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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20Unit%20Number%20masking | Logical Unit Number Masking or LUN masking is an authorization process that makes a Logical Unit Number available to some hosts and unavailable to other hosts.
LUN Masking is a level of security that makes a LUN available to only selected hosts and unavailable to all others. This kind of security is done on the SAN level and is based on the host HBA, i.e. you can give access of specific LUN on the SAN to specific host with specific HBA.
LUN masking is mainly implemented at the host bus adapter (HBA) level. The security benefits of LUN masking implemented at HBAs are limited, since with many HBAs it is possible to forge source addresses (WWNs/MACs/IPs) and compromise the access. Many storage controllers also support LUN masking. When LUN masking is implemented at the storage controller level, the controller itself enforces the access policies to the device and as a result it is more secure. However, it is mainly implemented not as a security measure per se, but rather as a protection against misbehaving servers which may corrupt disks belonging to other servers. For example, Windows servers attached to a SAN will, under some conditions, corrupt non-Windows (Unix, Linux, NetWare) volumes on the SAN by attempting to write Windows volume labels to them. By hiding the other LUNs from the Windows server, this can be prevented, since the Windows server does not even realize the other LUNs exist.
See also
Persistent binding
External links
LUN Masking
LUN Masking and Zoning
Computer storage buses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hexylresorcinol | 4-Hexylresorcinol is an organic compound with local anaesthetic, antiseptic, and anthelmintic properties.
As an antiseptic, it is marketed as S.T.37 by Numark Laboratories, Inc. (in a 0.1% solution) for oral pain relief and as a topical antiseptic. It is available for use topically on small skin infections or as an ingredient in throat lozenges.
As an anthelmintic, 4-hexylresorcinol was sold under the brand Crystoids.
Sytheon Ltd., USA markets 4-hexylresorcinol (trade named Synovea HR).
Johnson & Johnson uses 4-hexylresorcinol in its Neutrogena, Aveno, and RoC skincare products as an anti-aging cream. 4-Hexylresorcinol has been used commercially by many cosmetic and personal care companies, such as Mary Kay, Clarins, Unilever, Murad, Facetheory, Arbonne, and many small and large companies.
A study published in Chemical Research in Toxicology shows that 4-hexylresorcinol used as a food additive (E-586) exhibits some estrogenic activity, i.e. resembles action of the female sex hormone estrogen. However, recent study published in Applied Sciences shows that 4-hexylresorcinol did not change the expression of estrogen receptor-α, -β, or p-ERK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. In an ovariectomized animal model, the 4HR group showed similar levels of ERα, ERβ, and prolactin expression in the pituitary gland compared to the solvent only group, while the estradiol group showed higher levels. Serum prolactin levels were similar between the 4HR and solvent only groups.
In one study, 4-hexylresorcinol increased the shelf life of shrimp by reducing melanosis (black spots).
In mice with cancer, 4-hexylresorcinol inhibited NF-κB and extended their survival rate.
4-Hexylresorcinol can be used in the synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabihexol. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypetalae | Polypetalae was a taxonomic grouping used in the identification of plants, but it is now considered to be an artificial group, one that does not reflect evolutionary history. The grouping was based on similar morphological plant characteristics. Polypetalae was defined as including plants with the petals free from the base or only slightly connected. Members of Polpetalae contain bitegmic ovules (i.e., ovules having two integuments).
See also
Plant identification
Calyciflorae
External links
For an illustrated summary of polypetalae, see botanic gardens information
John Shaffner's key (1911)in the Ohio Naturalist
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20Cytogenetics | Comparative Cytogenetics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering plant and animal cytogenetics, karyosystematics, and molecular systematics. It was established in 2007 by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2009 it switched to Pensoft Publishers. The editors-in-chief are Valentina G. Kuznetsova and Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin (Russian Academy of Science).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Science Citation Index Expanded.
Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences.
The Zoological Record.
BIOSIS Previews.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.211. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20imaging | Computational imaging is the process of indirectly forming images from measurements using algorithms that rely on a significant amount of computing. In contrast to traditional imaging, computational imaging systems involve a tight integration of the sensing system and the computation in order to form the images of interest. The ubiquitous availability of fast computing platforms (such as multi-core CPUs and GPUs), the advances in algorithms and modern sensing hardware is resulting in imaging systems with significantly enhanced capabilities. Computational Imaging systems cover a broad range of applications include computational microscopy, tomographic imaging, MRI, ultrasound imaging, computational photography, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), seismic imaging etc. The integration of the sensing and the computation in computational imaging systems allows for accessing information which was otherwise not possible. For example:
A single X-ray image does not reveal the precise location of fracture, but a CT scan which works by combining multiple X-ray images can determine the precise location of one in 3D
A typical camera image cannot image around corners. However, by designing a set-up that involves sending fast pulses of light, recording the received signal and using an algorithm, researchers have demonstrated the first steps in building such a system.
Computational imaging systems also enable system designers to overcome some hardware limitations of optics and sensors (resolution, noise etc.) by overcoming challenges in the computing domain. Some examples of such systems include coherent diffractive imaging, coded-aperture imaging and image super-resolution.
Computational imaging differs from image processing in a sense that the primary goal of the former is to reconstruct human-recognizable images from measured data via algorithms while the latter is to process already-recognizable images (that may be not sufficient in quality) to improve the quality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender%E2%80%93Dunne%20polynomials | In mathematics, Bender–Dunne polynomials are a two-parameter family of sequences of orthogonal polynomials studied by . They may be defined by the recursion:
,
,
and for :
where and are arbitrary parameters. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20OS | Newton OS is a discontinued operating system for the Apple Newton PDAs produced by Apple Computer, Inc. between 1993 and 1997. It was written entirely in C++ and trimmed to be low power consuming and use the available memory efficiently. Many applications were pre-installed in the ROM of the Newton (making for quick start-up) to save on RAM and flash memory storage for user applications.
Features
Newton OS features many interface elements that the Macintosh system software didn't have at the time, such as drawers and the "poof" animation. An animation similar to this is found in Mac OS X, and parts of the Newton's handwriting recognition system have been implemented as Inkwell in Mac OS X.
Sound responsive — Clicking menus and icons makes a sound; this feature was later introduced in Mac OS 8.
Icons - Similar to the Macintosh Desktop metaphor, Newton OS uses icons to open applications.
Tabbed documents — Similar to tabbed browsing in today's browsers and Apple's At Ease interface, documents titles appear in a small tab at the top right hand of the screen.
Screen rotation — In Newton 2.0, the screen can be rotated to be used for drawing or word processing.
File documents — Notes and Drawings can be categorized. E.g. Fun, Business, Personal, etc.
Print documents — Documents on the Newton can be printed.
Send documents — Documents can be sent to another Newton via Infrared technology or sent using the Internet by E-Mail, or faxed.
Menus — Similar to menus seen in Mac OS, but menu titles are instead presented at the bottom of the screen in small rectangles, making them similar to buttons with attached "pop-up" menus.
Many features of the Newton are best appreciated in the context of the history of Pen computing.
Software
Shortly after the Newton PDA's release in 1993, developers were not paying much attention to the new Newton OS API and were still more interested in developing for the Macintosh and Windows platforms. It was not until two years later that developers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded%20optics | Folded optics is an optical system in which the beam is bent in a way to make the optical path much longer than the size of the system. This allows the resulting focal length of the objective to be greater than the physical length of the optical device. Prismatic binoculars are a well-known example. An early conventional film camera (35 mm) was designed by Tessina that used the concept of folded optics.
Fold mirrors are used to direct infrared light within the optical path of the James Webb Space Telescope. These optical fold mirrors are not to be confused with the observatory's deployable primary mirrors, which are folded inward to fit the telescope within the launch vehicle's payload fairing; when deployed, these segments are part of the three-mirror anastigmat design's primary element and don't serve as fold mirrors in the optical sense. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Mycological%20Association | The Illinois Mycological Association or IMA is a group of mushroom enthusiasts, citizen scientists, foragers, and professional mycologists based in the Chicago area.
Meetings are held monthly, except in some winter months, at the Niles Historical & Cultural Center. Originally meetings were held at the Field Museum of Natural History, and later at North Park Village Nature Center, both in Chicago. The meetings usually include a lecture from a professional mycologist or author and are free and open to the public. However, only members can attend the mushroom forays, or hunts, which are the best way to identify local fungi. These happen a couple times a month from the first foray for morels and other spring mushrooms at Kankakee River State Park in late April or early May, until the September foray to gather displays for the Annual Mushroom Show. The free public show is every year during Labor Day weekend at the Chicago Botanic Garden.
The monthly newsletter has been called Fungus Friends since 1993, but was published before then without a title. The newsletter is where the details for the locations for the forays are listed.
The IMA is a participant in the North American Mycoflora Project, which will identify and map the mycobiota of North America, representing the Chicago region. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incongruent%20transition | Incongruent transition, in chemistry, is a mass transition between two phases which involves a change in chemical composition. This is contrasted with congruent transition, for which the composition remains the same.
The transition may be that of melting, vaporization or allotropism. The concept is also often extended to related phenomena, for example, incongruent dissolution of a solid by a liquid solvent, which is often encountered in geology.
The term "phase decomposition" is sometimes used to describe incongruent transition. However, it has to be kept in mind that incongruent transition is described by an equilibrium.
For an example, see incongruent melting. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20superposition | Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. In classical mechanics, things like position or momentum are always well-defined. We may not know what they are at any given time, but that is an issue of our understanding and not the physical system. In quantum mechanics, a particle can be in a superposition of different states. However, a measurement always finds it in one state, but before and after the measurement, it interacts in ways that can only be explained by having a superposition of different states.
Mathematically, much like waves in classical physics, any two (or more) quantum states can be added together ("superposed") and the result will be another valid quantum state; conversely, every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states. Mathematically, it refers to a property of solutions to the Schrödinger equation: since the Schrödinger equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions will also be a solution(s).
An example of a physically observable manifestation of the wave nature of quantum systems is the interference peaks from an electron beam in a double-slit experiment. The pattern is very similar to the one obtained by diffraction of classical waves.
Another example is a quantum logical qubit state, as used in quantum information processing, which is a quantum superposition of the "basis states" and .
Here is the Dirac notation for the quantum state that will always give the result 0 when converted to classical logic by a measurement. Likewise is the state that will always convert to 1. Contrary to a classical bit that can only be in the state corresponding to 0 or the state corresponding to 1, a qubit may be in a superposition of both states. This means that the probabilities of measuring 0 or 1 for a qubit are in general neither 0.0 nor 1.0, and multiple measurements made on qubits in identical states will not always give the same result.
Concept
The principle of quantum super |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20pointer | In a multithreaded computing environment, hazard pointers are one approach to solving the problems posed by dynamic memory management of the nodes in a lock-free data structure. These problems generally arise only in environments that don't have automatic garbage collection.
Any lock-free data structure that uses the compare-and-swap primitive must deal with the ABA problem. For example, in a lock-free stack represented as an intrusively linked list, one thread may be attempting to pop an item from the front of the stack (A → B → C). It remembers the second-from-top value "B", and then performs compare_and_swap(target=&head, newvalue=B, expected=A). Unfortunately, in the middle of this operation, another thread may have done two pops and then pushed A back on top, resulting in the stack (A → C). The compare-and-swap succeeds in swapping `head` with `B`, and the result is that the stack now contains garbage (a pointer to the freed element "B").
Furthermore, any lock-free algorithm containing code of the form
Node* currentNode = this->head; // assume the load from "this->head" is atomic
Node* nextNode = currentNode->next; // assume this load is also atomic
suffers from another major problem, in the absence of automatic garbage collection. In between those two lines, it is possible that another thread may pop the node pointed to by this->head and deallocate it, meaning that the memory access through currentNode on the second line reads deallocated memory (which may in fact already be in use by some other thread for a completely different purpose).
Hazard pointers can be used to address both of these problems. In a hazard-pointer system, each thread keeps a list of hazard pointers indicating which nodes the thread is currently accessing. (In many systems this "list" may be probably limited to only one or two elements.) Nodes on the hazard pointer list must not be modified or deallocated by any other thread.
When a thread wishes to remove a node, it places |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20gallate | Ethyl gallate is a food additive with E number E313. It is the ethyl ester of gallic acid. Ethyl gallate is added to food as an antioxidant.
Though found naturally in a variety of plant sources including walnuts Terminalia myriocarpa or chebulic myrobolan (Terminalia chebula), ethyl gallate is produced from gallic acid and ethanol. It can be found in wine.
See also
Phenolic content in wine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20synchronization%20in%20North%20America | Time synchronization in North America can be achieved with many different methods, some of which require only a telephone, while others require expensive, sensitive, and rare electronic equipment. In the United States, the United States Naval Observatory provides the standard of time, called UTC(USNO), for the United States military and the Global Positioning System, while the National Institute of Standards and Technology provides the standard of time for civil purposes in the United States, called UTC(NIST).
ITU-R Standard Frequency and Time Signals
A standard frequency and time signal service is a station that operates on or immediately adjacent to 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, and 25 MHz, as specified by Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012). The US service is provided by radio stations WWV (Colorado) and WWVH (Hawaii).
The methods below provide either Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is defined by Recommendation ITU-R TF.460, or the official U.S. implementation of UTC, officially labeled UTC (NIST).
Internet time sources
Several different time synchronization protocols exist on the Internet, including:
GPS time synchronization
GPS receiver requirements
Minimum: GPS receiver that works with user chosen software; this requires some combination of GPGGA, GPRMC, GPZDA, GPGSA, and GPGSV sentences. This provides accuracy of between 1 and 2 seconds, and includes most, but not all modern GPS receivers.
Better: USB GPS receiver with the NMEA 0183 GPZDA sentence sent at least once a second. The developer of the Windows software NMEATime2 recommends GPS units with the U-blox 7 receiver, and this software uses a control loop to analyze the text of the GPS timing sentence, and claims to achieve 1 ms accuracy with the technique.
Better yet: RS-232 GPS receiver with the NMEA 0183 GPZDA sentence sent at least once a second, plus a 1PPS signal on DCD (1 μs accuracy possible with a real RS-232 port not on the USB bus; 1 ms possible with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa%20potential | In particle, atomic and condensed matter physics, a Yukawa potential (also called a screened Coulomb potential) is a potential named after the Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa. The potential is of the form:
where is a magnitude scaling constant, i.e. is the amplitude of potential, is the mass of the particle, is the radial distance to the particle, and is another scaling constant, so that is the approximate range. The potential is monotonically increasing in and it is negative, implying the force is attractive. In the SI system, the unit of the Yukawa potential is (1/meters).
The Coulomb potential of electromagnetism is an example of a Yukawa potential with the factor equal to 1, everywhere. This can be interpreted as saying that the photon mass is equal to 0. The photon is the force-carrier between interacting, charged particles.
In interactions between a meson field and a fermion field, the constant is equal to the gauge coupling constant between those fields. In the case of the nuclear force, the fermions would be a proton and another proton or a neutron.
History
Prior to Hideki Yukawa's 1935 paper, physicists struggled to explain the results of James Chadwick's atomic model, which consisted of positively charged protons and neutrons packed inside of a small nucleus, with a radius on the order of 10−14 meters. Physicists knew that electromagnetic forces at these lengths would cause these protons to repel each other and for the nucleus to fall apart. Thus came the motivation for further explaining the interactions between elementary particles. In 1932, Werner Heisenberg proposed a "Platzwechsel" (migration) interaction between the neutrons and protons inside the nucleus, in which neutrons were composite particles of protons and electrons. These composite neutrons would emit electrons, creating an attractive force with the protons, and then turn into protons themselves. When, in 1933 at the Solvay Conference, Heisenberg proposed his interaction, phy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird%20hawk-moth | The hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) is a species of hawk moth found across temperate regions of Eurasia. The species is named for its similarity to hummingbirds, as they feed on the nectar of tube-shaped flowers using their long proboscis while hovering in the air; this resemblance is an example of convergent evolution.
The hummingbird hawk-moth was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. As of 2018, its entire genome and mitogenome have been sequenced.
Distribution
The hummingbird hawk-moth is distributed throughout the northern Old World from Portugal to Japan, but it breeds mainly in warmer climates (southern Europe, North Africa, and points east). Three generations are produced in a year in Spain.
It is a strong flier, dispersing widely in the summer. However it rarely survives the winter in northern latitudes (e.g. north of the Alps in Europe, north of the Caucasus in Russia).
Moths in the genus Hemaris, also of the family Sphingidae, are known as "hummingbird moths" in the US, and "bee moths" in Europe. This sometimes causes confusion between this species and the North American genus.
Life cycle
Two or more broods are produced each year. The adult may be encountered at any time of the year, especially in the south of the range, where there may be three or four broods. It overwinters as an adult in a crevice among rocks, trees, and buildings. On very warm days it may emerge to feed in mid-winter. Unlike other moths, they have no sexual dimorphism in the size of their antennal lobes.
Ova
The glossy pale green ova (eggs) are spherical with a diameter. They are said to look like the flower buds of the host plant Galium, and that is where the female lays them. They hatch 6 to 8 days after laying. Up to 200 eggs may be laid by one female, each on a separate plant.
Larvae
Newly hatched larvae are clear yellow, and in the second instar assume their green coloration. The larva is green with two grey strip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony%20hybridization | Colony hybridization is a method of selecting bacterial colonies with desired genes through a straightforward cloning and transfer process. The genes of interest have been added to a bacterial plasmid previously through recombination, allowing genes from other organisms to be analyzed within a bacterial colony. The overall process involves a transfer of genetic material from one medium to another, typically using nitrocellulose filter paper, with the intended goal of identifying and isolating a specific gene. Radiographed RNA is used to find the desired sequence within the new bacterial colony and essentially "light it up" so that the sequence can be identified for transfer. The most common purpose of colony hybridization is to verify that a certain DNA sequence was able to successfully enter into a new cell, meaning that the cells being analyzed through this method are the result of recombination between a specific piece of DNA and a bacterial plasmid. This method was discovered by Michael Grunstein and David S. Hogness.
Methods
Colony hybridization begins with a desire to extract a segment of DNA containing a specific gene, such as a gene that conveys antibiotic resistance. A specific piece of DNA is removed from its respective cell culture and inserted into a bacterial plasmid via a process known as recombination. These bacterial plasmids are cultured on a nutrient agar plate, leading to the formation of bacterial colonies, some of which ideally continue to contain the gene of interest. A nitrocellulose filter is then washed three times with distilled water, placed in between absorbent sheets, and heated at high temperatures to kill bacteria or other microorganism. This filter, which has a pore size of .45 μm, undergoes these processes to ensure that there is no contamination during the transfer, thus allowing for accuracy in results. The bacterial colonies are then symmetrically replicated onto the nitrocellulose filter by direct contact. At this point, the cel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced%20bronchoconstriction | Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) occurs when the airways narrow as a result of exercise. The preferred term for this condition is exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). While exercise does not cause asthma, it is frequently an asthma trigger.
It might be expected that people with E.I.B. would present with shortness of breath, and/or an elevated respiratory rate and wheezing, consistent with an asthma attack. However, many will present with decreased stamina, or difficulty in recovering from exertion compared to team members, or paroxysmal coughing from an irritable airway. Similarly, examination may reveal wheezing and prolonged expiratory phase, or may be quite normal. Consequently, a potential for under-diagnosis exists. Measurement of airflow, such as peak expiratory flow rates, which can be done inexpensively on the track or sideline, may prove helpful. In athletes, symptoms of bronchospasm such as chest discomfort, breathlessness, and fatigue are often falsely attributed to the individual being “out of shape”, having asthma, or possessing a hyperreactive airway rather than EIB
Cause
While the potential triggering events for EIB are well recognized, the underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood. It usually occurs after at least several minutes of vigorous, aerobic activity, which increases oxygen demand to the point where breathing through the nose (nasal breathing) must be supplemented by mouth breathing. The resultant inhalation of air that has not been warmed and humidified by the nasal passages seems to generate increased blood flow to the linings of the bronchial tree, resulting in edema. Constriction of these small airways then follows, worsening the degree of obstruction to airflow. There is increasing evidence that the smooth muscle that lines the airways becomes progressively more sensitive to changes that occur as a result of injury to the airways from dehydration. The chemical mediators that provoke the muscle spasm appear to arise fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Geometry | The International Journal of Geometry is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers Euclidean, Non-Euclidean and Discrete geometry.
It was established in 2012 with two volumes per year, and as of 2021 is published quarterly by the Department of Mathematics of the Vasile Alecsandri National College of Bacău.
It is abstracted and indexed among others by Zentralblatt MATH, MathSciNet, the Electronic Journals Library and Ebsco. Its founding editor-in-chief is Cătălin Barbu, a professor of mathematics at the Vasile Alecsandri National College of Bacău.
See also
Forum Geometricorum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure%20Zupan | Jure Zupan is a Slovenian physicist and founder of chemomectrics research in Slovenia, known for his work in applications and development of artificial neural networks in chemistry.
Life
Zupan was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 1943. He studied Physics at the University of Ljubljana and graduated in 1966. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry in 1972. He did his first research on the magnetic properties of solids at the Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana (1963–1973). In 1974 he has joined National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana to work on Computerized Databases, Chemometrics, and Artificial Intelligence. He did his post doctoral research at ETH Zürich (1975) and at NIH, Bethesda (1978).
Work
Since 1985 he is a Full professor at the University of Ljubljana. He was Visiting Professor at the Arizona State University in Tempe, USA (1982), at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium (1988), for 3 consecutive years (each year for three months) at the Technical University Munich, Germany (1990–1992), and at the University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain (1995). After 1988 his research focused to the field of Artificial Neural Networks. He is now mostly interested in the multi-dimensional data representation and context extraction from large assembles of multi-dimensional data. He is member of the European Academy of Science (Salzburg) and member of the Engineering Academy of Slovenia.
Selected publications
Zupan is author and editor of 10 books and monographs and has co-authored more than 200 articles. With Johann Gasteiger he co-authored Neural Networks in Chemistry and Drug Design. The book received more than 500 citations and was nominated the book of the month in 1993.
Political career
Minister for Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Slovenia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractone | In biology, fractones are structures consisting primarily of laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) first discovered in the extracellular matrix niche of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZa) in the mouse brain. Recent research has suggested its importance in adult neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and angiogenesis.
Fractones are found near or connected to stem cells, and are highly implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration.
New work suggests that fractones are implicated in corticalization during embryogenesis, as well as in cancer and neurodegenerative disease.
History
The term fractone is derived from fractal, a term coined by Benoît Mandelbrot in 1975.
Fractones were discovered in 2002 in the extracellular matrix niche of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricule (SVZa) in a mouse brain. Originally found in the neurogenic areas of the brain, recent studies indicate that fractones are also present in multiple organisms, including but not limited to plants, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrate animals.
As the discovery of fractones marked a turning point in neurosciences and the understanding of stem cell niches in the mammal brain, other projects have been conducted in different organs and Fractones were found to be highly implicated not only in physiology but also in numerous pathologies. For instance, fractones are extremely reduced in Autism but highly represented in inflammation, cancer and other pathologies.
Properties
Fractones are structures composed of proteoglycans, consisting primarily but not limited to laminin and HSPG. Different patterns of sulfation in HSPG and chain length are responsible for numerous pathways in physiology as well as in pathology, being involved in most growth factor bindings, and in embryo development, viral infection, cancer, and other pathologies.
The HSPG part of fractones is responsible for growth factor binding, retention and release in the extracellular matrix. More |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20guidance | Remote guidance, in the medical context, refers to the supervision or guidance of a medical task, usually a procedure or test, from a remote location. This falls in the realm of real time telemedicine applications. By way of example, a radiologist may guide an ultrasound examination from a remote location. As such, the proximate requisite expertise to accomplish a medical task is significantly diminished. In the previous example, a diagnostic quality ultrasound can be accomplished by non-medically trained individuals manipulating an ultrasound device located with the patient under guidance from a remote location. This is an example of teleradiology If appropriately configured, the remote guidance can originate from another room or floor in the same building, too as far away as another continent or even planet. NASA researchers have successfully demonstrated remote guidance of diagnostic level cardiac ultrasonography using ultrasound on the space station, non-medical astronauts performing the exam as guided by a terrestrially located expert.
Remote diagnostics
Remote diagnostics refers to a real time telemedical application that achieves diagnostic level quality and information exchange. In this sense, it refers to an expectation for quality sufficient for making or excluding a medical diagnosis. In the telemedical context specific to radiologic images these images often are consistent with the DICOM standard. Given bandwidth issues universally plaguing the healthcare environment imagery beyond still images and brief video has not yet become standard expectation of care environments or PACS systems. Ultrasound scanning commonly utilized for abdomen, musculoskeletal, pelvis, gynecologic, cardiac and vascular evaluations has shown potential for remote diagnosis only of late.
More general Remote Diagnostics (RD) refers to detecting which fault or faults are present in a system, body of object, from a distance. Examples of use: aeroplanes, spacecraft, Form |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus%20didelphys | Uterus didelphys (sometimes also uterus didelphis) represents a uterine malformation where the uterus is present as a paired organ when the embryogenetic fusion of the Müllerian ducts fails to occur. As a result, there is a double uterus with two separate cervices, and possibly a double vagina as well. Each uterus has a single horn linked to the ipsilateral fallopian tube that faces its ovary.
Most non-human mammals do not have a single uterus with no separation of horns. Marsupials and rodents have a double uterus (uterus duplex). In other animals (e.g. nematodes), the term 'didelphic' refers to a double genital tract, as opposed to monodelphic, with a single tract.
Signs and symptoms
Persons with the condition may be asymptomatic and unaware of having a double uterus. However, a study by Heinonen showed that certain conditions are more common. In his study of 26 women with a double uterus gynecological complaints included dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. All patients displayed a double vagina. The fetal survival rate in 18 patients who delivered was 67.5%. Premature delivery occurred in 21% of the pregnancies. Breech presentation occurred in 43% of women and cesarean section was performed in 82% of the cases.
Cause
The uterus is formed during embryogenesis by the fusion of the two paramesonephric ducts (also called Müllerian ducts). This process usually fuses the two Müllerian ducts into a single uterine body but fails to take place in these affected women who maintain their double Müllerian systems. A didelphic uterus will have a double cervix and is usually associated with a double vagina. The cause of the fusion failure is not known. Associated defects may affect the vagina, the renal system and, less commonly, the skeleton.
The condition is less common than these other uterine malformations: arcuate uterus, septate uterus, and bicornuate uterus. It has been estimated to occur in 1/3,000 women.
Syndrome
A specific association of uterus didelphys (double ute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality%20of%20cryptocurrency%20by%20country%20or%20territory | The legal status of cryptocurrencies varies substantially from one jurisdiction to another, and is still undefined or changing in many of them. Whereas, in the majority of countries the usage of cryptocurrency isn't in itself illegal, its status and usability as a means of payment (or a commodity) varies, with differing regulatory implications.
While some states have explicitly allowed its use and trade, others have banned or restricted it. Likewise, various government agencies, departments, and courts have classified cryptocurrencies differently.
Detail by intergovernmental organization
Detail by country or territory
Alphabetical index to classifications
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
China (Hong Kong SAR)
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Italy
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Korea (South)
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zimbabwe
Africa
Northern Africa
Western Africa
East & Central Africa
Southeast Africa
Horn of Africa
Indian Ocean States
Southern Africa
Americas
North America
Central America
Caribbean
South America
Asia
Central Asia
West Asia
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
Europe
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
See also
Regulation of algorithms
Taxation of crypto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/182%20%28number%29 | 182 (one hundred [and] eighty-two) is the natural number following 181 and preceding 183.
In mathematics
182 is an even number
182 is a composite number, as it is a positive integer with a positive divisor other than one or itself
182 is a deficient number, as the sum of its proper divisors, 154, is less than 182
182 is a member of the Mian–Chowla sequence: 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 21, 31, 45, 66, 81, 97, 123, 148, 182
182 is a nontotient number, as there is no integer with exactly 182 coprimes below it
182 is an odious number
182 is a pronic number, oblong number or heteromecic number, a number which is the product of two consecutive integers (13 × 14)
182 is a repdigit in the D'ni numeral system (77), and in base 9 (222)
182 is a sphenic number, the product of three prime factors
182 is a square-free number
182 is an Ulam number
Divisors of 182: 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 26, 91, 182
In astronomy
182 Elsa is a S-type main belt asteroid
OGLE-TR-182 is a star in the constellation Carina
In the military
JDS Ise (DDH-182), a Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
The United States Air Force 182d Airlift Wing unit at Greater Peoria Regional Airport, Peoria, Illinois
was a United States Navy troop transport during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht during World War I
was a United States Navy Alamosa-class cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy following World War I
182nd Fighter Squadron, Texas Air National Guard unit of the Texas Air National Guard
182nd Infantry Regiment, now known as the 182nd Cavalry Squadron (RSTA), is the oldest combat regiment in the United States Army
182nd Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I
In music
Blink-182, an American pop punk band
Blink-182 (album), their 2003 eponymous album
In transportation
Alfa Romeo 182 Formula One car
182nd–183rd Street |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Coman | Katharine Ellis Coman ( – ) was an American social activist and professor. She was based at the women-only Wellesley College, Massachusetts, where she created new courses in political economy, in line with her personal belief in social change. As dean, she established a new department of economics and sociology.
Among other admired works, Coman wrote The Industrial History of the United States and Economic Beginnings of the Far West: How We Won the Land Beyond the Mississippi. She was the first female statistics professor in the US, the only woman co-founder of the American Economics Association, and author of the first paper published in The American Economic Review. A believer in trades unionism, social insurance and the settlement movement, Coman travelled widely to conduct her research, and took her students on field trips to factories and tenements. She shared a home with poet Katharine Lee Bates.
Early life
Coman was born on 23 November 1857, to Martha Ann Seymour Coman (1826–1911) and Levi Parsons Coman (1826–1889) in Newark, Ohio. Her mother had graduated from an Ohio female seminary, and her father had been educated at Hamilton College, and thus Coman received much of her early education at home. She attended the University of Michigan for two years, left college to teach in Ottawa, Illinois for two years, and then returned to university. She earned a Bachelor of Philosophy (PhB) degree in 1880, one of only a handful of women to do so. She was influenced by the work of John Stuart Mill, which is evident in her later work as economist and historian. Coman attended lectures about socialism while traveling in London. Later in her career, she was influenced by Alfred Marshall (1890), Francis Amasa Walker (1883), and social Darwinism. While at the University of Michigan, Coman studied under Professors Charles Kendall Adams of the German Historical School; James Burrill Angell, then president of the university; and Henry Carter Adams, a renowned statistician.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimeLogic | TimeLogic is the bioinformatics division of Active Motif, Inc. The company is headquartered in Carlsbad, California. TimeLogic develops FPGA-accelerated tools for biological sequence comparison in the field of high performance bioinformatics and biocomputing.
History
TimeLogic was founded in 1981 by James W. (Jim) Lindelien and developed one of the first commercial hardware-accelerated tools for bioinformatics, an FPGA-accelerated version of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. TimeLogic's DeCypher systems have expanded to provide accelerated implementations of the ubiquitous bioinformatics algorithms BLAST, Smith-Waterman, and HMMER using field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology.
In 2003, TimeLogic was acquired by Active Motif, a biotechnology reagent company started by Invitrogen co-founder Joseph Fernandez.
In 2008, TimeLogic formed a partnership with Biomatters to integrate Geneious Pro with the accelerated algorithms on DeCypher systems.
In 2011, TimeLogic formed a partnership with Bielefeld University's Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) to jointly develop accelerated computational tools.
Selected scientific contributions
Accelerated bioinformatics algorithms have played an important role in high throughput genomics, and DeCypher systems have been widely published as an enabling technology for genomic discovery in over 180 peer-reviewed scientific research articles, including the selected milestones below:
In 1997, the annotation of the first complete sequence of the E. coli K12 genome used DeCypher Smith-Waterman to determine the function of new translated sequences.
In 2002, the rice genome, the first completely sequenced crop, was annotated using DeCypher FrameSearch "to detect and guide the correction of frameshifts caused by indels."
In 2004, a high throughput genomic approach to the study of horizontal gene transfer in plant-parasitic nematodes was conducted using DeCypher Tera-BLAST, Timelogic's implementation of the BLAST algorithm.
In 2007, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidetone | Sidetone is audible feedback to someone speaking or otherwise producing sound as an indication of active transmission. Sidetone is introduced by some communications circuits and anti-sidetone circuitry is used to control its level.
Sidetone is expected behavior for telephone systems. Absence of sidetone can cause users to believe the call has been dropped or cause them to speak loudly. Too much sidetone can cause users to speak softly.
Telephony
In telephony, sidetone is the effect of sound picked up by the telephone's transmitter (mouthpiece) and instantly introduced at a low electronic signal level into the receiver (earpiece) of the same handset, a form of electrical feedback through the telephone hybrid. Sidetone in early 19th century telephones was strong due to the type of circuit used in instruments. Anti-sidetone circuitry in the telephone hybrid brought sidetone under control in the early 20th century, leaving enough feedback signal to assure the user that the telephone is working.<ref>J. W. Foley, Bell Laboratories Record 17(11) 347 (July 1939) The Anti-Sidetone Station Circuit</ref>
Almost all land-line (wired and wireless) telephones have employed sidetone, so it was an expected convention for cellular telephony, but is not standard. The amount of sidetone on land-lines is typically 8%, and is 4% for cellular phones. Usability experts believe that lack of adequate sidetone causes some people to shout or speak too loudly when using a cell phone, a behavior that is sometimes referred to as "cell yell".
One of the benefits of sidetone-enabled phones is that a user knows a call has been dropped or ended if he or she no longer hears sidetone. Comfort noise provides a similar benefit.
Sidetone is disabled when telephones are running in speakerphone mode to prevent direct acoustical feedback from the speaker to the microphone, resulting in howling. Sidetone can be, and often is, amplified for land-line phones for the hearing impaired.
Radiotelegraphy
In w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariko%20Aoki%20phenomenon | The is a Japanese expression referring to a sudden urge to defecate that is felt upon entering bookstores. The phenomenon is named after Mariko Aoki, a woman who described the effect in a magazine article published in 1985. According to Japanese social psychologist Shōzō Shibuya, the specific causes that trigger a defecation urge in bookstores are not yet clearly understood (as of 2014). There are also some who are skeptical about whether such a peculiar phenomenon really exists at all, and it is sometimes discussed as one type of urban myth.
The series of processes through which being in a bookstore leads to an awareness of a defecation urge is something that cannot be explained from a medical perspective as a single pathological concept, at least at present. According to a number of discussions on the topic, even if it can be sufficiently found that this phenomenon actually exists, it is a concept that would be difficult to be deemed a specific pathological entity (such as a "Mariko Aoki disease", for example).
Origin
The term receives its name from Mariko Aoki, an otherwise little-known Japanese woman who contributed an essay in 1985 to the magazine ("Book Magazine"). In that essay, she related how she came to the realization that, for some years, walking around a bookstore inevitably made her want to go to the restroom. The editors of the magazine received reports of other readers who had similar experiences, and named it the "Mariko Aoki phenomenon".
Hypotheses
Possible theories behind the phenomena include the smell of paper or ink having a laxative effect, the association with reading on the toilet at home, and the posture of browsing making bowel movement easier. The evidence for these explanations, however, remains weak. The psychological hypothesis that the effect arises from feelings of nervous tension in the face of all the information represented on the bookshelves is supported by certain literary figures. Some booklovers, including Roger Miller, h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine%20hesitancy | Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal, of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. The scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective is overwhelming. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore, the World Health Organization characterizes vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats.
Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context-specific, varying across time, place and vaccines. It can be influenced by factors such as lack of proper scientifically based knowledge and understanding about how vaccines are made or work, as well as psychological factors including fear of needles and distrust of public authorities, a person's lack of confidence (mistrust of the vaccine and/or healthcare provider), complacency (the person does not see a need for the vaccine or does not see the value of the vaccine), and convenience (access to vaccines). It has existed since the invention of vaccination and pre-dates the coining of the terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" by nearly eighty years.
"Anti-vaccinationism" refers to total opposition to vaccination; in more recent years, anti-vaccinationists have been known as "anti-vaxxers" or "anti-vax". The specific hypotheses raised by anti-vaccination advocates have been found to change over time. Anti-vaccine activism has been increasingly connected to political and economic goals.
Although myths, conspiracy theories, misinformation and disinformation spread by the anti-vaccination movement and fringe doctors leads to vaccine hesitancy and public debates around the medical, ethical, and legal issues related to vaccines, there is no serious hesitancy or debate within mainstream medical and scientific circles about the benefits of vac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20matching | Graph matching is the problem of finding a similarity between graphs.
Graphs are commonly used to encode structural information in many fields, including computer vision and pattern recognition, and graph matching is an important tool in these areas. In these areas it is commonly assumed that the comparison is between the data graph and the model graph.
The case of exact graph matching is known as the graph isomorphism problem. The problem of exact matching of a graph to a part of another graph is called subgraph isomorphism problem.
Inexact graph matching refers to matching problems when exact matching is impossible, e.g., when the number of vertices in the two graphs are different. In this case it is required to find the best possible match. For example, in image recognition applications, the results of image segmentation in image processing typically produces data graphs with the numbers of vertices much larger than in the model graphs data expected to match against. In the case of attributed graphs, even if the numbers of vertices and edges are the same, the matching still may be only inexact.
Two categories of search methods are the ones based on identification of possible and impossible pairings of vertices between the two graphs and methods that formulate graph matching as an optimization problem. Graph edit distance is one of similarity measures suggested for graph matching. The class of algorithms is called error-tolerant graph matching.
See also
String matching
Pattern matching |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylosis%20%28botany%29 | In woody plants, a tylosis (plural: tyloses) is a bladder-like distension of a parenchyma cell into the lumen of adjacent vessels. The term tylosis summarises the physiological process and the resulting occlusion in the xylem of woody plants as response to injury or as protection from decay in heartwood.
It is a key process in wall one of the compartmentalization of decay in trees (CODIT) and other woody plants.
Anatomy
Observed in section under a microscope, tyloses appear as balloon-like protrusions emanating from axial paratracheal parenchyma cells into xylem vessels through pits linking the two. In some types, there may be a distinct barrier between the tyloses emanating from the pits into the vessels, while they may be barely distinguishable in other cases.
Tyloses
Tyloses are outgrowths on parenchyma cells of xylem vessels of secondary heartwood. When the plant is stressed by drought or infection, tyloses will fall from the sides of the cells and "dam" up the vascular tissue to prevent further damage to the plant.
Tyloses can aid in the process of making sapwood into heartwood in some hardwood trees, especially in trees with larger vessels. These blockages can be used in addition to gum plugs as soon as vessels become filled with air bubbles, and they help to form a stronger heartwood by slowing the progress of rot.
Role in compartmentalization
Tylosis in the vessels of flowering plants counteracts the axial spread of fungal hyphae and other pathogens by slowing down their vertical spread with a physical barrier. A similar process occurs in gymnosperms, which block access to tracheids by closing the pits that join them to each other.
The blocked vessels also provide a defense against the radial spread of pathogens, limiting their horizontal spread through the plant stem. Protection is stronger at the boundaries where annual rings meet.
The effectiveness of both vertical and horizontal barriers is affected by the speed at which they are established by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20Channel%20time-out%20values | The FC-PH standard defines three time-out values used for error detection and recovery in Fibre Channel protocol.
E_D_TOV stands for Error Detect TimeOut Value. This is the basic error timeout used for all Fibre Channel error detection. Its default value is 2 seconds.
R_A_TOV stands for Resource Allocation TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time given to devices to allocate the resources needed to process received frames. In practice this may be the time for re-calculation of routing tables in network devices. Its default value is 10 seconds.
R_T_TOV stands for Receiver-Transmitter TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time that the receiver logic uses to determine loss of sync on the wire. Its default value is 100 milliseconds, but can be changed to 100 microseconds.
All devices must use the default values until they have established different values (if they desire) with other devices, usually specified during the login procedure.
Fibre Channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGP-30 | The LGP-30, standing for Librascope General Purpose and then Librascope General Precision, is an early off-the-shelf computer. It was manufactured by the Librascope company of Glendale, California (a division of General Precision Inc.), and sold and serviced by the Royal Precision Electronic Computer Company, a joint venture with the Royal McBee division of the Royal Typewriter Company. The LGP-30 was first manufactured in 1956, at a retail price of $47,000, .
The LGP-30 was commonly referred to as a desk computer. Its height, width, and depth, excluding the typewriter shelf, was . It weighed about , and was mounted on sturdy casters which facilitated moving the unit.
Design
The primary design consultant for the Librascope computer was Stan Frankel, a Manhattan Project veteran and one of the first programmers of ENIAC. He designed a usable computer with a minimal amount of hardware. The single address instruction set had only 16 commands. Magnetic drum memory held the main memory, and the central processing unit (CPU) processor registers, timing information, and the master bit clock, each on a dedicated track. The number of vacuum tubes was minimized by using solid-state diode logic, a bit-serial architecture and multiple use of each of the 15 flip-flops.
It was a binary, 31-bit word computer with a 4096-word drum memory. Standard inputs were the Flexowriter keyboard and paper tape (ten six-bit characters/second). The standard output was the Flexowriter printer (typewriter, working at 10 characters/second). An optional higher-speed paper tape reader and punch was available as a separate peripheral.
The computer contained 113 electronic tubes and 1450 diodes. The tubes were mounted on 34 etched circuit pluggable cards which also contain associated components. The 34 cards were of only 12 different types. Card-extenders were available to permit dynamic testing of all machine functions. 680 of the 1450 diodes were mounted on one pluggable logic board.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching-family%20model | The Teaching-Family Model (TFM) is a model of care for persons in need of services and care necessary to support an improved quality of life and increase opportunities to live to their potential. The TFM is used internationally in residential homes, foster care, schools, home-based treatment, emergency shelters, assessment centers, and other youth and dependent adult care programs. It was developed in the 1960s through research at the University of Kansas. Researchers included Montrose Wolf (the inventor of time-out as a learning tool to shape behavior) and Gary Timbers. The model has been replicated over 800 times, although not all of the replications have proven effective and successful.
Overview
This model of care is based on an "organized approach to providing humane, effective, trauma-informed, and individualized services that are satisfactory to clients and consumers. It is cost effective and replicable." (from Teaching-Family Association Website) The focus is using scientifically proven methods of behaviorism known as applied behavior analysis to teach and reinforce pro-social, lifestyle skills and allow the individual to maintain or advance in his or her environment. The Teaching-Family Association (TFA) accredits programs and certifies staff implementing the program with fidelity meaning that they undergo rigorous development and training, on-site reviews by qualified peer reviewers, submit consumer satisfaction surveys, and successfully demonstrate implementation of the TFM's 15 Standards with fidelity and as intended.
The TFM is implemented internationally and TFA Accreditation is a registered trademark. Many programs across the U.S. use this model of care, including Accredited sites such as Garfield Park Academy, Thornwell Home for Children, Kenosha Human Development Services, Inc., The Children's Home of Cincinnati, Virginia Home for Boys and Girls, The Barium Springs Home For Children, Closer To Home Calgary, Alberta, Canada, The Indiana United Metho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Jarrow |
Robert Alan Jarrow is the Ronald P. and Susan E. Lynch Professor of Investment Management at the Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University. Professor Jarrow is a co-creator of the Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework for pricing interest rate derivatives, a co-creator of the reduced form Jarrow–Turnbull credit risk models employed for pricing credit derivatives, and the creator of the forward price martingale measure. These tools and models are now the standards utilized for pricing and hedging in major investment and commercial banks.
He is on the advisory board of Mathematical Finance – a journal he co-started in 1989. He is also an associate or advisory editor for numerous other journals and serves on the board of directors of several firms and professional societies. He is currently both an IAFE senior fellow and an FDIC senior fellow. He has served as the Director for Research of Kamakura Corporation since 1995.
Professor Jarrow has been the recipient of numerous prizes and awards including the CBOE Pomerance Prize for Excellence in the Area of Options Research, the Graham and Dodd Scrolls Award, and the 1997 International Association of Financial Engineers IAFE/SunGard Financial Engineer of the Year Award. He is included in both the Fixed Income Analysts Society Hall of Fame and Risk Magazine's 50 member Hall of Fame.
Publications include five books - Options Pricing, Finance Theory, Modeling Fixed Income Securities and Interest Rate Options (second edition), Derivative Securities (second edition), and And Introduction to Derivative Securities, Financial Markets, and Risk Management - as well as over 100 publications in leading finance and economic journals.
He graduated magna cum laude from Duke University in 1974 with a major in mathematics, received an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College in 1976 with highest distinction, and in 1979 he obtained a PhD in finance from the MIT Sloan School of Management under Robert C. M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20silvicola | Agaricus silvicola, also known as the wood mushroom or woodland agaricus, is a species of Agaricus mushroom related to the button mushroom. A. silvicola is a member of Agaricus section Arvenses, a group of morphologically similar mushrooms. A. silvicola, like other species in Agaricus section Arvenses, exhibits a positive Schäffer's reaction and potassium hydroxide reaction, and smells of almonds or anise.
Taxonomy
Originally described as the variety Agaricus campestris var. silvicola by Carlo Vittadini in 1832, it was promoted to distinct species status by Charles Horton Peck in 1873.
Varieties with larger bases have been described as A. abruptibulbus.
Description
The cap is light cream, and bruises yellow ochre when damaged. It is in diameter, which makes it slightly smaller than its close relative Agaricus arvensis, the "horse mushroom." The stem is , and usually has a bulbous base. It is much the same color as the cap, and has a fragile drooping ring. The flesh is thin and white, and smells of almond or anise. It looks fairly similar to a young death cap.
The spores are brown, elliptical, and smooth.
Distribution and habitat
Agaricus silvicola grows in both deciduous and coniferous woodland in Britain, Europe, and North America. It has also been reported in South Asia, namely Bangladesh and Pakistan. Appearing in the autumn, it is rarely seen in huge numbers, usually just a few, or solitary.
Edibility
It is edible and popular in Europe. It is suspected to have caused an allergic reaction in a few people in North America. (This reference is not supported by clinical cases).
Similar species
Agaricus abruptibulbus
Agaricus albolutescens
Agaricus arvensis – the horse mushroom
Agaricus campestris – the field mushroom
Agaricus hondensis
Agaricus osecanus
Agaricus semotus
Agaricus subrutilescens
Agaricus xanthodermus – the yellow stainer
See also
List of Agaricus species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric%20factor | The steric factor, usually denoted ρ, is a quantity used in collision theory.
Also called the probability factor, the steric factor is defined as the ratio between the experimental value of the rate constant and the one predicted by collision theory. It can also be defined as the ratio between the pre-exponential factor and the collision frequency, and it is most often less than unity. Physically, the steric factor can be interpreted as the ratio of the cross section for reactive collisions to the total collision cross section.
Usually, the more complex the reactant molecules, the lower the steric factors. Nevertheless, some reactions exhibit steric factors greater than unity: the harpoon reactions, which involve atoms that exchange electrons, producing ions. The deviation from unity can have different causes: the molecules are not spherical, so different geometries are possible; not all the kinetic energy is delivered into the right spot; the presence of a solvent (when applied to solutions); and so on.
When collision theory is applied to reactions in solution, the solvent cage has an effect on the reactant molecules, as several collisions can take place in a single encounter, which leads to predicted preexponential factors being too large. ρ values greater than unity can be attributed to favorable entropic contributions.
Usually there is no simple way to accurately estimate steric factors without performing trajectory or scattering calculations. It is also more commonly known as the frequency factor.
Notes
Chemical kinetics
Physical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole%20test | The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as "tryptophanase."
Biochemistry
Indole is generated by reductive deamination from tryptophan via the intermediate molecule indolepyruvic acid. Tryptophanase catalyzes the deamination reaction, during which the amine (-NH2) group of the tryptophan molecule is removed. Final products of the reaction are indole, pyruvic acid, ammonium (NH4+) and energy. Pyridoxal phosphate is required as a coenzyme.
Performing a test
Like many biochemical tests on bacteria, results of an indole test are indicated by a change in color following a reaction with an added reagent.
Pure bacterial culture must be grown in sterile tryptophan or peptone broth for 24–48 hours before performing the test. Following incubation, five drops of Kovac's reagent (isoamyl alcohol, para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, concentrated hydrochloric acid) are added to the culture broth.
A positive result is shown by the presence of a red or reddish-violet color in the surface alcohol layer of the broth. A negative result appears yellow. A variable result can also occur, showing an orange color as a result. This is due to the presence of skatole, also known as methyl indole or methylated indole, another possible product of tryptophan degradation.
The positive red color forms as a result of a series of reactions. The para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with indole present in the medium to form a red rosindole dye. The isoamyl alcohol forms a complex with rosindole dye, which causes it to precipitate. The remaining alcohol and the precipitate then rise to the surface of the medium.
A variation on this test using Ehrlich's reagent (using ethyl alcohol in place of isoamyl alcohol, developed by Paul Ehrlich) is used when performing the test on nonferment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunction%20property%20of%20Wallman | In mathematics, especially in order theory, a partially ordered set with a unique minimal element 0 has the disjunction property of Wallman when for every pair (a, b) of elements of the poset, either b ≤ a or there exists an element c ≤ b such that c ≠ 0 and c has no nontrivial common predecessor with a. That is, in the latter case, the only x with x ≤ a and x ≤ c is x = 0.
A version of this property for lattices was introduced by , in a paper showing that the homology theory of a topological space could be defined in terms of its distributive lattice of closed sets. He observed that the inclusion order on the closed sets of a T1 space has the disjunction property. The generalization to partial orders was introduced by . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDT%20%28data%20format%29 | HDT (Header, Dictionary, Triples) is a data structure and format for serialization which optimizes data compression while still making the media available for web navigation.
The key elements of the format are the header, the dictionary or associative array, and the semantic triple.
Various research projects have piloted use of the format, including with MapReduce, in comparison with CBOR, and increasing computing efficiency. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsiveness | Responsiveness as a concept of computer science refers to the specific ability of a system or functional unit to complete assigned tasks within a given time. For example, it would refer to the ability of an artificial intelligence system to understand and carry out its tasks in a timely fashion.
In the Reactive principle, Responsiveness is one of the fundamental criteria along with resilience, elasticity and message driven.
It is one of the criteria under the principle of robustness (from a v principle). The other three are observability, recoverability, and task conformance.
Vs performance
Software which lacks a decent process management can have poor responsiveness even on a fast machine. On the other hand, even slow hardware can run responsive software.
It is much more important that a system actually spend the available resources in the best way possible. For instance, it makes sense to let the mouse driver run at a very high priority to provide fluid mouse interactions. For long-term operations, such as copying, downloading or transforming big files the most important factor is to provide good user-feedback and not the performance of the operation since it can quite well run in the background, using only spare processor time.
Delays
Long delays can be a major cause of user frustration, or can lead the user to believe the system is not functioning, or that a command or input gesture has been ignored. Responsiveness is therefore considered an essential usability issue for human-computer-interaction (HCI). The rationale behind the responsiveness principle is that the system should deliver results of an operation to users in a timely and organized manner.
The frustration threshold can be quite different, depending on the situation and the fact that user interface depends on local or remote systems to show a visible response.
There are at least three user tolerance thresholds (i.e.):
0.1 seconds
under 0.1 seconds the response is perceived as instantaneous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20wave%20background | The gravitational wave background (also GWB and stochastic background) is a random background of gravitational waves permeating the Universe, which is detectable by gravitational-wave experiments, like pulsar timing arrays. The signal may be intrinsically random, like from stochastic processes in the early Universe, or may be produced by an incoherent superposition of a large number of weak independent unresolved gravitational-wave sources, like supermassive black-hole binaries. Detecting the gravitational wave background can provide information that is inaccessible by any other means, about astrophysical source population, like hypothetical ancient supermassive black-hole binaries, and early Universe processes, like hypothetical primordial inflation and cosmic strings.
Sources of a stochastic background
Several potential sources for the background are hypothesized across various frequency bands of interest, with each source producing a background with different statistical properties. The sources of the stochastic background can be broadly divided into two categories: cosmological sources, and astrophysical sources.
Cosmological sources
Cosmological backgrounds may arise from several early universe sources. Some examples of these primordial sources include time-varying inflationary scalar fields in the early universe, "preheating" mechanisms after inflation involving energy transfer from inflaton particles to regular matter, cosmological phase transitions in the early universe (such as the electroweak phase transition), cosmic strings, etc. While these sources are more hypothetical, a detection of a primordial gravitational wave background from them would be a major discovery of new physics and would have a profound impact on early-universe cosmology and on high-energy physics.
Astrophysical sources
An astrophysical background is produced by the combined noise of many weak, independent, and unresolved astrophysical sources. For instance the astrophysical bac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20horizon%20route%20advertisement | In computer networking, split-horizon route advertisement is a method of preventing routing loops in distance-vector routing protocols by prohibiting a router from advertising a route back onto the interface from which it was learned.
The concept was suggested in 1974 by Torsten Cegrell, and originally implemented in the ARPANET-inspired Swedish network TIDAS.
Terminology
Here is some basic terminology:
Route poisoning: if a node N learns that its route to a destination D is unreachable, inform that to all nodes in the network by sending them a message stating that the distance from N to D, as perceived by N, is infinite.
Split horizon rule: if a node N uses interface I to transmit to a given destination D, N should not send through I new information about D.
Poison reverse rule: if a node N uses interface I to transmit to a given destination D, N sends through I the information that its cost-to-go to D is infinite.
Whereas under split horizon N does not send any information through I, under poison reverse node N tells a white-lie.
Example
In this example, network node A routes packets to node B in order to reach node C. The links between the nodes are distinct point-to-point links.
According to the split-horizon rule, node A does not advertise its route for C (namely A to B to C) back to B. On the surface, this seems redundant since B will never route via node A because the route costs more than the direct route from B to C. However, if the link between B and C goes down, and B had received a route from A to C, B could end up using that route via A. A would send the packet right back to B, creating a loop. This is the Count to Infinity Problem. With the split-horizon rule in place, this particular loop scenario cannot happen, improving convergence time in complex, highly-redundant environments.
Split-horizon routing with poison reverse is a variant of split-horizon route advertising in which a router actively advertises routes as unreachable over the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNCR5 | Lung cancer susceptibility 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LNCR5 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20International%20Shared%20Cost%20Number | Universal International Shared Cost Number (UISCN) is part of the E.164 telephone numbering space that includes international telephone numbers where the call costs are split between the caller and the called. An international shared-cost number allows the calling party to make the call at national rates, since the costs of any international routing will be borne by the called party.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has allocated the country code 808 to this service.
As of 2023, the only companies that had requested UISCN number allocation were Swisscom (Switzerland), SMSRelay (Switzerland, now defunct) and Mr Next Id (now DTMS; Germany).
See also
Shared-cost service
List of country calling codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividing%20a%20circle%20into%20areas | In geometry, the problem of dividing a circle into areas by means of an inscribed polygon with n sides in such a way as to maximise the number of areas created by the edges and diagonals, sometimes called Moser's circle problem, has a solution by an inductive method. The greatest possible number of regions, , giving the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 57, 99, 163, 256, ... (). Though the first five terms match the geometric progression , it deviates at , showing the risk of generalising from only a few observations.
Lemma
If there are n points on the circle and one more point is added, n lines can be drawn from the new point to previously existing points. Two cases are possible. In the first case (a), the new line passes through a point where two or more old lines (between previously existing points) cross. In the second case (b), the new line crosses each of the old lines in a different point. It will be useful to know the following fact.
Lemma. The new point A can be chosen so that case b occurs for each of the new lines.
Proof. For the case a, three points must be on one line: the new point A, the old point O to which the line is drawn, and the point I where two of the old lines intersect. There are n old points O, and hence finitely many points I where two of the old lines intersect. For each O and I, the line OI crosses the circle in one point other than O. Since the circle has infinitely many points, it has a point A which will be on none of the lines OI. Then, for this point A and all of the old points O, case b will be true.
This lemma means that, if there are k lines crossing AO, then each of them crosses AO at a different point and k + 1 new areas are created by the line AO.
Solution
Inductive method
The lemma establishes an important property for solving the problem. By employing an inductive proof, one can arrive at a formula for f(n) in terms of f(n − 1).
In the figure the dark lines are connecting points 1 through 4 dividing the circle into 8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CU-RTC-WEB | Customizable, Ubiquitous Real Time Communication over the Web is an API definition being drafted by Bernard Aboba at Microsoft. It is a competing standard to WebRTC, which drafted by a World Wide Web Consortium working group since May 2011.
External links
Draft Proposal at W3C List
Current Draft
Web development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20capacitance%20tomography | Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of an object from external capacitance measurements. It is a close relative of electrical impedance tomography and is proposed as a method for industrial process monitoring.
Although capacitance sensing methods were in widespread use the idea of using capacitance measurement to form images is attributed to Maurice Beck and co-workers at UMIST in the 1980s.
Although usually called tomography, the technique differs from conventional tomographic methods, in which high resolution images are formed of slices of a material. The measurement electrodes, which are metallic plates, must be sufficiently large to give a measureable change in capacitance. This means that very few electrodes are used, typically eight to sixteen electrodes. An N-electrode system can only provide N(N−1)/2 independent measurements. This means that the technique is limited to producing very low resolution images of approximate slices. However, ECT is fast, and relatively inexpensive.
Applications
Applications of ECT include the measurement of flow of fluids in pipes and measurement of the concentration of one fluid in another, or the distribution of a solid in a fluid. ECT enables the visualization of multiphase flow, which play an important role in the technological processes of the chemical, petrochemical and food industries.
Due to its very low spatial resolution, ECT has not yet been used in medical diagnostics. Potentially, ECT may have similar medical applications to electrical impedance tomography, such as monitoring lung function or detecting ischemia or hemorrhage in the brain.
See also
Electrical capacitance volume tomography
Electrical impedance tomography
Electrical resistivity tomography
Industrial Tomography Systems
Process tomography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari%20SIO | The Serial Input/Output system, universally known as SIO, was a proprietary peripheral bus and related software protocol stacks used on the Atari 8-bit family to provide most input/output duties for those computers. Unlike most I/O systems of the era, such as RS-232, SIO included a lightweight protocol that allowed multiple devices to be attached to a single daisy-chained port that supported dozens of devices. It also supported plug-and-play operations. SIO's designer, Joe Decuir, credits his work on the system as the basis of USB.
SIO was developed in order to allow expansion without using internal card slots as in the Apple II, due to problems with the FCC over radio interference. This required it to be fairly flexible in terms of device support. Devices that used the SIO interface included printers, floppy disk drives, cassette decks, modems and expansion boxes. Some devices had ROM based drivers that were copied to the host computer when booted allowing new devices to be supported without native support built into the computer itself.
SIO required logic in the peripherals to support the protocols, and in some cases a significant amount of processing power was required - the Atari 810 floppy disk drive included a MOS Technology 6507 for instance. Additionally, the large custom connector was expensive. These drove up costs of the SIO system, and Decuir blames this for "sinking the system". There were unsuccessful efforts to lower the cost of the system during the 8-bits' history.
The name "SIO" properly refers only to the sections of the operating system that handled the data exchange, in Atari documentation the bus itself is simply the "serial bus" or "interface bus", although this is also sometimes referred to as SIO. In common usage, SIO refers to the entire system from the operating system to the bus and even the physical connectors.
History
FCC problem
The SIO system ultimately owes its existence to the FCC's rules on the allowable amount of RF interfere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Hopf | Heinz Hopf (19 November 1894 – 3 June 1971) was a German mathematician who worked on the fields of topology and geometry.
Early life and education
Hopf was born in Gräbschen, German Empire (now , part of Wrocław, Poland), the son of Elizabeth (née Kirchner) and Wilhelm Hopf. His father was born Jewish and converted to Protestantism a year after Heinz was born; his mother was from a Protestant family.
Hopf attended Karl Mittelhaus higher boys' school from 1901 to 1904, and then entered the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau. He showed mathematical talent from an early age. In 1913 he entered the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University where he attended lectures by Ernst Steinitz, Adolf Kneser, Max Dehn, Erhard Schmidt, and Rudolf Sturm. When World War I broke out in 1914, Hopf eagerly enlisted. He was wounded twice and received the iron cross (first class) in 1918.
After the war Hopf continued his mathematical education in Heidelberg (winter 1919/20 and summer 1920) and Berlin (starting in winter 1920/21). He studied under Ludwig Bieberbach and received his doctorate in 1925.
Career
In his dissertation, Connections between topology and metric of manifolds (German Über Zusammenhänge zwischen Topologie und Metrik von Mannigfaltigkeiten), he proved that any simply connected complete Riemannian 3-manifold of constant sectional curvature is globally isometric to Euclidean, spherical, or hyperbolic space. He also studied the indices of zeros of vector fields on hypersurfaces, and connected their sum to curvature. Some six months later he gave a new proof that the sum of the indices of the zeros of a vector field on a manifold is independent of the choice of vector field and equal to the Euler characteristic of the manifold. This theorem is now called the Poincaré–Hopf theorem.
Hopf spent the year after his doctorate at the University of Göttingen, where David Hilbert, Richard Courant, Carl Runge, and Emmy Noether were working. While there he met Pavel Alexandrov and beg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloplast | Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved in various biological pathways. Amyloplasts are specifically a type of leucoplast, a subcategory for colorless, non-pigment-containing plastids. Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues, and they store and synthesize starch for the plant through the polymerization of glucose. Starch synthesis relies on the transportation of carbon from the cytosol, the mechanism by which is currently under debate.
Starch synthesis and storage also takes place in chloroplasts, a type of pigmented plastid involved in photosynthesis. Amyloplasts and chloroplasts are closely related, and amyloplasts can turn into chloroplasts; this is for instance observed when potato tubers are exposed to light and turn green.
Role in gravity sensing
Amyloplasts are thought to play a vital role in gravitropism. Statoliths, a specialized starch-accumulating amyloplast, are denser than cytoplasm, and are able to settle to the bottom of the gravity-sensing cell, called a statocyte. This settling is a vital mechanism in plant's perception of gravity, triggering the asymmetrical distribution of auxin that causes the curvature and growth of stems against the gravity vector, as well as growth of roots along the gravity vector. A plant lacking in phosphoglucomutase (pgm), for example, is a starchless mutant plant, thus preventing the settling of the statoliths. This mutant shows a significantly weaker gravitropic response as compared to a non-mutant plant. A normal gravitropic response can be rescued with hypergravity.
In roots, gravity is sensed in the root cap, a section of tissue at the very tip of the root. Upon removal of the root cap, the root loses its ability to sense gravity. However, if the root cap is regrown, the root's gravitropic response will recover.
In stems, gravity is sensed in the endodermal cells of the shoots. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%20hierarchy | A command hierarchy is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within the group. It can be viewed as part of a power structure, in which it is usually seen as the most vulnerable and also the most powerful part.
Military chain of command
In a military context, the chain of command is the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed within a military unit and between different units. In simpler terms, the chain of command is the succession of leaders through which command is exercised and executed. Orders are transmitted down the chain of command, from a responsible superior, such as a commissioned officer, to lower-ranked subordinate(s) who either execute the order personally or transmit it down the chain as appropriate, until it is received by those expected to execute it. "Command is exercised by virtue of office and the special assignment of members of the Armed Forces holding military rank who are eligible to exercise command."
In general, military personnel give orders only to those directly below them in the chain of command and receive orders only from those directly above them. A service member who has difficulty executing a duty or order and appeals for relief directly to an officer above his immediate commander in the chain of command is likely to be disciplined for not respecting the chain of command. Similarly, an officer is usually expected to give orders only to his or her direct subordinate(s), even if only to pass an order down to another service member lower in the chain of command than said subordinate.
The concept of chain of command also implies that higher rank alone does not entitle a higher-ranking service member to give commands to anyone of lower rank. For example, an officer of unit "A" does not directly command lower-ranking members of unit "B", and is generally expected to approach an officer of unit "B" if he requires action by members of that unit. The chain of command means that indi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comodule | In mathematics, a comodule or corepresentation is a concept dual to a module. The definition of a comodule over a coalgebra is formed by dualizing the definition of a module over an associative algebra.
Formal definition
Let K be a field, and C be a coalgebra over K. A (right) comodule over C is a K-vector space M together with a linear map
such that
,
where Δ is the comultiplication for C, and ε is the counit.
Note that in the second rule we have identified with .
Examples
A coalgebra is a comodule over itself.
If M is a finite-dimensional module over a finite-dimensional K-algebra A, then the set of linear functions from A to K forms a coalgebra, and the set of linear functions from M to K forms a comodule over that coalgebra.
A graded vector space V can be made into a comodule. Let I be the index set for the graded vector space, and let be the vector space with basis for . We turn into a coalgebra and V into a -comodule, as follows:
Let the comultiplication on be given by .
Let the counit on be given by .
Let the map on V be given by , where is the i-th homogeneous piece of .
In algebraic topology
One important result in algebraic topology is the fact that homology over the dual Steenrod algebra forms a comodule. This comes from the fact the Steenrod algebra has a canonical action on the cohomologyWhen we dualize to the dual Steenrod algebra, this gives a comodule structureThis result extends to other cohomology theories as well, such as complex cobordism and is instrumental in computing its cohomology ring . The main reason for considering the comodule structure on homology instead of the module structure on cohomology lies in the fact the dual Steenrod algebra is a commutative ring, and the setting of commutative algebra provides more tools for studying its structure.
Rational comodule
If M is a (right) comodule over the coalgebra C, then M is a (left) module over the dual algebra C∗, but the converse is not true in general: a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feingold%20diet | The Feingold diet is an elimination diet initially devised by Benjamin Feingold following research in the 1970s that appeared to link food additives with hyperactivity; by eliminating these additives and various foods the diet was supposed to alleviate the condition.
Popular in its day, the diet has since been referred to as an "outmoded treatment"; there is no good evidence that it is effective, and it is difficult for people to follow.
Technique
The diet was originally based on the elimination of salicylate, artificial food coloring, and artificial flavors; later on in the 1970s, the preservatives BHA, BHT, and (somewhat later) TBHQ were eliminated.
Besides foods with the eliminated additives, aspirin- or additive-containing drugs and toiletries were to be avoided. Even today, parents are advised to limit their purchases of mouthwash, toothpaste, cough drops, perfume, and various other nonfood products to those published in the Feingold Association's annual Foodlist and Shopping Guide. Some versions of the diet prohibit only artificial food coloring and additives. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists the diet prohibited a number of foods that contain salicylic acid including apples, cucumbers and tomatoes.
Feingold stressed that the diet must be followed strictly and for an entire lifetime, and that whole families – not just the subject being "treated" – must observe the diet's rules.
Effectiveness
Although the diet had a certain popular appeal, a 1983 meta-analysis found research on it to be of poor quality, and that overall there was no good evidence that it was effective in fulfilling its claims.
In common with other elimination diets, the Feingold diet can be costly and boring, and thus difficult for people to maintain.
In general, there is no evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-level%20gateway | An application-level gateway (ALG, also known as application layer gateway, application gateway, application proxy, or application-level proxy) is a security component that augments a firewall or NAT employed in a computer network. It allows customized NAT traversal filters to be plugged into the gateway to support address and port translation for certain application layer "control/data" protocols such as FTP, BitTorrent, SIP, RTSP, file transfer in IM applications. In order for these protocols to work through NAT or a firewall, either the application has to know about an address/port number combination that allows incoming packets, or the NAT has to monitor the control traffic and open up port mappings (firewall pinholes) dynamically as required. Legitimate application data can thus be passed through the security checks of the firewall or NAT that would have otherwise restricted the traffic for not meeting its limited filter criteria.
Functions
An ALG may offer the following functions:
allowing client applications to use dynamic ephemeral TCP/UDP ports to communicate with the known ports used by the server applications, even though a firewall configuration may allow only a limited number of known ports. In the absence of an ALG, either the ports would get blocked or the network administrator would need to explicitly open up a large number of ports in the firewall — rendering the network vulnerable to attacks on those ports.
converting the network layer address information found inside an application payload between the addresses acceptable by the hosts on either side of the firewall/NAT. This aspect introduces the term 'gateway' for an ALG.
recognizing application-specific commands and offering granular security controls over them
synchronizing between multiple streams/sessions of data between two hosts exchanging data. For example, an FTP application may use separate connections for passing control commands and for exchanging data between the client and a r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Surface%20Plasmon%20Photonics | The International Conference on Surface Plasmon Photonics (SPP) is a biennial conference series in the field of plasmonics, including electron-plasmon interactions; energy harvesting; graphene, mid-IR, and THz plasmonics; near-field instrumentation; novel plasmonic materials; particle manipulations; plasmonic, metasurface, and metamaterial devices; sensors and transducers for biomedical applications; ultrafast and nonlinear phenomena; and quantum plasmonics.
Special issues
Several scientific journals have published special issues reporting results from recent SPP conferences:
SPP6:
SPP7:
SPP8:
SPP9: Mortensen, N. Asger; Berini, Pierre; Levy, Uriel; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. (2020-02-04). "Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Surface Plasmon Photonics (SPP9)". Nanophotonics 9 (2): 245 (2020). doi:10.1515/nanoph-2019-0532 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20roller%20bearing | A spherical roller bearing is a rolling-element bearing that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the inner ring that may be misaligned in respect to the outer ring. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the outer ring and spherical rollers. Despite what their name may imply, spherical roller bearings are not truly spherical in shape. The rolling elements of spherical roller bearings are mainly cylindrical in shape, but have a (barrel like) profile that makes them appear like cylinders that have been slightly over-inflated (i.e. like a barrel).
Construction
Spherical roller bearings consist of an inner ring with two raceways inclined at an angle to the bearing axis, an outer ring with a common spherical raceway, spherical rollers, cages and, in certain designs, also internal guide rings or center rings. These bearings can also be sealed.
History
The spherical roller bearing was invented by engineer Arvid Palmgren and was introduced on the market 1919 by SKF. The design of the bearing that Arvid Palmgren invented is similar to the design that is still in use in modern machines.
Designs
Most spherical roller bearings are designed with two rows of rollers, allowing them to take very heavy radial loads and heavy axial loads. There are also designs with one row of rollers, suitable for lower radial loads and virtually no axial load. These are also called "barrel roller bearings" or "Tonnenlager" and are typically available in the 202- and 203-series.
The internal design of the bearing is not standardised by ISO, so it varies between different manufacturers and different series. Some features that may or may not exist in different bearings are:
Lubrication features in inner or outer ring
Central flange
Guide ring or center ring
Integrated seals
Cage
Dimensions
External dimensions of spherical roller bearings are standardised by ISO in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldspurger%20formula | In representation theory of mathematics, the Waldspurger formula relates the special values of two L-functions of two related admissible irreducible representations. Let be the base field, be an automorphic form over , be the representation associated via the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence with . Goro Shimura (1976) proved this formula, when and is a cusp form; Günter Harder made the same discovery at the same time in an unpublished paper. Marie-France Vignéras (1980) proved this formula, when and is a newform. Jean-Loup Waldspurger, for whom the formula is named, reproved and generalized the result of Vignéras in 1985 via a totally different method which was widely used thereafter by mathematicians to prove similar formulas.
Statement
Let be a number field, be its adele ring, be the subgroup of invertible elements of , be the subgroup of the invertible elements of , be three quadratic characters over , , be the space of all cusp forms over , be the Hecke algebra of . Assume that, is an admissible irreducible representation from to , the central character of π is trivial, when is an archimedean place, is a subspace of such that . We suppose further that, is the Langlands -constant [ ; ] associated to and at . There is a such that .
Definition 1. The Legendre symbol
Comment. Because all the terms in the right either have value +1, or have value −1, the term in the left can only take value in the set {+1, −1}.
Definition 2. Let be the discriminant of .
Definition 3. Let .
Definition 4. Let be a maximal torus of , be the center of , .
Comment. It is not obvious though, that the function is a generalization of the Gauss sum.
Let be a field such that . One can choose a K-subspace of such that (i) ; (ii) . De facto, there is only one such modulo homothety. Let be two maximal tori of such that and . We can choose two elements of such that and .
Definition 5. Let be the discriminants of .
Comment. When the , the rig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20theory%20of%20molecular%20evolution | The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral. The theory applies only for evolution at the molecular level, and is compatible with phenotypic evolution being shaped by natural selection as postulated by Charles Darwin. The neutral theory allows for the possibility that most mutations are deleterious, but holds that because these are rapidly removed by natural selection, they do not make significant contributions to variation within and between species at the molecular level. A neutral mutation is one that does not affect an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The neutral theory assumes that most mutations that are not deleterious are neutral rather than beneficial. Because only a fraction of gametes are sampled in each generation of a species, the neutral theory suggests that a mutant allele can arise within a population and reach fixation by chance, rather than by selective advantage.
The theory was introduced by the Japanese biologist Motoo Kimura in 1968, and independently by two American biologists Jack Lester King and Thomas Hughes Jukes in 1969, and described in detail by Kimura in his 1983 monograph The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. The proposal of the neutral theory was followed by an extensive "neutralist–selectionist" controversy over the interpretation of patterns of molecular divergence and gene polymorphism, peaking in the 1970s and 1980s.
Neutral theory is frequently used as the null hypothesis, as opposed to adaptive explanations, for describing the emergence of morphological or genetic features in organisms and populations. This has been suggested in a number of areas, including in explaining genetic variation between populations of one nominal species, the emergence of complex subcellular machinery, and the convergent emergence of sever |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox | Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making smallpox the only human disease to be eradicated.
The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting. This was followed by formation of ulcers in the mouth and a skin rash. Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled blisters with a dent in the center. The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars. The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or (rarely) via contaminated objects. Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medications could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.
The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BC in Egyptian mummies. The disease historically occurred in outbreaks. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox. Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence. Earlier deaths included six European monarchs. As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.
Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s. Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century. In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine. In 1967, the WH |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20M.%20Murray | Richard M. Murray is a synthetic biologist and Thomas E. and Doris Everhart Professor of Control & Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering at Caltech, California.
He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2013 for "contributions in control theory and networked control systems with applications to aerospace engineering, robotics, and autonomy".
Murray is a co-author of several textbooks on feedback and control systems, and helped to develop the Python Control Systems Library to provide operations for use in feedback control systems. He was a founding member of the Department of Defense's Defense Innovation Advisory Board as of 2016.
Education
Murray received a BS in electrical engineering from California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1985. He received a MS (1988) and PhD (1990) from the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Murray joined Caltech in 1991 as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering. He became an associate professor in 1997, a professor in 2000, and the Everhart Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems in 2006. He was named the Everhart Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering in 2009. He has served as Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science (2000–2005) and Director of Information Science and Technology (2006–2009).
Research
Murray is a pioneer of the field of biological engineering, synthetic biology and control theory
including feedback in networked control systems, biomolecular feedback, engineered biological circuits, and novel architectures.
Murray is a founder and steering group member of the Build-a-Cell Initiative, an international collaboration investigating creation of synthetic live cells.
He is a co-founder of Tierra Biosciences, for cell-free synthetic biology.
Books
Awards and honors
2019, John R. Ragazzini Education Award
2017, IEEE Control Systems Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2013, National Academy of Engineering for "contrib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20Identity%20Management | Oracle Identity Management, a software suite marketed by Oracle Corporation, provides identity and access management (IAM) technologies.
The name of the software suite closely resembles the name of one of its components, Oracle Identity Manager.
Components
Sun rebranding
After Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems, they re-branded a number of products that overlapped in function. (See table below.) The re-branding, and Oracle's commitment to ongoing support and maintenance of these products were revealed by Hasan Rizvi, Senior Vice President of Oracle Fusion Middleware in an Oracle and Sun Identity Management Strategy webcast in 2010.
Other information
Originally, in the 10g and earlier versions, the Java-based portions of the suite ran mainly on OC4J, although some components (e.g. OIM) supported other J2EE appservers. For the 11g version, Oracle Corporation ported the OC4J-based components to WebLogic.
the software was undergoing Common Criteria evaluation process.
In March 2005 Oracle acquired Oblix and incorporated their web access control software into Oracle Identity Management.
See also
Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition
Oracle Internet Directory
Oracle Technology Network
Oracle Fusion Middleware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20Efficient%20Coordinate%20System | The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS), formerly known as Array Set Addressing (ASA), is a coordinate system for hexagonal grids that allows hexagonally sampled images to be efficiently stored and processed on digital systems. HECS represents the hexagonal grid as a set of two interleaved rectangular sub-arrays, which can be addressed by normal integer row and column coordinates and are distinguished with a single binary coordinate. Hexagonal sampling is the optimal approach for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling. The HECS system enables the use of hexagonal sampling for digital imaging applications without requiring significant additional processing to address the hexagonal array.
Introduction
The advantages of sampling on a hexagonal grid instead of the standard rectangular grid for digital imaging applications include: more efficient sampling, consistent connectivity, equidistant neighboring pixels, greater angular resolution, and higher circular symmetry. Sometimes, more than one of these advantages compound together, thereby increasing the efficiency by 50% in terms of computation and storage when compared to rectangular sampling. Researchers have shown that the hexagonal grid is the optimal sampling lattice and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals. Despite all of these advantages of hexagonal sampling over rectangular sampling, its application has been limited because of the lack of an efficient coordinate system. However that limitation has been removed with the recent development of HECS.
Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System
Description
The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS) is based on the idea of representing the hexagonal grid as a set of two rectangular arrays which can be individually indexed using familiar integer-value |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20plant | A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in, or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water), epiphytic (living on trees) and lithophytic (living in or on rocks).
The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms. There are relatively few obligate submersed aquatic plants (species that cannot tolerate emersion for even relatively short periods), but some examples include members of Hydrocharitaceae and Cabombaceae, Ceratophyllum, and Aldrovanda, and most macroalgae (e.g. Chara and Nitella). Most aquatic plants can, or prefer to, grow in the emersed form, and most only flower in that form. Many terrestrial plants can tolerate extended periods of inundation, and this is often part of the natural habitat of the plant where flooding is common. These plants (termed helophytes) tolerate extended periods of waterlogging around the roots and even complete submersion under flood waters. Growth rates of helophytes decrease significantly during these periods of complete submersion and if water levels do not recede the plant will ultimately decline and perish.
See also
Aquatic animal
Aquatic ecosystem
Aquatic locomotion
Aquatic mammal
Aquatic plant
Botany
Plant community
Raunkiær plant life-form
Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial locomotion
Wetland indicator status |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala%20%28company%29 | Scala is a producer of multimedia software. It was founded in 1987 as a Norwegian company called Digital Visjon. It is headquartered near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and has subsidiaries in Europe and Asia.
History
In 1987 a young Norwegian entrepreneur, Jon Bøhmer founded the company "Digital Visjon" in Brumunddal, Norway to create multimedia software on the Commodore Amiga computer platform. In 1988 they released their first product which was named InfoChannel 0.97L, which had hotels and cable TV companies as their first customers.
In 1990, they redesigned the program with a new graphical user interface. They renamed the company and the software "Scala" and released a number of multimedia applications. The company attracted investors, mainly from Norway and incorporated in the US in 1994 and is now based in the United States with their European headquarters located in the Netherlands.
The name "Scala" was given by Bøhmer and designer Bjørn Rybakken and represents the scales in colors, tones and the opera in Milan. The name inspired a live actor animation made by Bøhmer and Rybakken using an Amiga, a video camera and a frame-by-frame video digitizer. The animation, named "Lo scalatore" (Italian for 'The Climber'), featured a magic trick of Indian fakirs of a man climbing a ladder and disappearing in the air. This animation was then included into one of the Demo Disks of Scala Multimedia in order to show the capabilities of that presentation software in loading and playing animations whilst also manipulating it with other features of the software.
In 1994 Scala released Multimedia MM400 and InfoChannel 500.
Due to bankruptcies of Commodore and Escom in 1994 and 1996 respectively, Scala left the Amiga platform and started delivering the same applications under MS-DOS. Scala Multimedia MM100, Scala Multimedia Publisher and Scala InfoChannel 100 were released for the x86 platform. Scala Multimedia MM100 won Byte Magazine's "Best of Comdex" in 1996.
Corporat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciduliprofundum | Aciduliprofundum is a genus of the Euryarchaeota.
A. boonei, is an extremophile, a thermoacidophilic archaeon that lives in oceanic deep-sea hydrothermal vents, that has been shown to produce antibiotics against common pathogenic bacteria. It is one of a group of euryarchaeotes classed as DHVE2 – Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2, and the only one to be isolated. It is extremely widespread and yet has not been able to be cultivated. For this reason it may sometimes have the taxonomic addition of Candidatus to its name - meaning a candidate for, until proven.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release%20factor | A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides from the ribosome.
Background
During translation of mRNA, most codons are recognized by "charged" tRNA molecules, called aminoacyl-tRNAs because they are adhered to specific amino acids corresponding to each tRNA's anticodon. In the standard genetic code, there are three mRNA stop codons: UAG ("amber"), UAA ("ochre"), and UGA ("opal" or "umber"). Although these stop codons are triplets just like ordinary codons, they are not decoded by tRNAs. It was discovered by Mario Capecchi in 1967 that, instead, tRNAs do not ordinarily recognize stop codons at all, and that what he named "release factor" was not a tRNA molecule but a protein. Later, it was demonstrated that different release factors recognize different stop codons.
Classification
There are two classes of release factors. Class 1 release factors recognize stop codons; they bind to the A site of the ribosome in a way mimicking that of tRNA, releasing the new polypeptide as it disassembles the ribosome. Class 2 release factors are GTPases that enhance the activity of class 1 release factors. It helps the class 1 RF dissociate from the ribosome.
Bacterial release factors include RF1, RF2, and RF3 (or PrfA, PrfB, PrfC in the "peptide release factor" gene nomenclature). RF1 and RF2 are class 1 RFs: RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG while RF2 recognizes UAA and UGA. RF3 is the class 2 release factor. Eukaryotic and archaeal release factors are named analogously, with the naming changed to "eRF" for "eukaryotic release factor" and vice versa. a/eRF1 can recognize all three stop codons, while eRF3 (archaea use aEF-1α instead) works just like RF3.
The bacterial and archaeo-eukaryotic release factors are believed to have evolved separately. The two groups class 1 factors do not show sequence or structural homology with each o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciphylaxis | Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) or “Grey Scale”, is a rare syndrome characterized by painful skin lesions. The pathogenesis of calciphylaxis is unclear but believed to involve calcification of the small blood vessels located within the fatty tissue and deeper layers of the skin, blood clots, and eventual death of skin cells due to lack of blood flow. It is seen mostly in people with end-stage kidney disease but can occur in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease and rarely in people with normally functioning kidneys. Calciphylaxis is a rare but serious disease, believed to affect 1-4% of all dialysis patients. It results in chronic non-healing wounds and indicates poor prognosis, with typical life expectancy of less than one year.
Calciphylaxis is one type of extraskeletal calcification. Similar extraskeletal calcifications are observed in some people with high levels of calcium in the blood, including people with milk-alkali syndrome, sarcoidosis, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hypervitaminosis D. In rare cases, certain medications such as warfarin can also result in calciphylaxis.
Signs and symptoms
The first skin changes in calciphylaxis lesions are mottling of the skin and induration in a livedo reticularis pattern. As tissue thrombosis and infarction occurs, a black, leathery eschar in an ulcer with adherent black slough develops. Surrounding the ulcers is usually a plate-like area of indurated skin. These lesions are always extremely painful and most often occur on the lower extremities, abdomen, buttocks, and penis. Lesions are also commonly multiple and bilateral. Because the tissue has infarcted, wound healing seldom occurs, and ulcers are more likely to become secondarily infected. Many cases of calciphylaxis lead to systemic bacterial infection and death.
Calciphylaxis is characterized by the following histologic findings:
systemic medial calcification of the arteries, i.e. calcification of tunica media. Unli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac%20prime | In number theory, a Fermi–Dirac prime is a prime power whose exponent is a power of two. These numbers are named from an analogy to Fermi–Dirac statistics in physics based on the fact that each integer has a unique representation as a product of Fermi–Dirac primes without repetition. Each element of the sequence of Fermi–Dirac primes is the smallest number that does not divide the product of all previous elements. Srinivasa Ramanujan used the Fermi–Dirac primes to find the smallest number whose number of divisors is a given power of two.
Definition
The Fermi–Dirac primes are a sequence of numbers obtained by raising a prime number to an exponent that is a power of two. That is, these are the numbers of the form where is a prime number and is a non-negative integer. These numbers form the sequence:
They can be obtained from the prime numbers by repeated squaring, and form the smallest set of numbers that includes all of the prime numbers and is closed under squaring.
Another way of defining this sequence is that each element is the smallest positive integer that does not divide the product of all of the previous elements of the sequence.
Factorization
Analogously to the way that every positive integer has a unique factorization, its representation as a product of prime numbers (with some of these numbers repeated), every positive integer also has a unique factorization as a product of Fermi–Dirac primes, with no repetitions allowed. For example,
The Fermi–Dirac primes are named from an analogy to particle physics. In physics, bosons are particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics, in which it is allowed for multiple particles to be in the same state at the same time. Fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, which only allow a single particle in each state. Similarly, for the usual prime numbers, multiple copies of the same prime number can appear in the same prime factorization, but factorizations into a product of Fermi–Dirac primes only a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbr | Plumbr was an Estonian software product company founded in late 2011 that developed performance monitoring software. The Plumbr product was built on top of a proprietary algorithm that automatically detected the root causes of performance issues by interpreting application performance data. In October 2020, Plumbr was acquired by Splunk.
Products
Plumbr monitored customers' JVM applications for memory leaks, garbage collection pauses and locked threads. Plumbr problem detection algorithms were based on analysis of performance data of thousands of applications.
Plumbr consisted of an agent and a portal. Plumbr Agent was attached to application runtime and sent memory usage and garbage collection information to Plumbr Portal. On Plumbr Portal one could see information such as heap and permgen memory usage, garbage collection pauses' and lock contention duration. Clients that were not able to send data to third parties could order a self-hosted portal and have a full solution in-house.
In case of performance incidents Plumbr provided its users with information on problem severity and problem's root cause location in source code or runtime configuration, and listed the steps needed to take to remediate the problem.
Clients included NASA, NATO, Dell, HBO, Experian, EMC Corporation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-relocation | In computer programming, a self-relocating program is a program that relocates its own address-dependent instructions and data when run, and is therefore capable of being loaded into memory at any address. In many cases, self-relocating code is also a form of self-modifying code.
Overview
Self-relocation is similar to the relocation process employed by the linker-loader when a program is copied from external storage into main memory; the difference is that it is the loaded program itself rather than the loader in the operating system or shell that performs the relocation.
One form of self-relocation occurs when a program copies the code of its instructions from one sequence of locations to another sequence of locations within the main memory of a single computer, and then transfers processor control from the instructions found at the source locations of memory to the instructions found at the destination locations of memory. As such, the data operated upon by the algorithm of the program is the sequence of bytes which define the program.
Static self-relocation typically happens at load-time (after the operating system has loaded the software and passed control to it, but still before its initialization has finished), sometimes also when changing the program's configuration at a later stage during runtime.
Examples
Boot loaders
As an example, self-relocation is often employed in the early stages of bootstrapping operating systems on architectures like IBM PC compatibles, where lower-level chain boot loaders (like the master boot record (MBR), volume boot record (VBR) and initial boot stages of operating systems such as DOS) move themselves out of place in order to load the next stage into memory.
CP/M extensions
Under CP/M, the debugger Dynamic Debugging Tool (DDT) dynamically relocated itself to the top of available memory through page boundary relocation in order to maximize the Transient Program Area (TPA) for programs to run in.
In 1988, the alternative co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20adaptation | Local adaptation is a mechanism in evolutionary biology whereby a population of organisms evolves to be more well-suited to its local environment than other members of the same species that live elsewhere. Local adaptation requires that different populations of the same species experience different natural selection. For example, if a species lives across a wide range of temperatures, populations from warm areas may have better heat tolerance than populations of the same species that live in the cold part of its geographic range.
Definition
More formally, a population is said to be locally adapted if organisms in that population have evolved different phenotypes than other populations of the same species, and local phenotypes have higher fitness in their home environment compared to individuals that originate from other locations in the species range. This is sometimes called 'home site advantage'. A stricter definition of local adaptation requires 'reciprocal home site advantage', where for a pair of populations each out performs the other in its home site. This definition requires that local adaptation result in a fitness trade-off, such that adapting to one environment comes at the cost of poorer performance in a different environment. Before 2004, reciprocal transplants sometimes considered populations locally adapted if the population experienced its highest fitness in its home site vs the foreign site (i.e. compared the same population at multiple sites, vs. multiple populations at the same site). This definition of local adaptation has been largely abandoned after Kawecki and Ebert argued convincingly that populations could be adapted to poor-quality sites but still experience higher fitness if moved to a more benign site (right panel of figure).
Testing for local adaptation
Testing for local adaptation requires measuring the fitness of organisms from one population in both their local environment and in foreign environments. This is often done using tra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarophyte | An agarophyte is a seaweed, usually a red alga, that produces the hydrocolloid agar in its cell walls. This agar can be harvested commercially for use in biological experiments and culturing. In some countries (especially in the developing world), the harvesting of agarophytes, either as natural stocks or a cultivated crop, is of considerable economic importance. Notable genera of commercially exploited agarophytes include Gracilaria and Gelidium (such as Gelidium amansii and Gelidium corneum). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutching%20construction | In topology, a branch of mathematics, the clutching construction is a way of constructing fiber bundles, particularly vector bundles on spheres.
Definition
Consider the sphere as the union of the upper and lower hemispheres and along their intersection, the equator, an .
Given trivialized fiber bundles with fiber and structure group over the two hemispheres, then given a map (called the clutching map), glue the two trivial bundles together via f.
Formally, it is the coequalizer of the inclusions via and : glue the two bundles together on the boundary, with a twist.
Thus we have a map : clutching information on the equator yields a fiber bundle on the total space.
In the case of vector bundles, this yields , and indeed this map is an isomorphism (under connect sum of spheres on the right).
Generalization
The above can be generalized by replacing and with any closed triad , that is, a space X, together with two closed subsets A and B whose union is X. Then a clutching map on gives a vector bundle on X.
Classifying map construction
Let be a fibre bundle with fibre . Let be a collection of pairs such that is a local trivialization of over . Moreover, we demand that the union of all the sets is (i.e. the collection is an atlas of trivializations ).
Consider the space modulo the equivalence relation is equivalent to if and only if and . By design, the local trivializations give a fibrewise equivalence between this quotient space and the fibre bundle .
Consider the space modulo the equivalence relation is equivalent to if and only if and consider to be a map then we demand that . That is, in our re-construction of we are replacing the fibre by the topological group of homeomorphisms of the fibre, . If the structure group of the bundle is known to reduce, you could replace with the reduced structure group. This is a bundle over with fibre and is a principal bundle. Denote it by . The relation to the previous bundle is induced f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isohydric%20principle | The isohydric principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid/base pairs in solution will be in equilibrium with one another, tied together by their common reagent: the hydrogen ion and hence, the pH of solution. That is, when several buffers are present together in the same solution, they are all exposed to the same hydrogen ion activity. Hence, the pK of each buffer will dictate the ratio of the concentrations of its base and weak acid forms at the given pH, in accordance with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
Any condition that changes the balance of one of the buffer systems, also changes the balance of all the others because the buffer systems actually buffer one another by shifting hydrogen ions back and forth from one to the other.
The isohydric principle has special relevance to in vivo biochemistry where multiple acid/ base pairs are in solution. The simplifying isohydric principle gives two important concepts. First, all of the buffers in a multiple-buffered system contribute to pH of the system. Secondly, the pH (at equilibrium) can be calculated from an individual buffer system regardless of other buffers present. That is, in vivo, knowing the concentration of pCO2 (weak acid) and bicarbonate (conjugate base) and the pKa of that buffer system, the pH can be calculated regardless of the presence of other contributing buffers. The clinical relevance is that arterial blood gas often directly measures the levels and the pH, but the bicarbonate levels are then calculated from that information—without regard to other buffers present |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20recognition%20receptor | Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system. PRRs are germline-encoded host sensors, which detect molecules typical for the pathogens. They are proteins expressed, mainly, by cells of the innate immune system, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells, to identify two classes of molecules: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with microbial pathogens, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are associated with components of host's cells that are released during cell damage or death. They are also called primitive pattern recognition receptors because they evolved before other parts of the immune system, particularly before adaptive immunity. PRRs also mediate the initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune response and release of inflammatory cytokines.
The microbe-specific molecules that are recognized by a given PRR are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and include bacterial carbohydrates (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS, mannose), nucleic acids (such as bacterial or viral DNA or RNA), bacterial peptides (flagellin, microtubule elongation factors), peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acids (from Gram-positive bacteria), N-formylmethionine, lipoproteins and fungal glucans and chitin. Endogenous stress signals are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and include uric acid and extracellular ATP, among many other compounds. There are several subgroups of PRRs. They are classified according to their ligand specificity, function, localization and/or evolutionary relationships.
PRR types and signaling
Based on their localization, PRRs may be divided into membrane-bound PRRs and cytoplasmic PRRs:
Membrane-bound PRRs include Toll like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs).
Cytoplasmic PRRs include NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs).
PRRs were firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zearalenone | Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium and Gibberella species. Specifically, the Gibberella zeae, the fungal species where zearalenone was initially detected, in its asexual/anamorph stage is known as Fusarium graminearum. Several Fusarium species produce toxic substances of considerable concern to livestock and poultry producers, namely deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone. Particularly, ZEN is produced by Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium incarnatum. Zearalenone is the primary toxin that binds to estrogen receptors, causing infertility, abortion or other breeding problems, especially in swine. Often, ZEN is detected together with deoxynivalenol in contaminated samples and its toxicity needs to be considered in combination with the presence of other toxins.
Zearalenone is heat-stable and is found worldwide in a number of cereal crops, such as maize, barley, oats, wheat, rice, and sorghum. Its production increases when the climate is warm with air humidity at or above twenty percent. The environmental pH plays also a role in the toxin's production. When temperatures fall to 15oC, alkaline soils still support ZEN production. At the preferred Fusarium temperature, which ranges between 25oC and 30oC, neutral pH results in the greatest toxin production.
In addition to its actions on the classical estrogen receptors, zearalenone has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30).
Chemical and physical properties
Zearalenone is a white crystalline solid, with molecular formula C18H22O5 and 318.364 g/mol molecular weight. It is a resorcyclic acid lactone. It exhibits blue-green fluorescence when excited by long wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light (360 nm) and a more intense green fluorescence when excited with short wavelength UV light (260 nm). In methanol, UV a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile%20Real-Time%20Executive | Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) is a real-time operating system (RTOS) developed and marketed by the company Mentor Graphics. VRTX is suitable for both traditional board-based embedded systems and system on a chip (SoC) architectures. It has been superseded by the Nucleus RTOS.
History
The VRTX operating system began as a product of Hunter & Ready, a company founded by James Ready and Colin Hunter in 1980 which later became Ready Systems. This firm later merged with Microtec Research in 1993, and went public in 1994. This firm was then acquired by Mentor Graphics in 1995 and VRTX became a Mentor product.
The VRTX operating system was released in September 1981.
Since the 1980s, the chief rival to VRTX has been VxWorks, a Wind River Systems product. VxWorks had its start in the mid 1980s as compiler and assembly language tools to supplement VRTX, named VRTX works, or VxWorks. Later, Wind River created their own real-time kernel offering similar to VRTX.
VRTX
VRTX comes in several flavors:
VRTX: 16-bit VRTX, for Z8000, 8086, etc.
VRTX-32: 32-bit VRTX, for M68K, AMD29K, etc.
MPV: Multiprocessor VRTX for distributed applications, such as distributed across VME backplanes.
VRTX-mc: Micro-Controller VRTX, for small systems needing minimal memory use.
VRTX-oc: On-chip VRTX, freeware community source code for personal and academic use, license required for commercial use.
VRTX-sa: Scalable Architecture VRTX for full operating system features. Loosely based on Carnegie Mellon University's Mach microkernel principles.
SPECTRA: Virtual machine (VM) implementation for running a VRTX VM on Unix-like hosts. Also includes an open integrated development environment allowing third-party tools open access to cross-development resources.
Most companies developing software with VRTX use reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors including ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, or others.
Implementations
VRTX runs the Hubble Space Telescope.
VRTX runs the Wide Area Augment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertragic%20notch | The intertragic notch is an anatomical feature of the ears of mammals. In humans, it is the space that separates the tragus from the antitragus in the outer ear.
It is the point specified (although not by that name) in the U.S. Army’s regulation governing the length of sideburns in male soldiers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20of%20Physics%20Teachers | The American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) was founded in 1930 for the purpose of "dissemination of knowledge of physics, particularly by way of teaching." There are more than 10,000 members in over 30 countries. AAPT publications include two peer-reviewed journals, the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher. The association has two annual National Meetings (winter and summer) and has regional sections with their own meetings and organization. The association also offers grants and awards for physics educators, including the Richtmyer Memorial Award and programs and contests for physics educators and students. It is headquartered at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland.
History
The American Association of Physics Teachers was founded on December 31, 1930, when forty-five physicists held a meeting during the joint APS-AAAS meeting in Cleveland specifically for that purpose.
The AAPT became a founding member of the American Institute of Physics after the other founding members were convinced of the stability of the AAPT itself after a new constitution for the AAPT was agreed upon.
Contests
The AAPT sponsors a number of competitions. The Physics Bowl, Six Flags' roller coaster contest, and the US Physics Team are just a few. The US physics team is determined by two preliminary exams and a week and a half long "boot camp." Each year, five members are selected to compete against dozens of countries in the International Physics Olympiad (IPHO).
See also
The Physics Teacher
Oersted Medal
American Institute of Physics
American Journal of Physics
Physics outreach |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogger | is a 1981 arcade action game developed by Konami and manufactured by Sega. In North America, it was released by Sega/Gremlin. The object of the game is to direct a series of frogs to their homes by crossing a busy road and a hazardous river.
Frogger was positively received as one of the greatest video games ever made and followed by several clones and sequels. By 2005, 20 million copies of its various home video game incarnations had been sold worldwide. It entered popular culture, including television and music.
Gameplay
The objective of the game is to guide a frog to each of the empty homes at the top of the screen. The game starts with three, five, or seven frogs, depending on the machine's settings. Losing all frogs is game over. The player uses the 4-direction joystick to hop the frog once. Frogger is either single-player or two players alternating turns.
The frog starts at the bottom of the screen, which contains a horizontal road occupied by speeding cars, trucks, and bulldozers. The player must guide the frog between opposing lanes of traffic to avoid becoming roadkill and losing a life. After the road, a median strip separates the two major parts of the screen. The upper part consists of a river with logs, alligators, and turtles, all moving horizontally across the screen. By jumping on swiftly moving logs and the backs of turtles and alligators, the player can guide the frog to safety. The player must avoid snakes, otters, and the open mouths of alligators. A brightly colored female frog is sometimes on a log and may be carried for bonus points. The top of the screen contains five "frog homes". These sometimes contain bonus insects or deadly alligators.
The opening tune is the first verse of a Japanese children's song called "Inu No Omawarisan" ("The Dog Policeman"). Other Japanese tunes include the themes to the anime series Hana no Ko Lunlun and Rascal the Raccoon. The American release has the same opening song plus "Yankee Doodle".
In 1982, Softli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterectomy | Hysterectomy is the partial or total surgical removal of the uterus. It may also involve removal of the cervix, ovaries (oophorectomy), fallopian tubes (salpingectomy), and other surrounding structures. Partial hysterectomies allow for hormone regulation while total hysterectomies do not.
Usually performed by a gynecologist, a hysterectomy may be total (removing the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus; often called "complete") or partial (removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact; also called "supracervical"). Removal of the uterus renders the patient unable to bear children (as does removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes) and has surgical risks as well as long-term effects, so the surgery is normally recommended only when other treatment options are not available or have failed. It is the second most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure, after cesarean section, in the United States. Nearly 68 percent were performed for conditions such as endometriosis, irregular bleeding, and uterine fibroids. It is expected that the frequency of hysterectomies for non-malignant indications will continue to fall given the development of alternative treatment options.
Medical uses
Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure that has risks and benefits. It affects the hormonal balance and overall health of patients. Because of this, hysterectomy is normally recommended as a last resort after pharmaceutical or other surgical options have been exhausted to remedy certain intractable and severe uterine/reproductive system conditions. There may be other reasons for a hysterectomy to be requested. Such conditions and/or indications include, but are not limited to:
Endometriosis: growth of the uterine lining outside the uterine cavity. This inappropriate tissue growth can lead to pain and bleeding.
Adenomyosis: a form of endometriosis, where the uterine lining has grown into and sometimes through the uterine wall musculature. This can thicken the ut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos%20Island%20biological%20field%20station | The Kalamos Island biological field station is a research station located in the island Kalamos, in the Ionian Sea, in Western Greece. It is situated in the core of the inner Ionian marine protected area, site GR22220003 of the Natura 2000 network. The marine area is additionally protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS).
Activities
The station is a base for year-round research activities in ecology, ecosystem management and sustainability issues such as permaculture. It was created as part of the Kalamos and Kastos sustainable development program of Terra Sylvestris, a non-governmental non profit organization that established the program in order to bring about sustainable development through rewilding in the area of the Island of Kalamos, Kastos and adjacent smaller islands and their marine environment.
The station conducts and facilitates a wide variety of research projects, ranging from biodiversity conservation to environmental justice to permaculture. The biological field station is also the base for the volunteer and internship programs of Terra Sylvestris, which enables people from all over the world to participate in the activities of Terra Sylvestris in the area and specifically the biological field station. The station is a member of the Organization of Biological Field Stations and the Global Ecovillage Network. The research station provides facilities for students as well as other visiting researchers and practitioners in the fields of ecology and biodiversity conservation to participate in or conduct projects in scientific research, ecosystem monitoring and ecosystem management.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane%20conformation | Cyclohexane conformations are any of several three-dimensional shapes adopted by molecules of cyclohexane. Because many compounds feature structurally similar six-membered rings, the structure and dynamics of cyclohexane are important prototypes of a wide range of compounds.
The internal angles of a regular, flat hexagon are 120°, while the preferred angle between successive bonds in a carbon chain is about 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle (the arc cosine of −). Therefore, the cyclohexane ring tends to assume non-planar (warped) conformations, which have all angles closer to 109.5° and therefore a lower strain energy than the flat hexagonal shape.
Consider the carbon atoms numbered from 1 to 6 around the ring. If we hold carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 stationary, with the correct bond lengths and the tetrahedral angle between the two bonds, and then continue by adding carbon atoms 4, 5, and 6 with the correct bond length and the tetrahedral angle, we can vary the three dihedral angles for the sequences (2,3,4), (3,4,5), and (4,5,6). The next bond, from atom 6, is also oriented by a dihedral angle, so we have four degrees of freedom. But that last bond has to end at the position of atom 1, which imposes three conditions in three-dimensional space. If the bond angle in the chain (6,1,2) should also be the tetrahedral angle then we have four conditions. In principle this means that there are no degrees of freedom of conformation, assuming all the bond lengths are equal and all the angles between bonds are equal. It turns out that, with atoms 1, 2, and 3 fixed, there are two solutions called chair, depending on whether the dihedral angle for (1,2,3,4) is positive or negative, and these two solutions are the same under a rotation. But there is also a continuum of solutions, a topological circle where angle strain is zero, including the twist boat and the boat conformations. All the conformations on this continuum have a twofold axis of symmetry running through the ring, whereas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20for%20the%20Faint%20of%20Heart | Not for the Faint of Heart: Lessons in Courage, Power and Persistence is a 2018 book by American diplomat Wendy Sherman based on her time as the lead United States negotiator, during the Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA).
Content
The book Not for the Faint of Heart: Lessons in Courage, Power and Persistence is about the memoirs of American chief negotiator Wendy Sherman during Iran nuclear deal. The book is "a complete explanation of how the JCPOA was drafted and approved" from Wendy Sherman's point of view. The book takes the reader to the world of international diplomacy and brings their mind to the mind of one of the most effective negotiators who is often the only woman in the room. The author admits why it is difficult to do well in her field. By reading Not for the Faint of Heart, the reader will learn how to apply key diplomacy skills to their daily lives and face challenges.
In this book, Wendy Sherman has tried to tell about her experiences to overcome the obstacles faced by women not only in international diplomacy but in everyday life.
Release
The book Not for the Faint of Heart: Lessons in Courage, Power and Persistence was first published originally in English language in September 2018 by PublicAffairs Books in the United States. The book was translated into Persian and published in Iran in 2019. In April 2020, this book was introduced in Iran as the best-selling book of the Islamic Revolution Document Center Publications.
Reception
Madeleine Albright, the 64th Secretary of State of the United States, described Sherman's book as "A powerful, deeply personal, and absorbing book written by one of America’s smartest and most dedicated diplomats." John Kerry, the 68th Secretary of State of the United States, said that "Wendy doesn’t just write about the value of courage, power, and persistence, she lives it. She’s an example that a strong negotiator can also be a humane mentor."
See also
Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare
Foucau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal%20semideciduous%20forest | The seasonal semideciduous forest is a vegetation type that belongs to the Atlantic Forest biome (Inland Atlantic Forest), but is also found occasionally in the Cerrado. Typical of central Brazil, it is caused by a double climatic seasonality: a season of intense summer rains followed by a period of drought. It is composed of phanerophytes with leaf buds that are protected from drought by scales (cataphylls or hairs), having deciduous sclerophyllous or membranaceous adult leaves. The degree of deciduousness, i.e. leaf loss, is dependent on the intensity and duration of basically two reasons: minimum and maximum temperatures and water balance deficiency. The percentage of deciduous trees in the forest as a whole is 20-50%.
The vegetation is located in the north and west of Paraná, region of the third plateau, where it presents different types of soil. It is also widely distributed in the southern portion of Mato Grosso do Sul, interspersed between fields up to the 21st parallel, where it appears in riparian forests, being called alluvial seasonal semideciduous forest.
Terminology
According to Rodrigues (1999), the seasonal semideciduous forest (IBGE, 1993) corresponds approximately to the following designations:
subtropical rain forest (Wettstein, 1904);
inland rain forests (Campos, 1912);
tropical semideciduous broadleaved forest (Kuhlmann, 1956);
tropical seasonal rain forest of the south-central plateau (Veloso, 1962);
mesophytic semideciduous forest (Rizzini, 1963);
sub-caducifolia or tropical seasonal forest (Andrade-Lima, 1966);
semideciduous plateau forest (Eiten, 1970);
subtropical foliated forests (Hueck, 1972);
submontane seasonal semideciduous forest (Veloso and Góes Filho, 1982);
semideciduous latifolia forest or plateau forest (Leitão Filho, 1982);
Mata de Cipó.
Categories
There is an IBGE (2012) altimetric division to delimit study regions, which is:
alluvial seasonal semideciduous forest: most frequent in the Pantanal;
lowland seaso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivator%20%28genetics%29 | A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Binding of the activator-coactivator complex increases the speed of transcription by recruiting general transcription machinery to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression. The use of activators and coactivators allows for highly specific expression of certain genes depending on cell type and developmental stage.
Some coactivators also have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HATs form large multiprotein complexes that weaken the association of histones to DNA by acetylating the N-terminal histone tail. This provides more space for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression.
Activators are found in all living organisms, but coactivator proteins are typically only found in eukaryotes because they are more complex and require a more intricate mechanism for gene regulation. In eukaryotes, coactivators are usually proteins that are localized in the nucleus.
Mechanism
Some coactivators indirectly regulate gene expression by binding to an activator and inducing a conformational change that then allows the activator to bind to the DNA enhancer or promoter sequence. Once the activator-coactivator complex binds to the enhancer, RNA polymerase II and other general transcription machinery are recruited to the DNA and transcription begins.
Histone acetyltransferase
Nuclear DNA is normally wrapped tightly around histones, making it hard or impossible for the transcription machinery to access the DNA. This association is due primarily to the electrostatic attraction between the DNA and histones as the DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged and histones are rich in lysine residues, which are posi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse%20of%20p-values | Misuse of p-values is common in scientific research and scientific education. p-values are often used or interpreted incorrectly; the American Statistical Association states that p-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model. From a Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing approach to statistical inferences, the data obtained by comparing the p-value to a significance level will yield one of two results: either the null hypothesis is rejected (which however does not prove that the null hypothesis is false), or the null hypothesis cannot be rejected at that significance level (which however does not prove that the null hypothesis is true). From a Fisherian statistical testing approach to statistical inferences, a low p-value means either that the null hypothesis is true and a highly improbable event has occurred or that the null hypothesis is false.
Clarifications about p-values
The following list clarifies some issues that are commonly misunderstood regarding p-values:
The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false. A p-value can indicate the degree of compatibility between a dataset and a particular hypothetical explanation (such as a null hypothesis). Specifically, the p-value can be taken as the probability of obtaining an effect that is at least as extreme as the observed effect, given that the null hypothesis is true. This should not be confused with the probability that the null hypothesis is true given the observed effect (see prosecutor's fallacy). In fact, frequentist statistics does not attach probabilities to hypotheses.
The p-value is not the probability that the observed effects were produced by random chance alone. The p-value is computed under the assumption that a certain model, usually the null hypothesis, is true. This means that the p-value is a statement about the relation of the data to that hypothesis.
The 0.05 significance lev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaralipi | Swaralipi () is any system used in sheet music in order to represent aurally perceived music through the use of written notes for Indian classical music.
History
The Indian scholar and musical theorist Pingala (c. 200 BC), in his Chanda Sutra, used marks indicating long and short syllables to indicate meters in Sanskrit poetry.
In the notation of Indian rāga, a solfege-like system called sargam is used. As in Western solfege, there are names for the seven basic pitches of a major scale (, usually shortened Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni). The tonic of any scale is named Sa, and the dominant Pa. Sa is fixed in any scale, and Pa is fixed at a fifth above it (a Pythagorean fifth rather than an equal-tempered fifth). These two notes are known as achala swar ('fixed notes'). Each of the other five notes, Re, Ga, ma, Dha and Ni, can take a 'regular' () pitch, which is equivalent to its pitch in a standard major scale (thus, , the second degree of the scale, is a whole-step higher than Sa), or an altered pitch, either a half-step above or half-step below the pitch. Re, Ga, Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half-step lower (Komal-"flat") (thus, is a half-step higher than Sa). Ma has an altered partner that is a half-step higher (-"sharp") (thus, Ma is an augmented fourth above Sa). Re, Ga, ma, Dha and Ni are called ('movable notes'). In the written system of Indian notation devised by Ravi Shankar, the pitches are represented by Western letters. Capital letters are used for the , and for the higher variety of all the . Lowercase letters are used for the lower variety of the . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosprint | Biosprint is a microbiological feed additive produced and worldwide distributed by the Italian biotech company prosol S.p.A. This zoo-technical additive contains cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae selected under the unique code MUCL™ 39885 and deposited in the Belgian collections of micro-organisms/Mycothèque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain Biosprint has gained the EU authorization as feed additive for beef cattle, piglets, sows, dairy cows and horses. According to several tests, the influence of Biosprint on the diet consists of the improvement of the digestive efficiency and of the better assimilation of nutrients. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deblocking%20filter | A deblocking filter is a video filter applied to decoded compressed video to improve visual quality and prediction performance by smoothing the sharp edges which can form between macroblocks when block coding techniques are used. The filter aims to improve the appearance of decoded pictures. It is a part of the specification for both the SMPTE VC-1 codec and the ITU H.264 (ISO MPEG-4 AVC) codec.
H.264 deblocking filter
In contrast with older MPEG-1/2/4 standards, the H.264 deblocking filter is not an optional additional feature in the decoder. It is a feature on both the decoding path and on the encoding path, so that the in-loop effects of the filter are taken into account in reference to macroblocks used for prediction. When a stream is encoded, the filter strength can be selected, or the filter can be switched off entirely. Otherwise, the filter strength is determined by coding modes of adjacent blocks, quantization step size, and the steepness of the luminance gradient between blocks.
The filter operates on the edges of each 4×4 or 8×8 transform block in the luma and chroma planes of each picture. Each small block's edge is assigned a boundary strength based on whether it is also a macroblock boundary, the coding (intra/inter) of the blocks, whether references (in motion prediction and reference frame choice) differ, and whether it is a luma or chroma edge. Stronger levels of filtering are assigned by this scheme where there is likely to be more distortion. The filter can modify as many as three samples on either side of a given block edge (in the case where an edge is a luma edge that lies between different macroblocks and at least one of them is intra coded). In most cases it can modify one or two samples on either side of the edge (depending on the quantization step size, the tuning of the filter strength by the encoder, the result of an edge detection test, and other factors).
H.263 Annex J deblocking filter
Although the concept of an "in loop" deblock |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan%20K.%20Sen | Chandan K. Sen is an Indian-American scientist who is known for contributions to the fields of regenerative medicine and wound care. He is currently the Director of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine of the University of Pittsburgh. He is an University Endowed Professor of Surgery who also serves as the Chief Scientific Officer of wound care services of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system. At the University of Pittsburgh, Professor Sen serves as Associate Vice Chancellor for Life Sciences Innovation and Commercialization.
Founded in 1992, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine was initially established as the McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development. Professor Sen moved with a large team of scientists from Indiana to Pittsburgh in July of 2023. During 2018-2023, Professor Sen served as a Indiana University Distinguished Professor. At Indiana University, Sen directed the Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME) and held the J. Stanley Battersby Chair and Distinguished Professor of Surgery. He also served as the Associate Dean of Research as well as Associate Vice President of Research. In 2020, he was awarded the Bicentennial Medal by the University President's Office.
In 2021, Sen was elected to the National Academy of Inventors. Currently, he serves as Editor-in-Chief of Antioxidants & Redox Signaling as well as of Advances in Wound Care. Sen is known for his co-invention of the tissue nanotransfection technology for in vivo tissue reprogramming. His team identified the vasculogenic fibroblasts in humans. His work has included the study of the electroceutical management of infection, and tocotrienol form on natural vitamin E. Sen has an H-index of 111.
Education
Chandan Sen received his BS and MS from the Rajabazar Science College at Calcutta University where he received his Bachelor of Sciences (Honors in Physiology) in 1987 and his Masters of Science in Human Physiology in 1990.
Sen t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enation | Enations are scaly leaflike structures, differing from leaves in their lack of vascular tissue. They are created by some leaf diseases and occur normally on Psilotum. Enations are also found on some early plants such as Rhynia, where they are hypothesized to have aided in photosynthesis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Island%20of%20the%20Colorblind | The Island of the Colorblind is a 1997 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks about achromatopsia on the Micronesian atoll of Pingelap. It was published in the UK as The Island of the Colour-blind. The second half of the book is devoted to the mystery of Lytico-Bodig disease in Guam.
The subject was also presented in an episode of the BBC documentary series The Mind Traveller.
External links
The Island of the Colorblind
C-SPAN book discussion on The Island of the Colorblind, February 9, 1997
The Case of the Colorblind Painter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholeness%20axiom | In mathematics, the wholeness axiom is a strong axiom of set theory introduced by Paul Corazza in 2000.
Statement
The wholeness axiom states roughly that there is an elementary embedding j from the Von Neumann universe V to itself. This has to be stated carefully to avoid Kunen's inconsistency theorem stating (roughly) that no such embedding exists.
More specifically, as Samuel Gomes da Silva states, "the inconsistency is avoided by omitting from the schema all instances of the Replacement Axiom for j-formulas".
Thus, the wholeness axiom differs from Reinhardt cardinals (another way of providing elementary embeddings from V to itself) by allowing the axiom of choice and instead modifying the axiom of replacement.
However, write that Corrazza's theory should be "naturally viewed as a version of Zermelo set theory rather than ZFC".
If the wholeness axiom is consistent, then it is also consistent to add to the wholeness axiom the assertion that all sets are hereditarily ordinal definable.
The consistency of stratified versions of the wholeness axiom, introduced by , was studied by . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement%20cells | Pavement cells are a cell type found in the outmost epidermal layer of plants. The main purpose of these cells is to form a protective layer for the more specialized cells below. This layer helps decrease water loss, maintain an internal temperature, keep the inner cells in place, and resist the intrusion of any outside material. They also separate stomata apart from each other as stomata have at least one pavement cell between each other.
They do not have a regular shape. Rather, their irregular shapes help them to interlock with each other like puzzle pieces to form a sturdy layer. This irregular shape that each individual cell takes on can be influenced by the cytoskeleton and specific proteins. As the leaf grows, the pavement cells will also grow, divide, and synthesize new vacuoles, plasma membrane parts, and cell wall components. A thick external cell wall influences the direction of growth by impeding expansion towards the outside of the cell and instead promote expansion parallel to the epidermis layer. Data suggest that waviness of pavement cells may be initiated by compressive mechanical stresses in a feedback loop that solidifies and augments cell shapes resulting in local reinforcement of the cell wall. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitten%20effect | The Whitten effect is stimulation, by male pheromones, of synchronous estrus in a female population.
Social signals, or social stimuli, have an effect on reproduction in all mammals. For certain female mice, the pheromones contained in the urine of male mice can be such stimuli, inducing synchronous estrus.
When the pheromones contained in the urine of male mice stimulate synchronous estrus in a population of female mice, it is known as the Whitten effect. This is a phenomenon observed by Wesley K. Whitten (1956, 1966, 1968), whereby male mouse pheromone-laden urine synchronizes the estrus cycle "among unisexually grouped females," and is an example of male-to-female pheromonal effects in mice, similar to the Bruce effect.
The Whitten effect occurs when a group of female mice are exposed to the urine produced by a male mouse. The male’s urine contains certain volatile, or airborne, pheromones that affect the hormonal processes of the females that control their reproductive status. A sexually mature and viable male must produce the urine, as the pheromones that produce the Whitten effect are dependent on male sex hormones such as testosterone.
The female mice do not require direct contact with the male’s urine to produce the Whitten effect, as the pheromone contained in the urine is airborne and therefore is taken up by the females through their olfactory system. The reproductive cycle of female mice in isolation is approximately 4 to 5 days, and the reproductive cycles of grouped females are often longer and more irregular. However, when grouped female mice are exposed to the pheromones contained in a male’s urine, the Whitten effect occurs, and the majority of the female mice will enter a new estrus cycle by the third day of exposure. However, there is little evidence for a similarly functioning vomeronasal, or olfactory, system (thought to be the sensory organ that initiates the Bruce, Vandenbergh, and Whitten effects) in humans. These differences, in p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invagination | Invagination is the process of a surface folding in on itself to form a cavity, pouch or tube. In developmental biology, invagination is a mechanism that takes place during gastrulation. This mechanism or cell movement happens mostly in the vegetal pole. Invagination consists of the folding of an area of the exterior sheet of cells towards the inside of the blastula. In each organism, the complexity will be different depending on the number of cells. Invagination can be referenced as one of the steps of the establishment of the body plan. The term, originally used in embryology, has been adopted in other disciplines as well.
There is more than one type of movement for invagination. Two common types are axial and orthogonal. The difference between the production of the tube formed in the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Axial can be formed at a single point along the axis of a surface. Orthogonal is linear and trough.
Biology
Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation, the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism, with differentiated germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development,
The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it.
Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called intussusception.
Amphioxus
The invagination in Amphioxus is the first cell movement of gastrulation. This process was first described by Conklin. During gastrulation, the blastula will be transformed by the invagination. The endoderm will fold towards the in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Rad%20Laboratories | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. is an American developer and manufacturer of specialized technological products for the life science research and clinical diagnostics markets. The company was founded in 1952 in Berkeley, California, by husband and wife team David and Alice Schwartz, both graduates of the University of California, Berkeley. Bio-Rad is based in Hercules, California, and has operations worldwide.
Business segments
Bio-Rad’s life science products primarily include instruments, software, consumables, reagents, and content for the areas of cell biology, gene expression, protein purification, protein quantitation, drug discovery and manufacture, food safety, and science education. These products are based on technologies to separate, purify, identify, analyze, and amplify biological materials such as antibodies, proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and bacteria.
Bio-Rad’s diagnostic products and systems use a range of technologies and provide clinical information in the blood transfusion, diabetes monitoring, autoimmune, and infectious disease testing markets. These products are used to support the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases and other medical conditions.
History
Bio-Rad Laboratories was founded in 1952 by David Schwartz and his wife Alice, both recent graduates of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1976, Bio-Rad acquired Environmental Chemical Specialties (ECS), a producer of human control serum.
In 2008, Bio-Rad were notable for being the opening bell ringers at the New York Stock Exchange on 24 October, a date which went down in financial history as 'Bloody Friday', which saw many of the world's stock exchanges experience the worst declines in their history, with drops of around 10% in most indices.
In 2011, Bio-Rad acquired a new technology, droplet digital PCR. Droplet digital PCR allows scientists to distinguish rare sequences in tumors and precisely measure copy number variation.
In January 2013, Bio-Rad purchased AbD Ser |
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