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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20chemistry | Agricultural chemistry is the study of chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture. This includes agricultural production, the use of ammonia in fertilizer, pesticides, and how plant biochemistry can be used to genetically alter crops. Agricultural chemistry is not a distinct discipline, but a common thread that ties together genetics, physiology, microbiology, entomology, and numerous other sciences that impinge on agriculture.
Agricultural chemistry studies the chemical compositions and reactions involved in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. Its applied science and technology aspects are directed towards increasing yields and improving quality, which comes with multiple advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The goals of agricultural chemistry are to expand understanding of the causes and effects of biochemical reactions related to plant and animal growth, to reveal opportunities for controlling those reactions, and to develop chemical products that will provide the desired assistance or control. Agricultural chemistry is therefore used in processing of raw products into foods and beverages, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. It is also used to make feed supplements for animals, as well as medicinal compounds for the prevention or control of disease. When agriculture is considered with ecology, the sustainablility of an operation is considered.
However, modern agrochemical industry has gained a reputation for its maximising profits while violating sustainable and ecologically viable agricultural principles. Eutrophication, the prevalence of genetically modified crops and the increasing concentration of chemicals in the food chain (e.g. persistent organic pollutants) are only a few consequences of naive industrial agriculture.
Soil Chemistry
Agricultural chemistry often aims at preserving or increasing the fertility of soil, maintaining or improving the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Laguerre%20polynomials | In mathematics, the q-Laguerre polynomials, or generalized Stieltjes–Wigert polynomials P(x;q) are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme introduced by . give a detailed list of their properties.
Definition
The q-Laguerre polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions and the q-Pochhammer symbol by
Orthogonality
Orthogonality is defined by the unimono nature of the polynomials' convergence at boundaries in integral form. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20Elementary%20Skills%20Test | The Basic Elementary Skills Test (BEST) is a test used to verify the ability of children in mathematics and English (writing, reading, and spelling). Currently the test is available in Cambodian, Chinese, Persian, Vietnamese, Arabic, and Spanish.
Different sub-tests
The reading test requires the child to read a list of words as quickly as possible. The writing test examines the ability of the child to write sentences or paragraphs based on their age. The mathematics sub-test involves identifying numbers and solving simple problems. In the spelling test the child's ability to spell words correctly is measured.
Scoring marks
Marks are awarded for each correct answer, except for writing test where points are taken away for making mistakes and more points are earned for longer sentences. The raw marks are converted to approximate grade levels which are then used to determine if the child needs intervention classes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20%28machine%20translation%29 | Moses is a free software, statistical machine translation engine that can be used to train statistical models of text translation from a source language to a target language, developed by the University of Edinburgh. Moses then allows new source-language text to be decoded using these models to produce automatic translations in the target language. Training requires a parallel corpus of passages in the two languages, typically manually translated sentence pairs. Moses is released under the LGPL licence and available both as source code and binaries for Windows and Linux. Its development is primarily supported by the EuroMatrix project, with funding by the European Commission.
Among its features are:
A beam search algorithm that quickly finds the highest probability translation within a number of choices
Phrase-based translation of short text chunks
Handles words with multiple factored representations to enable the integration of linguistic and other information (e.g., surface form, lemma and morphology, part-of-speech, word class)
Decodes ambiguous forms of a source sentence, represented as a confusion network, to support integration with upstream tools such as speech recognizers
Support for large language models (LMs) such as IRSTLM (an exact LM using memory-mapping) and RandLM (an inexact LM based on Bloom filters)
See also
Apertium
OpenLogos
Comparison of machine translation applications
Machine translation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastler%E2%80%93Brossel%20Laboratory | The Kastler–Brossel Laboratory, (formerly the Laboratory of Hertzian Spectroscopy) located in Paris, France, is a research laboratory specializing in fundamental physics of quantum systems. Founded in 1951 by Alfred Kastler and Jean Brossel, it is a joint research unit operated by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the École normale supérieure, the Sorbonne University and the Collège de France.
Brief history
The laboratory was founded in 1951 by Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966) and Jean Brossel on the theme of the interaction between light and matter. The initial name of laboratory was the « Laboratoire de spectroscopie Hertzienne de l'ENS » (Laboratory of Hertzian Spectroscopy). It is located in the Department of Physics of École normale supérieure.
In 1967, a second site opened on the Jussieu campus.
In 1994, the laboratory changed its name to « Laboratoire Kastler Brossel » in honor of its two founders.
Now, the Kastler Brossel Laboratory (LKB) is one of the main actors in the field of fundamental physics of quantum systems.
Research activity
Many new themes have appeared recently in the field of fundamental physics of quantum systems, like quantum entanglement or Bose–Einstein condensation in gases, which leads to a constant renewal of the research carried out in the laboratory. Presently its activity takes several forms: cold atoms (bosonic and fermionics systems), atom lasers, quantum fluids, atoms in solid helium; quantum optics, cavity quantum electrodynamics; quantum information and quantum theory of measurement; quantum chaos; high-precision measurements. These themes lead not only to a better understanding of fundamental phenomena, but also to important applications, like more precise atomic clocks, improvement of detectors based on atomic interferometry or new methods for biomedical imaging.
The laboratory also has an important activity in the field of measurement of fundamental constants and tests of fundam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa%20diet | The Okinawa diet describes the traditional dietary practices of indigenous people of the Ryukyu Islands (belonging to Japan), which were claimed to have contributed to their relative longevity over a period of study in the 20th century.
Relative longevity
As assessed over 1949 to 1998, people from the Ryukyu Islands (of which Okinawa is the largest) had a life expectancy among the highest in the world (83.8 years vs. 78.9 years in the United States), although the male life expectancy rank among Japanese prefectures plummeted in the 21st century.
Okinawa had the longest life expectancy in all prefectures of Japan for almost 30 years prior to 2000. The relative life expectancy of Okinawans has since declined, due to many factors including Westernization. In 2000, Okinawa dropped in its ranking for longevity advantage for men to 26th out of 47 within the prefectures of Japan. In 2015, Japan had the highest life expectancy of any country: 90 years for women and for men, 84 years.
Although there are myriad factors that could account for differences in life expectancy, calorie restriction and regular physical activity could be factors. People have promoted the "Okinawa diet", despite the fact that the diet alone is unlikely to solely explain high life expectancy among seniors on Okinawa in the 20th century.
Indigenous islanders' diet
The traditional diet of the islanders contained sweet potato, green-leafy or root vegetables, and soy foods, such as miso soup, tofu or other soy preparations, occasionally served with small amounts of fish, noodles, or lean meats, all cooked with herbs, spices, and oil. Although the traditional Japanese diet usually includes large quantities of rice, the traditional Okinawa diet consisted of smaller quantities of rice; instead the staple was sweet potato. The Okinawa diet had only 30% of the sugar and 15% of the grains of the average Japanese dietary intake.
Okinawan cuisine consists of smaller meal portions of green and yellow vegeta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratric%20acid | Veratric acid, also known as 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, is a benzoic acid. It is a plant metabolite found in species such as Hypericum laricifolium, Artemisia sacrorum, and Zeyheria montana.
Uses
Medical research
A 2023 study at SRM Institute of Science and Technology suggests that veratric acid has apoptotic and antiproliferative effects against triple negative breast cancer cells. These effects were substantially increased when polydopamine nanoparticles were used as a sustained release drug carrier. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20quantum%20Monte%20Carlo | Gaussian Quantum Monte Carlo is a quantum Monte Carlo method that shows a potential solution to the fermion sign problem without the deficiencies of alternative approaches. Instead of the Hilbert space, this method works in the space of density matrices that can be spanned by an over-complete basis of gaussian operators using only positive coefficients. Containing only quadratic forms of the fermionic operators, no anti-commuting variables occur and any quantum state can be expressed as a real probability distribution. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar%20processor | A superscalar processor is a CPU that implements a form of parallelism called instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. In contrast to a scalar processor, which can execute at most one single instruction per clock cycle, a superscalar processor can execute more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to different execution units on the processor. It therefore allows more throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time) than would otherwise be possible at a given clock rate. Each execution unit is not a separate processor (or a core if the processor is a multi-core processor), but an execution resource within a single CPU such as an arithmetic logic unit.
While a superscalar CPU is typically also pipelined, superscalar and pipelining execution are considered different performance enhancement techniques. The former executes multiple instructions in parallel by using multiple execution units, whereas the latter executes multiple instructions in the same execution unit in parallel by dividing the execution unit into different phases.
The superscalar technique is traditionally associated with several identifying characteristics (within a given CPU):
Instructions are issued from a sequential instruction stream
The CPU dynamically checks for data dependencies between instructions at run time (versus software checking at compile time)
The CPU can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle
History
Seymour Cray's CDC 6600 from 1964 is often mentioned as the first superscalar design. The 1967 IBM System/360 Model 91 was another superscalar mainframe. The Intel i960CA (1989), the AMD 29000-series 29050 (1990), and the Motorola MC88110 (1991), microprocessors were the first commercial single-chip superscalar microprocessors. RISC microprocessors like these were the first to have superscalar execution, because RISC architectures free transistors and die area which can be us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondarzewia%20mesenterica | Bondarzewia mesenterica (synonym: Bondarzewia montana) is a species of polypore fungus in the family Bondarzewiaceae. It was first described as Boletus mesentericus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774. Hanns Kreisel transferred it to the genus Bondarzewia in 1984. The species is edible.
The species grows at the base of conifers, developing from a sclerotium. The caps are tomentose with brownish zones, fan-shaped, often overlapping and growing from a shared base. The flesh is whitish with a pleasant odour when fresh. The species affects tree bases and roots with a white rot. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextic%20equation | In algebra, a sextic (or hexic) polynomial is a polynomial of degree six.
A sextic equation is a polynomial equation of degree six—that is, an equation whose left hand side is a sextic polynomial and whose right hand side is zero. More precisely, it has the form:
where and the coefficients may be integers, rational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers or, more generally, members of any field.
A sextic function is a function defined by a sextic polynomial. Because they have an even degree, sextic functions appear similar to quartic functions when graphed, except they may possess an additional local maximum and local minimum each. The derivative of a sextic function is a quintic function.
Since a sextic function is defined by a polynomial with even degree, it has the same infinite limit when the argument goes to positive or negative infinity. If the leading coefficient is positive, then the function increases to positive infinity at both sides and thus the function has a global minimum. Likewise, if is negative, the sextic function decreases to negative infinity and has a global maximum.
Solvable sextics
Some sixth degree equations, such as , can be solved by factorizing into radicals, but other sextics cannot. Évariste Galois developed techniques for determining whether a given equation could be solved by radicals which gave rise to the field of Galois theory.
It follows from Galois theory that a sextic equation is solvable in terms of radicals if and only if its Galois group is contained either in the group of order 48 which stabilizes a partition of the set of the roots into three subsets of two roots or in the group of order 72 which stabilizes a partition of the set of the roots into two subsets of three roots.
There are formulas to test either case, and, if the equation is solvable, compute the roots in term of radicals.
The general sextic equation can be solved by the two-variable Kampé de Fériet function. A more restricted class of sextics can be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNIP3 | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 is a protein found in humans that is encoded by the BNIP3 gene.
BNIP3 is a member of the apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family. It can induce cell death while also assisting with cell survival. Like many of the Bcl-2 family proteins, BNIP3 modulates the permeability state of the outer mitochondrial membrane by forming homo- and hetero-oligomers inside the membrane. Upregulation results in a decrease in mitochondrial potential, an increase in reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial swelling and fission, and an increase in mitochondrial turnover via autophagy. Sequence similarity with Bcl-2 family members was not detected. Humans and other animals (Drosophila, Caenorhabditis), as well as lower eukaryotes (Dictyostelium, Trypanosoma, Cryptosporidium, Paramecium) encode several BNIP3 paralogues including the human NIP3L, which induces apoptosis by interacting with viral and cellular anti-apoptosis proteins.
Structure
The right-handed parallel helix-helix structure of the domain with a hydrogen bond-rich His-Ser node in the middle of the membrane, accessibility of the node for water, and continuous hydrophilic track across the membrane suggest that the domain can provide an ion-conducting pathway through the membrane. Incorporation of the BNIP3 transmembrane domain into an artificial lipid bilayer resulted in a pH-dependent conductivity increase. Necrosis-like cell death induced by BNIP3 may be related to this activity.
Function
BNIP3 interacts with the E1B 19 kDa protein which is responsible for the protection of virally induced cell death, as well as E1B 19 kDa-like sequences of BCL2, also an apoptotic protector. This gene contains a BH3 domain and a transmembrane domain, which have been associated with pro-apoptotic function. The dimeric mitochondrial protein encoded by this gene is known to induce apoptosis, even in the presence of BCL2. Change of BNIP3 expression along other members of the Bcl-2 family measured |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20TLS%20implementations | The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol provides the ability to secure communications across or inside networks. This comparison of TLS implementations compares several of the most notable libraries. There are several TLS implementations which are free software and open source.
All comparison categories use the stable version of each implementation listed in the overview section. The comparison is limited to features that directly relate to the TLS protocol.
Overview
TLS/SSL protocol version support
Several versions of the TLS protocol exist. SSL 2.0 is a deprecated protocol version with significant weaknesses. SSL 3.0 (1996) and TLS 1.0 (1999) are successors with two weaknesses in CBC-padding that were explained in 2001 by Serge Vaudenay. TLS 1.1 (2006) fixed only one of the problems, by switching to random initialization vectors (IV) for CBC block ciphers, whereas the more problematic use of mac-pad-encrypt instead of the secure pad-mac-encrypt was addressed with RFC 7366. A workaround for SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, roughly equivalent to random IVs from TLS 1.1, was widely adopted by many implementations in late 2011,. In 2014, the POODLE vulnerability of SSL 3.0 was discovered, which takes advantage of the known vulnerabilities in CBC, and an insecure fallback negotiation used in browsers.
TLS 1.2 (2008) introduced a means to identify the hash used for digital signatures. While permitting the use of stronger hash functions for digital signatures in the future (rsa,sha256/sha384/sha512) over the SSL 3.0 conservative choice (rsa,sha1+md5), the TLS 1.2 protocol change inadvertently and substantially weakened the default digital signatures and provides (rsa,sha1) and even (rsa,md5).
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS or Datagram TLS) 1.0 is a modification of TLS 1.1 for a packet-oriented transport layer, where packet loss and packet reordering have to be tolerated. The revision DTLS 1.2 based on TLS 1.2 was published in January 2012.
TLS 1.3 (2018) sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20transmission%20X-ray%20microscopy | Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) is a type of X-ray microscopy in which a zone plate focuses an X-ray beam onto a small spot, a sample is scanned in the focal plane of the zone plate and the transmitted X-ray intensity is recorded as a function of the sample position. A stroboscopic scheme is used where the excitation is the pump and the synchrotron X-ray flashes are the probe. X-ray microscopes work by exposing a film or charged coupled device detector to detect X-rays that pass through the specimen. The image formed is of a thin section of specimen. Newer X-ray microscopes use X-ray absorption spectroscopy to heterogeneous materials at high spatial resolution. The essence of the technique is a combination of spectromicroscopy, imaging with spectral sensitivity, and microspectroscopy, recording spectra from very small spots.
Benefits of STXM
Radiation damage
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in combination with transmission electron microscopy has modest spectral resolution and is rather damaging to the sample material. STXM with variable X-ray energy gives high spectral resolution. Radiation damage effects are typically two orders of magnitude lower than for EELS. Radiation concerns are also relevant with organic materials.
Samples with water
Unlike other methods such as electron microscopy, the spectra samples with water and carbon can be obtained. STXM run at atmospheric pressure allows for convenient sample installation and fewer restrictions on sample preparation. Cells have even been built which can examine hydrated precipitates and solutions.
Operation
In order to obtain spectromicroscopy data the following operating procedure is followed. The desired monochromator grating is selected along with photon energy in the middle of NEXAFS range. Refocus mirrors are adjusted to put the beam into the microscope and steered to maximize the flux passing through the zone plate. A pinhole is placed in the photon beam upstream in a transverse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematogaster%20aurora | Crematogaster aurora is a valid species of myrmicine ant that lived in Baltic Europe about 46 million to 43 million years ago during the Cenozoic era Eocene epoch. C. aurora has a similar look to the ant genus Acanthomyrmex and shares some similarities with the ant genus Pristomyrmex. The fossil found of C. aurora is of a queen ant that is brown in coloration. It probably died by drowning in a lake approximently 46 million years ago. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic%20differentiation%20waves | A mechanochemical based model for primary neural induction was first proposed in 1985 by Brodland and Gordon. They proposed that there is a mechanically sensitive bistable organelle made of microtubules and microfilaments in the apical ends of cells within cell sheets that are about to differentiate (that are competent) and these cells are under mechanical tension. The microtubules and microfilaments are in mechanical opposition in a proposed embryonic organelle they called the cell state splitter. Depending on where the cell is within a sheet, the tension will be resolved by either the apical end contracting or the apical end expanding. The resolution will begin at one point and spread over the rest of the tissue limited by other mechanical forces at boundaries. An actual physical wave of contraction has been found which traverses the presumptive neural epithelium of the developing salamander, the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The contraction wave's trajectory was more complex than predicted in the original model however it did originate from the precise location of the Spemann organizer and traversed only the presumptive neural epithelium. Electron microscopy showed intermediate filaments are also present in the cell state splitter. Additional waves of both contraction and expansion were also discovered by time lapse photography of axolotl gastrulation. Among them was a wave of expansion that occurs in ectoderm only in the presumptive epithelium. When the trajectories of the waves were superimposed on the fate map of the axolotl it was shown that there is a unique combination of expansion and contraction waves that correlates with the tissue types determined during gastrulation and that this set of wave trajectories could explain the shape of the fate map.
A biochemical basis for the signal transduction from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus resulting in changes in gene expression was first proposed by Björklund (now Gordon) and Gordon in 1993 This would result in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac%20ganglia | The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract.
They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava.
They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia.
Neurotransmission
The celiac ganglion is part of the sympathetic prevertebral chain possessing a great variety of specific receptors and neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central nervous system and the ovary.
The main preganglion neurotransmitter of the celiac ganglion is acetylcholine, yet the celiac ganglion-mesenteric complex also contain α and β adrenergic receptors and is innervated by fibers of adrenergic nature that come from other preaortic ganglia.
Path
The upper part of each ganglion is joined by the greater splanchnic nerve, while the lower part, which is segmented off and named the aorticorenal ganglion, receives the lesser splanchnic nerve and gives off the greater part of the renal plexus.
Innervation
These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small intestine, and the ascending and transverse colon. They directly innervate the ovarian theca and secondary interstitial cells and exert an indirect action on the luteal cells.
Links to ovary
Modifications in the adrenergic activity of the celiac ganglion results in an altered capacity of the ovary of pregnant rats to produce progesterone, suggesting that the celiac ga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative%20anaerobic%20organism | A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Shewanella oneidensis and Yersinia pestis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes.
It has been observed that in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene (gyrA), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (topI). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is required for transcription of genes required for aerobic growth, while the opposite is true for DNA gyrase. Additionally, in Escherichia coli K-12 it has been noted that phosphofructokinase (PFK) exists as a dimer under aerobic conditions and as a tetramer under anaerobic conditions. Given PFK’s role in glycolysis, this has implications for the effect of oxygen on the glucose metabolism of E. coli K-12 in relation to the mechanism of the Pasteur effect.
There may exist a core network of transcription factors (TFs) that includes the major oxygen-responsive ArcA and FNR control the adaptation of Escherichia coli to changes in oxygen availability. Activities of these two regulators are indicative of spatial effects that may affect gene expression in the microaerobic range. It has also been observed that these oxygen-sensitive proteins are protected within the cytoplasm by oxygen consumers within the cell membrane, known as terminal oxidases.
Functions
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen due to the expre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20W.%20Davis | Ronald Wayne "Ron" Davis (born July 17, 1941) is professor of biochemistry and genetics, and director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center at Stanford University. Davis is a researcher in biotechnology and molecular genetics, particularly active in human and yeast genomics and the development of new technologies in genomics, with over 30 biotechnology patents. In 2013, it was said of Davis that "A substantial number of the major genetic advances of the past 20 years can be traced back to Davis in some way."
Scientific career
After completing his PhD at Caltech and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University working with Jim Watson, Davis joined the faculty of Stanford's department of biochemistry in 1972. He became an associate professor in 1980, full professor in 1980, and joined the department of genetics as a professor in 1990. He became director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center in 1994. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Davis developed the R-loop technique of electron microscopy for mapping coding RNAs which led to the discovery of RNA splicing. With Janet E. Mertz, Davis was the first to demonstrate the use of restriction endonucleases for joining DNA fragments. Davis collaborated in the development of the first DNA microarray for gene expression profiling with Patrick O. Brown, and the gene expression profile of the first complete eukaryotic genome (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Davis, with David Botstein, Mark Skolnick, and Ray White developed the method for constructing a genetic linkage map using restriction fragment length polymorphisms that enabled and led to the Human Genome Project.
He and his colleagues submitted a proposal to NIH to map the human genome in 1979; that proposal was turned down as being too ambitious. The Stanford Genome Technology Center was included in the Human Genome Project that began in 1990 and was completed in 2003.
In 2013, Davis founded the Stanford Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofar%20bomb | In oceanography, a sofar bomb (Sound Fixing And Ranging bomb), occasionally referred to as a sofar disc, is a long-range position-fixing system that uses impulsive sounds in the deep sound channel (SOFAR channel) of the ocean to enable pinpointing of the location of ships or crashed planes. The deep sound channel is ideal for the device, as the minimum speed of sound at that depth improves the signal's traveling ability. A position is determined from the differences in arrival times at receiving stations of known geographic locations. The useful range from the signal sources to the receiver can exceed .
Design
For this device to work as intended, it must have several qualities. Firstly, the bomb needs to detonate at the correct depth, so that it can take full advantage of the deep sound channel. The sofar bomb has to sink fast enough so that it reaches the required depth within a reasonable amount of time (usually about 5 minutes).
To determine the position of a sofar bomb that has been detonated, three or more naval stations combine their reports of when they received the signal.
Benefits of the deep sound channel
Detonating the sofar bomb in the deep sound channel gives it huge benefits. The channel itself helps keep the sound waves contained within the same depth, as the rays of sound that have an upward or downward velocity are pushed back towards the deep sound channel because of refraction. Because the sound waves do not spread out vertically, the horizontal sound rays maintain far more strength than they would otherwise. This makes it far easier for the stations on shore to pick up and analyze the signal. Usually, the blasts use frequencies between 30 and 150 Hz, which also helps stop the signal from weakening too much. A side effect of this is that the slightly higher frequencies of sound waves emitted move a bit faster than the lower frequencies, making the signal that the naval stations hear have a longer duration.
History
Dr. Maurice Ewing, a pioneer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20code | In mathematics and in particular in combinatorics, the Lehmer code is a particular way to encode each possible permutation of a sequence of n numbers. It is an instance of a scheme for numbering permutations and is an example of an inversion table.
The Lehmer code is named in reference to Derrick Henry Lehmer, but the code had been known since 1888 at least.
The code
The Lehmer code makes use of the fact that there are
permutations of a sequence of n numbers. If a permutation σ is specified by the sequence (σ1, ..., σn) of its images of 1, ..., n, then it is encoded by a sequence of n numbers, but not all such sequences are valid since every number must be used only once. By contrast the encodings considered here choose the first number from a set of n values, the next number from a fixed set of values, and so forth decreasing the number of possibilities until the last number for which only a single fixed value is allowed; every sequence of numbers chosen from these sets encodes a single permutation. While several encodings can be defined, the Lehmer code has several additional useful properties; it is the sequence
in other words the term L(σ)i counts the number of terms in (σ1, ..., σn) to the right of σi that are smaller than it, a number between 0 and , allowing for different values.
A pair of indices (i,j) with and is called an inversion of σ, and L(σ)i counts the number of inversions (i,j) with i fixed and varying j. It follows that is the total number of inversions of σ, which is also the number of adjacent transpositions that are needed to transform the permutation into the identity permutation. Other properties of the Lehmer code include that the lexicographical order of the encodings of two permutations is the same as that of their sequences (σ1, ..., σn), that any value 0 in the code represents a right-to-left minimum in the permutation (i.e., a smaller than any to its right), and a value
at position i similarly signifies a right-to-left maxim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20bundle | In mathematics, the inverse bundle of a fibre bundle is its inverse with respect to the Whitney sum operation.
Let be a fibre bundle. A bundle is called the inverse bundle of if their Whitney sum is a trivial bundle, namely if
Any vector bundle over a compact Hausdorff base has an inverse bundle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenglart%27s%20inequality | In the mathematical theory of probability, Lenglart's inequality was proved by Èrik Lenglart in 1977. Later slight modifications are also called Lenglart's inequality.
Statement
Let be a non-negative right-continuous -adapted process and let be a non-negative right-continuous non-decreasing predictable process such that for any bounded stopping time . Then |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian%20arc | In geodesy and navigation, a meridian arc is the curve between two points on the Earth's surface having the same longitude. The term may refer either to a segment of the meridian, or to its length.
The purpose of measuring meridian arcs is to determine a figure of the Earth.
One or more measurements of meridian arcs can be used to infer the shape of the reference ellipsoid that best approximates the geoid in the region of the measurements. Measurements of meridian arcs at several latitudes along many meridians around the world can be combined in order to approximate a geocentric ellipsoid intended to fit the entire world.
The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth required a single arc. Accurate survey work beginning in the 19th century required several arc measurements in the region the survey was to be conducted, leading to a proliferation of reference ellipsoids around the world. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to determine reference ellipsoids, especially the geocentric ellipsoids now used for global coordinate systems such as WGS 84 (see numerical expressions).
History of measurement
Early estimations of Earth's size are recorded from Greece in the 4th century BC, and from scholars at the caliph's House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the 9th century. The first realistic value was calculated by Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC. He estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia, with an error on the real value between -2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres). Eratosthenes described his technique in a book entitled On the measure of the Earth, which has not been preserved. A similar method was used by Posidonius about 150 years later, and slightly better results were calculated in 827 by the arc measurement method, attributed to the Caliph Al-Ma'mun.
Ellipsoidal Earth
Early literature uses the term oblate spheroid to descr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexion%20Pharmaceuticals | Alexion Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of AstraZeneca, is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts that specializes in orphan drugs to treat rare diseases.
Its products include eculizumab (Soliris) and ravulizumab (Ultomiris), both used to treat the rare disorders of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); asfotase alfa (Strensiq), used to treat hypophosphatasia; sebelipase alfa (Kanuma), used to treat lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, and andexanet alfa (Andexxa), used to stop life threatening or uncontrollable bleeding in people who are taking rivaroxaban or apixaban.
With costs that can reach as much as $2 million per year, the drugs manufactured by Alexion are some of the most expensive drugs worldwide.
History
Alexion Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1992 at Science Park in New Haven, Connecticut by Steven Squinto and Leonard Bell, a physician at Yale New Haven Hospital and assistant professor of medicine and pathology at Yale School of Medicine.
In 2000, Alexion moved its headquarters from New Haven to Cheshire, Connecticut.
Alexion received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Soliris in 2007. It was initially approved to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a rare blood disorder.
In June 2010, there was an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Germany. Soliris was tested as a treatment option because of its effectiveness in treating atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, an illness similar to that caused by the EHEC infection.
In January 2014, the company paid Moderna $100million for ten product options to develop rare disease treatments, including for Crigler-Najjar syndrome, using Moderna's mRNA therapeutics platform; however, the program was scrapped in January 2017 after animal trials showed that Moderna's treatment would never be safe enough for humans.
In April 2015, Bell was replaced as C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20animation | Architectural animation is a short architectural movie created on a computer. A computer-generated building is created along with landscaping and sometimes moving people and vehicles. Unlike an architectural rendering, which is a single image from a single point of view, an architectural animation is generally a series of hundreds or even thousands of still images played simultaneously in order to produce a video. When these images are assembled and played back, they produce a movie effect much like a real movie camera except all images are artificially created by computer. It is possible to add a computer-created environment around the building to enhance reality and to better convey its relationship to the surrounding area; this can all be done before the project is built giving designers and stakeholders a realistic view of the completed project. Architectural renderings are often used along with architectural animation.
History
The first use of a 3D hidden-line removal movie depicting an architectural street scene was in 1976 by Jonathan Ingram. It shows the planned Crown Courts in Hobart in 1976 and was used for planning approval. The buildings exist today.
Usage
Commercial demand for computer-generated rendering is on the rise. There is a large growing demand of architectural visualization services worldwide. This has mainly been accelerated by the advancements in computing technology and allowing architectural animations to become cheaper. There are numerous real-time rendering engines that differ from the traditional method of multiple stitched still images together. This allows architectural animation to be far cheaper and less labor-intensive. However, it usually doesn't have the same photo realism. Typically, members of the AIA (American Institute of Architects) and NAHB (National Association of Home Builders) prefer to use 3D animations and single renderings for their customers before starting on a construction project. These professionals often find |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helion%20Energy | Helion Energy, Inc. is an American fusion research company, located in Everett, Washington. They are developing a magneto-inertial fusion technology to produce helium-3 and fusion power via aneutronic fusion, which could produce low-cost clean electric energy using a fuel that is derived exclusively from water.
History
The company was founded in 2013 by David Kirtley, John Slough, Chris Pihl, and George Votroubek. The management team won the 2013 National Cleantech Open Energy Generation competition and awards at the 2014 ARPA-E Future Energy Startup competition, were members of the 2014 Y Combinator program, and were awarded a 2015 ARPA-E ALPHA contract, "Staged Magnetic Compression of FRC Targets to Fusion Conditions".
In 2022, the company was one of five finalists for the 2022 GeekWire Awards for innovation of the year, specifically for fusion energy start up category.
In 2023, the company was one of five finalists for the 2023 GeekWire Best workplaces of the year.
On May 10, 2023, Helion Energy announced that Microsoft will become the first customer of Helion Energy, and Helion Energy will provide fusion power to Microsoft starting in 2028.
Technology
This system is intended to operate at 1 Hz, injecting plasma, compressing it to fusion conditions, expanding it, and recovering the energy to produce electricity. The pulsed-fusion system that is used is theoretically able to run 24/7 for electricity production. Due to its compact size, the systems may be able to replace current fossil fuel infrastructure without major needs for investment.
Fuel
Helion uses a combination of deuterium and as fuel. Deuterium and 3He allows mostly aneutronic fusion, releasing only 5% of its energy in the form of fast neutrons. Commercial 3He is rare and expensive. Instead Helion produces 3He by deuteron-deuteron (D-D) side reactions to the deuterium - 3He reactions. D-D fusion has an equal chance of producing a 3He atom and of producing a tritium atom plus a proton. Tritium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPS%20%28buffer%29 | CAPS is the common name for N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, a chemical used as buffering agent in biochemistry. The similar substance N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) is also used as buffering agent in biochemistry. Its useful pH range is 9.7-11.1.
See also
CHES
Good's buffers § List of Good's buffers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcompact%20cardinal | In mathematics, a subcompact cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number.
A cardinal number κ is subcompact if and only if for every A ⊂ H(κ+) there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j:(H(μ+), B) → (H(κ+), A) (where H(κ+) is the set of all sets of cardinality hereditarily less than κ+) with critical point μ and j(μ) = κ.
Analogously, κ is a quasicompact cardinal if and only if for every A ⊂ H(κ+) there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j:(H(κ+), A) → (H(μ+), B) with critical point κ and j(κ) = μ.
H(λ) consists of all sets whose transitive closure has cardinality less than λ.
Every quasicompact cardinal is subcompact. Quasicompactness is a strengthening of subcompactness in that it projects large cardinal properties upwards. The relationship is analogous to that of extendible versus supercompact cardinals. Quasicompactness may be viewed as a strengthened or "boldface" version of 1-extendibility. Existence of subcompact cardinals implies existence of many 1-extendible cardinals, and hence many superstrong cardinals. Existence of a 2κ-supercompact cardinal κ implies existence of many quasicompact cardinals.
Subcompact cardinals are noteworthy as the least large cardinals implying a failure of the square principle. If κ is subcompact, then the square principle fails at κ. Canonical inner models at the level of subcompact cardinals satisfy the square principle at all but subcompact cardinals. (Existence of such models has not yet been proved, but in any case the square principle can be forced for weaker cardinals.)
Quasicompactness is one of the strongest large cardinal properties that can be witnessed by current inner models that do not use long extenders. For current inner models, the elementary embeddings included are determined by their effect on P(κ) (as computed at the stage the embedding is included), where κ is the critical point. This prevents them from witnessing even a κ+ strongly compact cardinal κ.
Subcompact and quasicompact car |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconsolidation%20pressure | Preconsolidation pressure is the maximum effective vertical overburden stress that a particular soil sample has sustained in the past. This quantity is important in geotechnical engineering, particularly for finding the expected settlement of foundations and embankments. Alternative names for the preconsolidation pressure are preconsolidation stress, pre-compression stress, pre-compaction stress, and preload stress. A soil is called overconsolidated if the current effective stress acting on the soil is less than the historical maximum.
The preconsolidation pressure can help determine the largest overburden pressure that can be exerted on a soil without irrecoverable volume change. This type of volume change is important for understanding shrinkage behavior, crack and structure formation and resistance to shearing stresses. Previous stresses and other changes in a soil's history are preserved within the soil's structure. If a soil is loaded beyond this point the soil is unable to sustain the increased load and the structure will break down. This breakdown can cause a number of different things depending on the type of soil and its geologic history.
Preconsolidation pressure cannot be measured directly, but can be estimated using a number of different strategies. Samples taken from the field are subjected to a variety of tests, like the constant rate of strain test (CRS) or the incremental loading test (IL). These tests can be costly due to expensive equipment and the long period of time they require. Each sample must be undisturbed and can only undergo one test with satisfactory results. It is important to execute these tests precisely to ensure an accurate resulting plot. There are various methods for determining the preconsolidation pressure from lab data. The data is usually arranged on a semilog plot of the effective stress (frequently represented as σ'vc) versus the void ratio. This graph is commonly called the e log p curve or the consolidation cur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIR3DL2 | Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR3DL2 gene.
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several "framework" genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. This gene is one of the "framework" loci that is present on all haplotypes.
See also
Cluster of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20load | Mechanical load is the physical stress on a mechanical system or component. Loads can be static or dynamic. Some loads are specified as part of the design criteria of a mechanical system. Depending on the usage, some mechanical loads can be measured by an appropriate test method in a laboratory or in the field.
Vehicle
It can be the external mechanical resistance against which a machine (such as a motor or engine), acts. The load can often be expressed as a curve of force versus speed.
For instance, a given car traveling on a road of a given slope presents a load which the engine must act against. Because air resistance increases with speed, the motor must put out more torque at a higher speed in order to maintain the speed. By shifting to a higher gear, one may be able to meet the requirement with a higher torque and a lower engine speed, whereas shifting to a lower gear has the opposite effect. Accelerating increases the load, whereas decelerating decreases the load.
Pump
Similarly, the load on a pump depends on the head against which the pump is pumping, and on the size of the pump.
Fan
Similar considerations apply to a fan. See Affinity laws.
See also
Structural load
Physical test |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20the%20theory%20of%20relativity | Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century, on scientific, pseudoscientific, philosophical, or ideological bases. Though some of these criticisms had the support of reputable scientists, Einstein's theory of relativity is now accepted by the scientific community.
Reasons for criticism of the theory of relativity have included alternative theories, rejection of the abstract-mathematical method, and alleged errors of the theory. According to some authors, antisemitic objections to Einstein's Jewish heritage also occasionally played a role in these objections. There are still some critics of relativity today, but their opinions are not shared by the majority in the scientific community.
Special relativity
Relativity principle versus electromagnetic worldview
Around the end of the 19th century, the view was widespread that all forces in nature are of electromagnetic origin (the "electromagnetic worldview"), especially in the works of Joseph Larmor (1897) and Wilhelm Wien (1900). This was apparently confirmed by the experiments of Walter Kaufmann (1901–1903), who measured an increase of the mass of a body with velocity which was consistent with the hypothesis that the mass was generated by its electromagnetic field. Max Abraham (1902) subsequently sketched a theoretical explanation of Kaufmann's result in which the electron was considered as rigid and spherical. However, it was found that this model was incompatible with the results of many experiments (including the Michelson–Morley experiment, the Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace, and the Trouton–Noble experiment), according to which no motion of an observer with respect to the luminiferous aether ("aether drift") had been observed despite numerous attempts to do so. Henri Poincaré (1902) conjectured that this failure arose from a general law of nature, which he called "the principle of relativity". Hendrik An |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20wave%20principle | The Elliott wave principle, or Elliott wave theory, is a form of technical analysis that finance traders use to analyze financial market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology and price levels, such as highs and lows, by looking for patterns in prices.
Ralph Nelson Elliott (1871–1948), an American accountant, developed a model for the underlying social principles of financial markets by studying their price movements, and developed a set of analytical tools in the 1930s. He proposed that market prices unfold in specific patterns, which practitioners today call Elliott waves, or simply waves. Elliott published his theory of market behavior in the book The Wave Principle in 1938, summarized it in a series of articles in Financial World magazine in 1939, and covered it most comprehensively in his final major work, Nature's Laws: The Secret of the Universe in 1946. Elliott stated that "because man is subject to rhythmical procedure, calculations having to do with his activities can be projected far into the future with a justification and certainty heretofore unattainable."
Foundation
The Elliott wave principle posits that collective trader psychology, a form of crowd psychology, moves between optimism and pessimism in repeating sequences of intensity and duration. These mood swings create patterns in the price movements of markets at every degree of trend or time scale.
In Elliott's theory, market prices alternate between an impulsive, or motive, phase, and a corrective phase on all time scales of trend, as the illustration shows. Impulses are always subdivided into a set of five lower-degree waves, alternating again between motive and corrective character, so that waves 1, 3, and 5 are impulses, and waves 2 and 4 are smaller retraces of waves 1 and 3, respectively. Corrective waves subdivide into three smaller-degree waves starting with a five-wave counter-trend impulse, a retrace, and another impulse. In a bear market the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Journal%20of%20Cell%20Biology | European Journal of Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1969 as Cytobiologie. It is published by Elsevier. Since March 2021, the editor in chief is Dr. Miguel Vicente-Manzanares (IBMCC, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain) and the Deputy Editor is Dr. rer. nat. Klemens Rottner (Zoological Institute Technische Universität Braunschweig). The current editorial team took over from the editorial team of Stefan Linder (University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf), Manfred Schliwa (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich), and Sabine Werner (ETH Zurich). The journal covers research on cell biology. Publishing formats include original research articles, reviews, and short communications. Its current impact factor is 6.02.
Abstracting and indexing
European Journal of Cell Biology is abstracted and indexed in: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash%20test%20dummy | A crash test dummy, or simply dummy, is a full-scale anthropomorphic test device (ATD) that simulates the dimensions, weight proportions and articulation of the human body during a traffic collision. Dummies are used by researchers, automobile and aircraft manufacturers to predict the injuries a person might sustain in a crash. Modern dummies are usually instrumented to record data such as velocity of impact, crushing force, bending, folding, or torque of the body, and deceleration rates during a collision.
Prior to the development of crash test dummies, automobile companies tested using human cadavers, animals and live volunteers. Cadavers have been used to modify different parts of a car, such as the seatbelt. This type of testing may provide more realistic test results than using a dummy, but it raises ethical dilemmas because human cadavers and animals are not able to consent to research studies. Animal testing is not prevalent today. Computational models of the human body are increasingly being used in the industry and research to complement the use of dummies as virtual tools.
There is a constant need for new testing because each new vehicle has a different design and as technology changes ATDs must be developed to accurately test safety and efficacy.
History
On August 31, 1869, Mary Ward became the first recorded victim of an automobile accident; the car involved was steam-powered (Karl Benz did not invent the gasoline-powered automobile until 1886). Ward, of Parsonstown, Ireland, was thrown out of a motor vehicle and killed. Thirty years later, on September 13, 1899, Henry Bliss became North America's first motor vehicle fatality when hit while stepping off a New York City trolley.
The need for a means of analyzing and mitigating the effects of motor vehicle accidents on humans was felt soon after commercial production of automobiles began in the late 1890s, and by the 1930s, when the automobile became a common part of daily life and the number of mot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk | Dusk occurs at the darkest stage of twilight, or at the very end of astronomical twilight after sunset and just before nightfall. At predusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, enough light in the sky under clear conditions may occur to read outdoors without artificial illumination; however, at the end of civil twilight (when Earth rotates to a point at which the center of the Sun's disk is 6° below the local horizon), such lighting is required to read outside. The term dusk usually refers to astronomical dusk, or the darkest part of twilight before night begins.
Technical definitions
The time of dusk is the moment at the very end of astronomical twilight, just before the minimum brightness of the night sky sets in, or may be thought of as the darkest part of evening twilight. However, technically, the three stages of dusk are as follows:
At civil dusk, the center of the Sun's disc goes 6° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of civil twilight, which begins at sunset. At this time objects are still distinguishable and depending on weather conditions some stars and planets may start to become visible to the naked eye. The sky has many colors at this time, such as orange and red. Beyond this point artificial light may be needed to carry out outdoor activities, depending on atmospheric conditions and location.
At nautical dusk, the Sun moves to 12° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of nautical twilight, which begins at civil dusk. At this time, objects are less distinguishable, and stars and planets appear to brighten.
At astronomical dusk, the Sun's position is 18° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of astronomical twilight, which begins at nautical dusk. After this time the Sun no longer illuminates the sky, and thus no longer interferes with astronomical observations.
Media
Dusk can be used to create an ominous tone and has been used as a title for many projects. One instance of this is the 2018 firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACEM%20%28railway%20system%29 | The Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance (SACEM) is an embedded, automatic speed train protection system for rapid transit railways. The name means "Driver Assistance, Operation, and Maintenance System".
It was developed in France by GEC-Alsthom, Matra (now part of Siemens Mobility) and CSEE (now part of Hitachi Rail STS) in the 1980s. It was first deployed on the RER A suburban railway in Paris in 1989.
Afterwards it was installed:
on the Santiago Metro in Santiago, Chile;
on some of the MTR lines in Hong Kong (Kwun Tong line, Tsuen Wan line, Island line, Tseung Kwan O line, Airport Express and Tung Chung line), all enhanced with ATO,
on Lines A, B and 8 of the Mexico City Metro lines in Mexico City; and
on Shanghai Metro Line 3.
In 2017 the SACEM system in Paris was enhanced with Automatic Train Operation (ATO) and was put in full operation at the end of 2018.
The SACEM system in Paris is to be enhanced to a fully fledged CBTC system named NExTEO. First to be deployed on the newly-extended line RER E in 2024, it is proposed to replace signalling and control on all RER lines.
Operation
The SACEM system enables a train to receive signals from devices under the tracks. A receiver in the train cabin interprets the signal, and sends data to the console so the driver can see it. A light on the console indicates the speed control setting: an orange light means slow speed, or ; a red light means full stop. If the driver alters the speed, a warning buzzer may sound. If the system determines that the speed might be unsafe, and the driver does not change it within a few seconds, SACEM engages the emergency brake. SACEM also allows for a reduction in potential train bunching and easier recovery from delays, therefore safely increasing operating frequencies as much as possible especially during rush hour. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiscroll%20attractor | In the mathematics of dynamical systems, the double-scroll attractor (sometimes known as Chua's attractor) is a strange attractor observed from a physical electronic chaotic circuit (generally, Chua's circuit) with a single nonlinear resistor (see Chua's diode). The double-scroll system is often described by a system of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations and a 3-segment piecewise-linear equation (see Chua's equations). This makes the system easily simulated numerically and easily manifested physically due to Chua's circuits' simple design.
Using a Chua's circuit, this shape is viewed on an oscilloscope using the X, Y, and Z output signals of the circuit. This chaotic attractor is known as the double scroll because of its shape in three-dimensional space, which is similar to two saturn-like rings connected by swirling lines.
The attractor was first observed in simulations, then realized physically after Leon Chua invented the autonomous chaotic circuit which became known as Chua's circuit. The double-scroll attractor from the Chua circuit was rigorously proven to be chaotic through a number of Poincaré return maps of the attractor explicitly derived by way of compositions of the eigenvectors of the 3-dimensional state space.
Numerical analysis of the double-scroll attractor has shown that its geometrical structure is made up of an infinite number of fractal-like layers. Each cross section appears to be a fractal at all scales. Recently, there has also been reported the discovery of hidden attractors within the double scroll.
In 1999 Guanrong Chen (陈关荣) and Ueta proposed another double scroll chaotic attractor, called the Chen system or Chen attractor.
Chen attractor
The Chen system is defined as follows
Plots of Chen attractor can be obtained with the Runge-Kutta method:
parameters: a = 40, c = 28, b = 3
initial conditions: x(0) = -0.1, y(0) = 0.5, z(0) = -0.6
Other attractors
Multiscroll attractors also called n-scroll attractor include the Lu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augochlora%20leptoloba | Augochlora leptoloba is a species of sweat bee in the genus Augochlora and the extinct monotypic subgenus Electraugochlora.
History and classification
The species is known from a single female specimen, the holotype, currently in the private collection owned by Ettore Morone of Turin, Italy, as number "M-2521", and which was first studied by Dr. Michael S. Engel. Dr. Engel published his type description in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History volume 250 published in 2000. The subgenus name is a combination of the Latin electrum meaning "amber" and Augochlora, the type genus of the tribe Augochlorini. The species name is derived from a combination of the Greek words leptos which means "small" and lobos which means "lobe".
Description
The type specimen is well preserved in early Miocene (Burdigalian stage) Dominican amber from deposits on the island of Hispaniola. The presence of an epistomal sulcus, the groove defining the lateral and dorsal margin of the clypeus, places A. leptoloba within the large genus Augochlora. However, due to the lack of a preoccipital carina, the ridge behind the simple eyes on the top of the head found in the living member of the genus, A. leptoloba was placed in a new subgenus, Electraugochlora. Overall the holotype has a total length, not including antennae, of and a forewing length of . As a whole the female has a dull metallic green coloration with faint metallic copper highlights to the head, with the region above the mouth being brown. The legs are brown with no discernible highlights, and the wings are hyaline with brown veins. The thorax, like the head, is dull metallic green coloration with faint metallic copper highlights and the underside of the abdomen brown and the upper side brown with metallic green highlights. The legs and terga possess a coating of short gold colored hair. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Carter%20model | The Lee–Carter model is a numerical algorithm used in mortality forecasting and life expectancy forecasting. The input to the model is a matrix of age specific mortality rates ordered monotonically by time, usually with ages in columns and years in rows. The output is a forecasted matrix of mortality rates in the same format as the input.
The model uses singular value decomposition (SVD) to find:
A univariate time series vector that captures 80–90% of the mortality trend (here the subscript refers to time),
A vector that describes the relative mortality at each age (here the subscript refers to age), and
A scaling constant (referred to here as but unnamed in the literature).
Surprisingly, is usually linear, implying that gains to life expectancy are fairly constant year after year in most populations. Prior to computing SVD, age specific mortality rates are first transformed into , by taking their logarithms, and then centering them by subtracting their age-specific means over time. The age-specific mean over time is denoted by . The subscript refers to the fact that spans both age and time.
Many researchers adjust the vector by fitting it to empirical life expectancies for each year, using the and generated with SVD. When adjusted using this approach, changes to are usually small.
To forecast mortality, (either adjusted or not) is projected into future years using an ARIMA model. The corresponding forecasted is recovered by multiplying by and the first diagonal element of S (when ). The actual mortality rates are recovered by taking exponentials of this vector.
Because of the linearity of , it is generally modeled as a random walk with trend. Life expectancy and other life table measures can be calculated from this forecasted matrix after adding back the means and taking exponentials to yield regular mortality rates.
In most implementations, confidence intervals for the forecasts are generated by simulating multiple mortality forecasts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Meixner%E2%80%93Pollaczek%20polynomials | In mathematics, the q-Meixner–Pollaczek polynomials are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. give a detailed list of their properties.
Definition
The polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions and the q-Pochhammer symbol by ： |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabit%20Ethernet | Terabit Ethernet or TbE is Ethernet with speeds above 100 Gigabit Ethernet. 400 Gigabit Ethernet (400G, 400GbE) and 200 Gigabit Ethernet (200G, 200GbE) standards developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force using broadly similar technology to 100 Gigabit Ethernet were approved on December 6, 2017. In 2016, several networking equipment suppliers were already offering proprietary solutions for 200G and 400G.
The Ethernet Alliance's 2022 technology roadmap expects speeds of 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tbit/s to become an IEEE standard between about 2023 and 2025. Doubling to 800 GbE is expected to occur after 112 Gbit/s SerDes become available. The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has already announced five new projects at 112 Gbit/s which would also make 4th generation (single-lane) 100 GbE links possible. The IEEE P802.3df Task Force started work in January 2022 to standardize 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tbit/s Ethernet.
History
Facebook and Google, among other companies, have expressed a need for TbE. While a speed of 400 Gbit/s is achievable with existing technology, 1 Tbit/s (1000 Gbit/s) would require different technology. Accordingly, at the IEEE Industry Connections Higher Speed Ethernet Consensus group meeting in September 2012, 400 GbE was chosen as the next generation goal. Additional 200 GbE objectives were added in January 2016.
The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) attracted help from Agilent Technologies, Google, Intel, Rockwell Collins, and Verizon Communications to help with research into next generation Ethernet.
As of early 2016, chassis/modular based core router platforms from Cisco, Juniper and other major manufacturers support 400 Gbit/s full duplex data rates per slot. One, two and four port 100 GbE and one port 400 GbE line cards are presently available. As of early 2019, 200 GbE line cards became available after 802.3cd standard ratification.
200G Ethernet uses PAM4 signaling which allows 2 bits to be transmitted per clock cycle, but at a hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism%20and%20Design | Darwinism and Design; Or, Creation by Evolution is a 1873 book by George St. Clair that advocates theistic evolution. The author argues that the argument from design is compatible with Darwin's theory of evolution.
The books maintains that evolution is the method of creation. The book was reviewed in the British Quarterly Review, Journal of Mental Science and the Quarterly Journal of Science.
The British Quarterly Review commented that:
We congratulate the author on the ground of his conscientious and the scientific treatment of a profound and intricate problem. He suggests from the correlation of the physical and vital forces that, if the final evolution of energy is consciousness, and will, it is reasonable to suppose that the starting-place, the origin of all force, is infinite mind and will. This is an ingenious argumentum ad hominem, but we are far from accepting any such transmutation of force as is implied.
The Journal of Mental Science found his mixture of science and theology untenable but praised Clair for his sincerity in accepting the evidence for evolution.
The book received anonymous reviews by biologist Alfred Russel Wallace that were generally supportive.
Botanist Asa Gray described Clair as a "theistic Darwinian" and suggested he had handled the subject from a "mainly sensible" basis.
In 2003, the book and reviews were republished in Richard England's Design After Darwin, 1860-1900.
See also
Darwiniana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone%20irradiation | Gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is artificially irradiated in order to enhance its optical properties. High levels of ionizing radiation can change the atomic structure of the gemstone's crystal lattice, which in turn alters the optical properties within it. As a result, the gemstone's color may be significantly altered or the visibility of its inclusions may be lessened.
The process, widely practiced in jewelry industry, is done in either a nuclear reactor for neutron bombardment, a particle accelerator for electron bombardment, or a gamma ray facility using the radioactive isotope cobalt-60. The irradiation treatment has enabled the creation of gemstone colors that do not exist or are extremely rare in nature. However, the process, particularly when done in a nuclear reactor, can make gemstones radioactive. Health risks related to the residual radioactivity have led to government regulations in many countries.
Radioactivity and regulations
The term irradiation is a broad one, which covers bombardment by subatomic particles as well as the use of the full range of electromagnetic radiation, including (in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength) infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Certain natural gemstone colors, such as blue-to-green colors in diamonds or red colors in zircon, are the results of the exposure to natural radiation in the earth, which is usually alpha or beta particle. The limited penetrating ability of these particles result in partial coloring of the gemstone's surface. Only high-energy radiation such as gamma ray or neutron can produce fully saturated body colors, and the sources of these types of radiation are rare in nature, which necessitates the artificial treatment in jewelry industry. The process, particularly when done in a nuclear reactor for neutron bombardment, can make gemstones radioactive. Neutrons penetrate the gemstones easily and may cause visuall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backblaze | Backblaze, Inc. is an American cloud storage and data backup company based in San Mateo, California. Founded in 2007 by Gleb Budman, Billy Ng, Nilay Patel, Brian Wilson, Tim Nufire, Damon Uyeda, and Casey Jones, its two main products are their B2 Cloud Storage and Computer Backup services, targeted at both business and personal markets.
History
Backblaze was established in 2007 in San Mateo, California. In 2008, the company released online backup services to support PCs running Apple's macOS and Microsoft Windows.
In October 2021, Backblaze filed to go public on the Nasdaq under the symbol BLZE. In November, the company launched its public IPO.
Backblaze and Catalogic, a data protection vendor, announced their partnership in March 2022.
Since 2013, Backblaze has reported quarterly reliability statistics for its data center hard drives, showing annual failure rates for each model.
Products
Cloud backup
Backblaze's first product was its computer backup, offering users to back up their computer data continuously and automatically with a monthly subscription service. The service makes use of AES encryption for security, and uses data compression and bandwidth optimization to reduce upload and download times. Files that need to be restored can be delivered in the form of a digital download or on an external hard drive. File versioning and history is available with a 30-day cap or an additional cost per month.
Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage
In September 2015, Backblaze launched a new product, B2 Cloud Storage. Being an infrastructure as a service (IaaS), it is targeted at software integration for different kinds of businesses. It directly competes with similar services, such as Amazon S3, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud. In April 2018, Backblaze announced cloud computing partnerships that directly connect Backblaze's data centers with its partners, Packet and ServerCentral.
In May 2020, Backblaze released an Amazon S3-compatible API, allowing customers to use existi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania%20Alvarez | Melania Alvarez de Adem is a Mexican mathematics educator who works as the Education Coordinator at the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS), and Outreach Coordinator for the Department of Mathematics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
Education
Alvarez grew up in Mexico City, where she completed her undergraduate education at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She later earned master's degrees in economics and anthropology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and in operations research from Stanford University.
In 2016 she completed a Ph.D. in mathematics education at Simon Fraser University under the supervision of Peter Liljedahl.
Outreach
Alvarez gained interest in helping disadvantaged minorities with mathematics from an incident of racial discrimination that occurred in Madison, where her sixth-grade son (who had inherited his mother's talent for mathematics) was placed in a lower-level mathematics track because of his Hispanic ethnicity. She moved to Vancouver in 2004, and began the PIMS Emerging Indigenous Scholars Summer School Program at UBC in 2007.
At UBC, Alvarez is known for the summer mathematics camps she developed to improve the mathematical education of indigenous secondary-school students. She is the 2012 winner of the Adrien Pouliot Award, given by the Canadian Mathematical Society for significant contributions to mathematics education in Canada.
As well as her work with indigenous people, Alvarez has been active in organizing mathematics competitions, workshops, and fundraising for mathematics education among the general population. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers%20of%20the%20Four%20Seasons | The Flowers of the Four Seasons ()are a group of flowers found in Chinese culture then spreaded and influenced into East Asian arts.
In Chinese art and culture which represent the four seasons, consisting of:
(春兰) Chūnlán - Spring Orchid,
(夏荷) Xiahé - Summer Lotus,
(秋菊) Qiūjú - Autumn Chrysanthemum,
and (冬梅) Dōngméi - Winter plum blossom.
They contain three of the elements of the Four Gentlemen.
Gallery
See also
Flower emblems in China
Flower emblems in Vietnam
Three Friends of Winter
List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs
winter flowers (Article) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC%20A%20badge | The ANZAC "A" badge is a brass insignia authorised in November 1917 for members of the First Australian Imperial Force who had served as a member of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. In 1918, eligibility was extended to those who had served at Lemnos, Imbros and Tenedos and the transports and hospitals off Gallipoli as well as the communications line to Egypt.
History
The origins of the award are uncertain with John Monash, William Birdwood and John Gellibrand all being credited with the idea in various accounts. The most likely version is that the award was a result of several ideas proposed in early 1916 to commemorate the Anzacs. When Monash led his brigade in commemorating the first Anzac Day, men who had served at Gallipoli wore a blue ribbon on their right breast and those who had gone ashore as part of the first landing wore a red ribbon as well. Birdwood advised in August 1916 that he supported Australian veterans of the ANZAC campaign wearing an "A" badge on their colour patches.
The 1st and 2nd Divisions supported the idea enthuastically. The 3rd and 4th, both of which had fewer ANZAC veterans in their ranks, were less enthusiastic in their adoption of the badge. However, Monash, as commander of the 3rd Division, was able to claim by November 1916 that "'All who have a right to be called "Anzacs" among us are now wearing a metal "A" on the colour patches on the sleeves".
In early 1917, convalescent soldiers returned to Australia wearing the badge and its status was initially questioned. This led to its formal approval through AIF Order 937 issued in November 1917. Subsequent orders clarified the entitlement to the badge and made it compulsory. In January 1918, the order extended eligibility to people who had served behind the lines on the Greek islands of Lemnos, Imbros and Tenedos, on the communication lines and hospital ships offshore or on the islands or in the communications to Egypt. This inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiconvexity%20%28calculus%20of%20variations%29 | In the calculus of variations, a subfield of mathematics, quasiconvexity is a generalisation of the notion of convexity. It is used to characterise the integrand of a functional and related to the existence of minimisers. Under some natural conditions, quasiconvexity of the integrand is a necessary and sufficient condition for a functional
to be lower semi-continuous in the weak topology, for a sufficient regular domain . By compactness arguments (Banach–Alaoglu theorem) the existence of minimisers of weakly lower semicontinuous functionals may then follow from the direct method.
This concept was introduced by Morrey in 1952. This generalisation should not be confused with the same concept of a quasiconvex function which has the same name.
Definition
A locally bounded Borel-measurable function is called quasiconvex if
for all and all , where is the unit ball and is the Sobolev space of essentially bounded functions with essentially bounded derivative and vanishing trace.
Properties of quasiconvex functions
The domain can be replaced by any other bounded Lipschitz domain.
Quasiconvex functions are locally Lipschitz-continuous.
In the definition the space can be replaced by periodic Sobolev functions.
Relations to other notions of convexity
Quasiconvexity is a generalisation of convexity for functions defined on matrices, to see this let and with
. The Riesz-Markov-Kakutani representation theorem states that the dual space of can be identified with the space of signed, finite Radon measures on it. We define a Radon measure by
for . It can be verfied that is a
probability measure and its barycenter is given
If is a convex function, then Jensens' Inequality gives
This holds in particular if is the derivative of by the generalised Stokes' Theorem.
The determinant is an example of a quasiconvex function, which is not convex. To see that the determinant is not convex, consider
It then holds but for we have
. This shows that the determinant i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20syndrome | Patterson syndrome, also called pseudoleprechaunism, is an extremely rare syndrome, first mistaken as Donohue Syndrome (also known as Leprechaunism).
It is named for Dr. Joseph Hanan Patterson. It was described by Patterson and Watkins in 1962. The pathogenesis and cause of the Patterson syndrome was unknown until 1981.
Signs and symptoms
Patterson syndrome is characterized by the patient's having an unusual facial look, similar to that caused by Leprechaunism. It primarily affects the connective tissue and the neuroendocrine system, giving rise to bronzed hyperpigmentation, cutis laxa of the hands and feet, bodily disproportion, intellectual disability, and major bony deformities. Radiographs reveal a characteristic generalised skeletal dysplasia.
It comprises endocrine abnormality, hyperadrenocorticism, cushingoid features, and diabetes mellitus. One other case has shown premature adrenarche.
Cause
Diagnosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWF | WCWF (channel 14) is a television station licensed to Suring, Wisconsin, United States, serving the Green Bay area as an affiliate of The CW. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Fox affiliate WLUK-TV (channel 11). Both stations share studios on Lombardi Avenue (US 41) on the line between Green Bay and Ashwaubenon, while WCWF's transmitter is located on Scray Hill in Ledgeview.
History
The station launched on February 22, 1984, as religious independent station WSCO-TV, under the ownership of Northeastern Wisconsin Christian Television Incorporated. The station's former analog transmitter was located outside of the unincorporated Oconto County community of Krakow, north of Pulaski on WIS 32. Financial problems would force the station off the air by 1987; VCY America would purchase the station's license that year and return it to the air by 1993 as a sister station to Milwaukee's WVCY-TV with religious and home shopping programming. On April 30, 1997, Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks) purchased the station and converted it to a paid programming format under Paxson's inTV service. On August 31, 1998, WSCO became a charter owned-and-operated station of Pax TV (later i: Independent Television, now Ion Television) under the new call sign WPXG (for "Pax Green Bay").
On June 2, 1999, Paxson sold WPXG to ACME Communications; the station immediately became a primary WB affiliate and changed its call sign to WIWB, originally branded as "WB 14" and later "Wisconsin's WB" (The WPXG-TV callsign has been moved to a TV station in Manchester, New Hampshire). Before it joined the network, WB programming in Northeastern Wisconsin was previously seen either through cable providers that carried Chicago-based superstation WGN and/or Milwaukee's WVTV or during off hours on UPN affiliate WACY-TV (channel 32; Kids' WB programming aired as part of WACY's children's lineup). WIWB also continued to air Pax programming in the mornings, overnights and weekends for a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsort | Spreadsort is a sorting algorithm invented by Steven J. Ross in 2002. It combines concepts from distribution-based sorts, such as radix sort and bucket sort, with partitioning concepts from comparison sorts such as quicksort and mergesort. In experimental results it was shown to be highly efficient, often outperforming traditional algorithms such as quicksort, particularly on distributions exhibiting structure and string sorting. There is an open-source implementation with performance analysis and benchmarks, and HTML documentation
.
Quicksort identifies a pivot element in the list and then partitions the list into two sublists, those elements less than the pivot and those greater than the pivot. Spreadsort generalizes this idea by partitioning the list into n/c partitions at each step, where n is the total number of elements in the list and c is a small constant (in practice usually between 4 and 8 when comparisons are slow, or much larger in situations where they are fast). It uses distribution-based techniques to accomplish this, first locating the minimum and maximum value in the list, and then dividing the region between them into n/c equal-sized bins.
Where caching is an issue, it can help to have a maximum number of bins in each recursive division step, causing this division process to take multiple steps. Though this causes more iterations, it reduces cache misses and can make the algorithm run faster overall.
In the case where the number of bins is at least the number of elements, spreadsort degenerates to bucket sort and the sort completes. Otherwise, each bin is sorted recursively. The algorithm uses heuristic tests to determine whether each bin would be more efficiently sorted by spreadsort or some other classical sort algorithm, then recursively sorts the bin.
Like other distribution-based sorts, spreadsort has the weakness that the programmer is required to provide a means of converting each element into a numeric key, for the purpose of identifyin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20Myspace | The social networking service Myspace was among the most popular web sites in the 2000s decade. It has faced criticism on a variety of fronts, including for a massive redesign of the site in 2012 which occurred after the majority of original users had abandoned the website, misuse of the platform for cyber-bullying and harassment, risks for users' privacy, and major data losses.
Accessibility and reliability
Because most Myspace pages are designed by individuals with little HTML experience, a very large proportion of pages do not satisfy the criteria for valid HTML or CSS laid down by the W3C. Poorly formatted code can cause accessibility problems for those using software such as screen readers. The Myspace home page, as of May 20, 2009, failed HTML validation with around 101 errors (the number changes on sequential validations of the home page due to dynamic content), using the W3C's validator.
Furthermore, Myspace is set up so that anyone can customize the layout and colors of their profile page with virtually no restrictions, provided that the advertisements are not covered up by CSS or using other means. As Myspace users are usually not skilled web developers, this can cause further problems. Poorly constructed Myspace profiles could potentially freeze up web browsers due to malformed CSS coding, or as a result of users placing many high bandwidth objects such as videos, graphics, and Flash in their profiles (sometimes multiple videos and sound files are automatically played at the same time when a profile loads). While Myspace blocks potentially harmful code (such as JavaScript) from profiles, users have occasionally found ways to insert such code. PC World cited this as its main reason for naming Myspace as #1 in its list of twenty-five worst web sites ever.
Data loss
The website has experienced three major data losses: the removal of users' fans in early 2013, the unannounced removal of user blogs and private messages and videos in June 2013, and the loss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20automaton | In computer science, in particular in formal language theory, a quotient automaton can be obtained from a given nondeterministic finite automaton by joining some of its states. The quotient recognizes a superset of the given automaton; in some cases, handled by the Myhill–Nerode theorem, both languages are equal.
Formal definition
A (nondeterministic) finite automaton is a quintuple A = ⟨Σ, S, s0, δ, Sf⟩, where:
Σ is the input alphabet (a finite, non-empty set of symbols),
S is a finite, non-empty set of states,
s0 is the initial state, an element of S,
δ is the state-transition relation: δ ⊆ S × Σ × S, and
Sf is the set of final states, a (possibly empty) subset of S.
A string a1...an ∈ Σ* is recognized by A if there exist states s1, ..., sn ∈ S such that ⟨si-1,ai,si⟩ ∈ δ for i=1,...,n, and sn ∈ Sf. The set of all strings recognized by A is called the language recognized by A; it is denoted as L(A).
For an equivalence relation ≈ on the set S of A’s states, the quotient automaton A/≈ = ⟨Σ, S/≈, [s0], δ/≈, Sf/≈⟩ is defined by
the input alphabet Σ being the same as that of A,
the state set S/≈ being the set of all equivalence classes of states from S,
the start state [s0] being the equivalence class of A’s start state,
the state-transition relation δ/≈ being defined by δ/≈([s],a,[t]) if δ(s,a,t) for some s ∈ [s] and t ∈ [t], and
the set of final states Sf/≈ being the set of all equivalence classes of final states from Sf.
The process of computing A/≈ is also called factoring A by ≈.
Example
For example, the automaton A shown in the first row of the table is formally defined by
ΣA = {0,1},
SA = {a,b,c,d},
s = a,
δA = { ⟨a,1,b⟩, ⟨b,0,c⟩, ⟨c,0,d⟩ }, and
S = { b,c,d }.
It recognizes the finite set of strings { 1, 10, 100 }; this set can also be denoted by the regular expression "1+10+100".
The relation (≈) = { ⟨a,a⟩, ⟨a,b⟩, ⟨b,a⟩, ⟨b,b⟩, ⟨c,c⟩, ⟨c,d⟩, ⟨d,c⟩, ⟨d,d⟩ }, more briefly denoted as a≈b,c≈d, is an equivalence relation on the set {a,b,c,d} o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield%20Ben | Huddersfield Ben (c. 1865 – 23 September 1871), an early Yorkshire Terrier, is universally acknowledged to be the foundation sire of the breed. In his day Ben won many prizes, both as a show dog and in ratting contests. He had tremendous influence in setting the breed type for the Yorkshire Terrier, a new breed still under development in Ben's day. Although larger than a standard Yorkshire Terrier, Ben regularly sired stock under 7 pounds.
Pedigree
Mr. and Mrs. M.A. Foster of Bradford, in West Yorkshire England, owned Huddersfield Ben. The dog was bred by Mr. W. Eastwood in the town of Huddersfield, England. According to Ben's pedigree, he was linebred (the product of a mother-son pairing), as was his mother Lady. Lady was the great-great-granddaughter of Mr. J. Swift's Old Crab, a long-coated black-and-tan terrier born around 1850. Old Crab and Old Kitty, a Paisley Terrier owned by J. Kershaw of Halifax, West Yorkshire England, are the earliest recorded predecessors to the Yorkshire Terrier.
Show career
Huddersfield Ben, registration number 3612, had an accomplished career in dog shows. He competed in Manchester in 1869 and placed second. He was shown again at Manchester in 1870 and won first place. At the Crystal Palace dog shows in 1870 and 1871, Ben took first and second prizes, respectively. Throughout his show career, Ben won 74 prizes.
Foundation sire
In spite of his short lifespan, Huddersfield Ben was responsible for producing most of the foundation stock of the Yorkshire Terrier. He was an extremely popular stud dog, being prepotent, and especially due to his reputation as one of the first to breed true to type Yorkshire Terriers. Although between 9 and 12 lb, he regularly sired stock that competed in the under 7 lb limit.
Death and taxidermy
At the age of 6, Ben was run over by a carriage and killed. His body was preserved and put on display.
See also
List of individual dogs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Zalu%C5%BEansk%C3%BD%20ze%20Zalu%C5%BEan | Adam Zalužanský ze Zalužan Latinized as Adamus Mathiades Hradistenus ( – 8 December 1613) was a Czech-Bohemian botanist, physician, and professor of medicine.
Biography
Zalužanský of Zalužan was born around 1555 or possibly 1560 in Mnichov Hradiště where his father His Mathias was an estate manager in the employ of Adam of Wartenberg (Vartenberka), giving him his Latinized name of Hradistenus used in some works. He studied at the University of Wittenberg and at Charles University, Prague. He became a teacher in the parish school St. Henry in Prague and then studied medicine at the University of Helmstedt. He then returned to teach Latin and Greek at the University of Prague in 1587 becoming rector in 1593. He married in 1594 against the rule for university professors which resulted in his being stripped of all positions. He then became a general practitioner in Prague and served as apothecary to King Rudolf II. He was involved in treating people during the plague outbreak in 1613 but he himself became infected and died. He published three book on plants and was interested in separating the discipline of botanical research from medicine.
Contributions to medicine and botany
Zalužanský was one of the early botanists who attempted to place plants in an evolutionary sequence and determined that mosses and fungi were simpler forms. He was also a pioneer in the examination of plant sexuality in his chapter "De sexu plantarum" where he stated that plants had male and female parts sometimes on separate plants (taking the example of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera) and sometimes on the same plant. His work was examined by Linnaeus although his name was incorrectly spelled. His book Methodi herbariae libri tres (1592) also included dichotomous branching keys to groups of plants.
Along with Adam Huber, he conducted among the rare human body dissections of the period. This was however not done in public as by a later physician Johannes Jessenius (Jan Jesenský, 1566–1621 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astranis | Astranis Space Technologies Corp. is an American company specializing in geostationary communications satellites. It is headquartered in San Francisco, California.
In 2018, Astranis launched DemoSat-2, a prototype 3U cubesat. The launch aimed to test Software-Defined Radio (SDR) technology for future larger communications satellites.
The company publicly disclosed its projects in March 2018, following a funding round that was aimed at the development of geostationary communications satellites.
In January 2019, Astranis initiated a commercial program with Pacific Dataport, Inc. to increase the satellite internet capacity in Alaska. A 350 kg satellite was launched on April 30, 2023, as part of a multi-satellite payload.
Astranis was part of the Winter 2016 cohort of the Y Combinator accelerator program and has raised over $350 million in venture funding from firms such as BlackRock, Venrock, and Andreessen Horowitz.
History
Demonstration satellite
On January 12, 2018, Astranis launched its first satellite, "DemoSat 2", using an Indian PSLV-XL rocket. The satellite was a 3U cubesat measuring 10 cm x 10 cm x 30 cm and weighing less than 3 kg. It carried a prototype of the company's software-defined radio.
Geostationary satellites
Block 1
In 2019, Astranis leased its first MicroGEO spacecraft to Pacific Dataport, Inc., a subsidiary of Microcom. The satellite, named Arcturus, initially had an anticipated launch date in early 2022, which was later delayed to April 2023. After the launch, the company confirmed successful communication with the satellite and hardware deployment. Subsequent tests showed the spacecraft could deliver up to 8.5 Gbps, compared to its design specification of 7.5 Gbps.
n July 2023, Astranis reported a malfunction in an externally supplied solar array drive assembly on Arcturus, which affected the spacecraft's ability to provide internet service. According to Astranis CEO John Gedmark, no hardware built by Astranis failed.
Block 2
In Ap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline | Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). Trace amounts of theophylline are naturally present in tea, coffee, chocolate, yerba maté, guarana, and kola nut.
The name 'theophylline' derives from "Thea"—the former genus name for tea + Legacy Greek φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”) + -ine.
Medical uses
The main actions of theophylline involve:
relaxing bronchial smooth muscle
increasing heart muscle contractility and efficiency (positive inotrope)
increasing heart rate (positive chronotropic)
increasing blood pressure
increasing renal blood flow
anti-inflammatory effects
central nervous system stimulatory effect, mainly on the medullary respiratory center
The main therapeutic uses of theophylline are for treating:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma
infant apnea
Blocks the action of adenosine; an inhibitory neurotransmitter that induces sleep, contracts the smooth muscles and relaxes the cardiac muscle.
Treatment of post-dural puncture headache.
Performance enhancement in sports
Theophylline and other methylxanthines are often used for their performance-enhancing effects in sports, as these drugs increase alertness, bronchodilation, and increase the rate and force of heart contraction. There is conflicting information about the value of theophylline and other methylxanthines as prophylaxis against exercise-induced asthma.
Adverse effects
The use of theophylline is complicated by its interaction with various drugs and by the fact that it has a narrow therapeutic window (<20 mcg/mL). Its use must be monitored by direct measurement of serum theophylline levels to avoid toxicity. It can also cause nausea, diarrhea, increase in heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, and CNS excitation (headaches, insomnia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics%20%28journal%29 | Cladistics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which has published research in cladistics since 1985. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Willi Hennig Society. Cladistics publishes papers relevant to evolution, systematics, and integrative biology. Papers of both a conceptual or philosophical nature, discussions of methodology, empirical studies on taxonomic groups from animals to bacteria, and applications of systematics in disciplines such as genomics, paleontology and biomedical epidemiology are accepted. Five types of paper appear in the journal: reviews, regular papers, forum papers, letters to the editor, and book reviews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.254, ranking it 10th out of 50 journals in the category "Evolutionary Biology". Its editor-in-chief is Rudolf Meier, who replaced Dennis Stevenson in 2019.
External links
Willi Hennig Society
Evolutionary biology journals
Phylogenetics
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Academic journals established in 1985
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil%20Dutt | Nikil Dutt is a Chancellor's Professor of Computer Science at University of California, Irvine, United States. Professor Dutt's research interests are in embedded systems, electronic design automation, computer architecture, optimizing compilers, system specification techniques, distributed systems, and formal methods.
Biography
Born and raised in Gangtok, Sikkim, India, Dutt received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1989. He received a B.E.(Hons) in Mechanical Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India in 1980, an M.S. in Computer Science from the Pennsylvania State University in 1983. In 1989, he joined UC-Irvine as an Assistant Professor of Computer science. He is affiliated with Center for Embedded Computer Systems (CECS), California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), the Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing (CPCC), and the Laboratory for Ubiquitous Computing and Interaction (LUCI).
Academic life
His research has been recognized by Best Paper Awards and Best Paper Award Nominations at several conferences. Dutt currently serves as Associate Editor of Association for Computing Machinery Transactions on Embedded Computer Systems (TECS) and of IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems (TVLSI).
In 2007, he was selected as ACM distinguished scientist and in 2008 an IEEE fellow. He was a keynote speaker at several conferences. Dutt served as Editor-in-Chief of ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) between 2004–2008.
He currently lives in Irvine, California with his family.
Awards
2014. ACM Fellow.
For contributions to embedded architecture exploration, and service to electronic design automation and embedded systems.
Books
High-Level Synthesis: Introduction to Chip and System Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimizations and Exploration, Kluwer Academic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioturbation | Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity. The formal study of bioturbation began in the 1800s by Charles Darwin experimenting in his garden. The disruption of aquatic sediments and terrestrial soils through bioturbating activities provides significant ecosystem services. These include the alteration of nutrients in aquatic sediment and overlying water, shelter to other species in the form of burrows in terrestrial and water ecosystems, and soil production on land.
Bioturbators are deemed ecosystem engineers because they alter resource availability to other species through the physical changes they make to their environments. This type of ecosystem change affects the evolution of cohabitating species and the environment, which is evident in trace fossils left in marine and terrestrial sediments. Other bioturbation effects include altering the texture of sediments (diagenesis), bioirrigation, and displacement of microorganisms and non-living particles. Bioturbation is sometimes confused with the process of bioirrigation, however these processes differ in what they are mixing; bioirrigation refers to the mixing of water and solutes in sediments and is an effect of bioturbation.
Walruses, salmon, and pocket gophers are examples of large bioturbators. Although the activities of these large macrofaunal bioturbators are more conspicuous, the dominant bioturbators are small invertebrates, such as earthworms, polychaetes, ghost shrimp, mud shrimp, and midge larvae. The activities of these small invertebrates, which include burrowing and ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, contribute to mixing and the alteration of sediment structure.
Functional groups
Bioturbators have been organized by a variety of functional groupings based on e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling%20symbol | The universal recycling symbol ( or in Unicode) is a symbol consisting of three chasing arrows folded in a Möbius strip. It is an internationally recognized symbol for recycling. The symbol originated on the first Earth Day in 1970, created by Gary Anderson, then a 23-year-old student for the Container Corporation of America. The symbol is not trademarked and is in the public domain. Many variations on the logo have been created since its creation.
History
Worldwide attention to environmental issues led to the first Earth Day in 1970. Container Corporation of America, a large producer of recycled paperboard, sponsored a contest for art and design students at high schools and colleges across the country to raise awareness of environmental issues. It was won by Gary Anderson, then a 23-year-old college student at the University of Southern California, whose entry was the image now known as the universal recycling symbol. The public-domain status of the symbol has been challenged, but this challenge was unsuccessful owing to the wide use of the symbol. However, the universal recycling symbol may have been inspired by similar existing symbols at the time, such as one featuring two arrows chasing each other in a circle that Volkswagen stamped in the early 1960s into some automobile parts it remanufactured.
Variants
The recycling symbol is in the public domain and is not a trademark. The Container Corporation of America originally applied for a trademark on the design, but the application was challenged, and the corporation decided to abandon the claim. As such, anyone may use or modify the recycling symbol, royalty-free.
Though use of the symbol is regulated by law in some countries, countless variants of it exist worldwide. Anderson's original proposal had the arrows form a triangle standing on its tip—upside down compared with the versions most commonly seen today—but the CCA, in adopting Anderson's design, rotated it 60° to stand on its base instead.
Both Anderso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle%20convection | Mantle convection is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface.
The Earth's surface lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere and the two form the components of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created or consumed at plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading. Upwelling beneath the spreading centers is a shallow, rising component of mantle convection and in most cases not directly linked to the global mantle upwelling. The hot material added at spreading centers cools down by conduction and convection of heat as it moves away from the spreading centers. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction usually at an ocean trench. Subduction is the descending component of mantle convection.
This subducted material sinks through the Earth's interior. Some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle, while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from spinel to silicate perovskite and magnesiowustite, an endothermic reaction.
The subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. Volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle, which would cause upward flow of the partial melt due to decrease in its density. Secondary convection may cause surface volcanism as a consequence of intraplate extension and mantle plumes. In 1993 it was suggested that inhomogeneities in D" layer have some impact on mantle convection.
Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface.
Types of convection
During the late 20th century, there was significant debate within the geo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE%20%28company%29 | ISEE is a European multinational company that designs and manufactures small computer-on-modules (COMs), single-board computers, expansion boards, radars and other embedded systems.
The abbreviation of ISEE refers to Integration, Software & Electronics Engineering. Their products are based on the IGEP Technology, the ISEE Generic Enhanced Platform using Texas Instruments OMAP processors.
Some of their products, including IGEPv2 and IGEP COM MODULE, are open hardware, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share-alike 3.0 unported license.
Products
ISEE products have been used in various industrial and commercial projects such automotive and transportation applications, medical devices, vending machines, security and protection, robotics and radar applications under the commercial brand name of IGEP Technology.
All IGEP products include pre-installed Linux-based distributions with functional software and other resources such developing tools, IDEs, schematics, mechanical drawings, hardware manuals and software manuals. Other tutorials, articles, FAQs and a public GIT repository are also available by the IGEP Community, a collaborative user support community.
IGEP processor boards
IGEPv2
IGEPv2 was released in 2009.
It consists of a low-power, fanless, industrial single-board computer (SBC) based on the Texas Instruments DM3730 ARM Cortex-A8 processor in a 65mm x 95mm board. IGEPv2 was the first open hardware IGEP Processor Board from ISEE and may be used to evaluate IGEP Technology, develop full-fledged product prototypes or can be completely customized by the user thanks to the freely available schematics.
IGEPv5
IGEPv5 was presented in September 2013.
It is based on the Texas Instruments OMAP5 SoC, which uses a dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 CPU. IGEPv5 allows additional connectivity via its on-board connectors and can be used to develop applications with advanced multimedia requirements.
IGEP COM PROTON
IGEP COM PROTON was released in 2010. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20obturator%20muscle | The external obturator muscle, obturator externus muscle (; OE) is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis.
It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region.
Structure
It arises from the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone, viz., from the inferior pubic ramus, and the ramus of the ischium; it also arises from the medial two-thirds of the outer surface of the obturator membrane, and from the tendinous arch which completes the canal for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerves.
The fibers springing from the pubic arch extend on to the inner surface of the bone, where they obtain a narrow origin between the margin of the foramen and the attachment of the obturator membrane.
The fibers converge and pass posterolateral and upward, and end in a tendon which runs across the back of the neck of the femur and lower part of the capsule of the hip joint and is inserted into the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
Relations
The obturator vessels lie between the muscle and the obturator membrane; the anterior branch of the obturator nerve reaches the thigh by passing in front of the muscle, and the posterior branch by piercing it.
Variation
In 33% of people a supernumerary muscle is found between the adductor brevis and minimus. While this muscle, when present, is similar to its neighbouring adductors, it is formed by separation from the superficial layer of the external obturator, and is thus not ontogenetically related to the adductor muscles of the hip. This muscle originates from the upper part of the inferior pubic ramus from where it runs downwards and laterally. In half of cases, it inserts into the anterior surface of the insertion aponeurosis of the adductor minimus. In the remaining cases, it is either inserted into the upper part of the pectineal line or the posterior part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-module | In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since around 1970, D-module theory has been built up, mainly as a response to the ideas of Mikio Sato on algebraic analysis, and expanding on the work of Sato and Joseph Bernstein on the Bernstein–Sato polynomial.
Early major results were the Kashiwara constructibility theorem and Kashiwara index theorem of Masaki Kashiwara. The methods of D-module theory have always been drawn from sheaf theory and other techniques with inspiration from the work of Alexander Grothendieck in algebraic geometry. The approach is global in character, and differs from the functional analysis techniques traditionally used to study differential operators. The strongest results are obtained for over-determined systems (holonomic systems), and on the characteristic variety cut out by the symbols, which in the good case is a Lagrangian submanifold of the cotangent bundle of maximal dimension (involutive systems). The techniques were taken up from the side of the Grothendieck school by Zoghman Mebkhout, who obtained a general, derived category version of the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence in all dimensions.
Introduction: modules over the Weyl algebra
The first case of algebraic D-modules are modules over the Weyl algebra An(K) over a field K of characteristic zero. It is the algebra consisting of polynomials in the following variables
x1, ..., xn, ∂1, ..., ∂n.
where the variables xi and ∂j separately commute with each other, and xi and ∂j commute for i ≠ j, but the commutator satisfies the relation
[∂i, xi] = ∂ixi − xi∂i = 1.
For any polynomial f(x1, ..., xn), this implies the relation
[∂i, f] = ∂f / ∂xi,
thereby relating the Weyl algebra to differential equations.
An (algebraic) D-module is, by definition, a left module over the ring An(K). Examples for D-modules include the Weyl algebra itself (acti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Institute%20for%20Aquatic%20Biodiversity | The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), is involved in research, education and in applications of its knowledge and research to African fish fauna, for either economic or conservation benefit.
The institute originally established in 1969, was formerly named the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology, in honour of Professor James Leonard Brierley Smith, who named and described the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. The JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology received recognition as a national research entity, renamed as the South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity in 1999.
Situated in Makhanda, Eastern Cape, the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) is an internationally recognised centre for the study of aquatic biodiversity.
As a National Facility of the NRF, SAIAB serves as a major scientific resource for knowledge and understanding the biodiversity and functioning of globally significant aquatic ecosystems. With both marine and freshwater biogeographical boundaries, southern Africa is ideally placed to monitor and document climate change.
From a marine perspective South Africa forms the southern apex of a major continental mass, flanked by very different marine ecosystems on the east and west coasts, and projecting towards the cold southern Ocean large marine ecosystem. SAIAB's scientific leadership and expertise in freshwater aquatic biodiversity is vital to the national interest when dealing with issues arising from exponentially increasing pressures of human population growth and development.
Special Collections
SAIAB is home to the Margaret Smith Library, named in honour of the first Director of the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology
Affiliations
Rhodes University, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiarc | Optiarc is a brand of optical disc drives and solid-state drives. It is owned by a US-based Vinpower Digital, Inc.
Initially Optiarc was established on April 3, 2006 as a joint venture between Sony (55% shares) and NEC (45% shares). The company, named Sony NEC Optiarc, focused on manufacturing optical disk drives primarily for the OEM desktop and notebook PC markets.
On September 11, 2008, it was announced that Sony would take over NEC's 45% share, making Optiarc a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony, to be called Sony Optiarc. This took effect on December 5, 2008
In March 2013, Sony closed its Optiarc optical disc drive division, laying off about 400 employees globally.
In 2017, an American company, Vinpower Digital, whose main business is manufacturing optical disc and other media duplicators for the commercial market, acquired the rights to the Optiarc brand and product line. The brand PioData is also owned by Vinpower Digital.
Products
Products were both DVD+/-R(W) and BD-ROM drives. Among other things, Sony Optiarc supplied the Blu-ray drives for the Sony PlayStation 3. The naming scheme for the drives is as follows: DDU stands for DVD-ROM, AD stands for DVD-RW, BR for BD-ROM and BC for BD Combo. A combo drive is a drive that only supports the newer format in reading and the predecessor in writing. The three digits that follow indicate the generation, the design (5.25" or slimline) and the speed class. The digit after that the equipment variant and the appended letter the interface. An AD-7243S is a 5.25" DVD-RW Drive with 24x speed when writing to DVD-R and DVD+R blanks. It also supports Labelflash. For Lightscribe, a "1" would be in the fourth position. The "S" indicates SATA. An “A” stands for PATA. However, the last Optiarc drives were no longer available with this legacy interface.
See also
Similar joint ventures
Hitachi-LG Data Storage
Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruncle%20%28bird%20anatomy%29 | A caruncle is defined as 'a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy'. Within this definition, caruncles in birds include wattles (or dewlaps), combs, snoods, and earlobes. The term caruncle is derived from Latin caruncula, the diminutive of carō, "flesh".
Taxonomy
Caruncles are carnosities, often of bright colors such as red, blue, yellow or white. They can be present on the head, neck, throat, cheeks or around the eyes of some birds. They may be present as combs or crests and other structures near the beak, or, hanging from the throat or neck. Caruncles may be featherless, or, have small scattered feathers. In some species, they may form pendulous structures of erectile tissue, such as the snood of the domestic turkey.
Caruncles are sometimes secondary sexual characteristics, having a more intense color or even a different color, developing as the male reaches sexual maturity.
Function
Caruncles are also ornamental elements used by males to attract females to breeding. Having large caruncles or colorful bright ones indicates high levels of testosterone, that they are well-fed birds able to elude other predators thus showing the good quality of their genes. It has been proposed that these organs are also associated with genes which encode resistance to disease. It is believed that for birds living in tropical regions, the caruncles also play a role in thermoregulation, making the blood cool faster when flowing through them.
Turkeys
In turkeys, the term usually refers to small, bulbous, fleshy protuberances found on the head, neck and throat, with larger structures particularly at the bottom of the throat. The wattle is a flap of skin hanging under the chin connecting the throat and head and the snood is a highly erectile appendage emanating from the forehead. Both sexes of turkey possess caruncles, although they are more pronounced in the male. Usually they are pale, but when the male becomes excited or during courtship, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin%20A5%20affinity%20assay | In molecular biology, an annexin A5 affinity assay is a test to quantify the number of cells undergoing apoptosis. The assay uses the protein annexin A5 to tag apoptotic and dead cells, and the numbers are then counted using either flow cytometry or a fluorescence microscope.
The annexin a5 protein binds to apoptotic cells in a calcium-dependent manner using phosphatidylserine-containing membrane surfaces that are usually present only on the inner leaflet of the membrane.
Background
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is used by the body to remove unwanted, damaged, or senescent cells from tissues. Removal of apoptotic cells is carried out via phagocytosis by white blood cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Phagocytic white blood cells recognize apoptotic cells by their exposure of negatively charged phospholipids (phosphatidylserine) on the cell surface.
In normal cells, the negative phospholipids reside on the inner side of the cellular membrane while the outer surface of the membrane is occupied by uncharged phospholipids. After a cell has entered apoptosis, the negatively charged phospholipids are transported to the outer cell surface by a hypothetical protein known as scramblase. Phagocytic white blood cells express a receptor that can bind to and detect the negatively charged phospholipids on the apoptotic cell surfaces. After detection the apoptotic cells are removed.
Detection of cell death with annexin A5
Healthy individual apoptotic cells are rapidly removed by phagocytes. However, in pathological processes, the removal of apoptotic cells may be delayed or even absent. Dying cells in tissue can be detected with annexin A5. Labeling of annexin A5 with fluorescent or radioactive molecules makes it possible to detect binding of labeled annexin A5 to the cell surface of apoptotic cells. After binding to the phospholipid surface, annexin A5 assembles into a trimeric cluster. This trimer consists of three annexin A5 molecules that ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymedesmia%20sp.%20%27Parpal%20Dumplin%27 | Hymedesmia sp. 'Parpal Dumplin' is a species of demosponge in the subgenus Stylopus. It was discovered in the north Norfolk chalk beds of the North Sea by volunteer divers in 2011. The species is yet to be assigned a full scientific binomial name, and is therefore currently referred to by its common name. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlevian%20torque | Yakovlevian torque (also known as occipital bending (OB) or counterclockwise brain torque) is the tendency of the right side of the human brain to be warped slightly forward relative to the left and the left side of the human brain to be warped slightly backward relative to the right. This is responsible for certain asymmetries, such as how the lateral sulcus of the human brain is often longer and less curved on the left side of the brain relative to the right. Stated in another way, Yakovlevian torque can be defined by the existence of right-frontal and left-occipital petalias, which are protrusions of the surface of one hemisphere relative to the other. It is named for Paul Ivan Yakovlev (1894–1983), a Russian-American neuroanatomist from Harvard Medical School.
Effects
Handedness
A 2012 literature review showed that morphometry studies had consistently found that handedness-related effects corresponded to the extent of the Yakovlevian torque; increased torque, as measured by increased size of the right-frontal petalia and the left-occipital petalia, tends to be more common in right-handed individuals. Individuals with mixed-handedness or left-handedness show reduced levels of Yakovlevian torque.
Developmental stuttering
Reduced right-frontal and left-occipital petalias and reversed petalia asymmetries (that is, left-frontal and right occipital petalias) have been associated with developmental stuttering in both adults and pre-adolescent boys. This may be tied to the lateral sulcus housing Broca's area, which plays a significant role in production of language.
Bipolar disorder
Increased size of the left-occipital petalia, resulting from an abnormally high degree of Yakovlevian torque has been associated with bipolar disorder. Maller et al. 2015 found that increased asymmetry of the occipital lobe, or occipital bending, was four times more prevalent in subjects with bipolar disorder than in healthy controls. This applied both to patients with bipolar disorder t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppendorf%20%26%20Science%20Prize%20for%20Neurobiology | The Eppendorf & Science Prize for Neurobiology is a neurobiology prize that is awarded annually by Science magazine (published by American Association for the Advancement of Science) and underwritten by Eppendorf AG, laboratory device and supply company. Entrees are reviewed by editors from Science magazine and the top 10% are forwarded to the judging panel. The judging panel is chaired by the Neuroscience Editor of Science and the remaining judges are nominated from the Society for Neuroscience. The award was created in 2002 to promote the work of promising new neurobiologists with cash grants to support their careers. Each applicant must submit a 1000-word essay explaining the focus and motivation for their last three years of work. The winner is awarded $25,000 and the scientist's winning essay is then published in Science (the winning essay and the essays of the other finalists are all published on Science Online).
List (2013–)
See also
List of neuroscience awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20%26%20Mike | Mike & Mike (formerly Mike & Mike in the Morning) was an American sports-talk radio show that was hosted by Mike Greenberg and Mike Golic on ESPN networks from 2000–2017. The show aired on ESPN Radio, and was simulcast on television, first on ESPNews starting in 2004, and later moving to ESPN2 in 2006.
The show primarily focused on the day's biggest sports topics and the humorous banter between the Mikes. It acted as the morning show for both the radio and television sides of the production. Outside of a few radio stations that are able to move or decline carriage of the show for their own local morning productions (or for daytime-only operations, may not be able to carry), Mike & Mike was effectively a compulsory element of the ESPN Radio schedule, which all affiliates of the network were required to carry.
On May 7, 2007, the show moved from its longtime radio studio home to the television studio used for Sunday NFL Countdown and Baseball Tonight, and began broadcasting in high-definition in 2007 as well.
A daily "best-of" show aired daily on ESPN2 and a weekly radio recap aired Saturday mornings at 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. and then moved to 5 a.m. ET before being discontinued in October 2009. The radio version of "best-of" returned in February 2010 in the 5am timeslot. In addition, there was a "best-of" podcast distributed every weekday as well. The show reaired on ESPNEWS immediately after the live simulcast.
On March 6, 2015, the duo celebrated 15 years of doing the show together. Mike & Mike were inducted into the NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame on April 19, 2016.
On May 16, 2017, and after reports of acrimony between the hosts, it was announced that the show would be replaced by a new morning drive show hosted by Golic and Trey Wingo, with Greenberg moving to the main ESPN channel, where he hosts a morning show called Get Up!, which premiered on April 2, 2018. Greenberg's final day as co-host was November 17, 2017. On November 27, 2017, Mike & Mikes successo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum%20antiviral%20drug | Broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAs) are a class of molecules or compounds, which inhibit the infection of multiple viruses from the same (intra-family BSAs) or different (inter-family BSAs) virus families. BSAs could be divided into experimental and investigational agents, and approved drugs. BSAs work by inhibiting viral proteins (such as polymerases and proteases) or by targeting host cell factors and processes exploited by different viruses during infection. As of 2021, there are 150 known BSAs in varying stages of development, effective against 78 human viruses. BSAs are potential candidates for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as ebola, marburg, and SARS-CoV-2. Many BSAs show antiviral activity against other viruses than originally investigated (such as remdesivir and interferon alpha). Efforts in drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 is currently underway. A database of BSAs and viruses they inhibit could be found here (https://drugvirus.info/).
See also
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Broad-spectrum therapeutic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP%20Converged%20Cloud | SAP Converged Cloud is a private managed cloud developed and marketed by SAP.
It is a set of cloud computing services that offer managed private cloud, based on the OpenStack technology-based public cloud. It is used by SAP's organization for their own internal IT resources to create a mix of different cloud computing environments made up of the OpenStack services.
It offers compute, storage, and platform services that are accessible to SAP.
History
In 2012, SAP promoted aspects of cloud computing. In October 2012, SAP announced a platform as a service called the SAP Cloud Platform.
In May 2013, a managed private cloud called the S/4HANA Enterprise Cloud service was announced.
SAP Converged Cloud was announced in January 2015. SAP Converged Cloud is managed under The Converged Cloud unit, an SAP business unit established in 2015 headed by Markus Riedinger as Unit manager.
The Converged Cloud BETA went live in May 2017, included OpenStack technology-based storage, compute network components, and shared new services made by SAP: Later, Designate (DNS as a Service) was added as well.
In 2020, SAP donated spare GPUs and CPUs from its cloud data center to Folding@Home to aid in their COVID-19 research efforts.
Cloud computing challenges
Moving between clouds
Business organizations that want to use cloud computing have a choice of using a private cloud, which is a cloud infrastructure run specifically for a single organization that it built itself or by a third party, or a public cloud, whereby a service provider makes available applications, storage, and other resources to the general public. The decision of which to use is based on a number of factors, such as whether the company operates in a highly regulated sector, such as the pharmaceuticals industry that must comply with rules regarding the control and security of data, or if the business must bring services to market quickly, such as a web applications developer.
Employing a hybrid delivery cloud strate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising%20theory | The empathising–systemising (E–S) theory is a theory on the psychological basis of autism and male–female neurological differences originally put forward by English clinical psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen. It classifies individuals based on abilities in empathic thinking (E) and systematic thinking (S). It measures skills using an Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemising Quotient (SQ) and attempts to explain the social and communication symptoms in autism spectrum disorders as deficits and delays in empathy combined with intact or superior systemising.
According to Baron-Cohen, the E–S theory has been tested using the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemising Quotient (SQ), developed by him and colleagues, and generates five different 'brain types' depending on the presence or absence of discrepancies between their scores on E or S. E–S profiles show that the profile E>S is more common in females than in males, and the profile S>E is more common in males than in females. Baron-Cohen and associates assert that E–S theory is a better predictor than gender of who chooses STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). The E–S theory has been extended into the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism and Asperger syndrome, which are associated in the E–S theory with below-average empathy and average or above-average systemising.
Baron-Cohen's studies and theory have been questioned on multiple grounds. The overrepresentation of engineers could depend on a socioeconomic status rather than E-S differences.
History
E–S theory was developed by psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen in 2002, as a reconceptualization of cognitive sex differences in the general population. This was done in an effort to understand why the cognitive difficulties in autism appeared to lie in domains in which he says on average females outperformed males, along with why cognitive strengths in autism appeared to lie in domains in which on average males outperformed females. In the first cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witten%20conjecture | In algebraic geometry, the Witten conjecture is a conjecture about intersection numbers of stable classes on the moduli space of curves, introduced by Edward Witten in the paper , and generalized in .
Witten's original conjecture was proved by Maxim Kontsevich in the paper .
Witten's motivation for the conjecture was that two different models of 2-dimensional quantum gravity should have the same partition function. The partition function for one of these models can be described in terms of intersection numbers on the moduli stack of algebraic curves, and the partition function for the other is the logarithm of the τ-function of the KdV hierarchy. Identifying these partition functions gives Witten's conjecture that a certain generating function formed from intersection numbers should satisfy the differential equations of the KdV hierarchy.
Statement
Suppose that Mg,n is the moduli stack of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g with n distinct marked points x1,...,xn,
and g,n is its Deligne–Mumford compactification. There are n line bundles Li on
g,n, whose fiber at a point of the moduli stack is given by the cotangent space of a Riemann surface at the marked point xi. The intersection index 〈τd1, ..., τdn〉 is the intersection index of Π c1(Li)di on g,n where Σdi = dimg,n = 3g – 3 + n, and 0 if no such g exists, where c1 is the first Chern class of a line bundle. Witten's generating function
encodes all the intersection indices as its coefficients.
Witten's conjecture states that the partition function Z = exp F is a τ-function for the KdV hierarchy, in other words it satisfies a certain series of partial differential equations corresponding to the basis of the Virasoro algebra.
Proof
Kontsevich used a combinatorial description of the moduli spaces in terms of ribbon graphs to show that
Here the sum on the right is over the set Gg,n of ribbon graphs X of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g with n marked points. The set of edges e and points of X are den |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20programming | Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm in which probabilistic models are specified and inference for these models is performed automatically. It represents an attempt to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and more widely applicable. It can be used to create systems that help make decisions in the face of uncertainty.
Programming languages used for probabilistic programming are referred to as "probabilistic programming languages" (PPLs).
Applications
Probabilistic reasoning has been used for a wide variety of tasks such as predicting stock prices, recommending movies, diagnosing computers, detecting cyber intrusions and image detection. However, until recently (partially due to limited computing power), probabilistic programming was limited in scope, and most inference algorithms had to be written manually for each task.
Nevertheless, in 2015, a 50-line probabilistic computer vision program was used to generate 3D models of human faces based on 2D images of those faces. The program used inverse graphics as the basis of its inference method, and was built using the Picture package in Julia. This made possible "in 50 lines of code what used to take thousands".
The Gen probabilistic programming library (also written in Julia) has been applied to vision and robotics tasks.
More recently, the probabilistic programming system Turing.jl has been applied in various pharmaceutical and economics applications.
Probabilistic programming in Julia has also been combined with differentiable programming by combining the Julia package Zygote.jl with Turing.jl.
Probabilistic programming languages are also commonly used in Bayesian cognitive science to develop and evaluate models of cognition.
Probabilistic programming languages
PPLs often extend from a basic language. The choice of underlying basic language depends on the similarity of the model to the basic language's ontology, as we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Levich%20problem | In fluid dynamics, Landau–Levich flow or the Landau–Levich problem describes the flow created by a moving plate which is pulled out of a liquid surface. Landau–Levich flow finds many applications in thin film coating. The solution to the problem was described by Lev Landau and Veniamin Levich in 1942. The problem assumes that the plate is dragged out of the liquid slowly, so that the three major forces which are in balance are viscous force, the force due to gravity, and the force due to surface tension.
Problem
Landau and Levich split the entire flow regime into two regimes, a lower regime and an upper regime. In the lower regime closer to the liquid surface, the flow is assumed to be static, leading to the problem of the Young–Laplace equation (a static meniscus). In the upper region far away from the liquid surface, the thickness of the liquid layer attaching to the plate is very small and also the since the velocity of the plate is small, this regime comes under the approximation of lubrication theory. The solution of these two problems are then matched using method of matched asymptotic expansions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox | Fluxbox is a stacking window manager for the X Window System, which started as a fork of Blackbox 0.61.1 in 2001, with the same aim to be lightweight. Its user interface has only a taskbar, a pop-up menu accessible by right-clicking on the desktop, and minimal support for graphical icons. All basic configurations are controlled by text files, including the construction of menus and the mapping of key-bindings. Fluxbox has high compliance to the Extended Window Manager Hints specification.
Fluxbox is basic in appearance, but it can show a few options for improved attractiveness: colors, gradients, borders, and several other basic appearance attributes can be specified. Recent versions support rounded corners and graphical elements. Effects managers such as xcompmgr, cairo-compmgr and transset-df (deprecated) can add true transparency to desktop elements and windows. Enhancements can also be provided by using iDesk or fbdesk, SpaceFM, PCMan File Manager or the ROX Desktop. Fluxbox also has several features Blackbox lacks, including tabbed windows and a configurable titlebar.
Because of its small memory footprint and quick loading time, Fluxbox is popular in many Live CDs such as GParted. It was the default window manager of Damn Small Linux and antiX, but was replaced with JWM in 2007 and 2009, respectively. It is currently the default window manager of PCFluxboxOS, a remaster of PCLinuxOS, and of Linux Mint Fluxbox CE. Fluxbuntu, an Ubuntu derivative with lightweight applications, was released in October 2007.
On December 12, 2019, MX Linux released MX-fluxbox as a fully integrated overlay of MX Linux 19. Previously it had been available from 2014 onward through the Package Installer. A Fluxbox edition has been added to the MX-21 series with Fluxbox in use by default. Fluxbox is also a featured window manager on antiX.
The early versions of Lumina, a desktop environment created for TrueOS, were based on Fluxbox.
As of December 2021 there are 22 flavors of Linux |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehead%20%28science%20fiction%29 | Wireheading is a term associated with fictional or futuristic applications of brain stimulation reward, the act of directly triggering the brain's reward center by electrical stimulation of an inserted wire, for the purpose of 'short-circuiting' the brain's normal reward process and artificially inducing pleasure. Scientists have successfully performed brain stimulation reward on rats (1950s) and humans (1960s). This stimulation does not appear to lead to tolerance or satiation in the way that sex or drugs do. The term is sometimes associated with science fiction writer Larry Niven, who used the term in his Known Space series. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the term is used to refer to AI systems that hack their own reward channel.
More broadly, the term can also refer to various kinds of interaction between human beings and technology.
In fiction
Literature
Wireheading, like other forms of brain alteration, is often treated as dystopian in science fiction literature.
In Larry Niven's Known Space stories, a "wirehead" is someone who has been fitted with an electronic brain implant known as a "droud" in order to stimulate the pleasure centers of their brain. Wireheading is the most addictive habit known (Louis Wu is the only given example of a recovered addict), and wireheads usually die from neglecting their basic needs in favour of the ceaseless pleasure. Wireheading is so powerful and easy that it becomes an evolutionary pressure, selecting against that portion of humanity without self-control. A wirehead's death is central to Niven's story "Death by Ecstasy", published in 1969 under the title The Organleggers, and a main character in the book Ringworld Engineers is a former wirehead trying to quit.
Also in the Known Space universe, a device called a "tasp" which does not need a surgical implant (similar to transcranial magnetic stimulation) can be used to achieve similar goals: the pleasure center of a person's brain is found and remotely stim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation%20number | In mathematics, the rotation number is an invariant of homeomorphisms of the circle.
History
It was first defined by Henri Poincaré in 1885, in relation to the precession of the perihelion of a planetary orbit. Poincaré later proved a theorem characterizing the existence of periodic orbits in terms of rationality of the rotation number.
Definition
Suppose that is an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the circle Then may be lifted to a homeomorphism of the real line, satisfying
for every real number and every integer .
The rotation number of is defined in terms of the iterates of :
Henri Poincaré proved that the limit exists and is independent of the choice of the starting point . The lift is unique modulo integers, therefore the rotation number is a well-defined element of Intuitively, it measures the average rotation angle along the orbits of .
Example
If is a rotation by (where ), then
and its rotation number is (cf. irrational rotation).
Properties
The rotation number is invariant under topological conjugacy, and even monotone topological semiconjugacy: if and are two homeomorphisms of the circle and
for a monotone continuous map of the circle into itself (not necessarily homeomorphic) then and have the same rotation numbers. It was used by Poincaré and Arnaud Denjoy for topological classification of homeomorphisms of the circle. There are two distinct possibilities.
The rotation number of is a rational number (in the lowest terms). Then has a periodic orbit, every periodic orbit has period , and the order of the points on each such orbit coincides with the order of the points for a rotation by . Moreover, every forward orbit of converges to a periodic orbit. The same is true for backward orbits, corresponding to iterations of , but the limiting periodic orbits in forward and backward directions may be different.
The rotation number of is an irrational number . Then has no periodic orbits (this follows immedi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20neutrality | Network neutrality, often referred to as net neutrality, is the principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally, offering users and online content providers consistent rates irrespective of content, website, platform, application, type of equipment, source address, destination address, or method of communication (i.e., without price discrimination).
Supporters of net neutrality argue that it prevents ISPs from filtering Internet content without a court order, fosters freedom of speech and democratic participation, promotes competition and innovation, prevents dubious services, maintains the end-to-end principle, and that users would be intolerant of slow-loading websites. Opponents of net neutrality argue that it reduces investment, deters competition, increases taxes, imposes unnecessary regulations, prevents the Internet from being accessible to poor people, prevents Internet traffic from being allocated to the most needed users, that large ISPs already have a performance advantage over smaller providers, and that there is already significant competition among ISPs with few competitive issues.
Etymology
The term was coined by Columbia University media law professor Tim Wu in 2003 as an extension of the longstanding concept of a common carrier which was used to describe the role of telephone systems.
Regulatory considerations
Net neutrality regulations may be referred to as uncommon carrier regulations. Net neutrality does not block all abilities that ISPs have to impact their customers' services. Opt-in and opt-out services exist on the end user side, and filtering can be done locally, as in the filtering of sensitive material for minors.
Research suggests that a combination of policy instruments can help realize the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the network neutrality debate. Combined with public opinion, this has led some governments to regulate broadband Internet services as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20acoustics | Nonlinear acoustics (NLA) is a branch of physics and acoustics dealing with sound waves of sufficiently large amplitudes. Large amplitudes require using full systems of governing equations of fluid dynamics (for sound waves in liquids and gases) and elasticity (for sound waves in solids). These equations are generally nonlinear, and their traditional linearization is no longer possible. The solutions of these equations show that, due to the effects of nonlinearity, sound waves are being distorted as they travel.
Introduction
A sound wave propagates through a material as a localized pressure change. Increasing the pressure of a gas or fluid increases its local temperature. The local speed of sound in a compressible material increases with temperature; as a result, the wave travels faster during the high pressure phase of the oscillation than during the lower pressure phase. This affects the wave's frequency structure; for example, in an initially plain sinusoidal wave of a single frequency, the peaks of the wave travel faster than the troughs, and the pulse becomes cumulatively more like a sawtooth wave. In other words, the wave distorts itself. In doing so, other frequency components are introduced, which can be described by the Fourier series. This phenomenon is characteristic of a nonlinear system, since a linear acoustic system responds only to the driving frequency. This always occurs but the effects of geometric spreading and of absorption usually overcome the self-distortion, so linear behavior usually prevails and nonlinear acoustic propagation occurs only for very large amplitudes and only near the source.
Additionally, waves of different amplitudes will generate different pressure gradients, contributing to the nonlinear effect.
Physical analysis
The pressure changes within a medium cause the wave energy to transfer to higher harmonics. Since attenuation generally increases with frequency, a countereffect exists that changes the nature of the nonlinear |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb%20bob | A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can also be made of other metals. If it is used for decoration, it may be made of bone or ivory.
The instrument has been used since at least the time of ancient Egypt to ensure that constructions are "plumb", or vertical. It is also used in surveying, to establish the nadir (opposite of zenith) with respect to gravity of a point in space. It is used with a variety of instruments (including levels, theodolites, and steel tapes) to set the instrument exactly over a fixed survey marker or to transcribe positions onto the ground for placing a marker.
Etymology
The plumb in plumb bob derives from Latin plumbum ('lead'), the material once used for the weighted bob at the end. The adjective plumb developed by extension, as did the noun aplomb, from the notion of "standing upright".
Use
Until the modern age, plumb bobs were used on most tall structures to provide vertical datum lines for the building measurements. A section of the scaffolding would hold a plumb line, which was centered over a datum mark on the floor. As the building proceeded upward, the plumb line would also be taken higher, still centered on the datum. Many cathedral spires, domes and towers still have brass datum marks inlaid into their floors, which signify the center of the structure above.
A plumb bob and line alone can determine only a vertical reference. However, if they are mounted on a suitable scale the instrument may also be used as an inclinometer to measure angles to the vertical.
Ancient Egyptians used a plumb line attached to the top outer part of a tool resembling a letter E; when placed against a wall, the plumb line would indicate a vertical line. An A-frame level wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20musicology | Computational musicology is an interdisciplinary research area between musicology and computer science. Computational musicology includes any disciplines that use computation in order to study music. It includes sub-disciplines such as mathematical music theory, computer music, systematic musicology, music information retrieval, computational musicology, digital musicology, sound and music computing, and music informatics. As this area of research is defined by the tools that it uses and its subject matter, research in computational musicology intersects with both the humanities and the sciences. The use of computers in order to study and analyze music generally began in the 1960s, although musicians have been using computers to assist them in the composition of music beginning in the 1950s. Today, computational musicology encompasses a wide range of research topics dealing with the multiple ways music can be represented.
History
This history of computational musicology generally began in the middle of the 20th century. Generally, the field is considered to be an extension of a much longer history of intellectual inquiry in music that overlaps with science, mathematics, technology, and archiving.
1960s
Early approaches to computational musicology began in the early 1960s and were being fully developed by 1966. At this point in time data entry was done primarily with paper tape or punch cards and was computationally limited. Due to the high cost of this research, in order to be funded projects often tended to ask global questions and look for global solutions. One of the earliest symbolic representation schemes was the Digital Alternate Representations of Music or DARMS. The project was supported by Columbia University and the Ford Foundation between 1964 and 1976. The project was one of the initial large scale projects to develop an encoding scheme that incorporated completeness, objectivity, and encoder-directedness. Other work at this time at Princeton Univer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity%20space | In social science, the activity space designates the "set of places individuals encounter as a result of their routine activities in everyday life."
The activity space can include all relevant locations that an individual routinely go to, such as the place of residence, the workplace (or the place of study), but also gyms, supermarkets, or cinemas.
Definition
Activity space research started in the field of geography and urban planning, where scholars investigated the effect of urban spatial structure on individual behavior. Horton and Reynolds define the activity space "as the subset of all urban locations with which the individual has direct contact as the result of day-to-day activities." They consider the activity space as a subset of one's "action space," which they define as "the collection of all urban locations about which the individual has information and the subjective utility or preference he associates with these locations". The "action space" is often use synonymously with the terms "awareness space," "mental map," and "cognitive map."
The emergence of the cognitive science has broadened the scope of activity space beyond the realm of physicality. Scientists like David Kirsh define activity space as the blend of several components. These components include:
The goal a task is meant to accomplish or problem it is meant to resolve
The physical space the task is performed within
The actions an "agent" is capable of taking
The concepts, plans, and other abstract resources agents find in the environment or bring to the task in their minds
See also
Absolute space and time
Method of loci
Social space
Sociology of space
Spatial analysis
Spatial memory
Time geography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peziza%20vesiculosa | Peziza vesiculosa is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. This is a common species of Europe, with scattered records in other parts of the world. The pale, cup-shaped ascocarps can grow quite large (up to in diameter) and often form densely packed groups. It is found on nutrient-rich soils, rotting straw and manure and can often be seen on compost heaps. The species is considered poisonous. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarankiewicz%20problem | The Zarankiewicz problem, an unsolved problem in mathematics, asks for the largest possible number of edges in a bipartite graph that has a given number of vertices and has no complete bipartite subgraphs of a given size. It belongs to the field of extremal graph theory, a branch of combinatorics, and is named after the Polish mathematician Kazimierz Zarankiewicz, who proposed several special cases of the problem in 1951.
Problem statement
A bipartite graph consists of two disjoint sets of vertices and , and a set of edges each of which connects a vertex in to a vertex in . No two edges can both connect the same pair of vertices. A complete bipartite graph is a bipartite graph in which every pair of a vertex from and a vertex from is connected to each other. A complete bipartite graph in which has vertices and has vertices is denoted . If is a bipartite graph, and there exists a set of vertices of and vertices of that are all connected to each other, then these vertices induce a subgraph of the form . (In this formulation, the ordering of and is significant: the set of vertices must be from and the set of vertices must be from , not vice versa.)
The Zarankiewicz function denotes the maximum possible number of edges in a bipartite graph for which and , but which does not contain a subgraph of the form . As a shorthand for an important special case, is the same as . The Zarankiewicz problem asks for a formula for the Zarankiewicz function, or (failing that) for tight asymptotic bounds on the growth rate of assuming that is a fixed constant, in the limit as goes to infinity.
For this problem is the same as determining cages with girth six. The Zarankiewicz problem, cages and finite geometry are strongly interrelated.
The same problem can also be formulated in terms of digital geometry. The possible edges of a bipartite graph can be visualized as the points of a rectangle in the integer lattice, and a complete subgraph is a set of rows a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin%20Moczek | Armin Moczek (born 8 July 1969 in Munich) is a German evolutionary biologist and full professor at Indiana University Bloomington.
Biography
Moczek studied biology at the University of Würzburg, where he graduated in 1996 with a master's degree in zoology. Joining Fred Nijhout’s lab at Duke University he developed a deep interest in Evolutionary developmental biology, receiving his PhD in 2002. From 2002 to 2004 he joined the University of Arizona as a postdoctoral fellow in the Postdoctoral Excellence in Research and Teaching (PERT) program. In 2004, he assumed the position of assistant professor at the Department of Biology at Indiana University, where he was promoted to associate professor in 2009 and full professor in 2014. His research focuses on the genetic, developmental, and ecological mechanisms, and the interactions among them, that facilitate innovation in living systems.
Awards
Guggenheim Fellow (2017) Indiana University Bloomington, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology
Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Science, Technology, and Innovation Award (2017), Fulbright Award, Location: Australia, Indiana University Bloomington
American Association for the Advancement of Science (2015), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Indiana University Bloomington, College of Arts and Sciences
American Society of Naturalists (ASN) Young Investigator Prize (2004) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20transition | Signal transition, when referring to the modulation of a carrier signal, is a change from one significant condition to another.
Examples of signal transitions are a change from one electric current, voltage, or power level to another; a change from one optical power level to another; a phase shift; or a change from one frequency or wavelength to another.
Signal transitions are used to create signals that represent information, such as "0" and "1" or "mark" and "space".
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaus%20Henrici | Olaus Magnus Friedrich Erdmann Henrici, FRS (9 March 1840, Meldorf, Duchy of Holstein – 10 August 1918, Chandler's Ford, Hampshire, England) was a German mathematician who became a professor in London.
After three years as an apprentice in engineering, Henrici entered Karlsruhe Polytechnium where he came under the influence of Alfred Clebsch who encouraged him in mathematics. He then went to Heidelberg where he studied with Otto Hesse. Henrici attained his Dr. phil. degree on 6 June 1863 at University of Heidelberg. He continued his studies in Berlin with Karl Weierstrass and Leopold Kronecker. He was briefly docent of mathematics and physics at the University of Kiel, but ran into financial difficulties.
Henrici moved to London in 1865 where he worked as a private tutor. In 1869 Hesse introduced him to J. J. Sylvester who in turn brought him into contact with Arthur Cayley, William Kingdon Clifford, and Thomas Archer Hirst. It was Hirst that gave him some work at University College London. Henrici also became a professor at Bedford College. When Hirst fell ill, Henrici filled his position at University College. He held the position until 1884, turning to applied mathematics after 1880.
From 1882 to 1884 Henrici was President of the London Mathematical Society.
In 1884 he moved to Central Technical College where he directed a Laboratory of Mechanics which included calculating machines, planimeters, moment integrators, and a harmonic analyzer.
Henrici was impressed by the work of Robert Stawell Ball in screw theory as presented in a German textbook by Gravelius. In 1890 Henrici wrote a book review for Nature outlining the program of the theory.
In 1911 he retired and took up gardening at Chandler's Ford in Hampshire.
Works
Skeleton Structures: Especially in Their Application to the Building of Steel & Iron Bridges. New York: Van Nostrand, 1867.
Elementary Geometry: Congruent Figures. London: Longmans, Green, 1879.
Elementary Geometry: Congruent Figures. Lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin | A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξικός , "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops.
Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine.
One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin.
Production
Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the diminute size of their spores. They consume organic matter wherever humidity and temperature are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi proliferate into colonies and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the production of mycotoxins is not yet known; they are not necessary for the growth or the development of the fungi. Because mycotoxins weaken the receiving host, they may improve the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and these substances vary greatly in their toxicity, depending on the organism infected and its susceptibility, metabolism, and defense mechanisms.
Major groups
Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The umbrella term aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios, and maize.
Ochratoxin is a mycotoxin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacidin | Malacidins are a class of chemicals made by bacteria found in soil that can kill Gram-positive bacteria. Their activity appears to be dependent on calcium. The discovery of malacidins was published in 2018.
The malacidin family were discovered using a new method of soil microbiome screening that does not require cell culturing. This allowed researchers to identify genetic components necessary to produce the chemical. Malacidin A was shown to kill Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria.
At the time of publication it was not certain if the discovery would lead to any new antibiotic drugs, because large investments of time and money are required to determine whether any drug is safe and effective.
Chemical structure
Malacidins are macrocycle lipopeptides. The 2018 paper described two chemicals in the malacidin family, differing only by a methylene at their lipid tails. Their peptide cores include four non-proteinogenic amino acids. The name "malacidin" is derived from the abbreviation of metagenomic acidic lipopeptide antibiotic and the suffix -cidin.
Mechanism of action
Malacidins appear to take on their active conformation after they bind to calcium; the calcium-bound molecule then appears to bind to lipid II, a bacterial cell wall precursor molecule, leading to destruction of the cell wall and death of the bacteria. Therefore, they would be a new member of the class of calcium-dependent antibiotics. The discovery of malacidins supported the view that the calcium-dependent antibiotics are a larger class than previously thought.
History
Malacidins were discovered by researchers at Rockefeller University, led by Brad Hover and Sean Brady. The group had been looking into antibiotics related to daptomycin and their calcium-dependent nature, but determined that it would be impractical to culture variations in lab conditions. Instead, the team used a genetics approach that was more scalable. They focused on searching for novel biosynthetic gene cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20meadow%20vole | The eastern meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), sometimes called the field mouse or meadow mouse, is a North American vole found in eastern Canada and the United States. Its range extends farther south along the Atlantic coast.
The western meadow vole, Florida salt marsh vole, and beach vole were formerly considered regional variants or subspecies of M. pennsylvanicus, but have all since been designated as distinct species.
The eastern meadow vole is active year-round, usually at night. It also digs burrows, where it stores food for the winter and females give birth to their young. Although these animals tend to live close together, they are aggressive towards one another. This is particularly evident in males during the breeding season. They can cause damage to fruit trees, garden plants, and commercial grain crops.
Taxonomy
The species was formerly grouped with the western meadow vole (M. drummondii) and the Florida salt marsh vole (M. dukecampbelli) as a single species with a very large range, but genetic evidence indicates that these are all distinct species.
Distribution
The eastern meadow vole is found throughout eastern North America. It ranges from Labrador and New Brunswick south to South Carolina and extreme northeastern Georgia; west through Tennessee to Ohio. West of Ohio, it is replaced by the western meadow vole. Several subspecies are found on eastern islands, including the beach vole (M. p. breweri) and the extinct Gull Island vole.
Plant communities
Eastern meadow voles are most commonly found in grasslands, preferring moister areas, but are also found in wooded areas.
In east-central Ohio, eastern meadow voles were captured in reconstructed common cattail (Typha latifolia) wetlands. In Virginia, eastern meadow voles were least abundant in eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) glades and most abundant in fields with dense grass cover.
Habits
Eastern meadow voles are active year-round and day or night, with no clear 24-hour rhythm in ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel | A runlevel is a mode of operation in the computer operating systems that implements Unix System V-style initialization. Conventionally, seven runlevels exist, numbered from zero to six. S is sometimes used as a synonym for one of the levels. Only one runlevel is executed on startup; run levels are not executed one after another (i.e. only runlevel 2, 3, or 4 is executed, not more of them sequentially or in any other order).
A runlevel defines the state of the machine after boot. Different runlevels are typically assigned (not necessarily in any particular order) to the single-user mode, multi-user mode without network services started, multi-user mode with network services started, system shutdown, and system reboot system states. The exact setup of these configurations varies between operating systems and Linux distributions. For example, runlevel 4 might be a multi-user GUI no-server configuration on one distribution, and nothing on another. Runlevels commonly follow the general patterns described in this article; however, some distributions employ certain specific configurations.
In standard practice, when a computer enters runlevel zero, it shuts off, and when it enters runlevel six, it reboots. The intermediate runlevels (1–5) differ in terms of which drives are mounted and which network services are started. Default runlevels are typically 3, 4, or 5. Lower runlevels are useful for maintenance or emergency repairs, since they usually offer no network services at all. The particular details of runlevel configuration differ widely among operating systems, and also among system administrators.
In various Linux distributions, the traditional script used in the Version 7 Unix was first replaced by runlevels and then by systemd states on most major distributions.
Standard runlevels
Linux
Although systemd is, , used by default in most major Linux distributions, runlevels can still be used through the means provided by the sysvinit project. After the Linux ker |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20XT3 | The Cray XT3 is a distributed memory massively parallel MIMD supercomputer designed by Cray Inc. with Sandia National Laboratories under the codename Red Storm. Cray turned the design into a commercial product in 2004. The XT3 derives much of its architecture from the previous Cray T3E system, and also from the Intel ASCI Red supercomputer.
XT3
The XT3 consists of between 192 and 32,768 processing elements (PEs), where each PE comprises a 2.4 or 2.6 GHz AMD Opteron processor with up to two cores, a custom "SeaStar" communications chip, and between 1 and 8 GB of RAM. The PowerPC 440 based SeaStar device provides a 6.4 gigabyte per second connection to the processor across HyperTransport, as well as six 8-gigabyte per second links to neighboring PEs. The PEs are arranged in a 3-dimensional torus topology, with 96 PEs in each cabinet.
The XT3 runs an operating system called UNICOS/lc that partitions the machine into three sections, the largest comprising the Compute nodes, and two smaller sections for Service nodes and IO nodes. In UNICOS/lc 1.x, the Compute PEs run a Sandia developed microkernel called Catamount, which is descended from the SUNMOS OS of the Intel Paragon; in UNICOS/lc 2.0, Catamount was replaced by a specially tuned version of Linux called Compute Node Linux (CNL). Service and IO PEs run the full version of SuSE Linux and are used for interactive logins, systems management, application compiling and job launch. I/O PEs use physically distinct hardware, in that the node boards include PCI-X slots for connections to Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks.
Though the performance of each XT3 model will vary with the speed and number of processors installed, the November 2007 Top500 results for the Red Storm machine, the largest XT3 machine installed at Sandia, measured 102.7 teraflops on the Linpack benchmark, placing it at #6 on the list. After upgrades in 2008 to install some XT4 nodes with quad-core Opterons, Red Storm achieved 248 teraflops to pla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20circuit | In electricity supply design, a ring circuit is an electrical wiring technique in which sockets and the distribution point are connected in a ring. It is contrasted with the usual radial circuit, in which sockets and the distribution point are connected in a line with the distribution point at one end.
Ring circuits are also known as ring final circuits and often incorrectly as ring mains, a term used historically, or informally simply as rings.
It is used primarily in the United Kingdom, where it was developed, and to a lesser extent in Ireland and Hong Kong.
This design enables the use of smaller-diameter wire than would be used in a radial circuit of equivalent total current capacity. The reduced diameter conductors in the flexible cords connecting an appliance to the plug intended for use with sockets on a ring circuit are individually protected by a fuse in the plug. Its advantages over radial circuits are therefore reduced quantity of copper used, and greater flexibility of appliances and equipment that can be connected.
Ideally, the ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring. If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the total current-carrying capacity. In practice, the load does not always split evenly, so thicker wire is used.
Description
The ring starts at the consumer unit (also known as fuse box, distribution board, or breaker box), visits each socket in turn, and then returns to the consumer unit. The ring is fed from a fuse or circuit breaker in the consumer unit.
Ring circuits are commonly used in British wiring with socket-outlets taking fused plugs to BS 1363. Because the breaker rating is much higher than that of any one socket outlet, the system can only be used with fused plugs or fused appliance outlets. Th |
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