anaerobic digester. The name "Katanobacteria" comes from the Hebrew word "katan", which translates to "small". This is presumably a nod to the small cell size and/or genome size of members of this phylum (and most members of the CPR). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Ocone%20theorem | In mathematics, the Clark–Ocone theorem (also known as the Clark–Ocone–Haussmann theorem or formula) is a theorem of stochastic analysis. It expresses the value of some function F defined on the classical Wiener space of continuous paths starting at the origin as the sum of its mean value and an Itô integral with respect to that path. It is named after the contributions of mathematicians J.M.C. Clark (1970), Daniel Ocone (1984) and U.G. Haussmann (1978).
Statement of the theorem
Let C0([0, T]; R) (or simply C0 for short) be classical Wiener space with Wiener measure γ. Let F : C0 → R be a BC1 function, i.e. F is bounded and Fréchet differentiable with bounded derivative DF : C0 → Lin(C0; R). Then
In the above
F(σ) is the value of the function F on some specific path of interest, σ;
the first integral,
is the expected value of F over the whole of Wiener space C0;
the second integral,
is an Itô integral;
Σ∗ is the natural filtration of Brownian motion B : [0, T] × Ω → R: Σt is the smallest σ-algebra containing all Bs−1(A) for times 0 ≤ s ≤ t and Borel sets A ⊆ R;
E[·|Σt] denotes conditional expectation with respect to the sigma algebra Σt;
∂/∂t denotes differentiation with respect to time t; ∇H denotes the H-gradient; hence, ∂/∂t∇H is the Malliavin derivative.
More generally, the conclusion holds for any F in L2(C0; R) that is differentiable in the sense of Malliavin.
Integration by parts on Wiener space
The Clark–Ocone theorem gives rise to an integration by parts formula on classical Wiener space, and to write Itô integrals as divergences:
Let B be a standard Brownian motion, and let L02,1 be the Cameron–Martin space for C0 (see abstract Wiener space. Let V : C0 → L02,1 be a vector field such that
is in L2(B) (i.e. is Itô integrable, and hence is an adapted process). Let F : C0 → R be BC1 as above. Then
i.e.
or, writing the integrals over C0 as expectations:
where the "divergence" div(V) : C0 → R is defined by
The interpretation of stochastic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute%20%28film%29 | Traceroute is a 2016 Austrian-American documentary film directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner. The autobiographical documentary and road movie deals with the history, politics and impact of nerd culture. Grenzfurthner calls his film a "personal journey into the uncharted depths of nerd culture, a realm full of dangers, creatures and more or less precarious working conditions", an attempt to "chase the ghosts of nerddom's past, present and future." The film was co-produced by art group monochrom and Reisenbauer Film. It features music by Kasson Crooker, Hans Nieswandt, and many others.
Concept
Artist and self-declared nerd Johannes Grenzfurthner is documenting his personal road trip from the West Coast to the East Coast of the United States, to introduce the audience to places and people that shaped and inspired his art and politics. Traceroute is a reflection on Grenzfurthner's own roots of nerddom, an "On the road style romp across the United States as he visits icons of the counterculture, the outré, and the generally questionable." Grenzfurthner summarizes the concept in an interview for Boing Boing: "It is a film on biographies and obsessions and spaces of possibility – in other words something between loving embrace and merciless vivisection. Maintaining a critical meta-outlook was just as important to me as abandoning myself to unfathomable stammerings of adoration. And that all works for one simple reason: because I take a step forward, introducing myself and confessing my guilt like in Alcoholics Anonymous, only to then take off and visit the best whiskey distilleries. In my case these destinations are not whiskey makers, but people and places and symbols of a very special pop culture." On Film Threat he adds: "It was important for me to take nerddom apart, not only analyzing it, but also excavating its potential for greatness."
The film incorporates art and illustrations by James Brothwell, Bonni Rambatan, Michael Marrak, Karin Frank, Ben Lawson, Michael Ze |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20data%20graph%20execution | Explicit data graph execution, or EDGE, is a type of instruction set architecture (ISA) which intends to improve computing performance compared to common processors like the Intel x86 line. EDGE combines many individual instructions into a larger group known as a "hyperblock". Hyperblocks are designed to be able to easily run in parallel.
Parallelism of modern CPU designs generally starts to plateau at about eight internal units and from one to four "cores", EDGE designs intend to support hundreds of internal units and offer processing speeds hundreds of times greater than existing designs. Major development of the EDGE concept had been led by the University of Texas at Austin under DARPA's Polymorphous Computing Architectures program, with the stated goal of producing a single-chip CPU design with 1 TFLOPS performance by 2012, which has yet to be realized as of 2018.
Traditional designs
Almost all computer programs consist of a series of instructions that convert data from one form to another. Most instructions require several internal steps to complete an operation. Over time, the relative performance and cost of the different steps have changed dramatically, resulting in several major shifts in ISA design.
CISC to RISC
In the 1960s memory was relatively expensive, and CPU designers produced instruction sets that densely encoded instructions and data in order to better utilize this resource. For instance, the add A to B to produce C instruction would be provided in many different forms that would gather A and B from different places; main memory, indexes, or registers. Providing these different instructions allowed the programmer to select the instruction that took up the least possible room in memory, reducing the program's needs and leaving more room for data.
Actually making these instructions work required circuitry in the CPU, which was a significant limitation in early designs and required designers to select just those instructions that were really nee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RioCard | The RioCard (Bilhete Único) is a smartcard system used in the transport system of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The card is contactless and uses MIFARE technology. It is a form of electronic payment produced and distributed by the Fetranspor company, in cooperation with Itaú bank. Its installation was seen as strengthening Brazil's connection with the Open Standard for Public Transport (OSPT) Alliance.
In October 2013, Rio de Janeiro launched a trial run for this ticket to be run on smartphones, using near field communication (NFC) technology. Around 200 users of the ticket on buses, trains and ferries were selected for the trial, which involves putting a Motorola Razr D3 within a few inches of the reader terminal. Users can then check the balance of their card. Soon, one will be able to prepay fares by using one's phone.
Conventional transportation (Transporte Convencional)
Created for commuters (home-work-home), this card can be requested over the Internet or in person and is free of charge, with the minimum credits value of R$40.00 (approximately US$17). This card can be used for any mode of transportation (bus, ferry, subway, train) but can only be used once per trip at a maximum of eight times per day. Requests to add value to the card can only be done online or in RioCard stores, or in RioCard ATMs. Use of the card is limited to the city in which the card was activated or used at least three times in the past 30 days.
Rapid transit (Transporte Rápido)
This card is intended for infrequent commutes or people who want to acquire their card more quickly. It is sold at Unibanco locations and can only be purchased with cash. It can be loaded with only fixed amounts of R$40 or R$80 (approximately US$17 or US$34) and cannot be re-loaded; repeat users must purchase a new card once the balance is zero or the remaining credit is insufficient for passage. This card is only intended for use on the most inexpensive form of transportation available. Use in other mode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendril%20perversion | Tendril perversion is a geometric phenomenon sometimes observed in helical structures in which the direction of the helix transitions between left-handed and right-handed. Such a reversal of chirality is commonly seen in helical plant tendrils and telephone handset cords.
The phenomenon was known to Charles Darwin, who wrote in 1865,
The term "tendril perversion" was coined by Alain Goriely and Michael Tabor in 1998 based on the word perversion found in 19th-century science literature. "Perversion" is a transition from one chirality to another and was known to James Clerk Maxwell, who attributed it to topologist J. B. Listing.
Tendril perversion can be viewed as an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking, in which the strained structure of the tendril adopts a configuration of minimum energy while preserving zero overall twist.
Tendril perversion has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Gerbode et al. have made experimental studies of the coiling of cucumber tendrils. A detailed study of a simple model of the physics of tendril perversion was made by McMillen and Goriely in the early 2000s. Liu et al. showed in 2014 that "the transition from a helical to a hemihelical shape, as well as the number of perversions, depends on the height to width ratio of the strip's cross-section."
Generalized tendril perversions were put forward by Silva et al., to include perversions that can be intrinsically produced in elastic filaments, leading to a multiplicity of geometries and dynamical properties.
See also
Helical growth
Hemihelix
Tentacle erotica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian%20stelae | The Cantabrian stelae are monolithic stone disks of different sizes, whose early precedents were carved in the last centuries before the romanization of Cantabria in northern Iberian Peninsula. Cantabrian stelae include swastikas, triskeles, crosses, spirals, helixes, warriors or pre-Roman funerary representations among their usual ornamentation. The most famous is called Estela de Barros (Barros Stele) which can be visited in the Parque de las Estelas (Stelae Park) in the town of Barros, in Los Corrales de Buelna. This stele is part of the current coat of arms of Cantabria and the meaning of tetraskelion would be related to solar worship. The Barros stele giant size represents the main difference to the smaller stelae found in other parts of northern Spain. In addition to the Estela de Barros, we can see another larger, fragmented stele in the Parque de las Estelas.
Other found stelae are exhibited in the Regional Museum of Prehistory and Archaeology of Cantabria in Santander. There are two stelae found in Lombera, another found in Zurita, showing the iconographic decoration of a vulture pouncing on a fallen warrior, and another from near the Cantabrian castrum of Espina del Gallego. In turn, fragments of other Cantabrian stelae have been found, like the third of Lombera and the Stele of San Vicente de Toranzo, where on one side is depicted a cantabrian warrior on horseback, along with other smaller.
The Cantabrian stelae are the most important testimony of the Cantabri pre-Roman people and one of the most representative symbols of Cantabria today, being still used in Cantabria during the Middle Ages and even during the Baroque, like the old ones, but losing partly the discoid shape and replacing the solar motives with crosses. The medieval and modern discoid stelae were also typical of other regions of northern Spain. Numerous examples were found in the Basque Country, and several in Navarra, as well as in Cantabria.
Current impact
A modern interpretation of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20penetration%20depth | In superconductors, the London penetration depth (usually denoted as or ) characterizes the distance to which a magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor and becomes equal to times that of the magnetic field at the surface of the superconductor. Typical values of λL range from 50 to 500 nm.
The London penetration depth results from considering the London equation and Ampère's circuital law. If one considers a superconducting half-space, i.e superconducting for x>0, and weak external magnetic field B0 applied along z direction in the empty space x<0, then inside the superconductor the magnetic field is given by
can be seen as the distance across in which the magnetic field becomes times weaker. The form of is found by this method to be
for charge carriers of mass , number density and charge .
The penetration depth is determined by the superfluid density, which is an important quantity that determines Tc in high-temperature superconductors. If some superconductors have some node in their energy gap, the penetration depth at 0 K depends on magnetic field because superfluid density is changed by magnetic field and vice versa. So, accurate and precise measurements of the absolute value of penetration depth at 0 K are very important to understand the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity.
There are various experimental techniques to determine the London penetration depth, and in particular its temperature dependence. London penetration depth can be measured by muon spin spectroscopy when the superconductor does not have an intrinsic magnetic constitution. The penetration depth is directly converted from the depolarization rate of muon spin in relation which
σ(T) is proportional to λ2(T). The shape of σ(T) is different with the kind of superconducting energy gap in temperature, so that this immediately indicates the shape of energy gap and gives some clues about the origin of superconductivity to us. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution%20%28medicine%29 | Involution is the shrinking or return of an organ to a former size. At a cellular level, involution is characterized by the process of proteolysis of the basement membrane (basal lamina), leading to epithelial regression and apoptosis, with accompanying stromal fibrosis. The consequent reduction in cell number and reorganization of stromal tissue leads to the reduction in the size of the organ.
Examples
Thymus
The thymus continues to grow between birth and puberty and then begins to atrophy, a process directed by the high levels of circulating sex hormones. Proportional to thymic size, thymic activity (T cell output) is most active before puberty. Upon atrophy, the size and activity are dramatically reduced, and the organ is primarily replaced with fat. The atrophy is due to the increased circulating level of sex hormones, and chemical or physical castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity.
Uterus
Involution is the process by which the uterus is transformed from pregnant to non-pregnant state. This period is characterized by the restoration of ovarian function in order to prepare the body for a new pregnancy. It is a physiological process occurring after parturition; the hypertrophy of the uterus has to be undone since it does not need to house the fetus anymore. This process is primarily due to the hormone oxytocin. The completion of this period is defined as when the diameter of the uterus returns to the size it is normally during a woman's menstrual cycle.
Mammary gland
During pregnancy until after birth, mammary glands grow steadily to a size required for optimal milk production. At the end of breastfeeding, the number of cells in the mammary gland becomes reduced until approximately the same number is reached as before the start of pregnancy.
See also
Subinvolution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Langlands%20conjectures | In mathematics, the local Langlands conjectures, introduced by , are part of the Langlands program. They describe a correspondence between the complex representations of a reductive algebraic group G over a local field F, and representations of the Langlands group of F into the L-group of G. This correspondence is not a bijection in general. The conjectures can be thought of as a generalization of local class field theory from abelian Galois groups to non-abelian Galois groups.
Local Langlands conjectures for GL1
The local Langlands conjectures for GL1(K) follow from (and are essentially equivalent to) local class field theory. More precisely the Artin map gives an isomorphism from the group GL1(K)= K* to the abelianization of the Weil group. In particular irreducible smooth representations of GL1(K) are 1-dimensional as the group is abelian, so can be identified with homomorphisms of the Weil group to GL1(C). This gives the Langlands correspondence between homomorphisms of the Weil group to GL1(C) and
irreducible smooth representations of GL1(K).
Representations of the Weil group
Representations of the Weil group do not quite correspond to irreducible smooth representations of general linear groups. To get a bijection, one has to slightly modify the notion of a representation of the Weil group, to something called a Weil–Deligne representation. This consists of a representation of the Weil group on a vector space V together with a nilpotent endomorphism N of V such that wNw−1=||w||N, or equivalently a representation of the Weil–Deligne group. In addition the representation of the Weil group should have an open kernel, and should be (Frobenius) semisimple.
For every Frobenius semisimple complex n-dimensional Weil–Deligne representation ρ of the Weil group of F there is an L-function L(s,ρ) and a local ε-factor ε(s,ρ,ψ) (depending on a character ψ of F).
Representations of GLn(F)
The representations of GLn(F) appearing in the local Langlands correspond |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning%20Inc. | Corning Incorporated () is an American multinational technology company that specializes in specialty glass, ceramics, and related materials and technologies including advanced optics, primarily for industrial and scientific applications. The company was named Corning Glass Works until 1989. Corning divested its consumer product lines (including CorningWare and Visions Pyroceram-based cookware, Corelle Vitrelle tableware, and Pyrex glass bakeware) in 1998 by selling the Corning Consumer Products Company subsidiary (now known as Corelle Brands) to Borden.
, Corning had five major business sectors: display technologies, environmental technologies, life sciences, optical communications, and specialty materials. Corning is involved in two joint ventures: Dow Corning and Pittsburgh Corning. Quest Diagnostics and Covance were spun off from Corning in 1996. Corning is one of the main suppliers to Apple Inc. Since working with Steve Jobs in 2007, to develop the iPhone; Corning develops and manufactures Gorilla Glass, which is used by many smartphone makers. It is one of the world's biggest glassmakers. Corning won the National Medal of Technology and Innovation four times for its product and process innovations.
History
Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton, in Somerville, Massachusetts, originally as the Bay State Glass Co. It later moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and operated as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works. The company moved again to its ultimate home and eponym, the city of Corning, New York, in 1868, under leadership of the founder's son, Amory Houghton, Jr.
Corning continues to maintain its world headquarters at Corning, N.Y. The firm also established one of the first industrial research labs there in 1908. It continues to expand the nearby research and development facility, as well as operations associated with catalytic converters and diesel engine filter product lines. Corning has a long history of community development and has assured co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnoroideae | Hydnoroideae is a subfamily of parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. Traditionally, and as recently as the APG III system it given family rank under the name Hydnoraceae. It is now submerged in the Aristolochiaceae. It contains two genera, Hydnora and Prosopanche:
Prosopanche is native to Central and South America ;
Hydnora can be found in semi-arid to desert regions of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Madagascar.
Members of this subfamily have been described as the strangest plants in the world.
Description
The most striking aspect of the Hydnoroideae is probably the complete absence of leaves (not even in modified forms such as scales). Some species are mildly thermogenic (capable of producing heat), presumably as a means of dispersing their scent.
Morphology in pictures
Ecology
The plants are pollinated by insects such as dermestid beetles or carrion flies, attracted by the fetid odor of the flowers. In Hydnora africana there are bait bodies with a strong smell, whereas in Hydnora johannis the scent comes from a region at the tip of the perianth called a cucullus. The flowers may be above ground or underground. The fruits have edible, fragrant pulp, which attracts animals such as porcupines, monkeys, jackals, rhinoceros, and armadillos, as well as humans. The host plants, in the case of Hydnora, generally are in the family Euphorbiaceae and the genus Acacia. Hosts for Prosopanche include various species of Prosopis and other legumes.
Biochemistry
The plants contain high levels of tannins.
Genomics
The complete plastid genome sequence of one species of Hydnoroideae, Hydnora visseri, has been determined. As compared to the chloroplast genome of its closest photosynthetic relatives, the plastome of Hydnora visseri shows extreme reduction in both size (27,233 bp) and gene content (24 genes appear to be functional). The plastome of Hydnora visseri is therefore one of the smallest among flowering plants.
Classification
Like many parasitic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wesley%20Shilling | Captain Charles Wesley Shilling (September 21, 1901 – December 23, 1994) was an American physician who was known as a leader in the field of undersea and hyperbaric medicine, research, and education. Shilling was widely recognized as an expert on deep sea diving, naval medicine, radiation biology, and submarine capabilities. In 1939, he was Senior Medical Officer in the rescue of the submarine U.S.S. Squalus.
Background
Shilling was born September 21, 1901, in Indiana on the campus of Taylor University where his father was President. Shilling later went on to receive a Bachelor of Science from Taylor University along with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1923.
After completion of his medical training at the University of Michigan, Shilling completed an internship at the Chelsea Naval Hospital.
In 1932, the Navy sent Shilling to the Harvard School of Public Health where he was joined by Albert R. Behnke.
In 1954, Shilling received an honorary Doctorate of Science from Taylor University.
Naval career
After joining the Navy in 1927, Shilling was sent to the Naval Submarine Base in New London, Connecticut where he was involved in the selection and training of submarine crew. Other work included research and development of Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment aboard the USS S-4. Shilling was transferred to the submarine base in the Panama Canal Zone where he spent two years serving as medical officer aboard submarines as they traversed the canal. This work also included treating the medical problems associated with salvage diving operations.
From Panama, Shilling was transferred to the Navy Diving School in Washington, D.C., where he learned to dive and began diving research at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Shilling researched the topics of nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, and decompression table development including important research on surface decompression.
In the late 1930s, Shilling was transferred back to the New London Submari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP%20Maf | bZIP Maf is a domain found in Maf transcription factor proteins. It contains a leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, which mediates the transcription factor's dimerization and DNA binding properties. The Maf extended homology region (EHR) is present at the N-terminus of the protein. This region (shown in yellow in the adjacent image) exists only within the Maf family and allows the family to recognize longer DNA motifs than other leucine zippers. These motifs are termed the Maf recognition element (MARE) and is 13 or 14 base pairs long. In particular, the two residues at the beginning of helix H2 are positioned to recognise the flanking region of the DNA. Small Maf proteins heterodimerize with Fos and may act as competitive repressors of the NF2-E2 transcription factor.
In mouse, Maf1 may play an early role in axial patterning. Defects in these proteins are a cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Neural retina-specific leucine zipper proteins belong to this family. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter%20lovleyi | Geobacter lovleyi is a gram-negative metal-reducing and tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating proteobacterium. It has potential as a bioremediation organism, and is actively researched as such.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian%20beaver%20reintroduction | The Eurasian beaver is the target of several species reintroduction programs in Europe. Historically, beavers have been trapped and hunted for their meat, fur and castoreum, to the point of near extinction.
Disappearance from Europe
The Eurasian beaver was hunted and trapped to the point of near extinction. Fossil evidence shows that the Eurasian beaver lived from Western Europe to the Chinese-Mongolian border. By the beginning of the 20th century, only about 1,200 Eurasian beavers were left in this area, surviving in eight relict populations in Europe and Asia.
Beaver effects on ecosystem and habitat
Beavers are considered ecosystem engineers for their ability to create complex wetland ecosystems by tree-felling, dam-building, and burrowing. Wetlands provide habitats for many other species of fish, birds, mammals, and vegetation, leading to increased biodiversity. Beaver dams push water laterally onto flood plains, increasing groundwater and surface water storage. Presence of beavers can improve water quality through sediment trapping in dams, and provide natural flood control. Ponds and canals store water in areas susceptible to drought. Beaver reintroduction causes flooding in areas that were not previously flooded. Over saturation causes some plants and trees die, increasing coarse woody debris (CWD) in the area. CWD attracts wood insects, and provides nesting holes for waterfowl and areas of refuge for fish. Trees and vegetation migrate to drier areas, leading to diversified plant species. Presence of beavers increases numbers in aquatic invertebrates, insects, amphibians, birds and bats. Ponds create nursing ground for fish, increased fish habitat and habitat complexity. Beaver dams can have a negative impact on migratory fish such as salmonids, preventing fish from moving upstream to headwaters. Deep beaver ponds provide overwintering habitat for fish, reduce ice cover, and stabilize temperature regimes.
Methods of Reintroduction
Beavers are reintrodu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20ear | Wood-ear or tree ear (, Korean: 목이 버섯), also translated wood jellyfish or , can refer to a few similar-looking edible fungi used primarily in Chinese cuisine; these are commonly sold in Asian markets shredded and dried.
Auricularia heimuer (黑木耳, black ear fungus), previously misdetermined as Auricularia auricula-judae
Auricularia cornea (毛木耳, cloud ear fungus), also called Auricularia polytricha
Tremella fuciformis (银耳, white/silver ear fungus)
The black and cloud ear fungi are black in appearance and closely related. The white ear fungus is superficially similar but has important ecological, taxonomical, and culinary differences.
Chinese edible mushrooms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed%20additive | A feed additive is an additive of extra nutrient or drug for livestock. Such additives include vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, pharmaceutical, fungal products and steroidal compounds. The additives might impact feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, or effect on intestinal health.
Examples
Amino acids
Methionine, lysine, and tryptophan are commonly deficient in animal diets, so these amino acids are added to feed. In the case of methionine, 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid is often use in the place of methionine.
"Minerals"
Several elements enhance the growth characteristics of animals. Elements themselves are rarely used as additives but derivatives thereof. Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is added to pet food and cattle feed to prevent iodine deficiency. A controversial additive is arsenic, often supplied in the form of the organoarsenic compound called roxarsone. It has been used in poultry production to increase weight gain and improve feed efficiency, and as a coccidiostat. As of June 2011, it was approved for chicken feed in the United States, Canada, Australia, and 12 other countries. The drug was also approved in the United States and elsewhere for use in pigs. Because of the essential character of the cobalt-containing vitamin B12, cobalt compounds are used in animal feeds, especially for ruminants.
Regulation
United States
Prior to the Animal Drug Availability Act 1996, animal feed was available in two fashions: over-the-counter transacted, and by prescription from a veterinarian. Its associated regulation introduced the concept of a medicated feed, which is also available over-the-counter. The terminology for Veterinary Feed Directive was introduced by the Act.
EU
According to EU Regulation 1831/2003, all feed additives to be placed on the market within the European Union have to undergo a thorough approval process. Those who seek approval for the products as livestock food additives must submit them to the European |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematical logic, a witness is a specific value t to be substituted for variable x of an existential statement of the form ∃x φ(x) such that φ(t) is true.
Examples
For example, a theory T of arithmetic is said to be inconsistent if there exists a proof in T of the formula "0 = 1". The formula I(T), which says that T is inconsistent, is thus an existential formula. A witness for the inconsistency of T is a particular proof of "0 = 1" in T.
Boolos, Burgess, and Jeffrey (2002:81) define the notion of a witness with the example, in which S is an n-place relation on natural numbers, R is an (n+1)-place recursive relation, and ↔ indicates logical equivalence (if and only if):
S(x1, ..., xn) ↔ ∃y R(x1, . . ., xn, y)
"A y such that R holds of the xi may be called a 'witness' to the relation S holding of the xi (provided we understand that when the witness is a number rather than a person, a witness only testifies to what is true)."
In this particular example, the authors defined s to be (positively) recursively semidecidable, or simply semirecursive.
Henkin witnesses
In predicate calculus, a Henkin witness for a sentence in a theory T is a term c such that T proves φ(c) (Hinman 2005:196). The use of such witnesses is a key technique in the proof of Gödel's completeness theorem presented by Leon Henkin in 1949.
Relation to game semantics
The notion of witness leads to the more general idea of game semantics. In the case of sentence the winning strategy for the verifier is to pick a witness for . For more complex formulas involving universal quantifiers, the existence of a winning strategy for the verifier depends on the existence of appropriate Skolem functions. For example, if S denotes then an equisatisfiable statement for S is . The Skolem function f (if it exists) actually codifies a winning strategy for the verifier of S by returning a witness for the existential sub-formula for every choice of x the falsifier might make.
See also
Certificate (compl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20%28status%29 | In the operation of a nuclear reactor, criticality is the state in which a nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining—that is, when reactivity is zero. In supercritical states, reactivity is greater than zero.
Applications
Criticality is the normal operating condition of a nuclear reactor, in which nuclear fuel sustains a fission chain reaction. A reactor achieves criticality (and is said to be critical) when each fission releases a sufficient number of neutrons to sustain an ongoing series of nuclear reactions.
The International Atomic Energy Agency defines the first criticality date as the date when the reactor is made critical for the first time. This is an important milestone in the construction and commissioning of a nuclear power plant.
See also
Criticality accident
Critical mass
Prompt criticality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mendieta | José Félix Mendieta Villarroel (born 15 November 1958) is a Bolivian politician and trade unionist who served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies from Cochabamba, representing circumscription 28 from 2010 to 2015.
Though educated in pedagogy, Mendieta spent most of his career in commercial driving, climbing the ranks of the sector's trade unions to eventually become general secretary of the Sacaba Mixed Motor Transport Union. Though traditionally conservative, under the leadership of figures like Mendieta, many of the country's drivers' unions were reoriented towards the left.
Starting in the early 2000s, the driving sector's alliance with the Movement for Socialism opened spaces for many of its representatives to attain elective office. Such was the case with Mendieta, who, from 2005 to 2009, served on Sacaba's municipal council before later being elected to represent the area's drivers' unions in the Chamber of Deputies.
Early life and political career
Early life and education
José Mendieta was born on 15 November 1958 in Sacaba, Cochabamba, to Profacio Mendieta and Florencia Villarroel. Mendieta was raised in a household of modest means; his father worked as a commercial driver while his mother was a local merchant. He completed his primary studies at the Germán Busch School, later attending the José Nicolas Maldonado School before seeking higher education in pedagogy, graduating from the Enrique Finot Normal School. He briefly taught mathematics at an institution in Warnes but retired after just two years due to the financial constraints and low income received from practicing the profession.
Career and trade unionism
Unable to continue teaching, Mendieta returned to Sacaba, where he dedicated himself to commercial driving. In the ensuing years, he became affiliated with the city's drivers' unions, spending nearly a decade in leadership roles in the Sacaba Mixed Motor Transport Union, including holding office as the organization's general secretary fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20van%20der%20Maarel | Evert "Eddy" van der Maarel (23 February 1934 – 4 April 2021) was a Dutch ecologist. He spent most of his career as professor of ecological botany at Uppsala University in Sweden.
Career
Van der Maarel was born on 23 February 1934 in Amsterdam. He studied biology at the University of Amsterdam between 1951 and 1959. Between 1962 and 1968 he worked at the institute of botany of Utrecht University and later at the institute of plant ecology of the University of Groningen. Van der Maarel obtained his PhD at Utrecht University in 1966 with a dissertation titled : "Over vegetatiestructuren, -relaties en -systemen in het bijzonder in de duingraslanden van Voorne". Between 1968 and 1981 he was a lecturer of geobotany at the Catholic University Nijmegen. From 1981 to 1999 van de Maarel was a professor of ecological botany at Uppsala University. From 1995 to 1999 he was the Gerard Baerends professor at the University of Groningen. He retired in 1999. He died on 4 April 2021.
He was the founder of the Journal of Vegetation Science and Applied Vegetation Science.
Honours and awards
Van der Maarel was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. He became a fellow of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund in 1991.
He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the group of biosciences and was a Honorary Member of the International Association for Vegetation Science. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20control%20region | An internal control region is a sequence of DNA located with the coding region of eukaryotic genes that binds regulatory elements such as activators or repressors. This region can recruit RNA Polymerase or contribute to splicing.
See also
DNA
Gene expression
Gene family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur-bearing%20trout | The fur-bearing trout (or furry trout) is a legendary creature purportedly found in American folklore and Icelandic folklore. According to folklore, the trout has created a thick coat of fur to maintain its body heat. Tales of furry fish date to the 17th-century and later the "shaggy trout" of Iceland. The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken. A taxidermy furry trout produced by Ross C. Jobe is a specimen at the Royal Museum of Scotland; it is a trout with white rabbit fur "ingeniously" attached.
There are no known examples of any fur-bearing trout species, but two examples of hair-like growths on fish are known. The "cotton mold", Saprolegnia, can infect fish, which can result in the appearance of fish covered in the white "fur". Another fish, Mirapinna esau, has hairlike outgrowth and sports wing-like pectoral fins.
Commonalities
Fur-bearing trout are fictional creatures that are purportedly found in the Arkansas River, northern North America, and Iceland. The basic claim (or tall tale) is that the waters of lakes and rivers in the area are so cold that they evolved a thick coat of fur to maintain their body heat. Another theory says that it is due to four jugs – or two bottles – of hair tonic being spilled into the Arkansas River.
The origins vary, but one of the earlier claims date to a 17th-century Scottish immigrant's letter to his relatives referring to "furried animals and fish" being plentiful in the New World. It was followed by request to procure a specimen of these "furried fish" and one was sent home. A publication in 1900 recounts the Icelandic Lodsilungur, another haired trout, as being a common folklore. The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken.
The "cotton mold" Saprolegnia will sometimes infect fish, causing tufts of fur-like growth to appear on the body. A heavy infection will result in the fish's death, and as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals%20taking%20public%20transportation | Some domestic pets, feral animals and wild animals have learned to use human public transportation to travel independently. This is tolerated or even celebrated by passengers, although most public transportation systems only allow service animals and forbid pets.
According to urban wildlife specialist Suzanne MacDonald, animal "commuters" are usually motivated by food and security available on the vehicle rather than its ability to take them to a destination.
Notable examples
Food and security
Examples of animals relying on public transportation for food or a secure environment include:
Boji, a street dog in Istanbul, is notable for riding all forms of public transportation, including ferries, buses, metros and trams. The Istanbul metro has reported that he visits at least 29 metro stations each day.
Dodger, an elderly cat in Dorset, England, took round trips on several buses and was suspected to be motivated by the warmth.
Pigeons have been reported to scavenge New York City subway trains for food. In addition, urban wild animals such as coyotes in the US and monkeys in India have been spotted on public transportation, although they are typically not encouraged to return.
Travel
Animals have been observed numerous times to ride public transport as a means to reach a desired destination:
Street dogs in Moscow use the subway as a means of transportation, and Malchik, a subway stray dog, has its own statue in Mendeleyevskaya station.
Casper, a cat in Plymouth, England took round trips to the city centre via bus. His owner authored a children's book about his exploits, Casper the Commuting Cat.
Eclipse, a black labrador in Seattle, would occasionally ride the bus ahead of its owner when eager to get to the dog park.
Ratty, a Jack Russell terrier in Yorkshire, England, traveled by bus to be fed at two pubs.
Macavity, a cat in Walsall, rode the bus several times a week to a destination near a fish and chip shop.
Canuck the Crow, a northwestern crow, too |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20orthogonality | In geometry, the relation of hyperbolic orthogonality between two lines separated by the asymptotes of a hyperbola is a concept used in special relativity to define simultaneous events. Two events will be simultaneous when they are on a line hyperbolically orthogonal to a particular time line. This dependence on a certain time line is determined by velocity, and is the basis for the relativity of simultaneity.
Geometry
Two lines are hyperbolic orthogonal when they are reflections of each other over the asymptote of a given hyperbola.
Two particular hyperbolas are frequently used in the plane:
The relation of hyperbolic orthogonality actually applies to classes of parallel lines in the plane, where any particular line can represent the class. Thus, for a given hyperbola and asymptote A, a pair of lines (a, b) are hyperbolic orthogonal if there is a pair (c, d) such that , and c is the reflection of d across A.
Similar to the perpendularity of a circle radius to the tangent, a radius to a hyperbola is hyperbolic orthogonal to a tangent to the hyperbola.
A bilinear form is used to describe orthogonality in analytic geometry, with two elements orthogonal when their bilinear form vanishes. In the plane of complex numbers , the bilinear form is , while in the plane of hyperbolic numbers the bilinear form is
The vectors z1 and z2 in the complex number plane, and w1 and w2 in the hyperbolic number plane are said to be respectively Euclidean orthogonal or hyperbolic orthogonal if their respective inner products [bilinear forms] are zero.
The bilinear form may be computed as the real part of the complex product of one number with the conjugate of the other. Then
entails perpendicularity in the complex plane, while
implies the ws are hyperbolic orthogonal.
The notion of hyperbolic orthogonality arose in analytic geometry in consideration of conjugate diameters of ellipses and hyperbolas. If g and g′ represent the slopes of the conjugate diameters, then in the case o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement%20of%20land%20in%20Punjab | The measurement of land in Punjab, India is an important aspect of agriculture and land management in the region. Punjab has a unique system of measuring land, typically done in units of bigha and acre. The measurements can vary slightly depending on the specific region and local customs.
The following are the basic measurements of land used in the Punjab region, divided between Indian and Pakistani Punjab and many parts of North India and Pakistan in ascending order. The measurement system is covered in detail in Punjab Weight and Measurement Act 1976.
History
In 2016, the Government of Punjab, Pakistan started using drones for the measurement of land.
Current standard measurement of farm land
A commonly used land measurement unit in Punjab is karam or square karam. Other units include the Sarsai and units listed.
All Units
1 karam X 1 karam = 1 sq. karam
5.5 feet X 5.5 feet = 30.25 sq. feet
30.25 square feet = 1 Sarsai
9 Sarsai (Sq. Karam) = 1 Marla
36 Sarsai (Sq. Karam) = 1 Biswa
20 Marlas = 1 Kanal
20 Biswas = 1 Bigha
4 Kanals = 1 Bigha
8 Kanals = 1 Killa(Acre)
2 Bighas = 1 Killa(Acre)
2.5 Killas(Acres) = 1 Hectare
25 Killas(Acres) = 1 Murabba
This the current standard system of measurement of farm land.
Muraba-Killa-Bigha system
one 'karam' is 5.5 ft
one 'Sq. Karam' is 'One Sarsai' = (5.5 x 5.5) = 30.25 Sq. Feet
one 'marla' is 9 (Sarsai) square karams = 9 x (5.5x5.5) = 272.25 Sq ft =30.25 Sq yard.
one 'kanaal' is 20 marlas (5,445 sq ft) = 605 Sq.yard (Gajz)
one 'bigha' is 20 biswa (21,780 sq ft)
one 'bigha' = 20 nisa
one 'bigha' = 4 kanals
5 'kanaals' (27225 sq. ft) = 5x605 = 100 marla = 3025 sq.yd. (gajz)
one 'killa' is of 8 kanaals = 8x605 = 4840sq.yd. (gajz)
one 'murabba' is 25 killas (1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres)
1 hectare is 2.47 Acres
Killa or acre measurements
A killa or acre is measured rectangularly, reckoned as an area 36 karams (198 ft) x 40 karams (220 ft) (43,560 square ft). 1
/5th of a killa or acre is known as bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche%20%28blockchain%20platform%29 | Avalanche is a decentralized, open-source proof of stake blockchain with smart contract functionality. AVAX is the native cryptocurrency of the platform.
History
Avalanche began as a protocol for solving for consensus in a network of unreliable machines, where failures may be crash-fault or Byzantine. The protocol's fundamentals were first shared on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) in May 2018 by a pseudonymous group of enthusiasts going by the name "Team Rocket".
Avalanche was later developed by researchers from Cornell University led by Emin Gün Sirer and doctoral students Maofan "Ted" Yin and Kevin Sekniqi. Following the research stage, a startup technology company was founded to develop a blockchain network that would meet finance industry requirements. In March, 2020, the AVA codebase (Developer Accelerator Program or AVA DAP) for the Avalanche consensus protocol was released as open-source and became available to the public.
In September, 2020, the company also issued its native token Avax.
In September 2021, the Ava labs foundation received a $230 million investment from a group consisting of Polychain and Three Arrows Capital, through the purchase of the AVAX cryptocurrency.
In November 2021, following an agreement with Deloitte to improve U.S. disaster-relief funding, the Avalanche blockchain moved into the top 10 cryptocurrencies in terms of capitalization.
In August 2022, whistleblower "Crypto Leaks" published a report accusing Ava Labs of secret deals with a law firm aimed at legally destabilizing Avalanche's competitors. Ava Labs CEO Emin Gün Sirer denied any sort of illegal or unethical deal with Roche Freedmen law firm.
In January 2023, a partnership was announced between Avalanche and Amazon to improve Avalanche's infrastructure and decentralized application ecosystem.
In February 2023, Indian game streaming platform Loco teamed up with the Avalanche blockchain.
Design
AVAX
Avalanche (AVAX) is the native token of Avalanche, traded o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative%20topographic%20map | Generative topographic map (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self-organizing map (SOM), is probably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed to arise by first probabilistically picking a point in a low-dimensional space, mapping the point to the observed high-dimensional input space (via a smooth function), then adding noise in that space. The parameters of the low-dimensional probability distribution, the smooth map and the noise are all learned from the training data using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. GTM was introduced in 1996 in a paper by Christopher Bishop, Markus Svensen, and Christopher K. I. Williams.
Details of the algorithm
The approach is strongly related to density networks which use importance sampling and a multi-layer perceptron to form a non-linear latent variable model. In the GTM the latent space is a discrete grid of points which is assumed to be non-linearly projected into data space. A Gaussian noise assumption is then made in data space so that the model becomes a constrained mixture of Gaussians. Then the model's likelihood can be maximized by EM.
In theory, an arbitrary nonlinear parametric deformation could be used. The optimal parameters could be found by gradient descent, etc.
The suggested approach to the nonlinear mapping is to use a radial basis function network (RBF) to create a nonlinear mapping between the latent space and the data space. The nodes of the
RBF network then form a feature space and the nonlinear mapping can then be taken as a linear transform of this feature space. This approach has the advantage over the suggested density network approach that it can be optimised analytically.
Uses
In data analysis, GTMs are like a nonlinear version of principal components analysis, which allows high-dimensional data to be modelled as resulting from Gaussian noise added to sou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization%20%28psychology%29 | Compartmentalization is a form of psychological defense mechanism in which thoughts and feelings that seem to conflict are kept separated or isolated from each other in the mind. Those with post traumatic stress disorder may use compartmentalization to separate positive and negative self aspects. It may be a form of mild dissociation; example scenarios that suggest compartmentalization include acting in an isolated moment in a way that logically defies one's own moral code, or dividing one's unpleasant work duties from one's desires to relax. Its purpose is to avoid cognitive dissonance, or the mental discomfort and anxiety caused by a person having conflicting values, cognitions, emotions, beliefs, etc. within themselves.
Compartmentalization allows these conflicting ideas to co-exist by inhibiting direct or explicit acknowledgement and interaction between separate compartmentalized self-states.
Psychoanalytic views
Psychoanalysis considers that whereas isolation separates thoughts from feeling, compartmentalization separates different (incompatible) cognitions from each other. As a secondary, intellectual defense, it may be linked to rationalization. It is also related to the phenomenon of neurotic typing, whereby everything must be classified into mutually exclusive and watertight categories.
It has been said that when thinking about death people end up compartmentalizing, and they are in a mode of denial and acceptance about it, but they both have the result of making the thinking individual very passive.
Otto Kernberg has used the term "bridging interventions" for the therapist's attempts to straddle and contain contradictory and compartmentalized components of the patient's mind.
Vulnerability
Compartmentalization can be positive, negative, and integrated depending on the context and person. Compartmentalization may lead to hidden vulnerabilities related to self-organization and self-esteem in those who use it as a major defense mechanism. When a negativ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytic%20fungus | An epiphytic fungus is a fungus that grows upon, or attached to, a living plant. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- (meaning 'upon') and phyton (meaning 'plant').
Examples
Many examples of epiphytic microorganisms exist. The ergoline alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae are produced by a seed-transmitted epiphytic clavicipitaceous fungus .
See also
Epiphyte
Endosymbiont
Epilith, an organism that grows in a rock
Epibiont, an organism that grows on another life form
Epiphytic bacteria
Mycorrhiza |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino%20Amadi | Agostino Amadi (Venice, ..., 1588), also written as Agostin, or Augostino Amadi, was a Venetian writer who created a manuscript on ciphers. It is assumed that he was a teacher of ciphers, but it is not known if he ever worked at the Council of Ten in that capacity.
The manuscript
The Amadi manuscript contained 700 pages and was bought by the Council of Ten from his widow on the 16th of March, 1588.
It was titled: "Agostino Amadi. Trattato delle cifre. 1588. Trattato delle cifre. Venezia". Ciphers of Agostino Amadi, 1588 in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia. The archive kept the contents secure and secret for hundreds of years.
The manuscript was then sold to the Emperor of Austria and moved to Vienna in 1799 and stored under Cod. 313. It was only in 1869 that it was returned to the Venetian Archives in Italy.
Agostino must have owned a huge collection of mathematical and musical books, about 1,500 of them, as well as many instruments.
The contents
The first volume teaches the different ways of coding "in simple, double and multiple alphabets", with extensive use of "rotae", rotating alphabets made of parchment and a coloured thread. The second volume is dedicated to the art of trazer: decoding the cipher without having the decryption key.
The great cipher collector Luigi Pasini (1835-1885), the archivist in the State Archives of Venice, wrote:
"The volumes by our loyal citizen Agostin Amadi, who recently died, provide instructions for writing simple and double ciphers and for using several alphabets. They teach the art of deciphering unknown ciphers without code sheet, both in our language and in foreign ones, with beautiful, clear and realistic rules, so that anyone who puts in some exercise and diligence can make true progress in a short time. They also teach different ways of writing secret messages, strengthening a cipher so that it cannot be understood; they teach ways of writing invisible, undetectable ciphers, of reviving dead letters, and other impor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Hugle | Frances Sarnat Hugle (August 13, 1927 – May 24, 1968) was an American scientist, engineer, and inventor who contributed to the understanding of semiconductors, integrated circuitry, and the unique electrical principles of microscopic materials. She also invented techniques, processes, and equipment for practical (high volume) fabrication of microscopic circuitry, integrated circuits, and microprocessors which are still in use today.
In 1962, Hugle co-founded Siliconix, one of Silicon Valley's first semiconductor houses. She is the only woman included in the "Semiconductor Family Tree."
Early life and education
Frances Betty Sarnat (Sarnatzky) was born on August 13, 1927, in Chicago, Illinois, to Nathan Sarnat (Sarnatzky) and Lylian Steinfeld. Sarnat attended Hyde Park High School on Chicago's south side, where she participated in many of the school's science clubs, including the chemistry, physics and biology clubs. In the spring of 1944, just before her graduation, she was selected to represent Hyde Park High in Chicago's Math Contest, in which she took first place.
After graduation, Sarnat attended the University of Chicago. In 1946, at the age of eighteen, she was awarded a Bachelor of Philosophy. It was while studying here that she married fellow student, William B. Hugle, in 1947. They founded several R&D companies together.
In 1957, the University of Chicago additionally awarded her a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry based upon the course work she had completed between 1944 and 1947.
Hugle's graduate studies in crystallography, including studies in x-ray diffraction techniques, took place at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY.
In 1960, she received a Master of Science degree from the University of Cincinnati.
Hugle also received an honorary doctorate from a Canadian university. In the mid-1960s, she taught at Santa Clara University.
Professional career
Hugle founded her first research company, Hyco Labs, in the mid-1940s and as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtribe | Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants). The early use of this word is from 19th century. An example of a subtribe is Hyptidinae, a group of flowering plants that contains approximately 400 accepted species distributed in 19 genera. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20Electronics | Link Electronics Ltd. was a major UK industrial and broadcast television equipment manufacturer and systems integrator in the 1970s and 1980s. The company was founded by John Tanner and David Mann, who began manufacturing television cameras in 1966.
Link was known mainly for its range of broadcast television cameras, but was also a manufacturer of outside broadcast (OB) vehicles, including the BBC "Type 5". Link also produced a wide range of ancillary studio equipment, such as distribution amplifiers, measuring sets and test-signal generators.
Cameras
Link started as an industrial camera manufacturer but soon moved into broadcast equipment when the BBC approached it to develop a successor to the commercially successful EMI 2001, when EMI's own design for the 2001's successor, the 2005, failed to meet expected standards when launched around 1975. The poor performance of this camera, considering its development cost, led to EMI exiting the broadcast camera industry. A similar fate befell Link around 10–15 years later upon the release of the Link 130 (further down this page).
Type 100
The Link-NEC 100 was the companion camera to the Type 130 and designed in conjunction with NEC. It had a triax interface unit and could be used stand alone, via a radio link or with a CCU via triax cable. it shared a common architecture with the 130 by using the same 18mm tubes and both where fully automatic for set-up and used the same CCU (Camera Control Unit), OCP (operational Control Unit) and MSU (Master Setup Unit)
Type 109
The Type 109 was a broadcast quality black-and-white camera mainly used as a caption scanner or simple telecine.
Type 110/111
The 110 was Link's first attempt at a colour broadcast camera and around 200 cameras were manufactured. Styling was based on the EMI 2001 colour camera but at an economical price, including what some claim to be a very flimsy casing that was not of rugged design.
The camera consisted of a closed body and an internal lens from a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSD%20Mixin%20Layers | The key implementation technique of GenVoca is due to Smaragdakis called mixin-layers.
Aspectual mixin layers and aspectual feature modules are recent extensions that incorporate aspect-oriented programming.
See also
Feature-oriented programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee%20%28symbol%29 | The tee (⊤, \top in LaTeX), also called down tack (as opposed to the up tack) or verum, is a symbol used to represent:
The top element in lattice theory.
The truth value of being true in logic, or a sentence (e.g., formula in propositional calculus) which is unconditionally true. By definition, every tautology is logically equivalent to the verum.
The top type in type theory.
Mixed radix encoding in the APL programming language.
A similar-looking superscript T may be used to mean the transpose of a matrix.
Encoding
In Unicode, the tee character is encoded as . The symbol is encoded in LaTeX as \top.
A large variant is encoded as in the Unicode block Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A.
See also
Turnstile (⊢)
Up tack (⊥)
List of logic symbols
List of mathematical symbols
Notes
Logic symbols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20quotation | A nested quotation is a quotation that is encapsulated inside another quotation, forming a hierarchy with multiple levels. When focusing on a certain quotation, one must interpret it within its scope. Nested quotation can be used in literature (as in nested narration), speech, and computer science (as in "meta"-statements that refer to other statements as strings). Nested quotation can be very confusing until evaluated carefully and until each quotation level is put into perspective.
In literature
In languages that allow for nested quotes and use quotation mark punctuation to indicate direct speech, hierarchical quotation sublevels are usually punctuated by alternating between primary quotation marks and secondary quotation marks. For a comprehensive analysis of the major quotation mark systems employed in major writing systems, see Quotation mark.
In JavaScript programming
Nested quotes often become an issue using the eval keyword. The eval function is a function that converts and interprets a string as actual JavaScript code, and runs that code. If that string is specified as a literal, then the code must be written as a quote itself (and escaped accordingly).
For example:
eval("var a=3; alert();");
This code declares a variable a, which is assigned the value 3, and a blank alert window is popped up to the user.
Nested strings (level 2)
Suppose we had to make a quote inside the quoted interpreted code. In JavaScript, you can only have one unescaped quote sublevel, which has to be the alternate of the top-level quote. If the 2nd-level quote symbol is the same as the first-level symbol, these quotes must be escaped. For example:
alert("I don't need to escape here");
alert('Nor is it "required" here');
alert('But now I do or it won\'t work');
Nested strings (level 3 and beyond)
Furthermore, (unlike in the literature example), the third-level nested quote must be escaped in order not to conflict with either the first- or second-level quote delimiters. Thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel%20vertical%20migration | Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The word "diel" (IPA: , ) comes from , and means a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the sea at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. It is important to the functioning of deep-sea food webs and the biologically driven sequestration of carbon.
In terms of biomass, it is the largest synchronous migration in the world. It is not restricted to any one taxon as examples are known from crustaceans (copepods), molluscs (squid), and ray-finned fishes (trout).
The phenomenon may be advantageous for a number of reasons, most typically to access food and avoid predators.
It is triggered by various stimuli, the most prominent being response to changes in light intensity, though evidence suggests that biological clocks are an underlying stimulus as well. While this mass migration is generally nocturnal, with the animals ascending from the depths at nightfall and descending at sunrise, the timing can be altered in response to the different cues and stimuli that trigger it. Some unusual events impact vertical migration: DVM can be absent during the midnight sun in Arctic regions and vertical migration can occur suddenly during a solar eclipse. The phenomenon also demonstrates cloud-driven variations.
The common swift is an exception among birds in that it ascends and descends into high altitudes at dusk and dawn, similar to the vertical migration of aquatic lifeforms.
Discovery
The phenomenon was first documented by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. He noted that daphnia, a type of plankton, appeared and disappeared according to a diurnal pattern.
During World War II the U.S. Navy was taking sonar readings of the ocean when they discovered the deep scatteri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20application%20security%20testing | A dynamic application security testing (DAST) is a non functional testing process where one can assess an application using certain techniques and the end result of such testing process covers security weaknesses and vulnerabilities present in an application. This testing process can be carried out either in manual way or by using automated tools. Manual assessment of an application involves a more human intervention to identify the security flaws which might slip from an automated tool. Usually business logic errors, race condition checks, and certain zero day vulnerabilities can only be identified using manual assessments.
On the other side, a DAST tool is a program which communicates with a web application through the web front-end in order to identify potential security vulnerabilities in the web application and architectural weaknesses. It performs a black-box test. Unlike static application security testing tools, DAST tools do not have access to the source code and therefore detect vulnerabilities by actually performing attacks.
DAST tools allow sophisticated scans, detecting vulnerabilities with minimal user interactions once configured with host name, crawling parameters and authentication credentials. These tools will attempt to detect vulnerabilities in query strings, headers, fragments, verbs (GET/POST/PUT) and DOM injection.
Overview
DAST tools facilitate the automated review of a web application with the express purpose of discovering security vulnerabilities and are required to comply with various regulatory requirements. Web application scanners can look for a wide variety of vulnerabilities, such as input/output validation: (e.g. cross-site scripting and SQL injection), specific application problems and server configuration mistakes.
In a copyrighted report published in March 2012 by security vendor Cenzic, the most common application vulnerabilities in recently tested applications include:
Commercial and open-source scanners
Commercial scanner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogia%20crameri | Cogia crameri is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, native to Central America and Suriname. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1777 using the name Papilio orion, which was preoccupied (see Scolitantides orion). A replacement name honouring Cramer was designated in 1960.
Description
Upper side. Antennae black. Thorax, abdomen, and wings dark olive brown. Anterior wings having a small narrow transparent white line crossing them from the anterior edges to the lower corners, intersected by the brown tendons of the wings. Posterior wings terminating in two white, short, and broad tails.
Under side. Palpi white. Breast, abdomen, and wings coloured as on the upper side; the posterior differing merely in having their outward edges bordered with white. Wing-span 2 inches (50 mm). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARL%20%28programming%20language%29 | The SARL programming language is a modular agent-oriented programming language. It aims at providing the fundamental abstractions for dealing with concurrency, distribution, interaction, decentralization, reactivity, autonomy and dynamic reconfiguration.
SARL is platform-independent and agent’s architecture-agnostic. It provides a set of agent-oriented first-class abstractions directly at the language level (see the section on the concepts). Nevertheless, it supports the integration and the mapping of concepts provided by other agent-oriented metamodels. SARL itself exploits this extension mechanism for defining its own extensions (organizational, event-driven, etc.).
An important feature of the SARL programming language is its native support for "holonic multiagent systems," and "recursive agents"
(also called "holons").
Overview
The metamodel of SARL is based on four main concepts: Agent, Capacity, Space and Skill.
The core metamodel of SARL is presented in Figure 1, and the main concepts are colored in light blue.
Each of them are detailed in the following sections, as well as the corresponding piece of SARL code to illustrate their practical use.
In SARL, a Multiagent System (MAS) is a collection of Agents interacting together in shared distributed Spaces.
Each agent has a collection of Capacities describing what it is able to perform, its personal competences.
Each Capacity may then be realized/implemented by various Skills.
For understanding the relationship between the concepts of Capacity and Skill, a parallel can be drawn with concepts of Interface and their implementation classes in object-oriented languages.
To implement specific architectures (like BDI, reasoning, reactive, hybrid, etc.) developers should develop their own capacities and skills providing the agents with new exploitable features.
Despite its open nature, SARL imposes some fundamental principles to be respected by the various Virtual Machines (VM) that wants to support it. First of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings%20yield | Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share (E), divided by the share price (P), giving E/P. It is the reciprocal of the P/E ratio.
The earning yield is quoted as a percentage, and therefore allows immediate comparison to prevailing long-term interest rates (e.g. the Fed model).
Applications
The earning yield can be used to compare the earnings of a stock, sector, or the whole market against bond yields. Generally, the earnings yields of equities are higher than the yield of risk-free treasury bonds. Some of this may result in dividends, while some may be kept as retained earnings. The market price of stocks may increase or decrease, reflecting the additional risk involved in equity investments. The average P/E ratio for U.S. stocks from 1900 to 2005 is 14, which equates to an earnings yield of over 7%.
The Fed model is an example of a system that uses the earnings yield as a method to assess aggregate stock market valuation levels, although it is disputed.
Adjusted versions
Earning yield is one of the factors discussed in Joel Greenblatt's The Little Book That Beats the Market. However, Greenblatt uses an adjusted earning yield formula to account for the fact that different companies have different debt levels and tax rates.
Earnings Yield = (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes + Depreciation – CapEx) / Enterprise Value (Market Value + Debt – Cash)
This tells you how expensive a company is in relation to the earnings the company generates. When looking at the Earning Yield, we make certain adjustments to a company’s market capitalization to estimate what it would take to buy the entire company. This involves penalizing companies carrying much debt and rewarding those having much cash.
See also
Dividend yield
Fed model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent%20quark | A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group.
In the low-energy limit of QCD, a description by means of perturbation theory is not possible: Here, no asymptotic freedom exists, but collective interactions between valence quarks and sea quarks gain strongly in significance. Part of the effects of virtual quarks and virtual gluons in the "sea" can be assigned to a quark so well, that the term "constituent quark" can serve as an effective description of the low-energy system.
Constituent quarks appear like "dressed" current quarks, i.e. current quarks surrounded by a cloud of virtual quarks and gluons. This cloud, in the end, underlies the large constituent-quark masses.
Definition Constituent quarks are valence quarks for which the correlations for the description of hadrons by means of gluons and sea-quarks are put into effective quark masses of these valence quarks.
The effective quark mass is called constituent quark mass. Hadrons consist of "glued" constituent quarks.
Binding energy
The quantum chromodynamic binding energy of a valence quark in a hadron is the amount of energy required to make the hadron spontaneously emit a meson containing the valence quark. This is the same as the constituent-quark mass.
Note that the following values are model-dependent. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology%20of%20HIV/AIDS | HIV is commonly transmitted via unprotected sexual activity, blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child. Upon acquisition of the virus, the virus replicates inside and kills T helper cells, which are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. There is an initial period of influenza-like illness, and then a latent, asymptomatic phase. When the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200 cells/ml of blood, the HIV host has progressed to AIDS, a condition characterized by deficiency in cell-mediated immunity and the resulting increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain forms of cancer.
Immunology
After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.
This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells. This acute viremia is associated in virtually all people with the activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts rebound. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.
During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.
Although the symptoms of immunodeficiency (characteristic of AIDS) do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/MPQ-2 | The AN/MPQ-2 Close Cooperation Control Unit was a truck-mounted post-World War II automatic tracking radar/computer/communication system ("Q" system) for aircraft command guidance, e.g., missile tracking, and for Radar Bomb Scoring. For ground directed bombing (GDB), an operator would manually plot a target on the "Blind Bombing Plotting Sheet", then use the manual "E6B computer and bombing tables" to plot the release point for striking the target, after which a radar operator used the MPQ to acquire a track of the bomber near an initial point during which allowed ground control of the bomb run to the release point.
Based on the World War II SCR-584 radar developed by MIT and which was used for the "SCR-584-M missile control Receiver and beacon", the MPQ-2 included an "RC-294 Plotter" and its analog computer for converting radar range, azimuth, and elevation to cartesian coordinates, as well as a plotting board for drawing the aircraft track. The AN/MPQ-2 was the basis for the Rome Air Development Center's AN/MSQ-1 & -2 Close Support Control Sets also used in the Korean War, and the MSQ-1A was used for command guidance of the Matador missile.
Locations
Radar Bomb Scoring detachments of the Colorado Springs' 206th Army Air Force Base Unit (organized on June 6, 1945) used MPQ-2s at Kansas City and Fort Worth Army Airfield and in 1946, the 4th launch of a V-2 at White Sands Proving Ground (1946) was tracked by two MPQ-2s. In addition to the CONUS RBS detachments (e.g., Detachments C, K, & N), Detachment 23's AN/MPQ-2 was at the Heston Radar Bomb Scoring Site on November 10, 1950, and after deployment to the Korean War, the three AN/MPQ-2 radars of the 3903rd Radar Bomb Scoring Group RBS detachments were transferred in January 1951 under the operational control of the 502nd Tactical Control Group (TCG). The MPQ-2 guided Martin B-26 Marauders against enemy positions in front of the 25th Infantry Division.", and On February 23, 1951, the 1st Boeing B-29 Superfortres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20problem | In differential geometry, the Minkowski problem, named after Hermann Minkowski, asks for the construction of a strictly convex compact surface S whose Gaussian curvature is specified. More precisely, the input to the problem is a strictly positive real function ƒ defined on a sphere, and the surface that is to be constructed should have Gaussian curvature ƒ(n(x)) at the point x, where n(x) denotes the normal to S at x. Eugenio Calabi stated: "From the geometric view point it [the Minkowski problem] is the Rosetta Stone, from which several related problems can be solved."
In full generality, the Minkowski problem asks for necessary and sufficient conditions on a non-negative Borel measure on the unit sphere Sn-1 to be the surface area measure of a convex body in . Here the surface area measure SK of a convex body K is the pushforward of the (n-1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure restricted to the boundary of K via the Gauss map. The Minkowski problem was solved by Hermann Minkowski, Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Werner Fenchel and Børge Jessen: a Borel measure μ on the unit sphere is the surface area measure of a convex body if and only if μ has centroid at the origin and is not concentrated on a great subsphere. The convex body is then uniquely determined by μ up to translations.
The Minkowski problem, despite its clear geometric origin, is found to have its appearance in many places. The problem of radiolocation is easily reduced to the Minkowski problem in Euclidean 3-space: restoration of convex shape over the given Gauss surface curvature. The inverse problem of the short-wave diffraction is reduced to the Minkowski problem. The Minkowski problem is the basis of the mathematical theory of diffraction as well as for the physical theory of diffraction.
In 1953 Louis Nirenberg published the solutions of two long standing open problems, the Weyl problem and the Minkowski problem in Euclidean 3-space. L. Nirenberg's solution of the Minkowski problem was a miles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingham | Gingham, also called Vichy check, is a medium-weight balanced plain-woven fabric typically with tartan (plaid), striped, or check duotone patterns, in bright colour and in white made from dyed cotton or cotton-blend yarns. It is made of carded, medium or fine yarns.
History
The name may originate Alternatively, it is speculated that the fabric now known as gingham may have been made at Guingamp, a town in Brittany, France, and that the fabric may be named after the town. Some sources say that the name came into English via Dutch. When originally imported into Europe in the 17th century, gingham was a striped fabric, though now it is distinguished by its checkered pattern. From the mid-18th century, when it was being produced in the mills of Manchester, England, it started to be woven into checked or tartan (plaid) patterns (often blue and white). Checked gingham became more common over time, though striped gingham was still available in the late Victorian period. The equivalent in French is the noun , from the town of Vichy, France. The same word is used in Spain, where this pattern is called or .
In the United States, the mass popularity of men's blue and white gingham-patterned shirts in the 2010s led to critical media coverage of the phenomenon.
Use
Gingham fabric was popular to use in various dress material such as shirts, skirts, maxi and also for some home furnishing such as towels and curtains. Along with muslin, gingham is often used as a test fabric while designing fashion or used for making an inexpensive fitting shell prior to making the clothing in fashion fabric. Gingham shirts have been worn by mods since the 1960s and continue to be identified with fans of indie and mod music with brands like Lambretta Clothing, Ben Sherman, Fred Perry, Penguin and Merc producing gingham shirts.
In the United Kingdom, the gingham pattern is often used for younger girls' school uniforms.
In popular culture
The Eugene Field poem "The Duel" concerns a duel be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfeziaceae | The Terfeziaceae, or desert truffles, is a family of truffles (, , , ) endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean Region, North Africa, and the Middle East, where they live in ectomycorrhizal association with Helianthemum species and other ectomycorrhizal plants (including Cistus, oaks, and pines). This group consists of three genera: Terfezia, Tirmania, and Mattirolomyces. They are a few centimetres across and weigh from 30 to 300 grams (1–10 oz). Desert truffles are often used as a culinary ingredient.
Family description
Fruit-bodies (ascomata) are large, more or less spherical to turbinate (top-shaped), thick-walled, and solid. The asci are formed in marbled veins interspersed with sterile tissue. The asci are cylindrical to spherical, indehiscent (not splitting open at maturity), and sometimes stain blue in iodine. Ascospores are hyaline to pale brown, spherical, and uninucleate.
Habitat and ecology
Desert truffles, as the name suggests, predominantly grow in the desert. They have been found in arid and semi-arid zones of the Kalahari desert, the Mediterranean basin, Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Negev desert in Palestine, the Sahara, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Croatia, and China. They can be formed near Sunrose (Helianthemum) plants, but they are very rare to find and can't be cultivated (thus justifying their cost).
Culinary use and commercial importance
Desert truffles do not have the same flavor as European truffles, but tend to be more common and thus more affordable. Forest truffles (genus Tuber) typically cost $1000 per kilogram, and Italian truffles may sell for up to $2,200 per kilogram, while Terfezia truffles sold as of 2002 in Riyadh for $200 to $305 a kilo, and in recent years have reached, but not yet exceeded, $570. Israeli agricultural scientists have been attempting to domesticate Terfezia boudieri into a commercial crop.
Vernacular names
Desert truffles go by several different nam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraphia | Paragraphia is a condition which results in the use of unintended letters or phonemes, words or syllables when writing. This is typically an acquired disorder derived from brain damage and it results in a diminished ability to effectively use written expression.
Paragraphias can be classified as function of the type of writing errors: literal paragraphias, graphemic paragraphias and morphemic paragraphias. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11orf42 | C11orf42 is an uncharacterized protein in homo sapiens that is encoded by the C11orf42 gene. It is also known as chromosome 11 open reading frame 42 and uncharacterized protein C11orf42, with no other aliases. The gene is mostly conserved in mammals, but it has also been found in rodents, reptiles, fish and worms.
Gene
Location
The gene is located on 11p15.4 and has three exons. C11orf42 starts at 6205568 bp and ends at 6211319 bp. C11orf42 spans 5752 base pairs and encodes in the negative strand of chromosome 11.
Neighborhood
On chromosome 11, the genes FAM160A2 (gene) and OR52W1 are neighbors to C11orf42. FAM160A2 encodes in the positive strand of chromosome 11. OR52W1 encodes in the negative strand of chromosome 11.
Expression
C11orf42 is expressed in a total of seventy-four organs. In a study of ninety-five individuals, twenty-seven different tissues had RNA sequencing completed to determine the tissue-specificity of the protein-coding genes. C11orf42 is expressed in a variety of tissues, although it is most broadly expressed in the skin as well as the testes.
According to the EST Profile of C11orf42, the protein is abundant in the bladder, brain, and testis. It was associated with bladder carcinoma and seen in the adult developmental stage.
Microarray Expression
C11orf42 was observed in a RNA microarray that looked at different levels of intercranial aneurysms in order to see the biological heterogeneity of aneurysms. This was completed by splitting samples into groups with similar gene expressions. It was found that Kruppel-like family of transcription factors (KLF2, KLF12, and KLF15), which were anti-inflammatory regulators, were down-regulated. This family of transcription factors is found in C11orf42 and it appears to have an effect on the development of aneurysm walls as a mechanical strengthener. It was found that in ruptured aneurysms, C11orf42 was ranked at 55.5% among other genes and had an expression level of 8.16. In unruptured aneurysms |
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