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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20American%20Programmer | Decline and Fall of the American Programmer is a book written by Edward Yourdon in 1992. It was addressed to American programmers and software organizations of the 1990s, warning that they were about to be driven out of business by programmers in other countries who could produce software more cheaply and with higher quality. Yourdon claimed that American software organizations could only retain their edge by using technologies such as ones he described in the book. (These are listed in the chapter outline below.) Yourdon gave examples of how non-American—specifically Indian and Japanese—companies were making use of these technologies to produce high-quality software.
In the follow-up book Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer, published in 1996, Yourdon reversed some of his original predictions based upon changes in the state of the software industry.
Chapter outline
1. Introduction
2. The Lure of the Silver Bullet
3. Peopleware
4. Software Processes
5. Software Methodologies
6. CASE
7. Software Metrics
8. Software Quality Assurance
9. Software Reusability
10. Software Re-Engineering
11. Future Trends
A. Software Technology in India
B. The Programmer's Bookshelf
Release details
Prentice Hall, , 1992; hardback
Prentice Hall, , June 16, 1993; paperback
See also
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, to which this book's title is a reference
Peopleware, by Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister
1992 non-fiction books
Software development books
Software quality
Software industry
Science and technology in the United States
Prentice Hall books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter%2081 | Perimeter 81 is an Israeli cloud and network security company that develops secure remote networks, based on the zero trust architecture, for organizations. Its technology replaces legacy security appliances like VPNs and firewalls.
Since 2023, Perimeter 81 has been owned by the American-Israeli multinational cybersecurity company Check Point.
History
The company was founded in 2018 by Sagi Gidali and Amit Bareket, founders of SaferVPN which was acquired by J2 Global. The SaferVPN network infrastructure, which was developed over six years, served as the basis for Perimeter 81's initial product development.
Based in Tel Aviv, Israel, it raised 19.5 million dollars in three funding rounds during 2019–2020, including investments from USA's SonicWall (Francisco Partners), Toba Capital and Israel's Spring Ventures. In August 2020, two months after raising funds at 100 million dollars valuation, it completed a $40 million Series B financing round at a company valuation of $160 million.
In June 2022 it completed a Series C financing round led by the USA's B Capital fund, with the participation of Insight Partners, Entree Capital, Toba Capital and ION Crossover Ventures. It has raised $100 million, at a $1b valuation, becoming a unicorn. The company has over 2,500 clients, among them Fortune 500 companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises.
In August 2023, it was reported that the company would be acquired for $490 million by Check Point. The following month, the American-Israeli cybersecurity company announced that it had completed the purchase of Perimeter 81.
Technology
The company develops a converged networking and security cloud edge delivered in a software as a service model. It offers global gateway deployment and multi-tenant management, allowing the distributed workforce to securely access company resources, whether these are located in the cloud or on-premises.
The platform intends to replace the traditional vpn service with a firewall as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marden%27s%20theorem | [[File:Marden theorem.svg|thumb|A triangle and its Steiner inellipse. The zeroes of are the black dots, and the zeroes of {{math|p(z)}} are the red dots). The center green dot is the zero of . Marden's theorem states that the red dots are the foci of the ellipse.]]
In mathematics, Marden's theorem''', named after Morris Marden but proved about 100 years earlier by Jörg Siebeck, gives a geometric relationship between the zeroes of a third-degree polynomial with complex coefficients and the zeroes of its derivative. See also geometrical properties of polynomial roots.
Statement
A cubic polynomial has three zeroes in the complex number plane, which in general form a triangle, and the Gauss–Lucas theorem states that the roots of its derivative lie within this triangle. Marden's theorem states their location within this triangle more precisely:
Suppose the zeroes , , and of a third-degree polynomial are non-collinear. There is a unique ellipse inscribed in the triangle with vertices , , and tangent to the sides at their midpoints: the Steiner inellipse. The foci of that ellipse are the zeroes of the derivative {{math|p'(z)}}.
Proof
This proof comes from an exercise in Fritz Carlson’s book “Geometri” (in Swedish, 1943).
Additional relations between root locations and the Steiner inellipse
By the Gauss–Lucas theorem, the root of the double derivative must be the average of the two foci, which is the center point of the ellipse and the centroid of the triangle.
In the special case that the triangle is equilateral (as happens, for instance, for the polynomial ) the inscribed ellipse becomes a circle, and the derivative of has a double root at the center of the circle. Conversely, if the derivative has a double root, then the triangle must be equilateral .
Generalizations
A more general version of the theorem, due to , applies to polynomials whose degree may be higher than three, but that have only three roots , , and . For such polynomials, the roots of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20error | In software engineering and mathematics, numerical error is the error in the numerical computations.
Types
It can be the combined effect of two kinds of error in a calculation.
the first is caused by the finite precision of computations involving floating-point or integer values
the second usually called truncation error is the difference between the exact mathematical solution and the approximate solution obtained when simplifications are made to the mathematical equations to make them more amenable to calculation. The term truncation comes from the fact that either these simplifications usually involve the truncation of an infinite series expansion so as to make the computation possible and practical, or because the least significant bits of an arithmetic operation are thrown away.
Measure
Floating-point numerical error is often measured in ULP (unit in the last place).
See also
Loss of significance
Numerical analysis
Error analysis (mathematics)
Round-off error
Kahan summation algorithm
Numerical sign problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setun | Setun () was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the most modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other computers.
Overview
The computer was built to fulfill the needs of Moscow State University. It was manufactured at the Kazan Mathematical plant. Fifty computers were built from 1959 until 1965, when production was halted. The characteristic operating memory consisted of 81 words of memory, each word composed of 18 trits (ternary digits) with additional 1944 words on magnetic drum (total of about 7 KB). Between 1965 and 1970, a regular binary computer was used at Moscow State University to replace it. Although this replacement binary computer performed equally well, it was 2.5 times the cost of the Setun.
In 1970, a new ternary computer architecture, the Setun-70, was developed. Edsger W. Dijkstra's ideas of structured programming were implemented in the hardware of this computer. The short instructions set was developed and implemented by Nikolay Brusentsov independently from RISC architecture principles.
The Setun-70 hardware architecture was transformed into the Dialogue System of Structured Programming (DSSP). DSSP emulates the "Setun 70" architecture on binary computers, thus it fulfills the advantages of structured programming. DSSP programming language has similar syntax to the Forth programming language but has a different sequence of base instructions, especially conditional jump instructions. DSSP was developed by Nikolay Brusentsov and doctoral students in the 1980s at Moscow State University. A 32-bit version was implemented in 1989.
See also
History of computing in the Soviet Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwell%20CADET | The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorised computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorised computer in the world.
The electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, UK built the Harwell Dekatron Computer in 1951, which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by relays. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet AERE's computing needs, and AERE director Sir John Cockcroft encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout.
E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte (65,536 bytes) magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently.
The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backward). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables, which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few standardised designs of circuit boards which never got mounted into the planned desktop unit, so it was left in its breadboard form. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more.
Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully tra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Stenhouse | David Stenhouse (born 23 May 1932, in Sutton, Surrey, England. He proposed the "4-factor" theory of evolutionary intelligence and was active in ethology, education, evolutionary biology and philosophy of science in Australia and New Zealand.
He died after a short illness on 27 August 2013 in Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Early life and family
Stenhouse spent his childhood on the outskirts of London and in South-West Scotland, where his parents were from. His paternal grandfather, also called David, was the headmaster of the Sandbank school. The son of J.F.M. & M.M. Stenhouse, he has one sister, Joyce. His parents moved to New Zealand when he was in his teens.
He has 7 children from 2 marriages. His eldest son, Dr. John Stenhouse, was a lecturer in History at Massey University, and is currently Associate Professor in History at the University of Otago.
Work
After taking degrees in both Philosophy (under John Passmore) and Zoology at the University of Otago, he lectured at universities in New Zealand and Australia – in the Department of Zoology at The University of Queensland, the Department of Education at Massey University, and the Department of Psychology at Massey University. He is the author of a number of books and articles.
Selected publications
Books
Crisis in Abundance, published in 1966 (Heinemann).
Unstated assumptions in education : a cross-cultural investigation, published in 1972 ().
The Evolution of Intelligence : A general theory and some of its implications, published in 1974 (Allen and Unwin, and ) (Japanese edition: "Chino no shinka : chiteki kodo no ippan riron"; Italian edition).
Active Philosophy in Education and Science: Paradigms and Language-Games, published in 1985 (Cambridge, MA: Allen and Unwin. and ).
Articles
D Stenhouse, MJR Gaffikin (1976), "Behavioural accounting and the changing nature of the human behavioural/social sciences : some implications of the ethological revolution", Occasional Paper, Massey Univer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie%20the%20Brain | Bertie the Brain is one of the first games developed in the early history of video games. It was built in Toronto by Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition. The four meter (13 foot) tall computer allowed exhibition attendees to play a game of tic-tac-toe against an artificial intelligence. The player entered a move on a keypad in the form of a three-by-three grid, and the game played out on a grid of lights overhead. The machine had an adjustable difficulty level. After two weeks on display by Rogers Majestic, the machine was disassembled at the end of the exhibition and largely forgotten as a curiosity.
Kates built the game to showcase his additron tube, a miniature version of the vacuum tube, though the transistor overtook it in computer development shortly thereafter. Patent issues prevented the additron tube from being used in computers besides Bertie before it was no longer useful. Bertie the Brain is a candidate for the first video game, as it was potentially the first computer game to have any sort of visual display of the game. It appeared only three years after the 1947 invention of the cathode-ray tube amusement device, the earliest known interactive electronic game to use an electronic display. Berties use of light bulbs rather than a screen with real-time visual graphics, however, much less moving graphics, does not meet some definitions of a video game.
History
Bertie the Brain was a video game version of tic-tac-toe, built by Dr. Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition. Kates had previously worked at Rogers Majestic designing and building radar tubes during World War II, then after the war pursued graduate studies in the computing center at the University of Toronto while continuing to work at Rogers Majestic. While there, he helped build the University of Toronto Electronic Computer (UTEC), one of the first working computers in the world. He also designed his own miniature version of the vacuum tube, called the additron |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%20Yoga | Forrest Yoga is a style of yoga as exercise. It was created by and named for Ana T. Forrest in 1982. It is known for "its long holding of positions, emphasis on abdominal core work, and standing series that can go on for 20 poses on each side". Reputed for its intensity, the style emphasizes connecting to one's feelings in order to work through physical and emotional trauma.
Description
Ana Forrest derived her practice from some aspects of Sivananda yoga, along with attention to alignment and use of props found in Iyengar yoga, and the heat and flowing sequences of Ashtanga vinyasa yoga. As the style evolved, she created a number of additional poses and sequences adapted to modern society, such as wrist stretches to prevent and relieve carpal tunnel syndrome. She also created shoulder shrugs to relieve tension and loosen the upper back, abdominal exercises to tone internal organs and strengthen the lower back, and some poses using a folded over and rolled up yoga mat. Forrest personally practices aspects of Hatha yoga not widely taught in modern yoga as exercise; her skill at the shatkarma nauli is featured on the Nauli.org site.
Forrest Yoga classes are conducted in a warm room () and begin with pranayama, then move through seated poses and abdominal muscle exercises before arriving at the "hot part" of the class that might involve sun salutations, standing poses, inversions, backbends and other asanas that build up to the more challenging "apex" poses. The poses are sustained, intensively and contemplatively, sometimes for 10 deep breaths, sometimes for several minutes.
Philosophy
Forrest Yoga's vision and mission, inspired by the life of Black Elk, a healer and Medicine Man of the Oglala Lakota Sioux, is "to mend the rainbow hoop of the people". In this style, healing is meant to extend to the emotional body, directing the breath into affected parts of the body to release emotions. Forrest was certified as a yoga teacher when aged 18. She is trained in Nati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon%20dew%20point | The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature (at a given pressure) at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas, will start to condense out of the gaseous phase. It is often also referred to as the HDP or the HCDP. The maximum temperature at which such condensation takes place is called the cricondentherm. The hydrocarbon dew point is a function of the gas composition as well as the pressure.
The hydrocarbon dew point is universally used in the natural gas industry as an important quality parameter, stipulated in contractual specifications and enforced throughout the natural gas supply chain, from producers through processing, transmission and distribution companies to final end users.
The hydrocarbon dew point of a gas is a different concept from the water dew point, the latter being the temperature (at a given pressure) at which water vapor present in a gas mixture will condense out of the gas.
Relation to the term GPM
In the United States, the hydrocarbon dew point of processed, pipelined natural gas is related to and characterized by the term GPM which is the gallons of liquefiable hydrocarbons contained in of natural gas at a stated temperature and pressure. When the liquefiable hydrocarbons are characterized as being hexane or higher molecular weight components, they are reported as GPM (C6+).
However, the quality of raw produced natural gas is also often characterized by the term GPM meaning the gallons of liquefiable hydrocarbons contained in of the raw natural gas. In such cases, when the liquefiable hydrocarbons in the raw natural gas are characterized as being ethane or higher molecular weight components, they are reported as GPM (C2+). Similarly, when characterized as being propane or higher molecular weight components, they are reported as GPM (C3+).
Care must be taken not to confuse the two different definitions of the term GPM.
Although GPM is an additional parameter of some value, most pipeli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Plant%20Industry | The Institute of Plant Industry, Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry or All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Industry (in ), as it is officially called, is a research institute of plant genetics, located in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
History
The Institute of Plant Industry was established in 1921. Nikolai Vavilov was the head of this institute from 1924 to 1936 which had, and still has, the world's largest collection of plant seeds. During the early 1930s, he became the target of the Lysenkoist debate and was exiled. The institute's seedbank survived the 28-month siege of Leningrad in World War II, where several botanists starved to death rather than eat the collected seeds. In 2010 the plant collection at the Pavlovsk Experimental Station was to be destroyed to make way for luxury housing. This was averted by order of President Dmitri Medvedev.
The story of the institute during the siege of Leningrad was dramatized in Jessica Oreck's 2019 feature film One Man Dies a Million Times.
Siege of Leningrad
The institute's extensive seed collection was an important target during the siege of Leningrad, Soviet officials took the time to evacuate the art from the city but neglected, or forgot to remove the world's largest seed collection. The scientists of the institute protected the seeds from the threats of the cold, the hungry residents of the besieged city, rats, and their own hunger. Twenty-eight of the botanists died during the siege, protecting their collection.
See also
Plant genetics
Lysenkoism
VASKhNIL (the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union)
Pavlovsk Experimental Station |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock%20method | In computational physics and chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.
The Hartree–Fock method often assumes that the exact N-body wave function of the system can be approximated by a single Slater determinant (in the case where the particles are fermions) or by a single permanent (in the case of bosons) of N spin-orbitals. By invoking the variational method, one can derive a set of N-coupled equations for the N spin orbitals. A solution of these equations yields the Hartree–Fock wave function and energy of the system. Hartree–Fock approximation is an instance of mean-field theory, where neglecting higher-order fluctuations in order parameter allows replacing interaction terms with quadratic terms, obtaining exactly solvable Hamiltonian.
Especially in the older literature, the Hartree–Fock method is also called the self-consistent field method (SCF). In deriving what is now called the Hartree equation as an approximate solution of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree required the final field as computed from the charge distribution to be "self-consistent" with the assumed initial field. Thus, self-consistency was a requirement of the solution. The solutions to the non-linear Hartree–Fock equations also behave as if each particle is subjected to the mean field created by all other particles (see the Fock operator below), and hence the terminology continued. The equations are almost universally solved by means of an iterative method, although the fixed-point iteration algorithm does not always converge.
This solution scheme is not the only one possible and is not an essential feature of the Hartree–Fock method.
The Hartree–Fock method finds its typical application in the solution of the Schrödinger equation for atoms, molecules, nanostructures and solids but it has also found widespread use in nuclear physics. (See Hartree–Fock–Bogo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridean%20starch | Floridean starch is a type of a storage glucan found in glaucophytes and in red algae (or rhodophytes), in which it is usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis. It is found in grains or granules in the cell's cytoplasm and is composed of an α-linked glucose polymer with a degree of branching intermediate between amylopectin and glycogen, though more similar to the former. The polymers that make up floridean starch are sometimes referred to as "semi-amylopectin".
Properties
Floridean starch consists of a polymer of glucose molecules connected primarily by α(1,4) linkages, with occasional branch points using α(1,6) linkages. It differs from other common α-linked glucose polymers in the frequency and position of the branches, which gives rise to different physical properties. The structure of floridean starch polymers is most similar to amylopectin and is sometimes described as "semi-amylopectin". Floridean starch is often described in contrast to starch (a mixture of amylopectin and amylose) and glycogen:
Historically, floridean starch has been described as lacking amylose. However, amylose has been identified as a component of floridean starch granules in some cases, particularly in unicellular red algae.
Evolution
Features such as UDP-glucose building blocks and cytosolic storage differentiate the Archaeplastida into two groups: the rhodophytes and glaucophytes, which use floridean starch, and the green algae and plants (Chloroplastida), which use amylopectin and amylose. There is strong phylogenomic evidence that the Archaeplastida are monophyletic and originate from a single primary endosymbiosis event involving a heterotrophic eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Evidence indicates that both ancestors would have had established mechanisms for carbon storage. Based on review of the genetic complement of modern plastid genomes, the last common ancestor of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have possessed a cytosolic storage mec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20the%20Goat | Bill the Goat is the mascot of the United States Naval Academy. The mascot is a live goat and is also represented by a costumed midshipman. There is also a bronze statue of the goat in the north end zone of Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. This statue also plays a role in "Army Week" traditions.
The first Bill the Goat appeared in 1893. Currently, Bill XXXVI reigns as the 39th mascot and is the 36th goat to be named Bill. His backup is Bill XXXVII.
The legend of Bill the Goat
Goats at sea
For centuries, ships sailed with livestock in order to provide sailors with fresh food. Ships in the British and early American navies often carried goats, to eat the garbage and other undesirable food and to return milk and butter. The first usage of "billy goat" for a male goat occurs in the 19th century replacing the older term "he-goat." And the first creature, animal or otherwise, to circle the earth twice was a (female) goat that traveled first with Wallis (1767) and then with Captain Cook (1768). After the Cook trip she was allowed to retire.
Goats at USNA
There is a legend that a Navy ship once sailed with a pet goat, and that the goat died during the cruise. The officers preserved the skin to have it mounted when they returned to port. Two young ensigns were entrusted with the skin. On their way to the taxidermist, they stopped by the United States Naval Academy to watch a football game. At halftime, for reasons the legend does not specify, one ensign decided to dress up in the goat skin. The crowd appreciated the effort, and Navy won the game.
Early years
In 1893, a live goat named El Cid made his debut as a mascot at the fourth Army–Navy Game. El Cid was a gift to the Brigade of Midshipmen from officers of the USS New York. With the goat, Navy gained a 6–3 win over Army that year, so he was adopted as part of the team.
In the early 1900s, the beloved mascot was finally given a name. On the return trip to the Naval Academy after the Midshipmen triumphed over |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC%20by%20Schneider%20Electric | APC by Schneider Electric (formerly American Power Conversion Corporation) is a manufacturer of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), electronics peripherals, and data center products.
In 2007, Schneider Electric acquired APC and combined it with MGE UPS Systems to form Schneider Electric's Critical Power & Cooling Services Business Unit, which recorded 2007 revenue of US$3.5 billion (EUR 2.4 billion) and employed 12,000 people worldwide. Until February 2007, when it was acquired, it had been a member of the S&P 500 list of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States.
Schneider Electric, with 113,900 employees and operations in 102 countries, had 2008 annual sales of $26 billion (EUR 18.3 billion).
In 2011, APC by Schneider Electric became a product brand only, while the company was rebranded as the IT Business Unit of Schneider Electric.
History
APC was founded in 1981 by three MIT Lincoln Lab electronic power engineers. Originally, the engineers focused on solar power research and development. When government funding for their research ended, APC shifted its focus to power protection by introducing its first UPS in 1984.
Acquisition by Schneider
Schneider Electric announced its acquisition of APC on October 30, 2006 and completed it on February 14, 2007. APC share-holders approved the deal on January 16, 2007. The European Union authorized the merger, provided that Schneider divest itself of the MGE UPS SYSTEMS global UPS business below 10kVA. Late in 2007 Eaton Powerware bought the MGE Office Protection Systems division of Schneider.
Product lines
The company focuses its efforts on four application areas:
Home/home office
Business networks
Access provider networks
Data centers and facilities
Symmetra
APC Symmetra LX is a line of uninterruptible power supply products, aimed at network and server applications. Symmetras come in power configurations ranging from 4 kVA to 16 kVA. Symmetras are built for use in a data center (in a 19-in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity%20equation | The vorticity equation of fluid dynamics describes the evolution of the vorticity of a particle of a fluid as it moves with its flow; that is, the local rotation of the fluid (in terms of vector calculus this is the curl of the flow velocity). The governing equation is:where is the material derivative operator, is the flow velocity, is the local fluid density, is the local pressure, is the viscous stress tensor and represents the sum of the external body forces. The first source term on the right hand side represents vortex stretching.
The equation is valid in the absence of any concentrated torques and line forces for a compressible, Newtonian fluid. In the case of incompressible flow (i.e., low Mach number) and isotropic fluids, with conservative body forces, the equation simplifies to the vorticity transport equation:
where is the kinematic viscosity and is the Laplace operator. Under the further assumption of two-dimensional flow, the equation simplifies to:
Physical interpretation
The term on the left-hand side is the material derivative of the vorticity vector . It describes the rate of change of vorticity of the moving fluid particle. This change can be attributed to unsteadiness in the flow (, the unsteady term) or due to the motion of the fluid particle as it moves from one point to another (, the convection term).
The term on the right-hand side describes the stretching or tilting of vorticity due to the flow velocity gradients. Note that is a vector quantity, as is a scalar differential operator, while is a nine-element tensor quantity.
The term describes stretching of vorticity due to flow compressibility. It follows from the Navier-Stokes equation for continuity, namely where is the specific volume of the fluid element. One can think of as a measure of flow compressibility. Sometimes the negative sign is included in the term.
The term is the baroclinic term. It accounts for the changes in the vorticity due to the intersection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer%20plaque | The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by intelligent extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.
The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft were the first human-built objects to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's antenna support struts in a position that would shield them from erosion by interstellar dust.
History
The original idea, that the Pioneer spacecraft should carry a message from mankind, was first mentioned by Eric Burgess when he visited the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, during the Mariner 9 mission. He approached Carl Sagan, who had lectured about communication with intelligent extraterrestrials at a conference in Crimea.
Sagan was enthusiastic about the idea of sending a message with the Pioneer spacecraft. NASA agreed to the plan and gave him three weeks to prepare a message. Together with Frank Drake he designed the plaque, and the artwork was prepared by Linda Salzman Sagan, who was Sagan's wife at the time. Additional artistic contributions were made by Jon Lomberg.
Both plaques were manufactured at Precision Engravers, San Carlos, California.
The first plaque was launched with Pioneer 10 on March 2, 1972, and the second followed with Pioneer 11 on April 5, 1973.
In May 2017, a limited edition of 200 replicas engraved from the original master design at Precision Engravers was made available in a Kickstarter Campaign, which also offered laser-engraved replicas.
Physical properties
Material: 6061 T6 gold-anodized aluminium
Width:
Height:
Thickness:
Mean depth of engraving:
Mass: approx.
Symbolism
Hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen
At the top le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20level-index%20arithmetic | The level-index (LI) representation of numbers, and its algorithms for arithmetic operations, were introduced by Charles Clenshaw and Frank Olver in 1984.
The symmetric form of the LI system and its arithmetic operations were presented by Clenshaw and Peter Turner in 1987.
Michael Anuta, Daniel Lozier, Nicolas Schabanel and Turner developed the algorithm for symmetric level-index (SLI) arithmetic, and a parallel implementation of it. There has been extensive work on developing the SLI arithmetic algorithms and extending them to complex and vector arithmetic operations.
Definition
The idea of the level-index system is to represent a non-negative real number as
where and the process of exponentiation is performed times, with . and are the level and index of respectively. is the LI image of . For example,
so its LI image is
The symmetric form is used to allow negative exponents, if the magnitude of is less than 1. One takes or and stores it (after substituting +1 for 0 for the reciprocal sign since for the LI image is and uniquely defines and we can do away without a third state and use only one bit for the two states −1 and +1) as the reciprocal sign . Mathematically, this is equivalent to taking the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) of a small magnitude number, and then finding the SLI image for the reciprocal. Using one bit for the reciprocal sign enables the representation of extremely small numbers.
A sign bit may also be used to allow negative numbers. One takes sgn(X) and stores it (after substituting +1 for 0 for the sign since for the LI image is and uniquely defines and we can do away without a third state and use only one bit for the two states −1 and +1) as the sign . Mathematically, this is equivalent to taking the inverse (additive inverse) of a negative number, and then finding the SLI image for the inverse. Using one bit for the sign enables the representation of negative numbers.
The mapping function is called the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memonic | Memonic is a free web-based notetaking application that allows users to save and organize information while conducting research online and offline. A clip may be a full webpage or webpage excerpt, a document or document excerpt, a text note, or a screenshot.
Memonic is based in Switzerland and was launched in November 2010. The company was co-founded by the current CEO Dorian Seiz.
Product characteristics
Memonic offers a full online notetaking application for a number of platforms. Content may be clipped using a range of bookmarklets and extensions for various browsers or by using the desktop application. The online application works on any standard browser.
Notes can also be added by email, or composed from scratch. Notes can be organized in folders, edited, commented and searched. A user can also create groups to share notes and collaborate with a closed user group.
Memonic operates on a freemium model with a free plan limited to 100 notes along with a paid plan for unlimited notes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20logic | Minimal logic, or minimal calculus, is a symbolic logic system originally developed by Ingebrigt Johansson. It is an intuitionistic and paraconsistent logic, that rejects both the law of the excluded middle as well as the principle of explosion (ex falso quodlibet), and therefore holding neither of the following two derivations as valid:
where and are any propositions. Most constructive logics only reject the former, the law of excluded middle. In classical logic, the ex falso laws
as well as their variants with and switched, are equivalent to each other and valid. Minimal logic also rejects those principles.
Axiomatization
Minimal logic is axiomatized over the positive fragment of intuitionistic logic. Both of these logics may be formulated in the language using the same axioms for
implication ,
conjunction and
disjunction as the basic connectives, but Minimal Logic adds
falsum or absurdity as part of the language.
Alternatively, direct axioms for negation are discussed below.
Theorems
Here only theorems not already provable in the positive calculus are covered.
Negation introduction
A quick analysis of implication and negation laws gives a good indication of what this logic, lacking full explosion, can and cannot prove.
A natural statement in a language with negation, such as Minimal logic, is, for example, the principle of negation introduction, whereby the negation of a statement is proven by assuming it and deriving a contradiction. Formally, this may be expressed as, for any two propositions,
.
For taken as the contradiction itself, this establishes the law of non-contradiction
.
Assuming any , the introduction rule of the material conditional gives , also when and are not relevantly related. With this and implication elimination, the above introduction principle implies
,
i.e. assuming any contradiction, every proposition can be negated. Negation introduction is possible in minimal logic, so here a contradiction moreover proves ev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20asymmetry | In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other.
Information asymmetry creates an imbalance of power in transactions, which can sometimes cause the transactions to be inefficient, causing market failure in the worst case. Examples of this problem are adverse selection, moral hazard, and monopolies of knowledge.
A common way to visualise information asymmetry is with a scale, with one side being the seller and the other the buyer. When the seller has more or better information, the transaction will more likely occur in the seller's favour ("the balance of power has shifted to the seller"). An example of this could be when a used car is sold, the seller is likely to have a much better understanding of the car's condition and hence its market value than the buyer, who can only estimate the market value based on the information provided by the seller and their own assessment of the vehicle. The balance of power can, however, also be in the hands of the buyer. When buying health insurance, the buyer is not always required to provide full details of future health risks. By not providing this information to the insurance company, the buyer will pay the same premium as someone much less likely to require a payout in the future. The adjacent image illustrates the balance of power between two agents when there is Perfect information. Perfect information means that all parties have complete knowledge. If the buyer has more information, the power to manipulate the transaction will be represented by the scale leaning towards the buyer's side.
Information asymmetry extends to non-economic behaviour. Private firms have better information than regulators about the actions that they would take in the absence of regulation, and the effectiveness of a regulation may be undermined. International relations theory has recognized that wars may be caused by asymmetric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venality | Venality is a vice associated with being bribeable or willing to sell one's services or power, especially when people are intended to act in a decent way instead. In its most recognizable form, venality causes people to lie and steal for their own personal advantage, and is related to bribery and nepotism, among other vices.
Though not in line with dictionary definitions of the term, modern writers often use it to connote vices only tangentially related to bribery or self-interest, such as cruelty, selfishness, and general dishonesty.
Context
Venality in its mild form is a vice notable especially among those with government or military careers. For example, the Ancien Régime in France from the 1500s through the late 1700s, was notorious for the venality of many government officials. In these fields, one is ideally supposed to act with justice and honor and not accept bribes. That ensures that the organization is not susceptible to manipulation by self-interested parties.
In contrast to the previous interpretation, dishonesty is not specifically expressed in the literal meaning, but is often implied. The condition of failing to act justly is not a literal component of the word's meaning either. By definition, committing "venal" acts does not indicate "stealing" or "lying", but rather suggests a consensual arrangement, perhaps without conscience or regard for consequences, but is not synonymous with stealing. While bribery could be related, nepotism clearly has no literal similarity or correlation with venality. Though venality is generally used as a pejorative term, an individual or entity could be venal (or mercenary) and not be corrupt or unethical. One could perform one's duties or job in a perfunctory manner in order to collect a wage or payment, or prostitute one's time or skills for monetary or material gain, without necessarily being dishonest.
Much contemporary use of the words venal or venality is applied to modern professional athletes, particularly bas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanespimycin | Tanespimycin (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG) is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in younger patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors.
It works by inhibiting Hsp90, which is expressed in those tumors.
It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
Clinical trials
Bristol-Myers Squibb conducted Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. However, in 2010 the company halted development of tanespimycin, during late-stage clinical trials as a potential treatment for multiple myeloma. While no definitive explanation was given, it has been suggested that Bristol-Myers Squibb halted development over concerns of the financial feasibility of tanespimycin development given the 2014 expiry of the patent on this compound, and the relative expense of manufacture. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20baseline%20design | A multiple baseline design is used in medical, psychological, and biological research.
The multiple baseline design was first reported in 1960 as used in basic operant research. It was applied in the late 1960s to human experiments in response to practical and ethical issues that arose in withdrawing apparently successful treatments from human subjects. In it two or more (often three) behaviors, people or settings are plotted in a staggered graph where a change is made to one, but not the other two, and then to the second, but not the third behavior, person or setting. Differential changes that occur to each behavior, person or in each setting help to strengthen what is essentially an AB design with its problematic competing hypotheses.
Because treatment is started at different times, changes are attributable to the treatment rather than to a chance factor. By gathering data from many subjects (instances), inferences can be made about the likeliness that the measured trait generalizes to a greater population. In multiple baseline designs, the experimenter starts by measuring a trait of interest, then applies a treatment before measuring that trait again. Treatment does not begin until a stable baseline has been recorded, and does not finish until measures regain stability. If a significant change occurs across all participants the experimenter may infer that the treatment is effective.
Multiple base-line experiments are most commonly used in cases where the dependent variable is not expected to return to normal after the treatment has been applied, or when medical reasons forbid the withdrawal of a treatment. They often employ particular methods or recruiting participants. Multiple baseline designs are associated with potential confounds introduced by experimenter bias, which must be addressed to preserve objectivity. Particularly, researchers are advised to develop all test schedules and data collection limits beforehand.
Recruiting participants
Although mult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%20line%20theory | The germ-line theory was a proposed explanation for immunoglobulin diversity that proposed that each antibody was encoded in a separate germline gene.
This does not occur in most species (including humans), but may occur in Elasmobranchs.
For decades microbiologists searched for a mechanism that could explain the large diversity of antibody structure. For this reason the germ line theory emerged. According to this theory, the genomes contributed by the germ cell, sperm and egg contained a large repertoire of immunoglobulin genes. It was clear that there should be a mechanism that help the antibody to have diversity and keep it constant. The germ line theory could not provide any explanation on this aspect. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Sch%C3%A4chter | Josef Schächter (September 16, 1901 in Kundrynce, Galicia – March 27, 1994 Haifa) was an Austrian rabbi, philosopher and member of the Vienna Circle from 1925 to 1936.
Life
Schächter was the son of Shoel Schächter and Sarah, née Distenfield. He trained as a rabbi and was ordained in 1926. He worked as a Talmud teacher from 1922 to 1929 at the Hebraic school in Vienna and from 1935 to 1938 at the Bible Rambam Institute.
At the same time, he studied philosophy, primarily with Moritz Schlick and completed his studies in 1931 with a dissertation under Schlick with the title “Critical Account of N. Hartmann’s ‘Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis’” („Kritische Darstellung von N. Hartmanns‚ Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis‘“).
From 1925 to 1936 Schächter attended the meetings of the Vienna Circle. His work Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik (Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar) was published with a preface by Schlick in the Circle’s book series Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung (Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception) in 1935. This work was influenced by Schlick, Friedrich Waismann, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. After Schlick’s murder, Schächter intermittently substituted Friedrich Waismann in running philosophical seminars.
In 1938 Schächter emigrated to Palestine. He taught at secondary schools, first in Tel Aviv until 1940 and then in Haifa until 1950. In 1943 he married the teacher Netti Dlugacz. From 1951 to 1952 he was superintendent of schools in the Israeli school system. Later he worked as a lecturer for Bible and Aggadah at the teacher’s seminar in Haifa.
At the beginning of the 1950s a group of his students founded the Kibbuz "Yodefat" in Galilee in order to put Schächter’s ideas into practice.
Schächter published numerous works on classical Judaism, on language, meaning, and belief in the context of science and religion.
Selected works
"Kritische Darstellung von N. Hartmanns 'Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Edwards%20%28human%20computer%29 | Mary Edwards ( – September 1815) was a human computer for the British Nautical Almanac and one of a very few women paid directly by the Board of Longitude, and to earn a living from scientific work at the time.
She was one of 35 human computers who calculated the position of the sun, moon and planets at different times of day for annual nautical almanacs used for navigation at sea.
Work
Edwards was introduced to the almanac project and to Nevil Maskelyne, the fifth English Astronomer Royal, through her clergyman husband the Revd John Edwards (–1784) who had taken on piece-work as a computer to supplement the family income and received payment for work on 6 months' worth of each almanac from 1773 until his death in 1784. It was revealed that Mary had done most of the calculations when she wrote to Maskelyne to ask if she could continue work to support herself and her daughters after her husband's death. On her husband's death Mary Edwards officially took over his computing work on a full-time basis and as her sole source of income. Maskelyne may have known all along that she undertook the calculations because he had visited the family on several occasions. However, when Maskelyne died in 1811 she found that the new Astronomer Royal John Pond did not give her enough work. The Board of Longitude eventually ruled that Pond should continue to allocate work to her. Over time, her reputation for reliability and accuracy meant she could take on more work. She continued until her death in 1815.
Family
Her daughter, Eliza Edwards (1779-1846), also worked as a computer, initially helping from a young age and then independently after her mother's death in 1815. She continued to work for the Nautical Almanac until 1832, at which date computing work was centralised in London and in the new HM Nautical Almanac Office there was no place for women employees as Civil Service rules made the employment of women very difficult.
Recognition
The minor planet 12627 Maryedwards was na |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune-mediated%20inflammatory%20diseases | An immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) is any of a group of conditions or diseases that lack a definitive etiology, but which are characterized by common inflammatory pathways leading to inflammation, and which may result from, or be triggered by, a dysregulation of the normal immune response. All IMIDs can cause end organ damage, and are associated with increased morbidity and/or mortality.
Inflammation is an important and growing area of biomedical research and health care because inflammation mediates and is the primary driver of many medical disorders and autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Behçet's disease, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and allergy, as well as many cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and infectious diseases. Some current research even suggests that aging is a consequence, in part, of inflammatory processes.
Characterization
IMID is characterized by immune disregulation, and one underlying manifestation of this immune disregulation is the inappropriate activation of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-6 or TNF alpha, whose actions lead to pathological consequences.
See also
Immune mediated polygenic arthritis
Bibliography
Shurin, Michael R. and Yuri S. Smolkin (editors). Immune Mediated Diseases: From Theory to Therapy (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology). Springer, 2007. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography | Pornography (colloquially known as porn or porno) has been defined as sexual subject material "such as a picture, video, or text" that is intended for sexual arousal. Indicated for the consumption by adults, pornography depictions have evolved from cave paintings, some forty millennia ago, to virtual reality presentations. A general distinction of adult content is made classifying it as pornography or erotica.
The oldest artifacts considered pornographic were discovered in Germany in 2008 CE and are dated to be at least 35,000 years old. Throughout the history of erotic depictions various people made attempts to suppress them under obscenity laws, censor, or make them illegal. Such grounds and even the definition of pornography have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts. The Indian Sanskrit text Kama Sutra (3rd century CE) contained prose, poetry, and illustrations regarding sexual behavior, and the book was celebrated; while the British English text Fanny Hill (1748), considered "the first original English prose pornography," has been one of the most prosecuted and banned books. In the late 19th century, a film by Thomas Edison that depicted a kiss was denounced as obscene in the United States, whereas Eugène Pirou's 1896 film Bedtime for the Bride was received very favorably in France. Starting from the mid-twentieth century on, societal attitudes towards sexuality became more lenient in the Western world where legal definitions of obscenity were made limited. In 1969, Blue Movie became the first film to depict unsimulated sex that received a wide theatrical release in the United States. This was followed by the "Golden Age of Porn" (1969–1984). The introduction of home video and the World Wide Web in the late 20th century led to global growth in the pornography business. Beginning in the 21st century, greater access to the internet and affordable smartphones made pornography more mainstream.
Pornography has been vouched to provision a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 58° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 58th meridian west forms a great circle with the 122nd meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 58th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Lincoln Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|Nyeboe Land
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Baffin Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Davis Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Labrador Sea
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Newfoundland and Labrador — Labrador Quebec — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Saint Lawrence
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Newfoundland and Labrador — island of Newfoundland
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just east of Georgetown
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through area claimed by
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Pará Amazonas — from Pará — from Mato Grosso — from
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Mato Grosso do Sul
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 20 k |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM%20model | IS–LM model, or Hicks–Hansen model, is a two-dimensional macroeconomic tool that shows the relationship between interest rates and assets market (also known as real output in goods and services market plus money market). The intersection of the "investment–saving" (IS) and "liquidity preference–money supply" (LM) curves models "general equilibrium" where supposed simultaneous equilibria occur in both the goods and the asset markets. Yet two equivalent interpretations are possible: first, the IS–LM model explains changes in national income when the price level is fixed in the short-run; second, the IS–LM model shows why an aggregate demand curve can shift.
Hence, this tool is sometimes used not only to analyse economic fluctuations but also to suggest potential levels for appropriate stabilisation policies.
The model was developed by John Hicks in 1937 and was later extended by Alvin Hansen, as a mathematical representation of Keynesian macroeconomic theory. Between the 1940s and mid-1970s, it was the leading framework of macroeconomic analysis. While it has been largely absent from macroeconomic research ever since, it is still a backbone conceptual introductory tool in many macroeconomics textbooks. By itself, the IS–LM model is used to study the short run when prices are fixed or sticky and no inflation is taken into consideration. But in practice the main role of the model is as a path to explain the AD–AS model.
History
The IS–LM model was introduced at a conference of the Econometric Society held in Oxford during September 1936. Roy Harrod, John R. Hicks, and James Meade all presented papers
describing mathematical models attempting to summarize John Maynard Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Hicks, who had seen a draft of Harrod's paper, invented the IS–LM model (originally using the abbreviation "LL", not "LM"). He later presented it in
"Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation".
Although generally accepted as being |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous%20part%20of%20temporal%20bone | The squamous part of temporal bone, or temporal squama, forms the front and upper part of the temporal bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.
Surfaces
Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporal muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on its hinder part is a vertical groove for the middle temporal artery. A curved line, the temporal line, or supramastoid crest, runs backward and upward across its posterior part; it serves for the attachment of the temporal fascia, and limits the origin of the temporalis muscle. The boundary between the squamous part and the mastoid portion of the bone, as indicated by traces of the original suture, lies about 1 cm. below this line.
Projecting from the lower part of the squamous part is a long, arched process, the zygomatic process. This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. The superior border is long, thin, and sharp, and serves for the attachment of the temporal fascia; the inferior, short, thick, and arched, has attached to it some fibers of the masseter. The lateral surface is convex and subcutaneous; the medial is concave, and affords attachment to the masseter. The anterior end is deeply serrated and articulates with the zygomatic bone. The posterior end is connected to the squamous part by two roots, the anterior and posterior roots. The posterior root, a prolongation of the upper border, is strongly marked; it runs backward above the external auditory meatus, and is continuous with the temporal line. The anterior root, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the articular tubercle (eminentia articularis).
This tubercle forms the front boundary of the mandibular fossa, and in the fresh state is covered with cartilage. In fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parictis | Parictis is an extinct arctoid belonging to the family Subparictidae.
Taxonomy & evolution
It was originally described as a new genus and species Parietis princeous of mustelid by Scott in 1893, for a single specimen, a mandible fragment with two anterior molars. An alternative name and spelling, ?Parictis princeps, was proposed in 1894; and in 1904 both the genus and species name were declared to be in error and the name Parictis primaevus was assigned.
Parictis bathygenus was described in 1947, but it was considered a different genus by 1958, and a synonym of Cynelos caroniavorus by 1976.
Another species was described in 1954 as Campylocynodon personi, and was reassigned to the genus Parictis in 1967. And Parictis major was described during a review of the genus in 1972.
The genus as a whole was placed within various families, including Canidae by Hall in 1931 and Ursidae by Hunt in 1998. It is placed within the family Subparictidae as of 2023.
Description
It was a very small and graceful arctoid with a skull only 7 cm long. Parictis first appeared in North America in the Late Eocene (around 38 million years ago), but it did not arrive in Eurasia until the Miocene. Some suggest that Parictis may have emigrated from Asia into North America during the major sea level low about 37 mya, because of the continued evolution of the Amphicynodontinae into the Hemicyoninae in Asia. Although no Parictis fossils have been found in East Asia, Parictis does appear in Eurasia and Africa, but not until the Miocene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, the Sturm sequence of a univariate polynomial is a sequence of polynomials associated with and its derivative by a variant of Euclid's algorithm for polynomials. Sturm's theorem expresses the number of distinct real roots of located in an interval in terms of the number of changes of signs of the values of the Sturm sequence at the bounds of the interval. Applied to the interval of all the real numbers, it gives the total number of real roots of .
Whereas the fundamental theorem of algebra readily yields the overall number of complex roots, counted with multiplicity, it does not provide a procedure for calculating them. Sturm's theorem counts the number of distinct real roots and locates them in intervals. By subdividing the intervals containing some roots, it can isolate the roots into arbitrarily small intervals, each containing exactly one root. This yields the oldest real-root isolation algorithm, and arbitrary-precision root-finding algorithm for univariate polynomials.
For computing over the reals, Sturm's theorem is less efficient than other methods based on Descartes' rule of signs. However, it works on every real closed field, and, therefore, remains fundamental for the theoretical study of the computational complexity of decidability and quantifier elimination in the first order theory of real numbers.
The Sturm sequence and Sturm's theorem are named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, who discovered the theorem in 1829.
The theorem
The Sturm chain or Sturm sequence of a univariate polynomial with real coefficients is the sequence of polynomials such that
for , where is the derivative of , and is the remainder of the Euclidean division of by The length of the Sturm sequence is at most the degree of .
The number of sign variations at of the Sturm sequence of is the number of sign changes–ignoring zeros—in the sequence of real numbers
This number of sign variations is denoted here .
Sturm's theorem states that, if is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG-13 | The KG-13 was the first transistorized cryptographic machine developed by the NSA in the early 60's. It used the newly developed 2N404 germanium transistor instead of vacuum tubes. It consisted of a KG-3 transmitter and a KG-12 receiver. The transmitter used about 500 transistors and the receiver about 300. The transmitter was switchable to function as a receiver.
KG-13 (PONTUS)
The KG-13 Electronic Key Generator, Transmitter/Receiver was similar in appearance to the KG-14. This solid state design dating from the mid-to-late 1960s, originally cost $13,000 per copy. It was one of the first crypto machines to encrypt data such as facsimile. Crypto technicians received 10 to 12 weeks training on the machine. The KG-13 was composed of a KG-3 transmitter and a KG-12 receiver.
A KG-13 unit. One drawer bears the designation KGD-3/TSEC. The total weight is around 250 pounds. The KG-13 was controlled by "key cards". These were IBM-like punch cards that determined the starting point of the KG-13 encryption which was done by "koken stages". The key cards were changed daily at HJ time. When the USS Pueblo, with a KG-13 aboard, was captured by the North Koreans in 1968, the personnel didn't have time to destroy it. As a result, a working model of the KG-13 fell into enemy hands. NSA quickly designed a modification to the koken stage board to alter its operation in order that the enemy didn't have an identical working model.
Card Reader Description
Select this link to see the inside of the card reader. Ronald Coppock, who worked with the KG-13 indicates that it was fitted with a card cutter and also without. "In Ethiopia, I worked at two locations (Stonehouse and Tract C) that had KG13's equipped with the KW26 style card cutters. All the machines at Stonehouse were equipped that way and about 20% at Tract C. At the 7th Radio Research in South East Asia, about 30% of the KG13's had the card cutter style card readers. 13's equipped with the card cutters were operated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylotypic%20stage | In Embryology a phylotypic stage or phylotypic period is a particular developmental stage or developmental period during mid-embryogenesis where embryos of related species within a phylum express the highest degree of morphological and molecular resemblance. Recent molecular studies in various plant and animal species were able to quantify the expression of genes covering crucial stages of embryo development and found that during the morphologically defined phylotypic period the evolutionary oldest genes, genes with similar temporal expression patterns, and genes under strongest purifying selection are most active throughout the phylotypic period.
Historical origins of concept
The idea that embryos of different species have similar morphologies at some point during development can be traced back to Aristotle. Aristotle observed a number of developing vertebrate embryos, noting in his text The Generation of Animals that the morphological differences among the different embryos arose late in development. In 1828, Karl Ernst von Baer created his laws of embryology, which summarized the results of his comparative embryogenesis studies. In his first law, he proposed that the more general characters of a group appear earlier in their embryos than the more special characters. In 1866, Ernst Haeckel proposed that each developing organism passes through the evolutionary stages of its ancestors, i.e., ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. The hypothesis that different organisms pass through the developmental stages of closely related organisms is outdated. However, the idea that early stages of development are conserved among species, with increasing divergence as development progresses, has influenced modern evolutionary and developmental biology. The early conservation or funnel model of development (see below) is closely tied to these historical origins.
Phylotypic period
The first formulation of the phylotypic period concept came in 1960 from Friedrich Seidel's Körpergru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNN1 | Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 1 , also known as KCNN1 is a human gene encoding the KCa2.1 protein.
Action potentials in vertebrate neurons are followed by an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that may persist for several seconds and may have profound consequences for the firing pattern of the neuron. Each component of the AHP is kinetically distinct and is mediated by different calcium-activated potassium channels. The protein encoded by this gene is activated before membrane hyperpolarization and is thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic AHP. The KCa2.1 protein is an integral membrane protein that forms a voltage-independent calcium-activated channel with three other calmodulin-binding subunits. The KCNN1 gene is a member of the KCNN family of potassium channel genes.
See also
SK channel
Voltage-gated potassium channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20charge | In nuclear physics and atomic physics, weak charge refers to the Standard Model weak interaction coupling of a particle to the Z boson. For example, for any given nuclear isotope, the total weak charge is approximately −0.99 per neutron, and +0.07 per proton. It also shows an effect of parity violation during electron scattering.
This same term is sometimes also used to refer to other, distinct quantities, such as weak isospin, weak hypercharge, or the vector coupling of a fermion to the Z boson (i.e. the coupling strength of weak neutral currents).
Theoretical basis
The formula for the weak charge is derived from the Standard Model, and is given by
where is the weak charge,
is the weak isospin,
is the weak mixing angle, and is the electric charge.
The approximation for the weak charge is usually valid, since the weak mixing angle typically is and and a discrepancy of only a little more than
Extension to larger, composite protons and neutrons
This relation only directly applies to quarks and leptons (fundamental particles), since weak isospin is not clearly defined for composite particles, such as protons and neutrons, partly due to weak isospin not being conserved. One can set the weak isospin of the proton to and of the neutron to , in order to obtain approximate value for the weak charge. Equivalently, one can sum up the weak charges of the constituent quarks to get the same result.
Thus the calculated weak charge for the neutron is
The weak charge for the proton calculated using the above formula and a weak mixing angle of 29° is
a very small value, similar to the nearly zero weak charge of charged leptons (see the table below).
Corrections arise when doing the full theoretical calculation for nucleons, however. Specifically, when evaluating Feynman diagrams beyond the tree level (i.e. diagrams containing loops), the weak mixing angle becomes dependent on the momentum scale due to the running of coupling constants, and due to the fact that nucl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%27s%20inequality | Eilenberg's inequality, also known as the coarea inequality is a mathematical inequality for Lipschitz-continuous functions between metric spaces. Informally, it gives an upper bound on the average size of the fibers of a Lipschitz map in terms of the Lipschitz constant of the function and the measure of the domain.
The Eilenberg's inequality has applications in geometric measure theory and manifold theory. It is also a key ingredient in the proof of the coarea formula.
Formal statement
Let ƒ : X → Y be a Lipschitz-continuous function between metric spaces whose Lipschitz constant is denoted by Lip ƒ. Let s and t be nonnegative real numbers. Then, Eilenberg's inequality states that
for any A ⊂ X.
the asterisk denotes the upper integral,
vt are universal constants. If v=n, then vt equals the volume of the unit ball in Rn,
Ht is the t-dimensional Hausdorff measure.
The use of upper integral is necessary because in general the function
may fail to be Ht measurable.
History
The inequality was first proved by Eilenberg in 1938 for the case when the function was the distance to a fixed point in the metric space. Then it was generalized in 1943 by Eilenberg and Harold to the case of any real-valued Lipschitz function on a metric space.
The inequality in the form above was proved by Federer in 1954, except that he could prove it only under additional assumptions that he conjectured were unnecessary. Years later, Davies proved some deep results about Hausdorff contents and this conjecture was proved as a consequence. But recently a new proof, independent of Davies's result, has been found as well.
About the proof
In many texts the inequality is proved for the case where the target space is a Euclidean space or a manifold. This is because the isodiametric inequality is available (locally in the case of manifolds), which allows for a straightforward proof. The isodiametric inequality is not available in general metric spaces. The proof of Eilenberg's inequality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule%20Man%20%28video%20game%29 | Molecule Man is an isometric 3D action-adventure video game released by Mastertronic in 1986 for a variety of 8-bit home computers. A level editor is included which enables the player to design their own mazes.
Plot
Molecule Man is trapped in a radioactive maze and must reach the escape teleport before the radiation kills him.
Gameplay
The player controls the Molecule Man in his quest to escape within a time limit. He must find the teleport and repair it using 16 circuit board pieces that are scattered around the maze. Bombs must be purchased to blow open inaccessible areas. Meanwhile, the radiation is killing him and health pills must be purchased to prolong his life.
Coins can be found lying around. These must be collected and taken to dispensers to purchase bombs and pills.
Reception
ZX Computing wrote, "No not another 3-D maze game! 'Fraid so". A 1986 review for Sinclair User was more positive: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-driven%20priority | Time-driven priority (TDP)
is a synchronous packet scheduling technique that implements UTC-based pipeline forwarding
and can be combined with conventional IP routing to achieve the higher flexibility than another pipeline forwarding implementation known as time-driven switching (TDS) or fractional lambda switching (FλS). Packets entering a switch from the same input port during the same [time frame] (TF) can be sent out from different output ports, according to the rules that drive IP packet routing. Operation in accordance to pipeline forwarding principles ensures deterministic quality of service and low complexity packet scheduling. Specifically, packets scheduled for transmission during a TF are given maximum priority; if resources have been properly reserved, all scheduled packets will be at the output port and transmitted before their TF ends.
Various aspects of the technology are covered by several patents issued by both the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto | A magneto is an electrical generator that uses permanent magnets to produce periodic pulses of alternating current. Unlike a dynamo, a magneto does not contain a commutator to produce direct current. It is categorized as a form of alternator, although it is usually considered distinct from most other alternators, which use field coils rather than permanent magnets.
Hand-cranked magneto generators were used to provide ringing current in telephone systems. Magnetos were also adapted to produce pulses of high voltage in the ignition systems of some gasoline-powered internal combustion engines to provide power to the spark plugs. Use of such ignition magnetos for ignition is now limited mainly to engines without a low-voltage electrical system, such as lawnmowers and chainsaws, and to aircraft engines, in which keeping the ignition independent of the rest of the electrical system ensures that the engine continues running in the event of alternator or battery failure. For redundancy, virtually all piston engine aircraft are fitted with two magneto systems, each supplying power to one of two spark plugs in each cylinder.
Magnetos were used for specialized isolated power systems such as arc lamp systems or lighthouses, for which their simplicity was an advantage. They have never been widely applied for the purposes of bulk electricity generation, for the same purposes or to the same extent as either dynamos or alternators. Only in a few specialised cases have they been used for power generation.
History
Production of electric current from a moving magnetic field was demonstrated by Faraday in 1831. The first machines to produce electric current from magnetism used permanent magnets; the dynamo machine, which used an electromagnet to produce the magnetic field, was developed later. The machine built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832 used a rotating permanent magnet to induce alternating voltage in two fixed coils.
Electroplating
The first electrical machine used for an indust |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20bey%20Huseynzade | Ali bey Huseyn oğlu Huseynzade (; ; Salyan, February 24, 1864 – Istanbul, March 17, 1940) was an Azerbaijani writer, thinker, philosopher, artist, doctor, and the creator of the modern Flag of Azerbaijan.
Early years
Ali bey Huseynzade was born in 1864 to a family of Muslim religious clerics in Salyan, in the present-day Azerbaijan. His grandfather Mahammadali Huseinzadeh was the Sheikh ul-Islam (Supreme religious leader) of the Caucasus for 32 years. Ali bey received his primary education at the Tiflis Muslim school followed by the Tiflis Classical Gymnasium. In 1885, he entered the Physics and Math Department at Saint Petersburg University. Upon graduation from there in 1889, Huseynzade moved to Istanbul, where he entered the Medical faculty of Istanbul University (IU). After graduation from IU, he served as a military doctor in the Ottoman Army, and subsequently as an assistant professor at IU. Huseynzade was one of the founders of the Committee of Union and Progress. Ziya Gökalp, was influenced by his Pan-Turkist ideology, and referred to Huseynzade as one of his most important teachers.
Public activity
In 1903, Ali bey returned home and spent the next seven years in Baku. During this period of time, he engaged in scholarly and publishing activities, edited the "Heyat" newspaper, and served as a chief editor of the "Kaspiy" newspaper. In 1905, he joined Alimardan Topchubashev, Reşit Ibragimov, Ferruh Bey Vezirov and Ahmet Ağaoğlu as a part of the Azerbaijani delegation to an all-Russian convention of Muslims, where an agreement was reached on establishing of the Ittifaq al Muslimin a single Muslim party in Russian Empire. In 1906, Huseynzade started publishing the magazine ("Fusion"), financed by the famous philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev, and harshly criticized the Tsarist government in his writings.
In 1910, Huseynzade moved to the Ottoman Empire. And in 1911 he was elected a presiding member of the Committee of Union and Progress. From 1915 to 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-free%20algebra | In abstract algebra, a quasi-free algebra is an associative algebra that satisfies the lifting property similar to that of a formally smooth algebra in commutative algebra. The notion was introduced by Cuntz and Quillen for the applications to cyclic homology. A quasi-free algebra generalizes a free algebra, as well as the coordinate ring of a smooth affine complex curve. Because of the latter generalization, a quasi-free algebra can be thought of as signifying smoothness on a noncommutative space.
Definition
Let A be an associative algebra over the complex numbers. Then A is said to be quasi-free if the following equivalent conditions are met:
Given a square-zero extension , each homomorphism lifts to .
The cohomological dimension of A with respect to Hochschild cohomology is at most one.
Let denotes the differential envelope of A; i.e., the universal differential-graded algebra generated by A. Then A is quasi-free if and only if is projective as a bimodule over A.
There is also a characterization in terms of a connection. Given an A-bimodule E, a right connection on E is a linear map
that satisfies and . A left connection is defined in the similar way. Then A is quasi-free if and only if admits a right connection.
Properties and examples
One of basic properties of a quasi-free algebra is that the algebra is left and right hereditary (i.e., a submodule of a projective left or right module is projective or equivalently the left or right global dimension is at most one). This puts a strong restriction for algebras to be quasi-free. For example, a hereditary (commutative) integral domain is precisely a Dedekind domain. In particular, a polynomial ring over a field is quasi-free if and only if the number of variables is at most one.
An analog of the tubular neighborhood theorem, called the formal tubular neighborhood theorem, holds for quasi-free algebras. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyl%20transferase%20domain | In molecular biology, proteins containing the carboxyl transferase domain include biotin-dependent carboxylases. This domain carries out the following reaction: transcarboxylation from biotin to an acceptor molecule. There are two recognised types of carboxyl transferase. One of them uses acyl-CoA and the other uses 2-oxo acid as the acceptor molecule of carbon dioxide. All of the members in this family use acyl-CoA as the acceptor molecule. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensionalism | In philosophy, four-dimensionalism (also known as the doctrine of temporal parts) is the ontological position that an object's persistence through time is like its extension through space. Thus, an object that exists in time has temporal parts in the various subregions of the total region of time it occupies, just like an object that exists in a region of space has at least one part in every subregion of that space.
Four-dimensionalists typically argue for treating time as analogous to space, usually leading them to endorse the doctrine of eternalism. This is a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time, according to which all points in time are equally "real", as opposed to the presentist idea that only the present is real. As some eternalists argue by analogy, just as all spatially distant objects and events are as real as those close to us, temporally distant objects and events are as real as those currently present to us.
Perdurantism—or perdurance theory—is a closely related philosophical theory of persistence and identity, according to which an individual has distinct temporal parts throughout its existence, and the persisting object is the sum or set of all of its temporal parts. This sum or set is colloquially referred to as a "space-time worm", which has earned the perdurantist view the moniker of "the worm view". While all perdurantists are plausibly considered four dimensionalists, at least one variety of four dimensionalism does not count as perdurantist in nature. This variety, known as exdurantism or the "stage view", is closely akin to the perdurantist position. They also countenance a view of persisting objects which have temporal parts that succeed one another through time. However, instead of identifying the persisting object as the entire set or sum of its temporal parts, the exdurantist argues that any object under discussion is a single stage (time-slice, temporal part, etc.), and that the other stages or parts which compose the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halved%20cube%20graph | In graph theory, the halved cube graph or half cube graph of dimension is the graph of the demihypercube, formed by connecting pairs of vertices at distance exactly two from each other in the hypercube graph. That is, it is the half-square of the hypercube. This connectivity pattern produces two isomorphic graphs, disconnected from each other, each of which is the halved cube graph.
Equivalent constructions
The construction of the halved cube graph can be reformulated in terms of binary numbers. The vertices of a hypercube may be labeled by binary numbers in such a way that two vertices are adjacent exactly when they differ in a single bit.
The demicube may be constructed from the hypercube as the convex hull of the subset of binary numbers with an even number of nonzero bits (the evil numbers), and its edges connect pairs of numbers whose Hamming distance is exactly two.
It is also possible to construct the halved cube graph from a lower-dimensional hypercube graph, without taking a subset of the vertices:
where the superscript 2 denotes the square of the hypercube graph Qn − 1, the graph formed by connecting pairs of vertices whose distance is at most two in the original graph. For instance, the halved cube graph of dimension four may be formed from an ordinary three-dimensional cube by keeping the cube edges and adding edges connecting pairs of vertices that are on opposite corners of the same square face.
Examples
The halved cube graph of dimension 3 is the complete graph K4, the graph of the tetrahedron. The halved cube graph of dimension 4 is K2,2,2,2, the graph of the four-dimensional regular polytope, the 16-cell. The halved cube graph of dimension five is sometimes known as the Clebsch graph, and is the complement of the folded cube graph of dimension five, which is the one more commonly called the Clebsch graph. It exists in the 5-dimensional uniform 5-polytope, the 5-demicube.
Properties
Because it is the bipartite half of a distance-regular gra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20IceCat | GNU IceCat, formerly known as GNU IceWeasel, is a completely free version of the Mozilla Firefox web browser distributed by the GNU Project. It is compatible with Linux, Windows, Android and macOS.
IceCat is released as a part of GNUzilla, GNU's rebranding of a code base that used to be the Mozilla Application Suite. As an internet suite, GNUzilla also includes a mail and newsgroup program, and an HTML composer.
Mozilla produces free and open-source software, but the binaries include trademarked artwork. The GNU Project attempts to keep IceCat in synchronization with upstream development of Firefox (long-term support versions) while removing all trademarked artwork and non-free add-ons. It also maintains a large list of free software plugins. In addition, it includes several security and privacy features not found in the mainline Firefox browser.
History
Origins of the name
The Mozilla Corporation holds the trademark to the Firefox name and denies the use of the name "Firefox" to unofficial builds that fall outside certain guidelines. Unless distributions use the binary files supplied by Mozilla, fall within the stated guidelines, or else have special permission, they must compile the Firefox source with a compile-time option enabled that creates binaries without the official branding of Firefox and related artwork, using either the built-in free artwork, or artwork provided at compile time.
This policy led to a long debate within the Debian Project in 2004 and 2005. During this debate, the name "Iceweasel" was coined to refer to rebranded versions of Firefox. The first known use of the name in this context is by Nathanael Nerode, in reply to Eric Dorland's suggestion of "Icerabbit". It was intended as a parody of "Firefox". Iceweasel was subsequently used as the example name for a rebranded Firefox in the Mozilla Trademark Policy, and became the most commonly used name for a hypothetical rebranded version of Firefox. By January 1, 2005, rebranding was being r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20agar | Nutrient agar is a general-purpose solid medium supporting growth of a wide range of non-fastidious organisms. It typically contains (mass/volume):
0.5% peptone - this provides organic nitrogen
0.3% beef extract/yeast extract - the water-soluble content of these contribute vitamins, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and salts
1.5% agar - this gives the mixture solidity
0.5% sodium chloride - this gives the mixture proportions similar to those found in the cytoplasm of most organisms
distilled water - water serves as a transport medium for the agar's various substances
pH adjusted to neutral (6.8) at .
Nutrient broth has the same composition,but lacks agar.
These ingredients are combined and boiled for approximately one minute to ensure they are mixed and then sterilized by autoclaving, typically at for 15 minutes. Then they are cooled to around and poured into Petri dishes which are covered immediately. Once the dishes hold solidified agar, they are stored upside down and are often refrigerated until used. Inoculation takes place on warm dishes rather than cool ones: if refrigerated for storage, the dishes must be rewarmed to room temperature prior to inoculation.
See also
Plate count agar
Bacteria
Bacterial growth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation%20%28biology%29 | Naturalisation (or naturalization) is the ecological phenomenon through which a species, taxon, or population of exotic (as opposed to native) origin integrates into a given ecosystem, becoming capable of reproducing and growing in it, and proceeds to disseminate spontaneously. In some instances, the presence of a species in a given ecosystem is so ancient that it cannot be presupposed whether it is native or introduced.
Generally, any introduced species may (in the wild) either go extinct or naturalise in its new environment.
Some populations do not sustain themselves reproductively, but exist because of continued influx from elsewhere. Such a non-sustaining population, or the individuals within it, are said to be adventive. Cultivated plants are a major source of adventive populations.
The above refers to naturalize as an intransitive verb, as in, "The species naturalized". In North America it is common to use naturalize as a transitive verb, as in, "City staff naturalized the park". This means to allow an environment to revert to its natural state.
Botany
In botany, naturalisation is the situation in which an exogenous plant reproduces and disperses on its own in a new environment. For example, northern white cedar is naturalised in the United Kingdom, where it reproduces on its own, while it is not in France, where human intervention via cuttings or seeds are essential for its dissemination.
Two categories of naturalisation are defined from two distinct parameters: one, archaeonaturalised, refers to introduction before a given time (introduced over a hundred years ago), while the second, amphinaturalised or eurynaturalised, implies a notion of spatial extension (taxon assimilated indigenous and present over a vast space, opposed to stenonaturalised).
Degrees of naturalisation
The degrees of naturalisation are defined in relation to the status of nativity or introduction of taxons or species;
Accidental taxon: non-native taxon growing spontaneously, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20geneticists | This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics. The growth and development of genetics represents the work of many people. This list of geneticists is therefore by no means complete. Contributors of great distinction to genetics are not yet on the list.
A
Dagfinn Aarskog (1928–2014), Norwegian pediatrician and geneticist, described Aarskog–Scott syndrome
Jon Aase (born 1936), US dysmorphologist, described Aase syndrome, expert on fetal alcohol syndrome
John Abelson (born c. 1939), US biochemist, studies of machinery and mechanism of RNA splicing
Susan L. Ackerman, US neurogeneticist, genes controlling brain development and neuron survival
Jerry Adams (born 1940), US molecular biologist in Australia, hematopoietic genetics and cancer
Bruce Alberts (born 1938), US biochemist, phage worker, studied DNA replication and cell division
William Allan (1881–1943), US country doctor, pioneered human genetics
C. David Allis (born 1951), US biologist with a fascination for chromatin
Robin Allshire (born 1960), UK-based Irish molecular biologist/geneticist and expert in formation of heterochromatin and centromeres
Carl-Henry Alström (1907–1993), Swedish psychiatrist, described genetic disease: Alström syndrome
Frederick Alt, American geneticist known for research on maintenance of genome stability in the cells of the mammalian immunological system
Russ Altman, US geneticist and bioengineer known for his work in pharmacogenomics
Sidney Altman (1939–2022), Canadian-US biophysicist who won Nobel Prize for catalytic functions of RNA
Cecil A. Alport (1880–1959), UK internist, identified Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis and deafness)
David Altshuler (born c. 1965), US endocrinologist and geneticist, the genetics of type 2 diabetes
Bruce Ames (born 1928), US molecular geneticist, created Ames test to screen chemicals for mutagenicity
D. Bernard Amos (1923–2003), UK-US immunologist who studied the genetics of individuality
Edgar Anderson (1897–1969), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGA%20Microprocessors | VEGA Microprocessors are a portfolio of indigenous processors developed by C-DAC. The portfolio includes several 32-bit/64-bit Single/Multi-core Superscalar In-order/Out-of-Order high performance processors based on the RISC-V ISA. Also features India's first indigenous 64-bit, superscalar, Out-of-order processor which is the main highlight of this portfolio.
The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is an autonomous Scientific Society, operating under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India. The Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP) was initiated and funded by MeitY with the mission objective to design and develop indigenously, a family of Microprocessors, related IPs and the complete ecosystem to enable fully indigenous product development that meets various requirements in the strategic, industrial and commercial sectors.
As part of the project C-DAC has successfully developed the VEGA series of microprocessors in soft IP form, which include32-bit Single-core (In-order), 64-bit Single-core (In-order & Out-of-order), 64-bit Dual-core (Out-of-order), and 64-bit Quad-core (Out-of-order). These high-performance processors are based on the open-source RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture. The tape out of some of these processor chips have also been planned.
Vega processors are used in “Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate Solutions for #Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
Processor Variants
There are many variants for VEGA microprocessors, including:
VEGA ET1031
VEGA ET1031 is a compact and efficient 32-bit, 3-stage in-order processor based on RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture. This microprocessor can be used as an effective work horse in low power IoT applications. It is based on RISC-V (RV32IM) Instruction Set Architecture and contains a high-performance multiply/divide unit, configurable AXI4 or AHB external interface, optional MPU (Memory Protection Unit), Platform Level Interrupt Controller and advanced In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20of%20Control%2C%20Signals%2C%20and%20Systems | Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research concerned with mathematically rigorous system theoretic aspects of control and signal processing. The journal was founded by Eduardo Sontag and Bradley Dickinson in 1988. The editors-in-chief are Lars Gruene, Eduardo Sontag, and Jan H. van Schuppen.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Digital Mathematics Registry, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, Scopus, VINITI Database RAS, and Zentralblatt Math. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Digital Mathematics Registry, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, Scopus, VINITI Database RAS, and Zentralblatt Math. The journal has a 2019 impact factor of 0.976 (2019) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie%20Mellon%20University%20Computational%20Biology%20Department | The Computational Biology Department (CBD) is a division within the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the Gates-Hillman Center. Established in 2007 by Robert F. Murphy as the Lane Center for Computational Biology with funding from Raymond J. Lane and Stephanie Lane, CBD became a department within the School of Computer Science in 2016.
CBD faculty and students conduct research in genomics, systems biology, and biological imaging. Its faculty have served as president of the National Science Foundation, president of the International Society of Advanced Cytometry, and as a member of the National Institutes of Health Council of Councils; they have won awards such as the Overton Prize, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Okawa Award, a United States Air Force Young Investigator Award, and a Presidential Young Investigator Award.
As part of the HHMI-NIBIB Interfaces Initiative, CBD received funding from Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) to develop an interdisciplinary Ph.D. program in computational biology with the University of Pittsburgh, which was founded as the Joint CMU-Pitt Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology in 2005. This program is currently receiving training support through a National Institutes of Health T32 Training Grant. CBD is the home of the B.S. in Computational Biology, one of the four B.S. degree programs within Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. The Computational Biology undergraduate program is ranked as one of the top 3 programs by US News.
CBD is the home of an NIH Center for the HuBMAP Integration, Visualization & Engaging (HIVE) Initiative led by Ziv Bar-Joseph and an NIH Center for Multiscale Analysis of 4D Nucleome Structure and Function by Comprehensive Multimodal Data Integration led by Jian Ma.
Notable faculty
Robert F. Murphy (founding chair)
Russell Schwartz (chair)
Zi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringoderma | Syringoderma is a genus in the family Syringodermataceae of the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The genus contains four species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-CRI%20LED%20lighting | High-CRI LED lighting is a light-emitting diode (LED) lighting source that offers a high color rendering index (CRI).
CRI is a quantitative measure of a light's ability to reproduce the colors of objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source. In general terms, CRI is a measure of a light source's ability to show object colors "realistically" or "naturally" compared to a familiar reference source, either incandescent light or sunlight.
Efficiently achieving an acceptable CRI has been the most difficult metric for more modern light bulbs attempting to replace older incandescent bulbs. It is therefore frequently ignored in marketing (the CRI value only occasionally appears on product packaging). Light bulbs with a high CRI can be acceptable replacements for incandescent bulbs. Most LED lights do not have a CRI above 90. For example, the top bulbs listed in the 2016 Consumer Review have a CRI of 80.
In 2008, the US Department of Energy created the L Prize to find an incandescent light bulb replacement that met efficiency metrics and had a CRI above 90. On August 3, 2011 Philips was declared as the first winner of the L Prize.
Calculation
CRI is calculated from the differences in the chromaticities of eight CIE standard color samples (CIE 1995) when illuminated by a light source and by a reference illuminant of the same correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly measured in kelvins, indicating the light color produced by a radiating black body at a certain temperature; the smaller the average difference in chromaticities, the higher the CRI. A CRI of 100 represents the maximum possible value. Lower CRI values indicate that some colors appear unnatural. Incandescent lamps have a CRI above 95. Cool white fluorescent lamps have a CRI of 62, however fluorescent lamps containing rare-earth phosphors are available with CRI values of 80 and above.
For CCTs less than 5000 K, the reference illuminants used in the CRI calculation procedure are the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20level%20rise | Between 1901 and 2018, the average global sea level rose by , or an average of 1–2 mm per year. This rate accelerated to 4.62 mm/yr for the decade 2013–2022. Climate change due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of water accounted for 42% of sea level rise. Melting temperate glaciers accounted for 21%, with Greenland accounting for 15% and Antarctica 8%. Sea level rise lags changes in the Earth's temperature. So sea level rise will continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that is already happening. What happens after that will depend on what happens with human greenhouse gas emissions. Sea level rise may slow down between 2050 and 2100 if there are deep cuts in emissions. It could then reach a little over from now by 2100. With high emissions it may accelerate. It could rise by or even by then. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to over the next 2000 years if warming amounts to . It would be if warming peaks at .
Rising seas ultimately impact every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher storm surges, king tides, and tsunamis. These have many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal ecosystems like mangroves. Crop production falls because of salinization of irrigation water and damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without a sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the century. Areas not directly exposed to rising sea levels could be affected by large scale migrations and economic disruption.
At the same time, local factors like tidal range or land subsidence, as well as the varying resilience and adaptive capacity of individual ecosystems, sectors, and countries will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance, sea level rise along the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Host%20Integration%20Server | Microsoft Host Integration Server (a.k.a. HIS) is a gateway application providing connectivity between Microsoft Windows networks and IBM mainframe and IBM i systems. Support is provided for SNA, 3270 (standard and TN3270), 5250 (standard and TN5250), CICS, APPC, and other IBM protocols. Support is also provided for advanced integration with Windows networks and software, such as linking Microsoft Message Queuing applications to IBM WebSphere MQ, binding Microsoft DTC transactions with CICS, and cross-protocol access to Db2 databases on IBM platforms.
HIS is the successor to Microsoft SNA Server. SNA Server was released in 1994, and was one of the first add-on products available for the fledgling Windows NT. SNA Server was also included in Microsoft BackOffice Server.
Similar gateway products were NetWare for SAA (defunct, ran on Novell NetWare) and IBM Communications Manager/2 (defunct, ran on OS/2).
HIS has an active ecosystem of third party hardware (e.g. network adapters supporting ESCON and Twinax connectivity) and software.
History
SNA Server 1.0
Initial version of SNA Server was released in 1994.
SNA Server 2.x
SNA Server 2.1 was introduced in September 1994, and included in BackOffice 1.0.
SNA Server 2.11 was released in July 1995, added new features such as Windows NT 3.51 support. Version 2.11 was included in BackOffice 1.5/2.0. Version 2.11 SP1 was released on January 31, 1996, which included new features such as Distributed Gateway Service, support for TN3270E clients, and FTP-AFTP gateway.
SNA Server 3.0
SNA Server 3.0 was released on December 17, 1996. SNA Server 3.0 nearly doubled the capacity up to 5,000 users and up to 15,000 host sessions. Other major new features include SNA print service, single sign-on to AS/400s and mainframes, TN5250 service, support for TN3287 clients in TN3270E service. Version 3.0 was included in BackOffice 2.5.
Service Pack was released up to SP4, which was released on November 1, 1996.
SNA Server 4.0
SNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20syntax%20and%20symbols | The programming language APL is distinctive in being symbolic rather than lexical: its primitives are denoted by symbols, not words. These symbols were originally devised as a mathematical notation to describe algorithms. APL programmers often assign informal names when discussing functions and operators (for example, "product" for ×/) but the core functions and operators provided by the language are denoted by non-textual symbols.
Monadic and dyadic functions
Most symbols denote functions or operators. A monadic function takes as its argument the result of evaluating everything to its right. (Moderated in the usual way by parentheses.) A dyadic function has another argument, the first item of data on its left. Many symbols denote both monadic and dyadic functions, interpreted according to use. For example, ⌊3.2 gives 3, the largest integer not above the argument, and 3⌊2 gives 2, the lower of the two arguments.
Functions and operators
APL uses the term operator in Heaviside’s sense as a moderator of a function as opposed to some other programming language's use of the same term as something that operates on data, ref. relational operator and operators generally. Other programming languages also sometimes use this term interchangeably with function, however both terms are used in APL more precisely. Early definitions of APL symbols were very specific about how symbols were categorized. For example, the operator reduce is denoted by a forward slash and reduces an array along one axis by interposing its function operand. An example of reduce:
In the above case, the reduce or slash operator moderates the multiply function. The expression ×/2 3 4 evaluates to a scalar (1 element only) result through reducing an array by multiplication. The above case is simplified, imagine multiplying (adding, subtracting or dividing) more than just a few numbers together. (From a vector, ×/ returns the product of all its elements.)
The above dyadic functions examples [left and ri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20Applied%20Biotechnology%20Centre | The Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre is a partnership between the Institute of Technology, Tralee (ITT) and Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT,) and is co-located between these research institutes in Ireland. Shannon ABC applies bioprocessing to a variety of different source materials to derive added value from them in the area of biological products (e.g. anti-oxidants, anti-microbials, immunomodulators, value added food, waste optimisation, etc.)
Background
Shannon ABC was established through core funding from Enterprise Ireland as an Applied Research Enhancement Centre and continues to enjoy support from this organisation as well as:
Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
Higher Education Authority
Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology
Technological Sector Research Strand I & III
Food Institutional Research Measure
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
Shannon ABC has a large multidisciplinary team of research scientists, highly experienced in the commercial application of science through industry collaboration. In addition to the identification of bioactive molecules through bioprocessing, Shannon ABC also provides a contract research facility to companies who wish to optimise scientific processes within their company.
In July 2010 Shannon ABC formed a strategic life sciences cluster with the Pharmaceutical & Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC) and the Ion Channel Biotechnology Centre (ICBC). This cluster was developed with the intention of providing further expertise to industry while taking advantage of complementary capabilities in the centres.
Industry collaboration
The key aim of Shannon ABC is to assist in the continued prosperity of industry by offering access to wide-ranging expertise and know how, state of the art equipment and facilities and access to a wide variety of national and international funding programmes.
Shannon ABC provides biotechnology services on a range of levels. Companies can use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRQR%20factorization | An RRQR factorization or rank-revealing QR factorization is a matrix decomposition algorithm based on the QR factorization which can be used to determine the rank of a matrix. The singular value decomposition can be used to generate an RRQR, but it is not an efficient method to do so. An RRQR implementation is available in MATLAB. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple | The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in females, milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts to feed an infant. The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along with the ductal system. Male mammals also have nipples but without the same level of function, and often surrounded by body hair.
The nipple is surrounded by the areola, which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin. A nipple is often called a teat when referring to non-humans. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a baby bottle. In humans, the nipples of both males and females can be stimulated as part of sexual arousal. In many cultures, human female nipples are sexualized, or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sexiness. Some cultures have little to no sexualization of the nipple, and going topless presents no barrier.
Anatomy
In mammals, a nipple (also called mammary papilla or teat) is a small projection of skin containing the outlets for 15–20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. Marsupials and eutherian mammals typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as 2 to as many as 19.
The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special nerves that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple Merkel corpuscle end-organs and Type II slowly-adapting with single Ruffini corpuscle end-organs, as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple Meissner corpuscle end-organs and Type II rapidly-adapting with single Pacinian corpuscle end-organs. The dominant nerve supply to the nipple comes from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth intercostal nerve. The nipple is also used as an anatomical landmark. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion%20society | In ethology, fission–fusion society is one in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment; animals merge into a group (fusion)—e.g. sleeping in one place—or split (fission)—e.g. foraging in small groups during the day. For species that live in fission–fusion societies, group composition is a dynamic property. The change in composition, subgroup size, and dispersion of different groups are 3 main elements of a fission-fusion society.
This social organization is found in several primates, elephants, cetaceans, ungulates, social carnivores, some birds and some fish.
Species
Fission-fusion societies occur among many different species of primates (e.g. chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans), elephants (e.g. forest elephants, African elephants), and bats (e.g. northern long-eared bats). The change in composition, subgroup size, and dispersion of different groups are 3 main elements of a fission-fusion society.
Primates
Chimpanzees
Chimpanzees often form smaller subgroups when travelling for longer periods at a time in between each food patch. When obtaining food, the size of subgroups can change depending on how much food is available and how far away the food may be. If food is worth retrieving due to little travel costs, subgroup size will enlarge. So among chimpanzees, the abundance of food and how dense it may be are factors that contribute to the changes of subgroup sizes.
Orangutans
Orangutans are one type of primates that model individual-based fission-fusion. Travel parties are established among this species inhabiting specifically in a Sumatran forest, and there are several benefits. Mating opportunities are a large benefit of grouping, as parties are most substantial during high mating activity. Infant socialization also contains benefits as well as costs, due to their needs to be cared for. Females are required to carry their infants, and those with infants of mid-size experience grea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermanaerovibrio | Thermanaerovibrio is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming chemoorganotrophic and thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20bank | DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual’s genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing an individual's DNA can allow scientists to predict genetic disorders, as used in preventive genetics or gene therapy, and prove that person's identity, as used in the criminal justice system. There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR).
Uses
DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) DNA Bank, for example, collects the DNA of agricultural organisms, such as rice and fish, for scientific research. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more environmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the DNA of rare or endangered species to ensure their survival.
The DNA bank can be used to compare and analyze DNA samples. Comparison of DNA samples allowed scientists to work on the Human Genome Project, which maps out many of the genes on human DNA. It has also led to the development of preventive genetics. Samples from the DNA bank have been used to identify patterns and determine which genes lead to specific disorders. Once people know which genes lead to disorders, people can take steps to lessen the effects of that disorder. This can occur through adjustments in lifestyle, as demonstrated in preventive healthcare, or even through gene therapy. DNA can be banked at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P/O%20ratio | The phosphate/oxygen ratio, or P/O ratio, refers to the amount of ATP produced from the movement of two electrons through a defined electron transport chain, terminated by reduction of an oxygen atom.
The P/O ratio is dependent on the number of hydrogen ions transported outward across an electrochemical gradient, and the number of protons which return inward through the membrane via an enzyme such as ATP synthase. The ATP synthase works by a rotary mechanism. The ATP generated will be dependent on the amount of ATP produced per rotation of the ATP synthase rotor, and the number of protons necessary to complete a rotation. Every full rotation produces 3 ATPs. According to current understanding of the mechanism of the F0 part, the number of protons translocated per rotation is exactly equal to the number of subunits in the c ring. Recent structural studies show that this is not the same for all organisms. For vertebrate mitochondrial ATP synthase, the number of c subunits is 8
. The synthase thus requires 8 protons to synthesize three ATP, or 8/3 protons/ATP.
Inward moving protons must not only power rotation of ATP synthase, but may also be used in the transport of products and precursors. Given the net charge differences between ATP and ADP, the enzyme ATP–ADP translocase dissipates the charge equivalent of one hydrogen ion from the gradient when moving ATP (outward) and ADP (inward) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electroneutral symport of phosphate ion and H+ results in importing one proton, without its charge, per phosphate. Taken together, import of ADP and Pi and export of the resulting ATP results in one proton imported, subtracting from the number available for use by the ATP synthase directly. Taking this into account, it takes 8/3 +1 or 3.67 protons for vertebrate mitochondria to synthesize one ATP in the cytoplasm from ADP and Pi in the cytoplasm.
Within aerobic respiration, the P/O ratio continues to be debated; however, current figures pl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectin%20of%2046%20kDa | Collectin of 46 kDa (CL-46) is a collectin protein. It has two cysteine residues on the N-terminal segment, a hydrophilic loop near the carbohydrate recognition domain's binding site, and a N-glycosylation site in the collagen region. It is expressed in bovine liver and thymus glands and binds to pathogens, prompting elimination by macrophages. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20Diversity | Fungal Diversity is an international journal which publishes papers spanning all facets of the field of mycology. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny of the fungi, including lichens. The coverage encompasses biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny. The content includes novel research articles and review articles, all of which are peer-reviewed. Fungal Diversity is the official journal of Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is based in China.
Publication Bias
From the 133 research articles published between January 2015 and April 2020, 62.4% (83) had at least one member of the editorial board within the authors and 51.1% (68) carried the name of the same researcher (Kevin D. Hyde) as an author.
Within the top 10 publishing authors in the journal (more than 22 articles published in the period above) only two are not members of the editorial board.
The journal self-citation is considerably high. On average per article 17.33 citations refer to another Fungal Diversity article, this number can be as high as 156 in an article published in 2017.
These actions help to inflate the impact factor of the journal without being caught by the scrutinizing agencies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20460%20metre%20radio%20mast | The Russian 460 metres radio masts are among the most secret supertall structures ever built. Three such masts, which were developed by Stako, were erected in mid-1980s near Inta, Dudinka and Taymylyr as masts for the North Siberian Chayka Chain for transmitting navigation signals on 100 kHz with 1200 kW.
All these masts are grounded lattice structures of tubular steel elements with triangular cross section. The side length of the triangle of the mast body is 3.6 metres. Each of these masts is guyed in 6 levels.
These masts were at completion the tallest structures in Asia and are still the second-tallest in Russia.
In 2003 at Moscow Radio Centre 13 a guyed mast for FM-transmission of the same type was built, which is however just 300 metres and not 460 metres tall. It is guyed in 4 levels.
On September 24, 2009, the mast at Taymylyr was demolished by explosives, which was the tallest object ever demolished in this way.
External links
http://ru-abandoned.livejournal.com/713371.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20110816150649/http://www.internavigation.ru/page.phtml?p=95
Towers in Russia
Radio masts and towers
Towers built in the Soviet Union
Radio in the Soviet Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov%20Bar-Shalom | Yaakov Bar-Shalom (May 11, 1941) is a researcher in tracking and sensor fusion. His work is associated with MS-MTT (Multi-Sensor, Multi-Target Tracking) and IMM (interacting-multiple-model) estimator.
Early life and education
Yaakov Bar-Shalom was born in Romania and he emigrated to Israel with his family at the age of nineteen. He earned his Bachelor's and master's degree both in Electrical Engineering from Technion in Haifa, Israel. Following this, he earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University under Stuart Schwartz.
Professional career
Currently, Yaakov Bar-Shalom is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering and the Marianne E. Klewin Professor in Engineering in University of Connecticut. He is the recipient of the 2012 Connecticut Medal of Technology for his work in improving the sensitivity of remote sensors used for surveillance in the presence of background noise or clutter.
Anthony J. DeMaria, recipient of the 2004 Connecticut Medal of Technology and Chief Scientist at Coherent-DEOS, LLC, has stated that Yaakov Bar-Shalom is regarded as the "chief architect of probability-based methods for estimating the paths of moving objects."
Bar-Shalom's research mainly focuses on Target Tracking Systems: Information extraction and fusion from remote sensors (radar, sonar, electrooptical) for tracking cooperative or non-cooperative targets by estimating their trajectories in the presence of disturbances like measurement errors, target maneuvers and interfering signals (false measurements or from detection from other targets). Bar-Shalom has so far published more than 550 papers, 8 books, 20 book chapters and has over 63,000 citations. Under his supervision, 38 Ph.D. have graduated in his years career as a professor.
Awards and honors
Bar-Shalom is recipient of IEEE Control Systems Society Distinguished Member Award (1987); UConn AAUP Award for Excellence in Research (1988); J. Mignona Data Fusion Award from the DoD JDL Data Fus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsebeli | Satsebeli () is a Georgian sauce made of tomato paste, cilantro, garlic, vinegar, pepper, khmeli suneli (a traditional Georgian spicy herbs mixture), water and adjika chili paste. It is very hot.
See also
List of sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein%20integer | In mathematics, the Eisenstein integers (named after Gotthold Eisenstein), occasionally also known as Eulerian integers (after Leonhard Euler), are the complex numbers of the form
where and are integers and
is a primitive (hence non-real) cube root of unity. The Eisenstein integers form a triangular lattice in the complex plane, in contrast with the Gaussian integers, which form a square lattice in the complex plane. The Eisenstein integers are a countably infinite set.
Properties
The Eisenstein integers form a commutative ring of algebraic integers in the algebraic number field – the third cyclotomic field. To see that the Eisenstein integers are algebraic integers note that each is a root of the monic polynomial
In particular, satisfies the equation
The product of two Eisenstein integers and is given explicitly by
The 2-norm of an Eisenstein integer is just its squared modulus, and is given by
which is clearly a positive ordinary (rational) integer.
Also, the complex conjugate of satisfies
The group of units in this ring is the cyclic group formed by the sixth roots of unity in the complex plane: , the Eisenstein integers of norm .
Euclidean domain
The ring of Eisenstein integers forms a Euclidean domain whose norm is given by the square modulus, as above:
A division algorithm, applied to any dividend and divisor , gives a quotient and a remainder smaller than the divisor, satisfying:
Here, , , , are all Eisenstein integers. This algorithm implies the Euclidean algorithm, which proves Euclid's lemma and the unique factorization of Eisenstein integers into Eisenstein primes.
One division algorithm is as follows. First perform the division in the field of complex numbers, and write the quotient in terms of :
for rational . Then obtain the Eisenstein integer quotient by rounding the rational coefficients to the nearest integer:
Here may denote any of the standard rounding-to-integer functions.
The reason this satisfi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Abstraction%20Layer | The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) is a part of the H.264/AVC and HEVC video coding standards. The main goal of the NAL is the provision of a "network-friendly" video representation addressing "conversational" (video telephony) and "non conversational" (storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications. NAL has achieved a significant improvement in application flexibility relative to prior video coding standards.
Introduction
An increasing number of services and growing popularity of high definition TV are creating greater needs for higher coding efficiency. Moreover, other transmission media such as cable modem, xDSL, or UMTS offer much lower data rates than broadcast channels, and enhanced coding efficiency can enable the transmission of more video channels or higher quality video representations within existing digital transmission capacities.
Video coding for telecommunication applications has diversified from ISDN and T1/E1 service to embrace PSTN, mobile wireless networks, and LAN/Internet network delivery. Throughout this evolution, continued efforts have been made to maximize coding efficiency while dealing with the diversification of network types and their characteristic formatting and loss/error robustness requirements.
The H.264/AVC and HEVC standards are designed for technical solutions including areas like broadcasting (over cable, satellite, cable modem, DSL, terrestrial, etc.) interactive or serial storage on optical and magnetic devices, conversational services, video-on-demand or multimedia streaming, multimedia messaging services, etc. Moreover, new applications may be deployed over existing and future networks. This raises the question about how to handle this variety of applications and networks.
To address this need for flexibility and customizability, the design covers a NAL that formats the Video Coding Layer (VCL) representation of the video and provides header information in a manner appropriate for conveyance by a variety of transport lay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea%20protein | Pea protein is a food product and protein supplement derived and extracted from yellow and green split peas, Pisum sativum. It can be used as a dietary supplement to increase an individual's protein or other nutrient intake, or as a substitute for other food products (e.g. the substitution of dairy milk by pea milk). As a powder, it is used as an ingredient in food manufacturing, such as a thickener, foaming agent, or an emulsifier.
It is extracted in a powder form and can be processed and produced in different ways:
As an isolate - through the process of wet fractionation which produces a high protein concentration
As a concentrate - through the process of dry fractionation which produces a low protein concentration
In textured form, which is when it is used in food products as a substitute for other products, such as meat alternatives
Pea protein is a food source due to its availability, low allergenicity, and high nutritional value. It is a common source of plant food protein.
Pea protein is criticized for its effects on digestion, taste, and high sodium content. Depending on the method of processing, pea protein can contain certain levels of trypsin inhibitors, phytates, and lectins, which can cause negative side effects, such as reduced nutrient uptake and intestinal damage.
Composition
Pea protein is rich in nutrients such as protein and carbohydrates. Pea protein also contains vitamins and minerals and is low in fat. While generally rich in protein, the actual protein content of peas is variable and influenced by both genetic factors and environmental factors (such as soil and climate in which the peas are cultivated).
Typically, peas contain 23.1–30.9% protein,1.5–2.0% fat, and minor constituents such as vitamins, phytic acid, saponins, polyphenols, minerals, and oxalates. They also contain several classes of protein: globulin, albumin, prolamin, and glutelin. The proteins are mainly albumins and globulins, which account for 10-20% and 70-80% of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent%20bundle | In differential geometry, the tangent bundle of a differentiable manifold is a manifold which assembles all the tangent vectors in . As a set, it is given by the disjoint union of the tangent spaces of . That is,
where denotes the tangent space to at the point . So, an element of can be thought of as a pair , where is a point in and is a tangent vector to at .
There is a natural projection
defined by . This projection maps each element of the tangent space to the single point .
The tangent bundle comes equipped with a natural topology (described in a section below). With this topology, the tangent bundle to a manifold is the prototypical example of a vector bundle (which is a fiber bundle whose fibers are vector spaces). A section of is a vector field on , and the dual bundle to is the cotangent bundle, which is the disjoint union of the cotangent spaces of . By definition, a manifold is parallelizable if and only if the tangent bundle is trivial. By definition, a manifold is framed if and only if the tangent bundle is stably trivial, meaning that for some trivial bundle the Whitney sum is trivial. For example, the n-dimensional sphere Sn is framed for all n, but parallelizable only for (by results of Bott-Milnor and Kervaire).
Role
One of the main roles of the tangent bundle is to provide a domain and range for the derivative of a smooth function. Namely, if is a smooth function, with and smooth manifolds, its derivative is a smooth function .
Topology and smooth structure
The tangent bundle comes equipped with a natural topology (not the disjoint union topology) and smooth structure so as to make it into a manifold in its own right. The dimension of is twice the dimension of .
Each tangent space of an n-dimensional manifold is an n-dimensional vector space. If is an open contractible subset of , then there is a diffeomorphism which restricts to a linear isomorphism from each tangent space to . As a manifold, however, is not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-addressable%20potentiometric%20sensor | A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a sensor that uses light (e.g. LEDs) to select what will be measured. Light can activate carriers in semiconductors.
History
An example is the pH-sensitive LAPS (range pH4 to pH10) that uses LEDs in combination with (semi-conducting) silicon and pH-sensitive Ta2O5 (SiO2; Si3N4) insulator. The LAPS has several advantages over other types of chemical sensors. The sensor surface is completely flat, no structures, wiring or passivation are required. At the same time, the "light-addressability" of the LAPS makes it possible to obtain a spatially resolved map of the distribution of the ion concentration in the specimen. The spatial resolution of the LAPS is an important factor and is determined by the beam size and the lateral diffusion of photocarries in the semiconductor substrate. By illuminating parts of the semiconductor surface, electron-hole pairs are generated and a photocurrent flows. The LAPS is a semiconductor based chemical sensor with an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure. Under a fixed bias voltage, the AC (kHz range) photocurrent signal varies depending on the solution. A two-dimensional mapping of the surface from the LAPS is possible by using a scanning laser beam.
Optoelectronics
Sensors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-396%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-396 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characiopsidaceae | Characiopsidaceae is a family of algae belonging to the order Mischococcales.
Selected genera:
Characidiopsis Pascher
Characiopsis Borzì
Chlorothecium Borzì |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20automorphism | In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a power automorphism of a group is an automorphism that takes each subgroup of the group to within itself. It is worth noting that the power automorphism of an infinite group may not restrict to an automorphism on each subgroup. For instance, the automorphism on rational numbers that sends each number to its double is a power automorphism even though it does not restrict to an automorphism on each subgroup.
Alternatively, power automorphisms are characterized as automorphisms that send each element of the group to some power of that element. This explains the choice of the term power. The power automorphisms of a group form a subgroup of the whole automorphism group. This subgroup is denoted as where is the group.
A universal power automorphism is a power automorphism where the power to which each element is raised is the same. For instance, each element may go to its cube. Here are some facts about the powering index:
The powering index must be relatively prime to the order of each element. In particular, it must be relatively prime to the order of the group, if the group is finite.
If the group is abelian, any powering index works.
If the powering index 2 or -1 works, then the group is abelian.
The group of power automorphisms commutes with the group of inner automorphisms when viewed as subgroups of the automorphism group. Thus, in particular, power automorphisms that are also inner must arise as conjugations by elements in the second group of the upper central series. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDEL1 | Nuclear distribution protein nudE-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDEL1 gene.
This gene encodes a thiol-activated oligopeptidase that is phosphorylated in M phase of the cell cycle. Phosphorylation regulates the cell cycle-dependent distribution of this protein, with a fraction of the protein bound strongly to centrosomes in interphase and localized to mitotic spindles in early M phase. Overall, this protein plays a role in nervous system development. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
Interactions
NDEL1 has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, YWHAE, PAFAH1B1 and DISC1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevegen | Clevegen (Bexmarilimab) is a new cancer immunotherapy drug under development in Finland by Faron Pharmaceuticals.
The drug is an anti-Clever-1 antibody which can convert immune suppressive type-2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to immune active type-1 microphages and has the potential for wide use in oncology. It is currently (2019) undergoing trials (codename MATINS) as an innovative treatment for metastatic or inoperable solid tumours such as cutaneous melanoma and hepatobiliary/hepatocellular, pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal cancers, all of which host a significant number of Clever-1-positive TAMs and represent some 2 million cases annually worldwide.
Following encouraging results of early European trials regarding the drugs tolerability and safety the MATINS programme is being extended to the USA. Later trials will study the drug's efficacy in treating patients with high Clever-1 occurrence, who can be readily identified by liquid biopsy using a blood myeloid cell staining technique. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnova | Spinnova Plc (natively Spinnova Oyj) is a Finnish sustainable material company, part of a handful of companies "racing to produce recycled fabrics on a commercial scale."
The company has developed a technology, which can transform cellulosic fiber into fiber for the textile industry, with a mechanical process. The company’s headquarters and pilot factory are located in Jyväskylä, Finland and it also has offices in Helsinki, Finland. In 2021, Spinnova and its partner, Suzano Papel e Celulose announced plans to build the first commercial-scale fiber production facility in Jyväskylä. The facility is expected to open in 2024.
Technology
Spinnova began developing its technology within the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, before becoming its own company in 2014. Spinnova’s technology transforms cellulosic fiber into textile fibers from bio-based materials mechanically. The company has used wood, textile waste, and agricultural waste such as wheat or barley straw in fiber production. In 2021, the company announced that it will also start to develop a fiber made from leather waste.
Recognitions
2019 World Changing Ideas Awards Winner in the Experimental category
Fast Company’s 2020 Innovation by Design Awards’ Sustainability category finalist with Marimekko
Sustainability Achievement of the Year 2020 award with Bergans
Scandinavian Outdoor Awards 2021/22 overall winner with Bergans
See also
Lyocell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam%20crossing | A beam crossing in a particle collider occurs when two packets of particles, going in opposite directions, reach the same point in space. Most of the particles in each packet cross each other, but a few may collide, producing other particles that may be observed in a particle detector. In a linear collider there is only one location where beam crossings occur, while in a modern accelerator ring there are a few locations (LHC, for example, has four); it is at these points that detectors are placed.
Experimental particle physics
Accelerator physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Forest%20Institute%20for%20Regenerative%20Medicine | The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM) is a research institute affiliated with Wake Forest School of Medicine and located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
WFIRM's goal is to apply the principles of regenerative medicine to repair or replace diseased tissues and organs. Among other goals, WFIRM scientists are looking for ways to create insulin-producing cells in the laboratory, engineered blood vessels for heart bypass surgery and treat knee injuries through regenerated meniscus tissues. WFIRM has also led two federal initiatives to regenerate tissues from battlefield injuries (AFIRM I and AFIRM II), with a combined funding of $160 million from the U.S. Department of Defense. WFIRM is working to develop more than 40 different organs and tissues in the laboratory.
Anthony Atala, M.D., is the director of the institute, which is located in Wake Forest Innovation Quarter in downtown Winston-Salem. Atala was recruited by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in 2004, and brought many of his team members from the Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapeutics at the Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School. Notable achievements announced at WFIRM have been the first lab-grown organ, a urinary bladder. The artificial urinary bladder was the first to be implanted into a human. WFIRM research also discovered stem cells harvested from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. These stems cells are pluripotent, meaning that they can be manipulated to differentiate into various types of mature cells that make up nerve, muscle, bone, and other tissues while avoiding the problems of tumor formation and ethical concerns that are associated with embryonic stem cells. Research at WFIRM was also essential towards developing the field of bioprinting. This was first accomplished by converting a Hewlett Packard paper and ink printer to deposit cells, which is now on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. Later, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium%20hydrochaeri | Plasmodium hydrochaeri is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia.
Like all Plasmodium species P. hydrochaeri has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are rodents.
Description
This species was first described in 2009 by Dos Santos et al.
The only known host is the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris).
Geographical occurrence
This species is found in South America. It has only been described in captive capybaras at the Sanctuary Zoo in Brazil.
Hosts and disease
P. hydrochaeri was isolated from capybara with no clinical signs of disease, suggesting that the parasite causes little to no disease in this host. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination%20%28biology%29 | In biology, determination is the process of matching a specimen of an organism to a known taxon, for example identifying a plant. The term is also used in cellular biology, where it means the act of the differentiation of stem cells becoming fixed. Various methods are used, for example single or multi-access identification keys.
Overview
The need to identify which plant is which has existed for time immemorial. The ability depends to a large extent on what criteria and whose system is used. Determination now relies on modern taxonomy to define the identify of organisms. Taxonomy is the branch of biology which deals with identity, nomenclature and classification. The term was first coined in 1813 by Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. Carl Linnaeus, who began modern taxonomy, used the term 'systematics' himself.
Determination then requires comparisons of certain characteristics and then assigning a particular specimen to a known taxonomic group, hopefully ultimately arriving at a species or infraspecific name. The characteristics used are usually morphological, such as colours, numbers, shapes and sizes of particular organs. Where possible, this is traditionally done using dichotomous keys. Keys are traditionally found in such works such as floras, field guides or monographs. Botanical or entomological keys have been coded as computer programs. Applications are even available now which use artificial intelligence to identify plants on the basis of photographs. There are not always keys available for certain regions or plant groups, and the person determining the specimen will then have to rely on characteristics in the species description or discovered through comparison of multiple specimens with the type. Using DNA barcoding is a modern method that does not require the determiner to be highly trained. Another similar method uses the alkaloid profiles of specimens to determine the species. The total weight or length of the genome as measured in base- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20compatibility%20factor | In survival analysis, the area compatibility factor, F, is used in indirect standardisation of population mortality rates.
where:
is the standardised central exposed-to risk from age x to x + t for the standard population,
is the central exposed-to risk from age x to x + t for the population under study and
is the mortality rate in the standard population for ages x to x + t.
The expression can be thought of as the crude mortality rate for the standard population divided by what the crude mortality rate is for the region being studied, assuming the mortality rates are the same as for the standard population.
F is then multiplied by the crude mortality rate to arrive at the indirectly standardised mortality rate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber%20of%20Computer%20Engineers%20of%20Turkey | Chamber of Computer Engineers of Turkey (, abbreviated BMO) was founded on 2 June 2012.
Formerly, the computer engineers in Turkey were the members of Chamber of Electrical Engineers of Turkey. But, on 9 March 2011 computer engineers decided to form their own chamber. The regulatory board announced that each year about 6,500 new CS engineers (including related undergraduate studies) graduate from the universities. During the general assembly of Union of chambers of Turkish engineers and architects (UCTEA) on the 2 June 2012, the request was approved. The chamber has become the 24th member of the union - UCTEA. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebeloma%20mesophaeum | Hebeloma mesophaeum is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Like all species of its genus, it might be poisonous and result in severe gastrointestinal upset; nevertheless, in Mexico this species is eaten and widely marketed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20optical%20character%20recognition%20software | This '''comparison of optical character recognition software includes:
OCR engines, that do the actual character identification
Layout analysis software, that divide scanned documents into zones suitable for OCR
Graphical interfaces to one or more OCR engines
Software development kits that are used to add OCR capabilities to other software (e.g. forms processing applications, document imaging management systems, e-discovery systems, records management solutions)
Evaluation
A 2016 analysis of the accuracy and reliability of the OCR packages Google Docs OCR, Tesseract, ABBYY FineReader, and Transym, employing a dataset including 1227 images from 15 different categories concluded Google Docs OCR and ABBYY to be performing better than others. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaveRNA | taveRNA is a software suite for RNA/DNA secondary structure. It is developed in the laboratories for computational biology of the School of Computing Science at the Simon Fraser University. The suite is composed by alteRNA, for RNA density fold computing, inteRNA, for RNA-RNA interaction prediction, piRNA, for predicting the joint partition function, equilibrium concentration, ensemble energy, and melting temperature for two RNA sequences, pRuNA, a sequence based pruning RNA interaction search engine, and smyRNA, a platform independent C program novel ab initio ncRNA finder.
taveRNA is not related to the bioinformatics workflow system Apache Taverna. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARSIMCO | DARSIMCO, short for Dartmouth Simplified Code, was a simple programming language written by John Kemeny in 1956 that expanded simple mathematical operations into IBM 704 assembly language (Share Assembly Language, SAL). It was an attempt to simplify basic mathematical processing, a common theme in the 1950s, but found little use before the arrival of FORTRAN at MIT the next year.
Description
This language was essentially a set of macros that expanded out user source code into a series of assembly language instructions, which were then compiled using the existing SAL assembler, Symbolic Assembly Program. For instance, the formula A + B = C would add the values in memory locations A and B and put the result in C. To do this, the DARSIMCO compiler would write out the following three instructions:
LDA A
FAD B
STO C
The language included similar expansions for subtraction, multiplication, division, and simple looping.
The language was implemented on the IBM 704 at MIT's New England Regional Computer Center. Programmed using punch cards, the system had a two-week turnaround because Kemeny had to take the cards in via train from Dartmouth.
See also
Autocode, a similar concept for mathematical programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20First%20Girls | Code First Girls is a social enterprise that provides free coding courses to women and non-binary people across the UK, Ireland, the USA, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The organization helps companies recruit more women into the tech sector by connecting them with newly trained female developers. Their community of coders, instructors, and mentors is one of the largest in the UK. According to the organisation, as of 2022 they've trained over 50,000 women.
The organisation's stated goal is to "promote gender diversity and female participation in the technology sector by offering free courses for students and professional women who are wanting to re-train." They also support businesses to train staff and encourage levelling-up for female staff within organisations.
As of 2020, Code First Girls is reported to have provided in excess of £10 million worth of free coding courses to more than 18,000 women since 2013.
In 2017, Code First Girls announced the launch of the "Code First: Girls 20:20 campaign" with the aim to "train 20,000 women to code for free by the end of 2020". As of 2018, Code First: Girls have announced "2020 campaign partnerships" with the following companies: Bank of America Merrill Lynch; Goldman Sachs; KKR; Trainline; and OVH. The organisation announced Baroness Martha Lane-Fox and Dame Stephanie Shirley as supporting the campaign as ambassadors.
History
Code First Girls began in late 2012 as "a nine-week, free, part-time course to get female graduates from all walks of life not only interested in coding, but also better equipped to contribute to technical discussions in high-tech businesses".
Founded by Alice Bentinck and Matthew Clifford, Code First: Girls was created when Bentinck and Clifford recognised a lack of female applications for their pre-seed investment programme Entrepreneur First (EF).
Bentinck claims that of the first cohort to complete Code First: Girls training, more than half of the women participants self-identified as "t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20automorphism | In abstract algebra an inner automorphism is an automorphism of a group, ring, or algebra given by the conjugation action of a fixed element, called the conjugating element. They can be realized via simple operations from within the group itself, hence the adjective "inner". These inner automorphisms form a subgroup of the automorphism group, and the quotient of the automorphism group by this subgroup is defined as the outer automorphism group.
Definition
If is a group and is an element of (alternatively, if is a ring, and is a unit), then the function
is called (right) conjugation by (see also conjugacy class). This function is an endomorphism of : for all
where the second equality is given by the insertion of the identity between and Furthermore, it has a left and right inverse, namely Thus, is bijective, and so an isomorphism of with itself, i.e. an automorphism. An inner automorphism is any automorphism that arises from conjugation.
When discussing right conjugation, the expression is often denoted exponentially by This notation is used because composition of conjugations satisfies the identity: for all This shows that right conjugation gives a right action of on itself.
Inner and outer automorphism groups
The composition of two inner automorphisms is again an inner automorphism, and with this operation, the collection of all inner automorphisms of is a group, the inner automorphism group of denoted .
is a normal subgroup of the full automorphism group of . The outer automorphism group, is the quotient group
The outer automorphism group measures, in a sense, how many automorphisms of are not inner. Every non-inner automorphism yields a non-trivial element of , but different non-inner automorphisms may yield the same element of .
Saying that conjugation of by leaves unchanged is equivalent to saying that and commute:
Therefore the existence and number of inner automorphisms that are not the identity mapping is a kind of meas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20interosseous%20artery | The posterior interosseous artery (dorsal interosseous artery) is an artery of the forearm. It is a branch of the common interosseous artery, which is a branch of the ulnar artery.
Structure
The posterior interosseous artery passes backward between the oblique cord and the upper border of the interosseous membrane. It appears between the contiguous borders of supinator muscle and the abductor pollicis longus muscle, and runs down the back of the forearm between the superficial and deep layers of muscles, to both of which it distributes branches.
Where it lies on abductor pollicis longus muscle and the extensor pollicis brevis muscle, it is accompanied by the dorsal interosseous nerve. At the lower part of the forearm it anastomoses with the termination of the volar interosseous artery, and with the dorsal carpal network.
Branches
Near its origin, it gives off the interosseous recurrent artery. This ascends to the interval between the lateral epicondyle and olecranon, on or through the fibers of supinator muscle, but beneath the anconeus muscle, and anastomoses with the middle collateral branch of the deep artery of arm, the posterior ulnar recurrent artery and the inferior ulnar collateral artery.
The posterior interosseous artery gives off many muscular arteries.
Additional images
See also
Anterior interosseous artery
Ulnar artery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanites%20wilsoniana | Balanites wilsoniana is a species of fruit-bearing tree from west and central Africa from the caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae).
Description
Balanites wilsoniana, commonly called the Boko Tree, is a tall rainforest tree to 120 feet (35 meters) with high buttresses, which continue up on the trunk as twisted fluting; the young trees have forked spines; If the bark is cut the tree exudes copious, scented gum. Leaves bifoliate, (two, one-inch (2.5 cm) leaves on a common stalk) and are frequently slightly unequal-sided at their base. The buttresses can sometime be spiny, the trunk can grow to 1m (three feet) in diameter and the tree can grow to 30-40m in height, with an irregular crown. It has yellow green flowers borne in stalked clusters, the petals are pubescent on their inner surface. The fruit is a green drupe, 6–10 cm in length, ripening to yellow and has an unpleasant smell. A fibrous coat surrounds the stone. The stone, or seed, is up to 8.8 cm (3.46 inches) in length by 4.7 cm (1.81 inches) in diameter; one of the largest seeds known.
Distribution
Balanites wilsoniana is found from Ghana to Uganda and Tanzania south to Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. but has been recorded west of Ghana in Liberia.
Habitat
Balanites wilsoniana is a found in semi-deciduous or evergreen rainforest, humid forest, lowland riverine forest, and also in coastal forest in Angola. It normally forms part of quite speciose associations; especially where there are clay-rich substrates. It occurs at elevations up to 1,200 metres above sea level.
Ecology
The fallen fruits of Balanites wilsoniana are eaten by African elephants and by gorillas. Gorillas also eat the leaves. Elephants disperse the seeds, and juvenile trees are only recorded away from the adult trees in forests where elephants are present.
Uses
A cooking oil is extracted from the seeds of Balanites wilsoniana, the seeds are pounded then boiled in water to extract the oil which is skimmed off the water once coole |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%E2%80%93patient%20relationship | The doctor–patient relationship is a central part of health care and the practice of medicine. A doctor–patient relationship is formed when a doctor attends to a patient's medical needs and is usually through consent. This relationship is built on trust, respect, communication, and a common understanding of both the doctor and patients' sides. The trust aspect of this relationship goes is mutual: the doctor trusts the patient to reveal any information that may be relevant to the case, and in turn, the patient trusts the doctor to respect their privacy and not disclose this information to outside parties.
A ceremonial dynamic of the doctor–patient relationship is that the doctor is encouraged by oath to follow certain ethical guidelines. (Hippocratic Oath) Additionally, the healthiness of a doctor–patient relationship is essential to keep the quality of the patient's healthcare high as well as to ensure that the doctor is functioning at their optimum. In more recent times, healthcare has become more patient-centered and this has brought a new dynamic to this ancient relationship.
Importance
A patient must have confidence in the competence of their physician and must feel that they can confide in them. For most physicians, the establishment of good rapport with a patient is important. Some medical specialties, such as psychiatry and family medicine, emphasize the physician–patient relationship more than others, such as pathology or radiology, which have very little contact with patients.
The quality of the patient–physician relationship is important to both parties. The doctor and patient's values and perspectives about disease, life, and time available play a role in building up this relationship. A strong relationship between the doctor and patient may lead to frequent, freely-offered quality information about the patient's disease and as a result, better healthcare for the patient and their family. Enhancing both the accuracy of the diagnosis and the patient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFall%20v.%20Shimp | McFall v. Shimp, 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 90 (July 26, 1978), was an Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, court case. The court ruled that it is unacceptable to force another person to donate body parts, even in a situation of medical necessity.
Summary
Thirty-nine-year-old unmarried asbestos worker Robert McFall suffered "from a rare bone marrow disease" called aplastic anemia, where the patient's bone marrow fails to manufacture certain necessary blood components. Without an urgent bone marrow transfusion, McFall would soon die. McFall's first cousin, a 42-year-old crane worker named David Shimp, was the only available bone marrow match for McFall at the time, but Shimp refused to donate his bone marrow, which would have dramatically increased the odds of saving McFall's life (with Shimp's bone marrow donation, doctors estimated that McFall would have had a 50% to 60% chance of surviving). McFall then sued Shimp in order to force him to donate his bone marrow. When the case ended up in court, Judge John P. Flaherty Jr. stated that Shimp's position was "morally indefensible", but simultaneously refused to force Shimp to donate his bone marrow. Judge Flaherty also stated that forcing a person to submit to an intrusion of his body in order to donate bone marrow "would defeat the sanctity of the individual and would impose a rule which would know no limits, and one could not imagine where the line would be drawn." McFall attempted to cite a 700-year-old statute of Edward I, pointing out that the court was a successor to the Court of Chancery, although the statute was not found to have any authority after a diligent search.
Aftermath
Robert McFall died of a massive hemorrhage on August 10, 1978, about half a month after this court case was decided against him. Robert McFall's sister, Beverly Hope, stated that McFall forgave Shimp near the very end of his life and asked his family to forgive Shimp for refusing to donate his bone marrow as well. David Shimp generally refused to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryvnia%20sign | The hryvnia sign (₴) is a currency symbol, used for the Ukrainian hryvnia currency since 2004.
Description
The hryvnia sign is a cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г), or a mirrored letter S, with a double horizontal stroke, symbolising stability, similar to that used in other currency symbols such as ¥ or €. Hryvnia is abbreviated "грн" (hrn) in Ukrainian. The hryvnia sign ₴ was released in March 2004.
The specific design of the hryvnia sign was a result of a public contest held by the National Bank of Ukraine in 2003. The bank announced that it would not take any special steps of promoting the sign, but expressed expectations that the recognition and the technical possibilities of rendering the sign would follow. As soon as the sign was announced, a proposal to encode it was written. The sign is Unicode encoded as since version 4.1 (2005).
The symbol appears in the filigree of the 1 hryvnia and the recently introduced 1,000 hryven banknote.
See also
Ukrainian hryvnia
Currency symbol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn%20McGee | Kathryn "Kay" McGee (née Greene, May 6, 1920, in Chicago, Illinois – February 16, 2012 in River Forest, Illinois) was an American activist, recognized for founding two of the first organizations for the benefit of those with Down Syndrome. She worked seeking recognition, rights and opportunities for people with Down Syndrome.
The birth of her fourth child, Tricia McGee, on March 16, 1960, commenced a decades long effort to bring parents of children with Down Syndrome together to create medical and educational options for such children. Tricia McGee was diagnosed as a mongoloid shortly after birth, which is what doctors called a person with Down Syndrome when Tricia was born, but is now considered a slur. Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that was first described in 1866 by British doctor John L. Down. It was discovered to be caused by an extra chromosome by French pediatrician Jérôme Lejeune in July 1958, less than two years before Tricia was born. Medical advice in 1960 was typically to institutionalize children with Down Syndrome. After Tricia's birth in 1960, the family pediatrician recommended that the McGees place her in an institution rather than bring her home from the hospital. A few years later when he saw her functioning well at the Alcuin Montessori School in River Forest, Illinois, he explained that he had been told in medical school to make that recommendation to people, and said that he would never do so again. After bringing Tricia home and adjusting to the reality that such an infant faces exceptional developmental challenges, Kay and Martin attempted to learn about Down Syndrome and find similarly situated parents in the Chicago area.
Early experience and efforts at organizing parents
Within six months Kay determined that there were children with Down Syndrome in communities but that they were not visible as society was not accepting and parents were protective of their vulnerable family members. In late 1960 Kay invited those parents she was ab |
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