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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer%20RNA | Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively long non-coding RNA molecules (50-2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer regions. They were first detected in 2010 through the use of genome-wide techniques such as RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. eRNAs can be subdivided into two main classes: 1D eRNAs and 2D eRNAs, which differ primarily in terms of their size, polyadenylation state, and transcriptional directionality. The expression of a given eRNA correlates with the activity of its corresponding enhancer in target genes. Increasing evidence suggests that eRNAs actively play a role in transcriptional regulation in cis and in trans, and while their mechanisms of action remain unclear, a few models have been proposed.
Discovery
Enhancers as sites of extragenic transcription were initially discovered in genome-wide studies that identified enhancers as common regions of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) binding and non-coding RNA transcription. The level of RNA pol II–enhancer interaction and RNA transcript formation were found to be highly variable among these initial studies. Using explicit chromatin signature peaks, a significant proportion (~70%) of extragenic RNA Pol II transcription start sites were found to overlap enhancer sites in murine macrophages. Out of 12,000 neuronal enhancers in the mouse genome, almost 25% of the sites were found to bind RNA Pol II and generate transcripts. In parallel studies, 4,588 high confidence extragenic RNA Pol II binding sites were identified in murine macrophages stimulated with the inflammatory mediater lipopolysaccharide to induce transcription. These eRNAs, unlike messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lacked modification by polyadenylation, were generally short and non-coding, and were bidirectionally transcribed. Later studies revealed the transcription of another type of eRNAs, generated through unidirectional transcription, that were longer and contained a poly A tail. Furthermore, eRNA levels were correlated with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20modulus | In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:
where
= shear stress
is the force which acts
is the area on which the force acts
= shear strain. In engineering , elsewhere
is the transverse displacement
is the initial length of the area.
The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2, replacing force by mass times acceleration.
Explanation
The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law:
Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height),
the Poisson's ratio ν describes the response in the directions orthogonal to this uniaxial stress (the wire getting thinner and the column thicker),
the bulk modulus K describes the material's response to (uniform) hydrostatic pressure (like the pressure at the bottom of the ocean or a deep swimming pool),
the shear modulus G describes the material's response to shear stress (like cutting it with dull scissors).
These moduli are not independent, and for isotropic materials they are connected via the equations
The shear modulus is concerned with the deformation of a solid when it experiences a force parallel to one of its surfaces while its opposite face experiences an opposing force (such as friction). In the case of an object shaped like a rectangular prism, it will deform into a parallelepiped. Anisotropic materials such as wood, paper and also essentially all single crystals exhibit differing material response to stress or st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral%20geometry | In mathematics, integral geometry is the theory of measures on a geometrical space invariant under the symmetry group of that space. In more recent times, the meaning has been broadened to include a view of invariant (or equivariant) transformations from the space of functions on one geometrical space to the space of functions on another geometrical space. Such transformations often take the form of integral transforms such as the Radon transform and its generalizations.
Classical context
Integral geometry as such first emerged as an attempt to refine certain statements of geometric probability theory. The early work of Luis Santaló and Wilhelm Blaschke was in this connection. It follows from the classic theorem of Crofton expressing the length of a plane curve as an expectation of the number of intersections with a random line. Here the word 'random' must be interpreted as subject to correct symmetry considerations.
There is a sample space of lines, one on which the affine group of the plane acts. A probability measure is sought on this space, invariant under the symmetry group. If, as in this case, we can find a unique such invariant measure, then that solves the problem of formulating accurately what 'random line' means and expectations become integrals with respect to that measure. (Note for example that the phrase 'random chord of a circle' can be used to construct some paradoxes—for example Bertrand's paradox.)
We can therefore say that integral geometry in this sense is the application of probability theory (as axiomatized by Kolmogorov) in the context of the Erlangen programme of Klein. The content of the theory is effectively that of invariant (smooth) measures on (preferably compact) homogeneous spaces of Lie groups; and the evaluation of integrals of the differential forms.
A very celebrated case is the problem of Buffon's needle: drop a needle on a floor made of planks and calculate the probability the needle lies across a crack. Generalising, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20bias%20transform | The zero-bias transform is a transform from one probability distribution to another. The transform arises in applications of Stein's method in probability and statistics.
Formal definition
The zero bias transform may be applied to both discrete and continuous random variables. The zero bias transform of a density function , defined for all real numbers , is the function , defined by
where s and t are real numbers and f(t) is the density or mass function of the random variable T.
An equivalent but alternative approach is to deduce the nature of the transformed random variable by evaluating the expected value
where the right-side superscript denotes a zero biased random variable whereas the left hand side expectation represents the original random variable. An example from each approach is given in the examples section beneath.
If the random variable is discrete the integral becomes a sum from positive infinity to s.
The zero bias transform is taken for a mean zero, variance 1 random variable which may require a location-scale transform to the random variable.
Applications
The zero bias transformation arises in applications where a normal approximation is desired. Similar to Stein's method the zero bias transform is often applied to sums of random variables with each summand having finite variance an mean zero.
The zero bias transform has been applied to CDO tranche pricing.
Examples
1. Consider a Bernoulli(p) random variable B with Pr(B = 0) = 1 − p. The zero bias transform of T = (B − p) is:
where h is the derivative of H. From there it follows that the random variable S is a continuous uniform random variable on the support (−p, 1 − p). This example shows how the zero bias transform smooths a discrete distribution into a continuous distribution.
2. Consider the continuous uniform on the support .
This example shows that the zero bias transform takes continuous symmetric distributions and makes them unimodular. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Union%20of%20Growers | The General Union of Growers (, UGC) is a trade union representing self-employed farmers and smallholders in Italy.
The union was founded in 1983, through a merger involving the Italian Federation of Sharecroppers and Smallholders. Like that union, it affiliated to the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions. By 1998, the union had 70,659 members. Pietro Monelli became president of the union in 2014, at which time it still claimed more than 70,000 members.
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20reduction | A dynamical reduction theory (DRT) is an extension of quantum mechanics (QM) that attempts to account for the collapse of the wave function. It is necessary because QM does not account for the specific measurements of observable quantities or events, in the familiar realm of Newtonian or classical physics, that we make in QM experiments.
The reason that QM does not account for measurements is that the time evolution of the quantum state of a system is described probabilistically by linear superpositions of Schrödinger equations. Even if we include the quantum state of the measuring devices, and even if we include the quantum state of the surrounding universe, this gives no information about actual measurements, each of which always appears to choose a particular possible value.
An example of a DRT is Continuous spontaneous localization (CSL).
See also
Copenhagen interpretation
Objective-collapse theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%27s%20modulus%20of%20continuity%20theorem | Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is a theorem that gives a result about an almost sure behaviour of an estimate of the modulus of continuity for Wiener process, that is used to model what's known as Brownian motion.
Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy.
Statement of the result
Let be a standard Wiener process. Then, almost surely,
In other words, the sample paths of Brownian motion have modulus of continuity
with probability one, for and sufficiently small .
See also
Some properties of sample paths of the Wiener process |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20column | The (oceanic) water column is a concept used in oceanography to describe the physical (temperature, salinity, light penetration) and chemical (pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient salts) characteristics of seawater at different depths for a defined geographical point. Generally, vertical profiles are made of temperature, salinity, chemical parameters at a defined point along the water column. The water column is the largest, yet one of the most under-explored, habitats on the planet; it is explored to better understand the ocean as a whole, including the huge biomass that lives there and its importance to the global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Studying the water column also provides understanding on the links between living organisms and environmental parameters, large-scale water circulation and the transfer of matter between water masses.
Water columns are used chiefly for environmental studies evaluating the stratification or mixing of thermal or chemically stratified layers in a lake, stream or ocean. Some of the common parameters analyzed in the water column are pH, turbidity, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, salinity, total dissolved solids, various pesticides, pathogens and a wide variety of chemicals and biota.
Descriptively, the deep sea water column is divided into five parts—pelagic zones (from Greek πέλαγος (pélagos), 'open sea')—from the surface to below the floor.
The term water column is also commonly used in scuba diving to describe the vertical space through which divers ascend and descend.
See also
Hydrological transport model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal%20carbonization | Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) (also referred to as "aqueous carbonization at elevated temperature and pressure") is a chemical process for the conversion of organic compounds to structured carbons. It can be used to make a wide variety of nanostructured carbons, simple production of brown coal substitute, synthesis gas, liquid petroleum precursors and humus from biomass with release of energy. Technically the process imitates, within a few hours, the brown coal formation process (German "Inkohlung" literally "coalification") which takes place in nature over enormously longer geological time periods of 50,000 to 50 million years. It was investigated by Friedrich Bergius and first described in 1913.
Motivation
The carbon efficiency of most processes to convert organic matter to fuel is relatively low. I.e. the proportion of carbon contained in the biomass, which is later contained in the usable end product is relatively low:
In poorly designed systems, the unused carbon escapes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, or, when fermented, as methane. Both gases are greenhouse gases with methane even more climate-active on a per molecule basis than . In addition, the heat which is released in these processes is not generally used. Advanced modern systems capture nearly all the gases and use the heat as part of the process or for district heating.
The problem with the production of biodiesel from oil plants is the fact that only the energy contained in the fruit can be used. If the entire plant could be used for fuel production, the energy yield could be increased by a factor of three to five with the same cultivation area when growing fast-growing plants such as willow, poplar, miscanthus, hemp, reeds or forestry, while simultaneously reducing energy, fertilizer and herbicide use, with the possibility of using - for current energy plant cultivation - poor soil. Hydrothermal carbonization makes it possible - similar to the biomass-to-liquid process - to use almos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EncFS | EncFS is a Free (LGPL) FUSE-based cryptographic filesystem. It transparently encrypts files, using an arbitrary directory as storage for the encrypted files.
Two directories are involved in mounting an EncFS filesystem: the source directory, and the mountpoint. Each file in the mountpoint has a specific file in the source directory that corresponds to it. The file in the mountpoint provides the unencrypted view of the one in the source directory. Filenames are encrypted in the source directory.
Files are encrypted using a volume key, which is stored either within or outside the encrypted source directory. A password is used to decrypt this key.
Common uses
In Linux, allows encryption of home folders as an alternative to eCryptfs.
Allows encryption of files and folders saved to cloud storage (Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive, etc.).
Allows portable encryption of file folders on removable disks.
Available as a cross-platform folder encryption mechanism.
Increases storage security by adding two-factor authentication (2FA). When the EncFS volume key is stored outside the encrypted source directory and into a physically separated location from the actual encrypted data, it significantly increases security by adding a two-factor authentication (2FA). For example, EncFS is able to store each unique volume key anywhere else than the actual encrypted data, such as on a USB flash drive, network mount, optical disc or cloud. In addition to that a password could be required to decrypt this volume key.
Advantages
EncFS offers several advantages over other disk encryption software simply because each file is stored individually as an encrypted file elsewhere in the host's directory tree.
Cross-platform
EncFS is available on multiple platforms, whereas eCryptfs is tied to the Linux kernel
Bitrot detection
EncFS implements bitrot detection on top of any underlying filesystem
Scalable storage
EncFS has no "volumes" that occupy a fixed size — encrypted directories gro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20bornology | In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a bornology on a vector space over a field where has a bornology ℬ, is called a vector bornology if makes the vector space operations into bounded maps.
Definitions
Prerequisits
A on a set is a collection of subsets of that satisfy all the following conditions:
covers that is,
is stable under inclusions; that is, if and then
is stable under finite unions; that is, if then
Elements of the collection are called or simply if is understood.
The pair is called a or a .
A or of a bornology is a subset of such that each element of is a subset of some element of Given a collection of subsets of the smallest bornology containing is called the bornology generated by
If and are bornological sets then their on is the bornology having as a base the collection of all sets of the form where and
A subset of is bounded in the product bornology if and only if its image under the canonical projections onto and are both bounded.
If and are bornological sets then a function is said to be a or a (with respect to these bornologies) if it maps -bounded subsets of to -bounded subsets of that is, if
If in addition is a bijection and is also bounded then is called a .
Vector bornology
Let be a vector space over a field where has a bornology
A bornology on is called a if it is stable under vector addition, scalar multiplication, and the formation of balanced hulls (i.e. if the sum of two bounded sets is bounded, etc.).
If is a vector space and is a bornology on then the following are equivalent:
is a vector bornology
Finite sums and balanced hulls of -bounded sets are -bounded
The scalar multiplication map defined by and the addition map defined by are both bounded when their domains carry their product bornologies (i.e. they map bounded subsets to bounded subsets)
A vector bornology is called a if it is stable under the formation of convex hulls (i.e. t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauppauge%20MediaMVP | The Hauppauge MediaMVP is a network media player. It consists of a hardware unit with remote control, along with software for a Windows PC. Out of the box, it is capable of playing video and audio, displaying pictures, and "tuning in" to Internet radio stations. Alternative software is also available to extend its capabilities. It can be used as a front-end for various PVR projects.
The MediaMVP is popular with some PVR enthusiasts because it is inexpensive and relatively easy to modify.
Capabilities
The MediaMVP can stream audio and video content from a host PC running Windows. It can display photos stored on the host PC. It can stream Internet radio via the host PC as well. It can display live TV with full PVR features with SageTV PVR software for Windows or Linux.
The capabilities listed below refer to the official software and firmware supplied by Hauppauge.
Video
The MediaMVP supports the MPEG (MPEG-1 and MPEG-2) video format (and only that format). However, depending on the MediaMVP host software running on the host computer, the host software may be able to seamlessly transcode other video file formats before sending them to the MediaMVP in the MPEG format. The maximum un-transcoded playable video size is SDTV (480i). HDTV mpeg streams (e.g. 720p) need to be transcoded in real-time on the computer to SD format. Note: transcoding video can tax some slower computers.
With a hardware MPEG decoder as part of its PowerPC processor, it renders moving video images more smoothly than many software PVR implementations.
Audio
Supported audio file formats include MP3 and WMA. Playlist formats supported include M3U, PLS, ASX and B4S.
See also Internet radio below.
Photos
Supported image file formats include JPG and GIF.
Slideshows are supported. Listening to music (including streaming Internet radio) during slideshows is supported as well.
Internet radio
Supports streaming Internet radio stations via the host PC.
Other capabilities
Can schedule recordi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20K%20%28calculator%29 | The Model K was an early 2-bit binary adder built in 1937 by Bell Labs scientist George Stibitz as a proof of concept, using scrap relays and metal strips from a tin can. The "K" in "Model K" came from "kitchen table", upon which he assembled it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majumdar%E2%80%93Ghosh%20model | The Majumdar–Ghosh model is a one-dimensional quantum Heisenberg spin model in which the nearest-neighbour antiferromagnetic exchange interaction is twice as strong as the next-nearest-neighbour interaction. It is a special case of the more general - model, with . The model is named after Indian physicists Chanchal Kumar Majumdar and Dipan Ghosh.
The Majumdar–Ghosh model is notable because its ground states (lowest energy quantum states) can be found exactly and written in a simple form, making it a useful starting point for understanding more complex spin models and phases.
Definition
The Majumdar–Ghosh model is defined by the following Hamiltonian:
where the S vector is a quantum spin operator with quantum number S = 1/2.
Other conventions for the coefficients may be taken in the literature, but the most important fact is that the ratio of first-neighbor to second-neighbor couplings is 2 to 1. As a result of this ratio, it is possible to express the Hamiltonian (shifted by an overall constant) equivalently in the form
The summed quantity is none other than the quadratic Casimir operator for representation of the spin algebra on the three consecutive sites , which in turn can be decomposed into a direct sum of spin 1/2 and 3/2 representations. It has the eigenvalues for the spin 1/2 subspace and for the spin 3/2 subspace.
Ground states
It has been shown that the Majumdar–Ghosh model has two minimum energy states, or ground states, namely the states in which neighboring pairs of spins form singlet configurations.
The wavefunction for each ground state is a product of these singlet pairs. This explains why there must be at least two ground states with the same energy, since one may be
obtained from the other by merely shifting, or translating, the system by one lattice spacing. Furthermore, it has been shown that these (and linear combinations of them) are the unique ground states.
Generalizations
The Majumdar–Ghosh model is one of a small handful of reali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20Chromatin%20Structure%20Assay | Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) is a diagnostic approach that detects sperm abnormality with a large extent of DNA fragmentation. First described by Evenson in 1980, the assay is a flow cytometric test that detects the vulnerability of sperm DNA to acid-induced denaturation DNA in situ. SCSA measures sperm DNA fragmentation attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic factors and reports the degree of fragmentation in terms of DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI). The use of SCSA expands from evaluation of male infertility and subfertility, toxicology studies and evaluation of quality of laboratory semen samples. Notably, SCSA outcompetes other convention sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) assays such as TUNEL and COMET in terms of efficiency, objectivity, and repeatability.
History
Before the development of SCSA, diagnosis or prognosis of male infertility/subfertility was principally referenced the World Health Organisation (WHO) manual-based semen parameters, including semen concentration, motility, and morphology. Yet, several reports of pregnancy failure had the parameters within normal range, suggesting that none of these measurements has drawn a reliable conclusion to reflect chance of fertility of a couple. Furthermore, such parameters are often associated with high labour intensity and lack of statistical power.
In the late 1970s, Donald P. Evenson at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre in the United States received an NIH Research Project Grant (RO1) for mammalian sperm chromatin structure study. Various techniques have since been adopted to gain access to sperm DNA integrity. In particular, transmission electron microscopy reflected a significant amount of sperm chromatin heterogeneity.
The heterogeneity was then confirmed through flow cytometry by contrasting AO staining results between human and mouse sperm nuclei. Homogeneous results were observed in the mouse sample while heterogeneous fluorescence intensity varied among the human sample. A hypothesis was p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Boy%20who%20Talked%20to%20Trees | The Boy who Talked to Trees is a collection of short stories by Yashwant V. Chittal who received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1983. The book was translated into English by Ramachandra Shrama and Padma Ramachandra in 1994 published by Penguin Books. The book includes 13 stories, all set in his birthplace, the village of Hanehalli or in Bandra a suburban area in the city of Mumbai. Each of the stories in this collection revolves around a situation in which ordinary men and women are subjected to extreme pressures. Katheyadalu Hudugi ("The Girl Who Became A story") received the National award. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging%20gas | A packaging gas is used to pack sensitive materials such as food into a modified atmosphere environment. The gas used is usually inert, or of a nature that protects the integrity of the packaged goods, inhibiting unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation. Some may also serve as a propellant for aerosol sprays like cans of whipped cream. For packaging food, the use of various gases is approved by regulatory organisations.
Their E numbers are included in the following lists in parentheses.
Inert gases
These gas types do not cause a chemical change to the substance that they protect.
argon (E938), used for canned products
helium (E939), used for canned products
nitrogen (E941), also propellant
carbon dioxide (E290), also propellant
Propellant gases
Specific kinds of packaging gases are aerosol propellants. These process and assist the ejection of the product from its container.
chlorofluorocarbons known as CFC (E940 and E945), now rarely used because of the damage that they do to the ozone layer:
dichlorodifluoromethane (E940)
chloropentafluoroethane (E945)
nitrous oxide (E942), used for aerosol whipped cream canisters (see Nitrous oxide: Aerosol propellant)
octafluorocyclobutane (E946)
Reactive gases
These must be used with caution as they may have adverse effects when exposed to certain chemicals. They will cause oxidisation or contamination to certain types of materials.
oxygen (E948), used e.g. for packaging of vegetables
hydrogen (E949)
Volatile gases
Hydrocarbon gases approved for use with food need to be used with extreme caution as they are highly combustible, when combined with oxygen they burn very rapidly and may cause explosions in confined spaces. Special precautions must be taken when transporting these gases.
butane (E943a)
isobutane (E943b)
propane (E944)
See also
Shielding gas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerasicoccus%20arenae | Cerasicoccus arenae is a Gram-negative, obligately aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Cerasicoccus which has been isolated from marine sand from Kamaishi. Cerasicoccus arenae can produce carotenoid. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-perturbative | In mathematics and physics, a non-perturbative function or process is one that cannot be described by perturbation theory. An example is the function
which does not have a Taylor series at x = 0. Every coefficient of the Taylor expansion around x = 0 is exactly zero, but the function is non-zero if x ≠ 0.
In physics, such functions arise for phenomena which are impossible to understand by perturbation theory, at any finite order. In quantum field theory, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, domain walls, flux tubes, and instantons are examples. A concrete, physical example is given by the Schwinger effect, whereby a strong electric field may spontaneously decay into electron-positron pairs. For not too strong fields, the rate per unit volume of this process is given by,
which cannot be expanded in a Taylor series in the electric charge , or the electric field strength . Here is the mass of an electron and we have used units where .
In theoretical physics, a non-perturbative solution is one that cannot be described in terms of perturbations about some simple background, such as empty space. For this reason, non-perturbative solutions and theories yield insights into areas and subjects that perturbative methods cannot reveal.
See also
Lattice QCD
Soliton
Sphaleron
Instanton
BCFW recursion
Operator product expansion
Conformal bootstrap
Loop quantum gravity
Causal dynamical triangulation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal%27s%20conjecture | Segal's Burnside ring conjecture, or, more briefly, the Segal conjecture, is a theorem in homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics. The theorem relates the Burnside ring of a finite group G to the stable cohomotopy of the classifying space BG. The conjecture was made in the mid 1970s by Graeme Segal and proved in 1984 by Gunnar Carlsson. , this statement is still commonly referred to as the Segal conjecture, even though it now has the status of a theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The Segal conjecture has several different formulations, not all of which are equivalent. Here is a weak form: there exists, for every finite group G, an isomorphism
Here, lim denotes the inverse limit, S* denotes the stable cohomotopy ring, B denotes the classifying space, the superscript k denotes the k-skeleton, and the subscript + denotes the addition of a disjoint basepoint. On the right-hand side, the hat denotes the completion of the Burnside ring with respect to its augmentation ideal.
The Burnside ring
The Burnside ring of a finite group G is constructed from the category of finite G-sets as a Grothendieck group. More precisely, let M(G) be the commutative monoid of isomorphism classes of finite G-sets, with addition the disjoint union of G-sets and identity element the empty set (which is a G-set in a unique way). Then A(G), the Grothendieck group of M(G), is an abelian group. It is in fact a free abelian group with basis elements represented by the G-sets G/H, where H varies over the subgroups of G. (Note that H is not assumed here to be a normal subgroup of G, for while G/H is not a group in this case, it is still a G-set.) The ring structure on A(G) is induced by the direct product of G-sets; the multiplicative identity is the (isomorphism class of any) one-point set, which becomes a G-set in a unique way.
The Burnside ring is the analogue of the representation ring in the category of finite sets, as opposed to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over a field |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20velocity | The radial velocity or line-of-sight velocity of a target with respect to an observer is the rate of change of the vector displacement between the two points. It is formulated as the vector projection of the target-observer relative velocity onto the relative direction or line-of-sight (LOS) connecting the two points.
The radial speed or range rate is the temporal rate of the distance or range between the two points. It is a signed scalar quantity, formulated as the scalar projection of the relative velocity vector onto the LOS direction. Equivalently, radial speed equals the norm of the radial velocity, times -1 if relative velocity and relative position form an obtuse angle.
In astronomy, the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth, so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from the Earth (or approaches it, for a negative radial velocity).
Formulation
Given a differentiable vector defining the instantaneous position of a target relative to an observer.
Let
with , the instantaneous velocity of the target with respect to the observer.
The magnitude of the position vector is defined as
The quantity range rate is the time derivative of the magnitude (norm) of , expressed as
Substituting () into ()
Evaluating the derivative of the right-hand-side
using () the expression becomes
Since
With
The range rate is simply defined as
the projection of the observer to target velocity vector onto the unit vector.
A singularity exists for coincident observer target, i.e. . In this case, range rate does not exist as .
Applications in astronomy
In astronomy, radial velocity is often measured to the first order of approximation by Doppler spectroscopy. The quantity obtained by this method may be called the barycentric radial-velocity measure or spectroscopic radial velocity. However, due to relativistic and cosmological effects over the great distances that light typically travels to reach the o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20dial%20code | A mobile dial code (MDC) is a grouping of 3 to 10 numbers following either a "#" "##" "*" "**" used to create a short, easy to remember phone number. Historically MDCs were used for repair related purposes by landline and wireless carriers. More recently MDCs have been made available for commercial use. MDCs are dialed just like a regular telephone number. Businesses can send automatic responses upon contact, such as by text message.
Usage
MDCs are used by wireless carriers for the following purposes:
customer convenience, offering quick access to customer service or bill payment;
diagnosing problems with and making repairs, such as to unlock or lock cell phones.
For commercial use by third parties as a vanity telephone number.
For a MDC to be used as a vanity telephone number, it must be provisioned to its user by all of the major wireless carriers. If the business needs to use to the MDC in more than one State, accommodations can be made for one MDC to be shared by multiple users on a state by state, or even local area by local area basis through advanced routing technology, called geo-routing. Inbound calls to MDCs can either be automatically routed based upon the area code of the caller, or by asking the caller to type out speak their zip code into the phone.
Commercial use
MDCs may be easier to remember than full phone numbers, and thus easier to brand. They may be useful to lead generation businesses that generate and then sell leads for potential business to other companies.
Similar technology
USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) codes are mobile dial codes that can be used for communicating with the service provider's computers (i.e. for WAP browsing, prepaid callback service, mobile-money services, location-based content services, menu-based information services, and as part of configuring the phone on the network).
Abbreviated dialing codes involve a similar technology that supports only voice calls.
A 2D bar code involves the use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresenius%20%28company%29 | Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA is a European multinational health care company based in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany. It provides products and services for dialysis in hospitals, as well as inpatient and outpatient medical care. The company is involved in hospital management and in engineering and services for medical centers and other health care facilities.
The company is ranked 411th in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2023.
In March 2022, it announced plans to merge with InterWell Health and Cricket Health to form a new company, which will operate under the InterWell Health brand, focused on services for the earlier stages of kidney disease.
Operations
There are four divisions:
Fresenius Medical Care, a publicly traded company of which Fresenius owns 30.8%, focuses on patients with chronic kidney failure. With its North American headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts, it holds a 38% market share in the dialysis market in the United States.
Fresenius Helios is the largest hospital operator and provider of inpatient and outpatient in Germany. The Helios Kliniken has more than 110 hospitals and more than 30,000 beds, treating over 4 million patients annually.
Fresenius Kabi is a supplier of essential drugs, clinical nutrition products, and medical devices. It produces generic versions of intravenous oncology products such as Paclitaxel, Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin, Gemcitabine, Cytarabine, Carboplatin, Topotecan, Docetaxel, and Epirubicin.
Fresenius Vamed develops and manages health care facilities.
Structure
Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA
Fresenius Medical Care
NxStage Medical, Inc.
Fresenius Helios
Helios Kliniken GmbH
Humaine Kliniken
IDC Salud Holding S.L.U. (Quirónsalud)
Damp Group
Fresenius Kabi AG
Labesfal SA
Fresenius Kabi Oncology Plc
Dabur Pharma Ltd
APP Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Fenwal Holdings, Inc.
Fresenius Vamed
Calea UK
History
The company was founded by Eduard Fresenius in 1912.
In 1946, Fresenius died. Else Kröner, his foster-daughter and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton | Phytoplankton () are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words (), meaning 'plant', and (), meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'.
Phytoplankton obtain their energy through photosynthesis, as do trees and other plants on land. This means phytoplankton must have light from the sun, so they live in the well-lit surface layers (euphotic zone) of oceans and lakes. In comparison with terrestrial plants, phytoplankton are distributed over a larger surface area, are exposed to less seasonal variation and have markedly faster turnover rates than trees (days versus decades). As a result, phytoplankton respond rapidly on a global scale to climate variations.
Phytoplankton form the base of marine and freshwater food webs and are key players in the global carbon cycle. They account for about half of global photosynthetic activity and at least half of the oxygen production, despite amounting to only about 1% of the global plant biomass. Phytoplankton are very diverse, varying from photosynthesizing bacteria to plant-like algae to armour-plated coccolithophores. Important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups are represented.
Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, some varieties may be noticeable as colored patches on the water surface due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells and accessory pigments (such as phycobiliproteins or xanthophylls) in some species.
Types
[[File:Phytoplankton types.jpg|thumb|upright=3.3| {{center|Some types of phytoplankton (not to scale)'Left to right: cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae and coccolithophore}}]]
Phytoplankton are photosynthesizing microscopic protists and bacteria that inhabit the upper sunlit layer of marine and fresh water bodies of water on Ea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20branches%20of%20the%20facial%20nerve | The temporal branches of the facial nerve (frontal branch of the facial nerve) crosses the zygomatic arch to the temporal region, supplying the auriculares anterior and superior, and joining with the zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve, and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve.
The more anterior branches supply the frontalis, the orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii, and join the supraorbital and lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic. The temporal branch acts as the efferent limb of the corneal reflex.
Testing the temporal branches of the facial nerve
To test the function of the temporal branches of the facial nerve, a patient is asked to frown and wrinkle their forehead.
Additional images
External links
- "Branches of Facial Nerve (CN VII)"
()
()
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_47/47-5.HTM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pesticide%20management | Non-pesticidal Management (NPM) describes various pest-control techniques which do not rely on pesticides. It is used in organic production of foodstuff, as well as in other situations in which the introduction of toxins is undesirable. Instead of the use of synthetic toxins, pest control is achieved by biological means.
Some examples of Non-Pesticidal Management techniques include:
Introduction of natural predators.
Use of naturally occurring insecticides, such as Neem tree products, Margosa, Tulsi / Basil Leaf, Citrus Oil, Eucalyptus Oil, Onion, Garlic spray, Essential Oils. These also refer to as Organic Pesticides.
Use of trap crops which attract the insects away from the fields. The trap crops are regularly checked and pests are manually removed.
Pest larvae which were killed by viruses can be crushed and sprayed over fields, thus killing the remaining larvae.
Field sanitation.
Timely sowing.
Nutrient management.
Maintain proper plant population.
Soil solarisation
Deep summer ploughing.
Over years insects have withstood natural calamities and survived successfully. They are able to develop resistance to chemical pesticides insecticides used by farmers. To be successful, farmers should be knowledgeable and able to identify various crop pests, and their natural enemies (farmer’s friendly insects). Farmers should recognize different stages of insects and their behavior. The efforts to minimize pests should aim at restoring the natural balance of insects in crop ecosystem but not elimination of the pest.
Principles of NPM
Encouraging natural process in environmentCrop ecosystem should be diverse by growing inter crops, trap crops, border crops in place of mono cropping. Once the insecticide sprays stopped, natural enemies of crop pests gradually establish and exercise control of crop pests, which can be enhanced with botanical extracts like NSKE, chilli garlic extract, cattle dung urine decoction etc.
Management skillSelecting crop based on soil, wate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thidiazuron | Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a plant growth regulator.
Applications
Plant growth regulator
The synthesis routes and their use as plant growth regulating agent were patented in the early 1980s by the German company Schering AG. Thidiazuron is taken up by the leaves and has a cytokinin-like behavior. It causes leaves to lose weight in a controlled manner prior to harvesting, without affecting the growth and maturation of the plant. This facilitates mechanical harvesting. It also accelerates the maturation process, because leaves do not block the sunlight. The plants later develop normal foliage. Thidiazuron can also be used as a herbicide, because an appropriate dose and timing of administration completely stops growth.
The product was marketed by Aventis CropScience; later merged into Bayer CropScience. Brand names are Dropp (for use in the cultivation of cotton) or Revent (for use in fruit production). Dropp Ultra, Dropp UltraMax and Ginstar are products with a mixture of thidiazuron and diuron.
Preservative
Researchers found that thidiazuron is suitable for extending the life of cut flowers. The substance slows down or prevents the wilting of the leaves.
Regulatory
European Union
In 2008, the European Union banned the use of thiadiazuron in agriculture. It was one of the agricultural chemicals in the framework of the European Pesticides Directive 91/414 / EEC that must have an environmental and health assessment to obtain a new authorization. An outdated substance is an active substance which was already on the market in the European Union on July 25, 1993, before the action step of the directive. Existing stocks could still be used afterwards for one year.
Thidiazuron is still used in other parts of the world, including in the United States, Australia, and Mexico.
Toxicology and safety
Thidiazuron is mildly acutely toxic, irritating to skin and eyes, and may cause respiratory irritation if inhaled. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Jones%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Atiyah–Jones conjecture is a conjecture about the homology of the moduli spaces of instantons. The original form of the conjecture considered instantons over a 4-dimensional sphere. It was introduced by and proved by . The more general version of the Atiyah–Jones conjecture is a question about the homology of the moduli spaces of instantons on any 4-dimensional real manifold, or on a complex surface. The Atiyah–Jones conjecture has been proved for ruled surfaces by R. J. Milgram and J. Hurtubise, and for rational surfaces by Elizabeth Gasparim. The conjecture remains unproved for other types of 4 manifolds. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%20no%20Tori%20Hououhen%20%28MSX%29 | is a 1987 video game for the MSX2 developed by Konami, produced alongside a similarly named game for the Famicom. Both games are based on the series and story arc with the same names.
It is in essence a Knightmare-like vertical scrolling shooter with the player viewing his character on the back and enemies and obstacles entering from the top of the screen. In addition, the game's six stages are laid out in a labyrinthine way, adding puzzle elements to the mix. In order to find, reach and defeat the game's final boss, the player would have to travel back and forth between the various stages to obtain a large assortment of keys. These keys then allow access to parts of other stages, even earlier ones. This traveling between the stages is highly unusual for a shoot 'em up. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20number | In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of m-th powers of the first n positive integers, in the Euler–Maclaurin formula, and in expressions for certain values of the Riemann zeta function.
The values of the first 20 Bernoulli numbers are given in the adjacent table. Two conventions are used in the literature, denoted here by and ; they differ only for , where and . For every odd , . For every even , is negative if is divisible by 4 and positive otherwise. The Bernoulli numbers are special values of the Bernoulli polynomials , with and .
The Bernoulli numbers were discovered around the same time by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, after whom they are named, and independently by Japanese mathematician Seki Takakazu. Seki's discovery was posthumously published in 1712 in his work Katsuyō Sanpō; Bernoulli's, also posthumously, in his Ars Conjectandi of 1713. Ada Lovelace's note G on the Analytical Engine from 1842 describes an algorithm for generating Bernoulli numbers with Babbage's machine. As a result, the Bernoulli numbers have the distinction of being the subject of the first published complex computer program.
Notation
The superscript used in this article distinguishes the two sign conventions for Bernoulli numbers. Only the term is affected:
with ( / ) is the sign convention prescribed by NIST and most modern textbooks.
with ( / ) was used in the older literature, and (since 2022) by Donald Knuth following Peter Luschny's "Bernoulli Manifesto".
In the formulas below, one can switch from one sign convention to the other with the relation , or for integer = 2 or greater, simply ignore it.
Since for all odd , and many formulas only involve even-index Bernoulli numbers, a few authors write "" instead o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoyo%20Linux | Tomoyo Linux (stylised as TOMOYO Linux) is a Linux kernel security module which implements mandatory access control (MAC).
Overview
Tomoyo Linux is a MAC implementation for Linux that can be used to increase the security of a system, while also being useful purely as a systems analysis tool. It was launched in March 2003 and was sponsored by NTT Data Corporation until March 2012.
Tomoyo Linux focuses on system behaviour. Tomoyo Linux allows each process to declare behaviours and resources needed to achieve their purpose. When protection is enabled, Tomoyo Linux restricts each process to the behaviours and resources allowed by the administrator.
Features
The main features of Tomoyo Linux include:
System analysis
Increased security through Mandatory Access Control
Automatic policy generation
Simple syntax
Ease of use
History and versions
Tomoyo was merged in Linux Kernel mainline version 2.6.30 (2009, June 10)/ It is currently one of four standard Linux Security Modules (LSM), along with SELinux, AppArmor and SMACK.
The Tomoyo Linux project started as a patch for the Linux kernel to provide MAC. Porting Tomoyo Linux to the mainline Linux kernel required the introduction of hooks into the LSM that had been designed and developed specifically to support SELinux and its label-based approach.
However, more hooks are needed to integrate the remaining MAC functionality of Tomoyo Linux. Consequently, the project is following two parallel development lines:
Naming
The name 'TOMOYO' is, officially speaking, a backronym for "Task Oriented Management Obviates Your Onus". According to one of the developers Tetsuo Handa, it's also a reference to the character Tomoyo Daidouji from Cardcaptor Sakura. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20studies | Software studies is an emerging interdisciplinary research field, which studies software systems and their social and cultural effects. The implementation and use of software has been studied in recent fields such as cyberculture, Internet studies, new media studies, and digital culture, yet prior to software studies, software was rarely ever addressed as a distinct object of study. To study software as an artifact, software studies draws upon methods and theory from the digital humanities and from computational perspectives on software. Methodologically, software studies usually differs from the approaches of computer science and software engineering, which concern themselves primarily with software in information theory and in practical application; however, these fields all share an emphasis on computer literacy, particularly in the areas of programming and source code. This emphasis on analysing software sources and processes (rather than interfaces) often distinguishes software studies from new media studies, which is usually restricted to discussions of interfaces and observable effects.
History
The conceptual origins of software studies include Marshall McLuhan's focus on the role of media in themselves, rather than the content of media platforms, in shaping culture. Early references to the study of software as a cultural practice appear in Friedrich Kittler's essay, "Es gibt keine Software", Lev Manovich's Language of New Media, and Matthew Fuller's Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software. Much of the impetus for the development of software studies has come from video game studies, particularly platform studies, the study of video games and other software artifacts in their hardware and software contexts. New media art, software art, motion graphics, and computer-aided design are also significant software-based cultural practices, as is the creation of new protocols and platforms.
The first conference events in the emerging field were Software S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/UYQ-70 | AN/UYQ-70 (Q-70) is the specification for a family of United States Navy display workstations.
Starting in 1991, it replaced the AN/UYA-4 and AN/UYQ-21 (series) displays and various submarine combat system displays: AN/BQQ-5(V) Control Display Console (CDC), Improved Control Display Console (ICDC), Mk 81 Mod(v) Combat Control System control and display consoles and various navigation and imaging display equipment.
Components
The Q-70 supports the Intel x86, PowerPC, SPARC, and HP PA-RISC processing families as well as commercial operating systems including Solaris, Windows NT, HP-UX and VxWorks.
The family architecture is based on a single-board 6U VME RISC processor, currently the 165 MHz Hewlett Packard HP744. This has up to 512 Mio (1 Gio in two slot units) of dual-ported, error-correcting RAM with HP-UX for non real-time operations, or HP-RT operating systems for real-time operations.
There are two graphics engine options available. Esterline offers 30 million vectors/s up to 2,048 × 2,048 resolution with 12 underlay and 12 overlay planes. The HP Graphics option provides 31 million pixels/s up to 1,280 × 1,024 resolution and eight underlay and eight overlay planes. The video frame grabber has a 30 Hz frame rate with up to two windows managed by the X Window System using the Motif GUI.
Originally the ADS used CMS-2 language software. This was later supplemented by, or replaced with, C and Ada. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliandou | Meliandou is a village in Guéckédou Prefecture, in the Nzérékoré Region of southern Guinea. Medical researchers believe that the village was the location of the first known case of Ebola virus disease in the epidemic in West Africa. The patient zero of Ebola was a two-year-old boy who died in 2013. The boy's pregnant mother, sister, and grandmother also became ill with symptoms consistent with Ebola infection and died. People infected by those victims later spread the disease to other villages.
Prior to the Ebola outbreak, the villagers sold their farm produce to the nearby town of Guéckédou. , they found themselves unable to sell their products anymore.
See also
Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20map | The standard map (also known as the Chirikov–Taylor map or as the Chirikov standard map) is an area-preserving chaotic map from a square with side onto itself. It is constructed by a Poincaré's surface of section of the kicked rotator, and is defined by:
where and are taken modulo .
The properties of chaos of the standard map were established by Boris Chirikov in 1969.
Physical model
This map describes the Poincaré's surface of section of the motion of a simple mechanical system known as the kicked rotator. The kicked rotator consists of a stick that is free of the gravitational force, which can rotate frictionlessly in a plane around an axis located in one of its tips, and which is periodically kicked on the other tip.
The standard map is a surface of section applied by a stroboscopic projection on the variables of the kicked rotator. The variables and respectively determine the angular position of the stick and its angular momentum after the n-th kick. The constant K measures the intensity of the kicks on the kicked rotator.
The kicked rotator approximates systems studied in the fields of mechanics of particles, accelerator physics, plasma physics, and solid state physics. For example, circular particle accelerators accelerate particles by applying periodic kicks, as they circulate in the beam tube. Thus, the structure of the beam can be approximated by the kicked rotor. However, this map is interesting from a fundamental point of view in physics and mathematics because it is a very simple model of a conservative system that displays Hamiltonian chaos. It is therefore useful to study the development of chaos in this kind of system.
Main properties
For the map is linear and only periodic and quasiperiodic orbits are possible. When plotted in phase space (the θ–p plane), periodic orbits appear as closed curves, and quasiperiodic orbits as necklaces of closed curves whose centers lie in another larger closed curve. Which type of orbit is observed depends |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%20%28drawing%29 | Plans are a set of drawings or two-dimensional diagrams used to describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file.
Plans are used in a range of fields: architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering to systems engineering.
The term "plan" may casually be used to refer to a single view, sheet, or drawing in a set of plans. More specifically a plan view is an orthographic projection looking down on the object, such as in a floor plan.
Overview
Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering, or planning. Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a site, building, product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or orientation purposes, and are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of plans is either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough information to allow a builder or manufacturer to realize a design.
The process of producing plans, and the skill of producing them, is often referred to as technical drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture. Typically in architecture these could include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. In engineering, these drawings show all necessary data to manufacture a given object, such as dimensions and angles.
Plan features
Format
Plans are often prepared in a "set". The set includes all the information required for the purpose of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are unnecessary. A set of plans can be on standard office-sized paper or on large sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20epitype | A somatic epitype is a non-heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene. It is similar to conventional epigenetics in that it does not involve changes in the DNA primary sequence. Physically, the somatic epitype corresponds to changes in DNA methylation, oxidative damage (replacement of GTP with oxo-8-dGTP), or changes in DNA-chromatin structure that are not reversed by normal cellular or nuclear repair mechanisms. Somatic epitypes alter gene expression levels without altering the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. Current research suggests that somatic epitypes can be altered both before and after birth, and this alteration can be in response to exposure to heavy metals (such as lead), differences in maternal care, or nutritional or behavioral stress. There is no indication that somatic epitypes are heritable in a conventional epigenetic fashion. Some research suggests that methylation levels (and gene expression) can be reversed for some somatic epitypes by alterations in environmental factors such as diet.
See also
Epigenetics
Sources
DNA
Epigenetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenButton | GreenButton was a NewZealand–based software firm. The company specialized in moving independent software vendors (ISVs) and enterprises to cloud computing. Founded in 2006, GreenButton was based in Wellington, New Zealand, with additional offices in Palo Alto, California, and Seattle.
GreenButton was acquired by Microsoft on 2 May 2014; its technologies were integrated into its Azure service.
History
GreenButton was founded as InterGrid in 2006 in Wellington, New Zealand, to provide small-scale customers access to job processors.
The company helped software vendors use cloud computing, offering a service called GreenButton in July 2010.
In 2011, the company was renamed to GreenButton, and they joined the Microsoft Partner Network. In 2011, GreenButton was declared as Microsoft Corp's Windows Azure ISV Partner of the Year. They won the 2011 New Zealand Partner of the Year Award from Microsoft New Zealand.
In May 2011, GreenButton allied with Microsoft.
It included an investment reported at more than US$1 million, and adding Mark Canepa to its board of directors.
GreenButton won BizSpark Partner of the Year and Software Exporter of the Year awards from MS New Zealand in 2011. Dave Fellows of GreenButton won the Solutions Architect of the Year award that year.
In December 2011, GreenButton opened two offices in the United States. The office at Palo Alto, California, functioned as the US headquarters. The second was as a sales office in Seattle.
GreenButton was a finalist for the New Zealand Hi-Tech awards.
The company had a total turnover of $1.5 million for the fiscal year 2011–12.
GreenButton partnered with the Pixar Animation Studios and Microsoft's cloud computing platform Windows Azure, on a rendering service for RenderMan image-generating software announced in January 2012. The service enhances the RenderMan Interface Specification.
In June 2012, GreenButton announced a partnership with the GNS Science of New Zealand and American based Stillwater Group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equid%20alphaherpesvirus%203 | Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that affects horses.
Pathology
It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact, contaminated handlers and equipment, and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge. EHV-3 has an incubation period of as little as two days. Signs of the disease include often painful pustules and ulcerations of the vagina, penis, prepuce, and perineum. Lesions may also be seen on the lips and teats. Usually the only symptom seen is a decreased libido in stallions. The lesions heal within two weeks. As with other herpes viruses, the virus remains latent in the host for life. Carrier animals can sometimes be identified by spots of pigment loss on dark skin in the genital region.
EHV-3 is best prevented by taking note of present clinical signs and keeping infected horses isolated and breeding stock from sexual contact with other horses. Keep the wounds clean by rinsing with clean water or saline. Antibiotic ointments should not be used on the lesions, because they are caused by a virus, and viruses are not sensitive to antibiotics. Rinsing is enough to keep the numbers of bacteria down. It is important to always maintain good hand hygiene before and after touching the genital area in all horses, and clean instruments, as the virus can be spread by contaminated hands or equipment. Disinfect equipment and stalls that has been used for horses with clinical signs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometric%20constant | The psychrometric constant relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature. This lets one interpolate actual vapor pressure from paired dry and wet thermometer bulb temperature readings.
psychrometric constant [kPa °C−1],
P = atmospheric pressure [kPa],
latent heat of water vaporization, 2.45 [MJ kg−1],
specific heat of air at constant pressure, [MJ kg−1 °C−1],
ratio molecular weight of water vapor/dry air = 0.622.
Both and are constants.
Since atmospheric pressure, P, depends upon altitude, so does .
At higher altitude water evaporates and boils at lower temperature.
Although is constant, varied air composition results in varied .
Thus on average, at a given location or altitude, the psychrometric constant is approximately constant. Still, it is worth remembering that weather impacts both atmospheric pressure and composition.
Vapor Pressure Estimation
Saturated vapor pressure,
Actual vapor pressure,
here e[T] is vapor pressure as a function of temperature, T.
Tdew = the dewpoint temperature at which water condenses.
Twet = the temperature of a wet thermometer bulb from which water can evaporate to air.
Tdry = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation%20mesh | A navigation mesh, or navmesh, is an abstract data structure used in artificial intelligence applications to aid agents in pathfinding through complicated spaces. This approach has been known since at least the mid-1980s in robotics, where it has been called a meadow map, and was popularized in video game AI in 2000.
Description
A navigation mesh is a collection of two-dimensional convex polygons (a polygon mesh) that define which areas of an environment are traversable by agents. In other words, a character in a game could freely walk around within these areas unobstructed by trees, lava, or other barriers that are part of the environment. Adjacent polygons are connected to each other in a graph.
Pathfinding within one of these polygons can be done trivially in a straight line because the polygon is convex and traversable. Pathfinding between polygons in the mesh can be done with one of the large number of graph search algorithms, such as A*. Agents on a navmesh can thus avoid computationally expensive collision detection checks with obstacles that are part of the environment.
Representing traversable areas in a 2D-like form simplifies calculations that would otherwise need to be done in the "true" 3D environment, yet unlike a 2D grid it allows traversable areas that overlap above and below at different heights. The polygons of various sizes and shapes in navigation meshes can represent arbitrary environments with greater accuracy than regular grids can.
Creation
Navigation meshes can be created manually, automatically, or by some combination of the two. In video games, a level designer might manually define the polygons of the navmesh in a level editor. This approach can be quite labor intensive. Alternatively, an application could be created that takes the level geometry as input and automatically outputs a navmesh.
It is commonly assumed that the environment represented by a navmesh is static – it does not change over time – and thus the navmesh can be crea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariel%20Har-Peled | Sariel Har-Peled (born July 14, 1971, in Jerusalem) is an Israeli–American computer scientist known for his research in computational geometry. He is a Donald Biggar Willett Professor in Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Har-Peled was a student at Tel Aviv University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and computer science in 1993, a master's degree in computer science in 1995, and a Ph.D. in 1999. His master's thesis, The Complexity of Many Cells in the Overlay of Many Arrangements, and his doctoral dissertation, Geometric Approximation Algorithms and Randomized Algorithms for Planar Arrangements, were both supervised by Micha Sharir.
After postdoctoral research at Duke University, he joined the University of Illinois in 2000. He was named Willett Professor in 2016.
Har-Peled is the author of a book on approximation algorithms in computational geometry, Geometric approximation algorithms (American Mathematical Society, 2011). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20tree%20propagation | Fruit tree propagation is usually carried out vegetatively (non-sexually) by grafting or budding a desired variety onto a suitable rootstock.
Perennial plants can be propagated either by sexual or vegetative means. Sexual reproduction begins when a male germ cell (pollen) from one flower fertilises a female germ cell (ovule, incipient seed) of the same species, initiating the development of a fruit containing seeds. Each seed, when germinated, can grow to become a new specimen tree. However, the new tree inherits characteristics of both its parents, and it will not grow true to the variety of either parent from which it came. That is, it will be a fresh individual with an unpredictable combination of characteristics of its own. Although this is desirable in terms of producing novel combinations from the richness of the gene pool of the two parent plants (such sexual recombination is the source of new cultivars), only rarely will the resulting new fruit tree be directly useful or attractive to the tastes of humankind. Most new plants will have characteristics that lie somewhere between those of the two parents.
Therefore, from the orchard grower or gardener's point of view, it is preferable to propagate fruit cultivars vegetatively in order to ensure reliability. This involves taking a cutting (or scion) of wood from a desirable parent tree which is then grown on to produce a new plant or "clone" of the original. In effect this means that the original Bramley apple tree, for example, was a successful variety grown from a pip, but that every Bramley since then has been propagated by taking cuttings of living matter from that tree, or one of its descendants.
Methods
The simplest method of propagating a tree vegetatively is rooting or taking cuttings. A cutting (usually a piece of stem of the parent plant) is cut off and stuck into soil. Artificial rooting hormones are sometimes used to improve chances of success. If the cutting does not die from rot-inducing fungi o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20sibiricus | Suillus sibiricus is a fungus of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. It is found in mountains of Europe, North America, and Siberia, strictly associated with several species of pine tree. Due to its specific habitat and rarity in Europe, it has been selected for inclusion in several regional Red Lists. Its fruit bodies are characterised by having slimy caps in wet weather, which can reach diameters of up to . On the underside of the cap are yellow angular pores that bruise a pinkish to cinnamon colour. The stem is up to tall and wide and typically has a ring, a remnant of the partial veil that covers the fruit body in its early development. In North America, it is commonly called the Siberian slippery jack. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that S. sibiricus is closely related to S. umbonatus and S. americanus, and may in fact be conspecific with the latter species.
Taxonomy, naming, and phylogeny
The species was first described scientifically under the name Ixocomus sibiricus by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1938, based on material that was collected under Pinus cembra var. sibirica in the Altai Mountains of central Asia. In 1945, he transferred it to Suillus. Alexander H. Smith called the species Boletus sibiricus in 1949, but this is today considered a synonym. Singer named the subspecies S. sibiricus subsp. helveticus in 1951, based on material collected by Jules Favre from Switzerland in 1945. Roy Watling later considered this a nomen nudum—not published with an adequate description, and therefore failing to qualify as a formal scientific name.
According to Singer's 1986 arrangement, S. sibiricus is classified in the subsection Latiporini of section Suillus in the genus Suillus. Section Suillus includes species with glandular dots on the stem, and a partial veil which becomes appendiculate on the cap edge. Characteristics of species in subsection Latiporini include cinnamon-coloured spore prints without an olive tinge, and wide pores on the un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxed%20intersection | The relaxed intersection of m sets corresponds to the classical
intersection between sets except that it is allowed to relax few sets in order to avoid an empty intersection.
This notion can be used to solve constraints satisfaction problems
that are inconsistent by relaxing a small number of constraints.
When a bounded-error approach is considered for parameter estimation,
the relaxed intersection makes it possible to be robust with respect
to some outliers.
Definition
The q-relaxed intersection of the m subsets
of ,
denoted by
is the set of all
which belong to all
's, except
at most.
This definition is illustrated by Figure 1.
Define
We have
Characterizing the q-relaxed intersection is a thus a set inversion problem.
Example
Consider 8 intervals:
We have
Relaxed intersection of intervals
The relaxed intersection of intervals is not necessary an interval. We thus take
the interval hull of the result. If 's are intervals, the relaxed
intersection can be computed with a complexity of m.log(m) by using the
Marzullo's algorithm. It suffices to
sort all lower and upper bounds of the m intervals to represent the
function . Then, we easily get the set
which corresponds to a union of intervals.
We then return the
smallest interval which contains this union.
Figure 2 shows the function
associated to the previous example.
Relaxed intersection of boxes
To compute the q-relaxed intersection of m boxes of
, we project all m boxes with respect to the n axes.
For each of the n groups of m intervals, we compute the q-relaxed intersection.
We return Cartesian product of the n resulting intervals.
Figure 3 provides an
illustration of the 4-relaxed intersection of 6 boxes. Each point of the
red box belongs to 4 of the 6 boxes.
Relaxed union
The q-relaxed union of is defined by
Note that when q=0, the relaxed union/intersection corresponds to
the classical union/intersection. More precisely, we have
and
De Morgan's law
If denotes the complementary set of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Euclidean%20space | In mathematics and theoretical physics, a pseudo-Euclidean space is a finite-dimensional real -space together with a non-degenerate quadratic form . Such a quadratic form can, given a suitable choice of basis , be applied to a vector , giving
which is called the scalar square of the vector .
For Euclidean spaces, , implying that the quadratic form is positive-definite. When , is an isotropic quadratic form, otherwise it is anisotropic. Note that if , then , so that is a null vector. In a pseudo-Euclidean space with , unlike in a Euclidean space, there exist vectors with negative scalar square.
As with the term Euclidean space, the term pseudo-Euclidean space may be used to refer to an affine space or a vector space depending on the author, with the latter alternatively being referred to as a pseudo-Euclidean vector space (see point–vector distinction).
Geometry
The geometry of a pseudo-Euclidean space is consistent despite some properties of Euclidean space not applying, most notably that it is not a metric space as explained below. The affine structure is unchanged, and thus also the concepts line, plane and, generally, of an affine subspace (flat), as well as line segments.
Positive, zero, and negative scalar squares
A null vector is a vector for which the quadratic form is zero. Unlike in a Euclidean space, such a vector can be non-zero, in which case it is self-orthogonal.
If the quadratic form is indefinite, a pseudo-Euclidean space has a linear cone of null vectors given by . When the pseudo-Euclidean space provides a model for spacetime (see below), the null cone is called the light cone of the origin.
The null cone separates two open sets, respectively for which and . If , then the set of vectors for which is connected. If , then it consists of two disjoint parts, one with and another with . Similarly, if , then the set of vectors for which is connected. If , then it consists of two disjoint parts, one with and another with .
Interval
The qua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-view%20bistable%20storage%20tube | Direct-view bistable storage tube (DVBST) was an acronym used by Tektronix to describe their line of storage tubes. These were cathode ray tubes (CRT) that stored information written to them using an analog technique inherent in the CRT and based upon the secondary emission of electrons from the phosphor screen itself. The resulting image was visible in the continuously glowing patterns on the face of the CRT.
DVBST technology was anticipated by Andrew Haeff of the US Naval Research Laboratory, and by Williams and Kilburn in the late 1940s. Tek's (Tektronix) Robert H. Anderson refined Haeff's concepts in the late 1950s to produce a reliable and simple DVST.
Principle
The DVBST implements two electron guns: a "flood gun" and a "writing gun". The writing gun scans across a wire grid, charging the grid to create the negative image. The flood gun then floods the grid. Previously charged areas repel the incoming electrons so that electrons only pass through the grid to the phosphor in those areas not previously charged.
The technology offered several advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
No refreshing is needed.
Very complex pictures can be displayed at very high resolution without flicker.
The cost is much lower.
Disadvantages
They ordinarily do not display color.
Selected part of the picture can not be erased.
The erasing and redrawing process can take several seconds for complex pictures.
No animation in DVST.
Modifying any part of image requires redrawing of entire image.
Applications
Tektronix-made DVBSTs were used for analog oscilloscopes (first in the 564 oscilloscope, then the type 601 monitor (1968), the 611 monitor, the 7313 and 7514 plug-in mainframe oscilloscope, all from Tektronix) and for computer terminals such as the archetypal Tek 4010 and its several successors including the Tektronix 4014. Portions of the screen are individually written-to by a conventional electron beam gun, and "flooded" by a wide, low velocity electron gun. Eras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial%20of%20Venezuela | Venezuela is a federation made up of twenty-three states, and each has a separate coat of arms. Federal Dependencies of Venezuela are only using a flag.
Gallery
Coat of arms of Caracas
See also
Coat of arms of Venezuela |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20wave%20model | In fluid dynamics, wind wave modeling describes the effort to depict the sea state and predict the evolution of the energy of wind waves using numerical techniques. These simulations consider atmospheric wind forcing, nonlinear wave interactions, and frictional dissipation, and they output statistics describing wave heights, periods, and propagation directions for regional seas or global oceans. Such wave hindcasts and wave forecasts are extremely important for commercial interests on the high seas. For example, the shipping industry requires guidance for operational planning and tactical seakeeping purposes.
For the specific case of predicting wind wave statistics on the ocean, the term ocean surface wave model is used.
Other applications, in particular coastal engineering, have led to the developments of wind wave models specifically designed for coastal applications.
Historical overview
Early forecasts of the sea state were created manually based upon empirical relationships between the present state of the sea, the expected wind conditions, the fetch/duration, and the direction of the wave propagation. Alternatively, the swell part of the state has been forecasted as early as 1920 using remote observations.
During the 1950s and 1960s, much of the theoretical groundwork necessary for numerical descriptions of wave evolution was laid. For forecasting purposes, it was realized that the random nature of the sea state was best described by a spectral decomposition in which the energy of the waves was attributed to as many wave trains as necessary, each with a specific direction and period. This approach allowed to make combined forecasts of wind seas and swells. The first numerical model based on the spectral decomposition of the sea state was operated in 1956 by the French Weather Service, and focused on the North Atlantic. The 1970s saw the first operational, hemispheric wave model: the spectral wave ocean model (SWOM) at the Fleet Numerical Oceanography C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo%20cancer | Turbo cancer is an anti-vaccination myth centred on the idea that people vaccinated against COVID-19, especially with mRNA vaccines, are suffering from a high incidence of fast-developing cancers. The myth, spread by a number of vaccine opponents and related influencers including doctors, has no factual basis.
In late 2020, as COVID-19 vaccines were emerging, antivaccine doctors and social media personalities began circulating the unfounded idea that people vaccinated against COVID-19 were developing rapidly-spreading cancers. These claims have tended to misrepresent single case reports or speculate based on anecdotes. David Gorski summarized the "turbo cancer" phenomenon as "the usual misinformation techniques used by antivaxxers: Citing anecdotes, wild speculation about biological mechanisms without a firm basis in biology, and conflating correlation with causation."
According to the US National Cancer Institute, "[t]here is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer, lead to recurrence, or lead to disease progression. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccines do not change your DNA".
Examples
A paper by antivaccine scientists Stephanie Seneff, Peter McCullough and others claimed suppression of type 1 interferon could result in immune suppression that could promote cancer proliferation. The study suggested hypothetically possible disease mechanisms using only anecdotal reports from VAERS as evidence, and was described as "shifting the burden of proof". Similarly, there are claims that a paper discussing a mouse dying of lymphoma "proves" the existence of turbo cancer. This is untrue. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree%20matrix | In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex. It is used together with the adjacency matrix to construct the Laplacian matrix of a graph: the Laplacian matrix is the difference of the degree matrix and the adjacency matrix.
Definition
Given a graph with , the degree matrix for is a diagonal matrix defined as
where the degree of a vertex counts the number of times an edge terminates at that vertex. In an undirected graph, this means that each loop increases the degree of a vertex by two. In a directed graph, the term degree may refer either to indegree (the number of incoming edges at each vertex) or outdegree (the number of outgoing edges at each vertex).
Example
The following undirected graph has a 6x6 degree matrix with values:
Note that in the case of undirected graphs, an edge that starts and ends in the same node increases the corresponding degree value by 2 (i.e. it is counted twice).
Properties
The degree matrix of a k-regular graph has a constant diagonal of .
According to the degree sum formula, the trace of the degree matrix is twice the number of edges of the considered graph. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20S.%20Kechris | Alexander Sotirios Kechris (; born March 23, 1946) is a set theorist and logician at the California Institute of Technology.
Contributions
Kechris has made contributions to the theory of Borel equivalence relations and the theory of automorphism groups of uncountable structures. His research interests cover foundations of mathematics, mathematical logic and set theory and their interactions with analysis and dynamical systems.
Kechris earned his Ph.D. at UCLA in 1972 under the direction of Yiannis N. Moschovakis, with a dissertation titled Projective Ordinals and Countable Analytic Sets. During his academic career he advised 23 PhD students and sponsored 20 postdoctoral researchers.
In 2012, he became an Inaugural Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Honors
1986 - Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley (Mathematical Logic & Foundations)
1998 - Gödel Lecturer (Current Trends in Descriptive Set Theory).
2003 - Received the Karp Prize, along with Gregory Hjorth for joint work on Borel equivalence relations, in particular for their results on turbulence and countable Borel equivalence relations
2004 - Tarski Lecturer (New Connections Between Logic, Ramsey Theory and Topological Dynamics)
Selected publications
A. S. Kechris, "Classical Descriptive Set Theory", Springer-Verlag, 1995.
H. Becker, A. S. Kechris, "The descriptive set theory of Polish group actions" (London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series), University of Cambridge, 1996.
A. S. Kechris, V. G. Pestov and S. Todorcevic, "Fraïssé limits, Ramsey theory and topological dynamics of automorphism groups", Geometric and Functional Analysis 15 (1) (2005), 106-189.
A. S. Kechris, "Global Aspects of Ergodic Group Actions", Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 160, American Mathematical Society, 2010. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth%20Century%20Collections%20Online | Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) is a digital collection of books published in Great Britain during the 18th century.
Gale, an education publishing company in the United States, assembled the collection by digitally scanning microfilm reproductions of 136,291 titles. Documents scanned after 2002 are added to a second collection, ECCO II. As of January 2014, ECCO II comprises 46,607 titles.
Conversions and access
So far 2,231 texts have been released free to the public through the work of the University of Michigan’s Text Creation Partnership. Rather than OCR, they rekey the texts and tag them with TEI. Their aim is to enable improved access to a fraction of the collection: they are making SGML/XML text editions for 10,000 books. In addition to the free version, subscription access is also offered.
Text analytic tools are available on this subset through the Text Analysis Portal for Research project.
One of the "Text Creation Partners", the University of Oxford, has converted the public domain texts into free, publicly accessible versions, in accordance with the Text Encoding Initiative P5 guidelines, and makes them available in a variety of file formats, including HTML and EPUB via the Oxford Text Archive.
Cross-search is also available from ProQuest for those who subscribe to both Early English Books Online and ECCO.
Reviews
See also
American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
Book scanning
British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
Burney Collection
English Short-Title Catalogue
Books in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR2 | Mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA (often abbreviated as 16S) is the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA that in humans is encoded by the MT-RNR2 gene. The MT-RNR2 gene also encodes the Humanin polypeptide that has been the target of Alzheimer's disease research.
The 16S rRNA is the mitochondrial homologue of the prokaryotic 23S and eukaryotic nuclear 28S ribosomal RNAs.
See also
Mitochondrial DNA
Humanin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNK2 | Potassium channel subfamily K member 2, also known as TREK-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNK2 gene.
This gene encodes K2P2.1, a lipid-gated ion channel belonging to the two-pore-domain background potassium channel protein family. This type of potassium channel is formed by two homodimers that create a channel that releases potassium out of the cell to control resting membrane potential. The channel is opened by anionic lipid, certain anesthetics, membrane stretching, intracellular acidosis, and heat. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function in neurons
TREK-1 is part of the subfamily of mechano-gated potassium channels that are present in mammalian neurons. They can be gated in both chemical and physical ways and can be opened via both physical stimuli and chemical stimuli. TREK-1 channels are found in a variety of tissues, but are particularly abundant in the brain and heart and are seen in various types of neurons. The C-terminal of TREK-1 channels plays a role in the mechanosensitivity of the channels.
In the neurons of the central nervous system, TREK-1 channels are important in physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological processes, including having a role in electrogenesis, ischemia, and anesthesia. TREK-1 has an important role in neuroprotection against epilepsy and brain and spinal cord ischemia and is being evaluated as a potential target for new developments of therapeutic agents for neurology and anesthesiology.
In the absence of a properly functioning cytoskeleton, TREK-1 channels can still open via mechanical gating. The cell membrane functions independently of the cytoskeleton and the thickness and curvature of the membrane is able to modulate the activity of the TREK-1 channels. The change in thickness is thought to be sensed by an amphipathic helix that extends from the inner leaflet of the membrane.
The insertion of certain compounds into the membrane, incl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinning%20points | In a crystalline material, a dislocation is capable of traveling throughout the lattice when relatively small stresses are applied. This movement of dislocations results in the material plastically deforming. Pinning points in the material act to halt a dislocation's movement, requiring a greater amount of force to be applied to overcome the barrier. This results in an overall strengthening of materials.
Types of pinning points
Point defects
Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field.
Alloying elements
The introduction of atom1 into a crystal of atom2 creates a pinning point for multiple reasons. An alloying atom is by nature a point defect, thus it must create a stress field when placed into a foreign crystallographic position, which could block the passage of a dislocation. However, it is possible that the alloying material is approximately the same size as the atom that is replaced, and thus its presence would not stress the lattice (as occurs in cobalt alloyed nickel). The different atom would, though, have a different elastic modulus, which would create a different terrain for the moving dislocation. A higher modulus would look like an energy barrier, and a lower like an energy trough – both of which would stop its movement.
Second phase precipitates
The precipitation of a second phase within the lattice of a material creates physical blockades through which a dislocation cannot pass. The result is that the dislocation must bend (which requires greater energy, or a greater stress to be applied) around the precipitates, which inevitably leaves residual dislocation loops encircling the second phase material and shortens the original di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interruptible%20foldback | Interruptible foldback (IFB), also known as interrupted foldback, interruptible feedback, or interrupt for broadcast, is a monitoring and cueing system used in television, filmmaking, video production, and radio broadcast for one-way communication from the director or assistant director to on-air talent or a remote location. The names are backronyms for the Telex IFB-XXX model line. Less common names for the system include program cue interrupt (PCI) and switched talkback. IFB is often facilitated using an earpiece that on-air persons wear to get cues, feedback or direction from their control rooms. The earpiece itself may also be referred to as an IFB. Sometimes IFB is accomplished by the director talking to off-camera personnel who visually cue the on-camera talent.
The IFB is a special intercom circuit that consists of a mix-minus program feed sent to an earpiece worn by talent via a wire, telephone, or radio receiver (audio that is being "fed back" to talent) that can be interrupted and replaced by a television producer's or director's intercom microphone. On a television news program for example, a producer can talk to the news anchors, to tell them when they are live on the air and when to begin reading off the script on the teleprompter or cue cards. In live television, some news anchors are seen listening to IFBs in order to report breaking news and announcements.
In electronic news gathering (ENG), the IFB can be sent through a telephone hybrid, or some other return link in a broadcast auxiliary service. The physics and design of electronics cause time delays in signals as they travel through wire, fiber optics, or space and when they are converted back and forth from physical sound, electronic signals, radio waves, and from analogue to digital. The latter process and other audio processing can introduce unacceptable delays or echos into the sound. To achieve the mix-minus program to the IFB, certain audio elements that originate remotely from the mix po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZygoteBody | ZygoteBody, formerly Google Body, is a web application by Zygote Media Group that renders manipulable 3D anatomical models of the human body. Several layers, from muscle tissues down to blood vessels, can be removed or made transparent to allow better study of individual body parts. Most of the body parts are labelled and are searchable.
Technology
The human models are based on data from the Zygote Media Group. The website uses JavaScript and WebGL technology to display 3D images inside the web browser without requiring the installation of external browser plug-ins.
History
ZygoteBody was launched as Google Body on December 15, 2010. On April Fools' Day 2011, users were greeted with the anatomy of a cow on the home page. The cow model is still available as part of the open-3d-viewer open source project.
As part of the wind down on Google Labs, it was announced that Google Body will be shut down but will continue to be maintained by Zygote as ZygoteBody. On October 13, 2011 the Google Body site was shut down. Then on January 9, 2012 ZygoteBody was launched and core code base (with the Google Cow model as a demo) was made available as an open source project called open-3d-viewer.
See also
Visible Human Project
Google Health
Anatomography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Hirzebruch | Friedrich Ernst Peter Hirzebruch ForMemRS (17 October 1927 – 27 May 2012) was a German mathematician, working in the fields of topology, complex manifolds and algebraic geometry, and a leading figure in his generation. He has been described as "the most important mathematician in Germany of the postwar period."
Education
Hirzebruch was born in Hamm, Westphalia in 1927.
His father of the same name was a maths teacher.
Hirzebruch studied at the University of Münster from 1945–1950, with one year at ETH Zürich.
Career
Hirzebruch then held a position at Erlangen, followed by the years 1952–54 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. After one year at Princeton University 1955–56, he was made a professor at the University of Bonn, where he remained, becoming director of the Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in 1981.
More than 300 people gathered in celebration of his 80th birthday in Bonn in 2007.
The Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem (1954) for complex manifolds was a major advance and quickly became part of the mainstream developments around the classical Riemann–Roch theorem;
it was also a precursor of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem and Grothendieck's powerful generalisation.
Hirzebruch's book Neue topologische Methoden in der algebraischen Geometrie (1956) was a basic text for the 'new methods' of sheaf theory, in complex algebraic geometry.
He went on to write the foundational papers on topological K-theory with Michael Atiyah, and collaborated with Armand Borel on the theory of characteristic classes. In his later work he provided a detailed theory of Hilbert modular surfaces, with Don Zagier. He even found connections between the Dedekind sum in number theory and differential topology, one of the many discoveries found between these different fields. His work influenced a generation of prominent mathematicians like Kunihiko Kodaira, John Milnor, Borel, Atiyah, Raoul Bott and Jean-Pierre Serre.
In March 1945, Hirzebruch became a soldie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20independence | In abstract algebra, a subset of a field is algebraically independent over a subfield if the elements of do not satisfy any non-trivial polynomial equation with coefficients in .
In particular, a one element set is algebraically independent over if and only if is transcendental over . In general, all the elements of an algebraically independent set over are by necessity transcendental over , and over all of the field extensions over generated by the remaining elements of .
Example
The two real numbers and are each transcendental numbers: they are not the roots of any nontrivial polynomial whose coefficients are rational numbers. Thus, each of the two singleton sets and is algebraically independent over the field of rational numbers.
However, the set is not algebraically independent over the rational numbers, because the nontrivial polynomial
is zero when and .
Algebraic independence of known constants
Although both and e are known to be transcendental,
it is not known whether the set of both of them is algebraically independent over . In fact, it is not even known if is irrational.
Nesterenko proved in 1996 that:
the numbers , , and , where is the gamma function, are algebraically independent over .
the numbers and are algebraically independent over .
for all positive integers , the number is algebraically independent over .
Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem
The Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem can often be used to prove that some sets are algebraically independent over . It states that whenever are algebraic numbers that are linearly independent over , then are also algebraically independent over .
Algebraic matroids
Given a field extension which is not algebraic, Zorn's lemma can be used to show that there always exists a maximal algebraically independent subset of over . Further, all the maximal algebraically independent subsets have the same cardinality, known as the transcendence degree of the extension.
For every set of element |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair%20potential | In physics, a pair potential is a function that describes the potential energy of two interacting objects solely as a function of the distance between them.
Some interactions, like Coulomb's law in electrodynamics or Newton's law of universal gravitation in mechanics naturally have this form for simple spherical objects.
For other types of more complex interactions or objects it is useful and common to approximate the interaction by a pair potential, for example interatomic potentials in physics and computational chemistry that use approximations like the Lennard-Jones and Morse potentials.
Functional form
The total energy of a system of objects in positions , that interact through pair potential is given by
This expression uses the fact that interaction is symmetric between particles and .
It also avoids self-interaction by do not including the case when .
Potential range
A fundamental property of a pair potential is its range.
It is expected that pair potentials go to zero for infinite distance as particles that are too far apart do not interact.
In some cases the potential goes quickly to zero and the interaction for particles that are beyond a certain distance can be assumed to be zero, these are said to be short-range potentials.
Other potentials, like the Coulomb or gravitational potential, are long range: they go slowly to zero and the contribution of particles at long distances still contributes to the total energy.
Computational cost
The total energy expression for pair potentials is quite simple to use for analytical and computational work.
It has some limitations however, as the computational cost is proportional to the square of number of particles.
This might be prohibitively expensive when the interaction between large groups of objects needs to be calculated.
For short-range potentials the sum can be restricted only to include particles that are close, reducing the cost to linearly proportional to the number of particles.
Infinitely pe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20Apples | Arctic apple is the trademark for a group of patented apples that contain a nonbrowning trait (when the apples are subjected to mechanical damage, such as slicing or bruising, the apple flesh remains as its original color) introduced through biotechnology. They were developed through a process of genetic engineering by Okanagan Specialty Fruits Inc. Specifically, gene silencing reduces the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), thus delaying the onset of browning. It is the first genetically engineered apple to be approved for commercial sale. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.
Nonbrowning method
Developing nonbrowning Arctic apples relies upon a technique called RNA interference (RNAi). This approach enables silencing of PPO expression to less than 10% of its normal expression, but does not change other aspects of the apple. The RNAi process is accomplished through the use of a transgene that uses gene sequences that control PPO production. Promoter and terminator gene sequences are used to support the implementation of PPO suppression genes, as is a marker gene which produces a protein (called NPTII) that makes the plant tissue resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin, allowing transformed plants to metabolize neomycin and kanamycin antibiotics. This step is used to confirm that silencing PPO was successful.
Regulatory approval and safety
Okanagan Specialty Fruits received regulatory approval for two apple varieties in Canada from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada and in the US from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), part of the United States Department of Agriculture. Varieties that have received U.S. approval include Arctic Golden (called GD743) and Arctic Granny (GS784) in 2015, and Arctic Fuji (NF872) in 2016. Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny varieties wer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaser%20%28effect%29 | A phaser is an electronic sound processor used to filter a signal by creating a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum. The position of the peaks and troughs of the waveform being affected is typically modulated by an internal low-frequency oscillator so that they vary over time, creating a sweeping effect.
Phasers are often used to give a "synthesized" or electronic effect to natural sounds, such as human speech. The voice of C-3PO from Star Wars was created by taking the actor's voice and treating it with a phaser.
Process
The electronic phasing effect is created by splitting an audio signal into two paths. One path treats the signal with an all-pass filter, which preserves the amplitude of the original signal and alters the phase. The amount of change in phase depends on the frequency. When signals from the two paths are mixed, the frequencies that are out of phase will cancel each other out, creating the phaser's characteristic notches. Changing the mix ratio changes the depth of the notches; the deepest notches occur when the mix ratio is 50%.
The definition of phaser typically excludes such devices where the all-pass section is a delay line; such a device is called a flanger. Using a delay line creates an unlimited series of equally spaced notches and peaks. It is possible to cascade a delay line with another type of all-pass filter. This combines the unlimited number of notches from the flanger with the uneven spacing of the phaser.
Structure
Traditional electronic phasers use a series of variable all-pass phase-shift networks which alter the phases of the different frequency components in the signal. These networks pass all frequencies at equal volume, introducing only phase change to the signal. Human ears are not very responsive to phase differences, but this creates audible interferences when mixed back with the dry (unprocessed) signal, creating notches. The simplified structure of a mono phaser is shown below:
The number of all-pas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective%20%28graphical%29 | Linear or point-projection perspective () is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection. Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a three-dimensional scene in a two-dimensional medium, like paper.
The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to , meaning that an object's dimensions along the line of sight appear shorter than its dimensions across the line of sight. All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horizon line depending on the view used.
Italian Renaissance painters and architects including Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Luca Pacioli studied linear perspective, wrote treatises on it, and incorporated it into their artworks.
Overview
Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the picture plane), to the viewer's eye, as if a viewer were looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window. Each painted object in the scene is thus a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.
Examples of one-point perspective
Examples of two-point perspective
Examples of three-point perspective
Examples of curvilinear perspective
Additionally, a central vanishing point can be used (just as with one-point perspective) to indicate frontal (foreshortened) depth.
History
Early history
The earliest art paintings and drawings typically sized many objects and characters hierarchically a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Year%20of%20Basic%20Sciences%20for%20Sustainable%20Development | The International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development was proclaimed by the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly 2 December 2021 for 2022, stressing that the applications of basic sciences are vital for advances in medicine, industry, agriculture, water resources, energy planning, environment, communications and culture, and that basic sciences rupture technologies respond to the needs of humankind by providing access to information and increasing societal well-being, and promoting peace through improved collaboration toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The official opening ceremony of the year took place in UNESCO headquarters in Paris on 8 July 2022. The official closure is planned to take place at CERN in Geneva on 15 December 2023.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and 28 other science unions and organizations constituted a Steering Committee, chaired by Michel Spiro with vice chairs Jean Trần Thanh Vân, and Prajval Shastri, which goal from 2017 was to promote the proclamation by the United Nations General Assembly of 2022 as the International Year for Basic Science for Sustainable Development.
Over 80 other organizations, among them many national science academies and their networks, are also supporting the initiative.
UNESCO acts as the lead agency and focal point for the Year. The programme for the Year is developed in collaboration with other relevant entities of the UN system, IUPAP, CERN, and their associated organizations and federations across the world. So far a series of events have taken place around the world, among others the flagship events “Science, Ethics and Human Development” in Vietnam and the “World Conference on Basic Sciences and Sustainable Development” in Serbia.
Following the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (IYBSSD), the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 2024 to 2033 as the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyosmia | Presbyosmia is the gradual degeneration of sense of smell due to ageing process, which occurs especially in those who are 70 years old or more. It is possibly due to loss of nerve endings in the nose, as well as reduced mucus production. Prebyosmia is less prevalent among elderly who are healthy, and who lack the risk factors for smell disorders. Other factors among elderly that can effect the sense of smell are medication use and some neurological disorders, in these cases the loss of smell can be much more noticeable. There is currently no established treatment for this condition. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20M.%20Habirshaw%20Award | The William M. Habirshaw Award was an award given by the IEEE and, prior to the formation of the IEEE in 1963, by its predecessor the AIEE, from 1959 through 1986 for outstanding contributions to the field of electric transmission and distribution. Starting in 1987, the award was renamed as the IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award. Herman Halperin had been a recipient of the Habirshaw Award in 1962 and had worked for 40 years for the Commonwealth Edison Company.
Winners
1963- Lawrence Marshall Robertson
External links
IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award page at IEEE
IEEE awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propamocarb | Propamocarb is a systemic fungicide used for control of soil, root and leaf disease caused by oomycetes. It is used by watering or spraying. Propamocarb is absorbed and distributed through the plant's tissue.
Use
Propamocarb has fungicidal activity only against oomycetes.
Safety
Propamocarb has low general toxicity, and almost no teratogenicity or neurotoxicity for mammals. It is not a carcinogen nor mutagen. Propamocarb is not susceptible to formation of resistant diseases. It is fully metabolized by plants and aquatic bacteria in a few weeks, so it is not a major ecological threat. It carries the risk of skin sensitization. Oral is 2900 mg/kg for male rats and 2000 mg/kg for female rats.
In one study conducted on tobacco, cucumber and spinach, using propamocarb synthesized out of carbon C14 radionuclide, researchers stated that propamocarb is decomposed down to carbon dioxide and then incorporated into the plant's natural compounds, such as amino acids. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20lift | In transportation, heavy lift refers to the handling and installation of heavy items which are indivisible, and of weights generally accepted to be over 100 tons and of widths/heights of more than 100 meters. These oversized items are transported from one place to another (sometimes across country borders), then lifted or installed into place. Characteristic for heavy-lift goods is the absence of standardization, which requires individual transport planning.
Typical cargo
Typical heavy-lift cargo includes generators, turbines, reactors, boilers, towers, casting, heaters, presses, locomotives, boats, satellites, military personnel and equipment.
In the offshore industry, parts of oil rigs and production platforms are also lifted; some of these are also removed at the end of an installation's working life. Recent notable lifts have included several of >2000 metric tons in the de-commissioning of the North West Hutton oil field in the British sector of the North Sea.
Transport
To transport heavy-lift items special trucks or trailers (flatbeds) are used, which are especially suitable due to their large loading area and capacity. For airlift special large-volume cargo aircraft like the Antonov An-225 are employed which can move up to 250 tons of freight. On inland waters barges are often used. Sealift is carried out by special heavy-lift vessels which often possess their own cranes for loading and discharging cargo. Transportation of heavy-lift cargo ranks among the most challenging and complex services in logistics and is handled by specialized companies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%20%28software%29 | A driver in software provides a programming interface to control and manage specific lower-level interfaces that are often linked to a specific type of hardware, or other low-level service. In the case of hardware, the specific subclass of drivers controlling physical or virtual hardware devices are known as device drivers.
Example
A client library for connecting to a database is often known as a driver, for example, the MySQL native driver for PHP. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20algebraic%20data%20type | In functional programming, a generalized algebraic data type (GADT, also first-class phantom type, guarded recursive datatype, or equality-qualified type) is a generalization of parametric algebraic data types.
Overview
In a GADT, the product constructors (called data constructors in Haskell) can provide an explicit instantiation of the ADT as the type instantiation of their return value. This allows defining functions with a more advanced type behaviour. For a data constructor of Haskell 2010, the return value has the type instantiation implied by the instantiation of the ADT parameters at the constructor's application.
-- A parametric ADT that is not a GADT
data List a = Nil | Cons a (List a)
integers :: List Int
integers = Cons 12 (Cons 107 Nil)
strings :: List String
strings = Cons "boat" (Cons "dock" Nil)
-- A GADT
data Expr a where
EBool :: Bool -> Expr Bool
EInt :: Int -> Expr Int
EEqual :: Expr Int -> Expr Int -> Expr Bool
eval :: Expr a -> a
eval e = case e of
EBool a -> a
EInt a -> a
EEqual a b -> (eval a) == (eval b)
expr1 :: Expr Bool
expr1 = EEqual (EInt 2) (EInt 3)
ret = eval expr1 -- False
They are currently implemented in the GHC compiler as a non-standard extension, used by, among others, Pugs and Darcs. OCaml supports GADT natively since version 4.00.
The GHC implementation provides support for existentially quantified type parameters and for local constraints.
History
An early version of generalized algebraic data types were described by and based on pattern matching in ALF.
Generalized algebraic data types were introduced independently by and prior by as extensions to ML's and Haskell's algebraic data types. Both are essentially equivalent to each other. They are similar to the inductive families of data types (or inductive datatypes) found in Coq's Calculus of Inductive Constructions and other dependently typed languages, modulo the dependent types and except that the latter have an ad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasto%20profile | The Einasto profile (or Einasto model) is a mathematical function that describes how the density of a spherical stellar system varies with distance from its center. Jaan Einasto introduced his model at a 1963 conference in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan.
The Einasto profile possesses a power law logarithmic slope of the form:
which can be rearranged to give
The parameter controls the degree of curvature of the profile. This can be seen by computing the slope on a log-log plot:
The larger , the more rapidly the slope varies with radius (see figure). Einasto's law can be described as a generalization of a power law, , which has a constant slope on a log-log plot.
Einasto's model has the same mathematical form as Sersic's law, which is used to describe the surface brightness (i.e. projected density) profile of galaxies.
Einasto's model has been used to describe many types of system, including galaxies and dark matter halos.
See also
NFW profile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty%20%28protein%29 | Lefty (left-right determination factors) are a class of proteins that are closely related members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. These proteins are secreted and play a role in left-right asymmetry determination of organ systems during development. Mutations of the genes encoding these proteins have been associated with left-right axis malformations, particularly in the heart and lungs.
History
Lefty, a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF beta) superfamily of proteins, was originally discovered in the Hamada lab at the Osaka University using deletion screening of cDNA libraries in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells to find clones that did not differentiate when induced to differentiate using retinoic acid. From these screens, researchers found one gene that was a tentative member of the TGF-beta superfamily that was predominantly expressed on the left side the embryo and aptly named it lefty. Like other members of the TGF-beta superfamily, lefty is synthesized as a preproprotein, meaning that the protein is proteolytically cleaved and excreted to produce the active form of the protein. However, lefty has only 20-25% sequence similarity with other members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Lefty is conserved in all vertebrates and many species have more than one homologue. Humans and mice, for instance have two homologues, Lefty 1 and Lefty 2, whose differential expression leads to distinct purposes while the mechanism of action is conserved.
Function
Lefty proteins function as an antagonist of the Nodal Signaling pathway. Nodal is another signaling protein which is responsible for gastrulation, left-right patterning and induction of the primitive node. As NODAL protein diffuse through an embryo, it triggers Nodal Signaling within tissues with the required receptors and coreceptors. Activated nodal signaling leads to the transcription of the lefty gene. The protein is then expressed, proteolytically cleaved, and finally secreted. Secrete |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20vaccination | T-cell vaccination is immunization with inactivated autoreactive T cells. The concept of T-cell vaccination is, at least partially, analogous to classical vaccination against infectious disease. However, the agents to be eliminated or neutralized are not foreign microbial agents but a pathogenic autoreactive T-cell population. Research on T-cell vaccination so far has focused mostly on multiple sclerosis and to a lesser extent on rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and AIDS. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline%20membrane%20outer%20layer%20protein%20I%20%28VMO-I%29 | In molecular biology, this entry refers to a protein domain called, the Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I). It is a structure found on the outside of an egg, in the vitelline membrane.
Function
The major role of the vitelline membrane is to prevent the mixing of the yolk and albumen and also act as an important anti-microbial barrier, as indicated by the high content of lysozyme in the outer layer
Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) binds tightly to ovomucin fibrils, which construct the backbone of the outer layer membrane. VMO-I has considerable activity to synthesize N-acetylchito-oligosaccharide from N-acetylglucosamine hexasaccharides but no hydrolysis activity. VMO-I is composed of 163 aa
Structure
The structure consists of three beta-sheets forming Greek key motifs, which are related by an internal pseudo three-fold symmetry. Furthermore, the structure of VOMI has strong similarity to the structure of the delta-endotoxin, as well as a carbohydrate-binding site in the top region of the common fold. VMO-I revealed a unique structure of the P-prism fold, a new type of multi-sheet assembly. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox%20Engineering | Paradox Engineering SA is a Swiss technology company that designs and markets solutions and services enabling smart cities and Industry 4.0 applications. The company's mission is to offer technologies to unlock the value of data. Its solutions are ready for the Internet of things, and enable cities and companies to collect, transport, store and deliver any kind of data lying in industrial plants or urban objects, transforming information into actionable intelligence to feed business decisions.
The technologies provided by the company are based on IPv6 / 6LoWPAN open standard protocol, and fully interoperable with other systems or applications.
It was established in 2005, with headquarters in Novazzano, Switzerland. In July 2015 the Japanese Group Minebea Co. Ltd., the world's leading comprehensive manufacturer of high-precision components, acquired full capital and assets of Paradox Engineering SA. The acquisition was aimed at accelerating the success of the Group in the Internet of Things and smart markets.
History
Paradox Engineering was founded in 2005 in Novazzano, Ticino Canton, Switzerland. The company was born as a telecommunication company, serving the niche market of industrial data transportation. It developed at first a one-stop-shop business model providing virtual networks to connect any customer industrial operation site and enable remote and condition monitoring programs.
In 2010 it began to design and engineer pioneer technologies to implement interoperable and highly scalable IPv6/6LoWPAN network infrastructures for industrial or urban applications.
In 2011 it entered the Smart Metering, Smart Grid and Smart City markets with the introduction of a modular solution for urban architectures (PE.AMI). Thanks to this product, the company was acknowledged with the Living Labs Global Award 2012 for presenting a wireless sensor network solution to meet the needs of San Francisco Public Utilities Commission and start a pilot project supporting the mana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance%20%28genetics%29 | In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and the second is called recessive. This state of having two different variants of the same gene on each chromosome is originally caused by a mutation in one of the genes, either new (de novo) or inherited. The terms autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive are used to describe gene variants on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and their associated traits, while those on sex chromosomes (allosomes) are termed X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive or Y-linked; these have an inheritance and presentation pattern that depends on the sex of both the parent and the child (see Sex linkage). Since there is only one copy of the Y chromosome, Y-linked traits cannot be dominant or recessive. Additionally, there are other forms of dominance, such as incomplete dominance, in which a gene variant has a partial effect compared to when it is present on both chromosomes, and co-dominance, in which different variants on each chromosome both show their associated traits.
Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and the use of upper-case letters for dominant alleles and lower-case letters for recessive alleles is a widely followed convention. A classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R, or wrinkled, associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR (homozygous) individuals have round peas, and the rr (homozygous) individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr (heterozygous) individuals, the R allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%20transporter | The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein that transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic neuron, in a process known as serotonin reuptake.
This transport of serotonin by the SERT protein terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner. Many antidepressant medications of the SSRI and tricyclic antidepressant classes work by binding to SERT and thus reducing serotonin reuptake. It is a member of the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter family. A repeat length polymorphism in the promoter of this gene has been shown to affect the rate of serotonin uptake and may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome, aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease patients, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression-susceptibility in people experiencing emotional trauma.
Mechanism of action
Serotonin-reuptake transporters are dependent on both the concentration of potassium ion in the cytoplasm and the concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in the extracellular fluid. In order to function properly the serotonin transporter requires the membrane potential created by the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase.
The serotonin transporter first binds a sodium ion, followed by the serotonin, and then a chloride ion; it is then allowed, thanks to the membrane potential, to flip inside the cell freeing all the elements previously bound. Right after the release of the serotonin in the cytoplasm a potassium ion binds to the transporter which is now able to flip back out returning to its active state.
Function
The serotonin transporter removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft back into the synaptic boutons. Thus, it terminates the effects of serotonin and simultaneously enables its reuse by the presynaptic n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Powers | Victoria Ann Powers is an American mathematician specializing in algebraic geometry and known for her work on positive polynomials and on the mathematics of electoral systems. She is a professor in the department of mathematics at Emory University.
She is the author of the book Certificates of Positivity for Real Polynomials—Theory, Practice, and Applications (Springer, 2021).
Education and career
Powers graduated from the University of Chicago in 1980, with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. She completed her Ph.D. in 1985 at Cornell University. Her dissertation, Finite Constructable Spaces of Signatures, was supervised by Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg.
After completing her doctorate, she joined the faculty at the University of Hawaii, but moved to Emory University only two years later, in 1987.
She was on leave from Emory as a Humboldt Fellow and Alexander von Humboldt research professor at the University of Regensburg in 1991–1992, as a visiting professor at the Complutense University of Madrid in 2002–2003, and as a program officer at the National Science Foundation in 2013–2015. From 2012-2014, Powers served as a Council Member at Large for the American Mathematical Society.
Personal
Powers is married to Colm Mulcahy, an Irish mathematician who had the same doctoral advisor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20D.%20Nichols | Larry D. Nichols, born 1939 in the United States, is a puzzle designer. He grew up in Xenia, Ohio, and studied chemistry at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, before moving to Massachusetts to attend Harvard Graduate School. He is best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including 'The Nichols Cube Puzzle' (1974), patent US365520.
He has lived with his wife Karen in Arlington, Massachusetts since 1959.
The Nichols Cube Puzzle (Twizzle)
In 1957, 17 years before Dr. Rubik’s invention popularly known as the “Rubik's Cube”, Dr. Nichols conceived of a twist cube puzzle with six colored faces. It was a 2×2×2 cube assembled from eight unit cubes with magnets on their inside faces, allowing the cubes to rotate in groups of four around three axes. The object of the puzzle was to mix the colors on the faces of the cube and then restore them.
After making many preliminary models, in 1968 a working prototype was constructed, and on April 11, 1972, U.S. patent 3,655,201 was issued covering the Nichols' Cube. The patent focused on the 2×2×2 puzzle but mentioned the possibility of larger versions.
Nichols' patents became the subject of a court hearing, between his employer, and the Ideal Toy Company. In 1985, a U.S. District Court ruled that Rubik’s Cube infringed the Nichols patent, but in 1986 the Court of Appeals ruled that only the smaller 2×2×2 Rubik’s Pocket Cube was guilty of infringement, and not the popular 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube.
Analogues of the invention
Manipulative toy William O Gustafson 1960
Rubik's Cube 1974
Frank Fox got a British patent for a spherical sliding puzzle in 1974
Terutoshi Ishige received a Japanese patent for a 3x3x3 in 1976
Career
Nichols received a degree in chemistry in 1958 from DePauw University, where he was a Rector Scholar, and went on to earn a doctorate at Harvard. As a Harvard student, he invented and produced games and puzzles. He became chief scientist for the Moleculon Research Corporation of Cambridge, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20Networks | Extreme Networks is an American networking company based in Morrisville, North Carolina. Extreme Networks designs, develops, and manufactures wired and wireless network infrastructure equipment and develops the software for network management, policy, analytics, security and access controls.
History
Extreme Networks was established by co-founders Gordon Stitt, Herb Schneider, and Stephen Haddock in 1996 in California, United States, with its first offices located in Cupertino, which later moved to Santa Clara, and later to San Jose. Early investors included Norwest Venture Partners, AVI Capital Management, Trinity Ventures, and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Gordon Stitt was a co-founder and served as chief executive officer until August 2006, when he retired and became chairman of the board of directors.
The initial public offering in April 1999 was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange as ticker "EXTR."
In April 2013, Charles W. Berger (from ParAccel as it was acquired by Actian) replaced Oscar Rodriguez as CEO.
In November 2014, Extreme Networks was named the first Official Wi-Fi solutions provider of the NFL.
On April 19, 2015, Charles W. Berger resigned as CEO, and was replaced by Board Chairman Ed Meyercord.
In September 2020, analyst firm Omdia named Extreme Networks the fast-growing vendor in cloud-managed networking.
In November 2021, Extreme Networks was named a Leader in the 2021 Gartner Magic Quadrant for Wired and Wireless LAN Access Infrastructure for the fourth consecutive year by Gartner analysts.
Acquisitions
In October 1996, Extreme Networks acquired Mammoth Technology.
Extreme Networks acquired Optranet in February 2001 and Webstacks in March 2001. Extreme had invested in both companies, which were purchased for about $73 million and $74 million respectively.
On September 12, 2013, Extreme Networks announced it would acquire Enterasys Networks for about $180 million.
On October 31, 2016, Extreme Networks announced that it completed th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfit%20%28short%20story%29 | "Misfit" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was originally titled "Cosmic Construction Corps" before being renamed by the editor John W. Campbell and published in the November 1939 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. "Misfit" was Heinlein's second published story. One of the earliest of Heinlein's Future History stories, it was later included in the collections Revolt in 2100 and The Past Through Tomorrow.
Plot summary
A coming-of-age story that follows Andrew Jackson Libby, a boy from Earth with extraordinary mathematical ability but meager education. Finding few opportunities on Earth, he joins the Cosmic Construction Corps, a future military-led version of the US Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps employing out-of-work youth to construct the infrastructure needed to colonize the Solar System. With a group of other inexperienced young men he is assigned to a ship traveling to the asteroid belt, where their task is to build a base on an asteroid and then move it into a more convenient orbit between Earth and Mars. Libby comes to the Captain's attention during the process of blasting holes in the asteroid for rocket engines when Libby realizes that a mistake has been made in calculating the size of the charge, preventing a catastrophic blast. He is assigned to the ship's astrogation computer. During the move to the destination orbit, the computer malfunctions, and Libby takes over, performing all the complex calculations in his head. The asteroid is settled successfully into its final orbit.
"Slipstick" Libby became one of Heinlein's recurring characters and would later appear in several works associated with Lazarus Long, among them Methuselah's Children and The Cat Who Walks Through Walls.
The story includes one of the earliest uses of the term "space marines". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-cloud%20effect | The electron-cloud effect is a phenomenon that occurs in particle accelerators and reduces the quality of the particle beam.
Explanation
Electron clouds are created when accelerated charged particles disturb stray electrons already floating in the tube, and bounce or slingshot the electrons into the wall. These stray electrons can be photo-electrons from synchrotron radiation or electrons from ionized gas molecules. When an electron hits the wall, the wall emits more electrons due to secondary emission. These electrons in turn hit another wall, releasing more and more electrons into the accelerator chamber.
Exacerbating factors
This effect is especially a problem in positron accelerations, where electrons are attracted and slingshot into the walls at variable incident angles. Negatively charged electrons liberated from the accelerator walls are attracted to the positively charged beam, and form a "cloud" around it.
The effect is most pronounced for electrons with around 300eV of kinetic energy - with a steep drop-off of the effect at less than that energy, and a gradual drop-off at higher energies, which occurs because electrons "bury" themselves deep inside the walls of the accelerator tube, making it difficult for secondary electrons to escape into the tube.
The effect is also more pronounced for higher incidence angles (angles farther from the normal).
Electron cloud growth can be a grave limitation in bunch currents and total beam currents if multipacting occurs. Multipacting can occur when the electron cloud dynamics can achieve a resonance with the bunch spacing of the accelerator beam. This can cause instabilities along a bunch train and even instabilities within a single bunch, which are known as head-tail instabilities.
Proposed remedies
A few remedies have been proposed to deal with this, such as putting ridges in the accelerator tube, adding antechambers to the tube, coating the tube to reduce the yield of electrons from the surface, or creat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDRG4 | Protein NDRG4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDRG4 gene.
This gene is a member of the N-myc downregulated gene family which belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic protein that may be involved in the regulation of mitogenic signalling in vascular smooth muscles cells. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotolerance | Thermotolerance is the ability of an organism to survive high temperatures. An organism's natural tolerance of heat is their basal thermotolerance. Meanwhile, acquired thermotolerance is defined as an enhanced level of thermotolerance after exposure to a heat stress.
In plants
Multiple factors contribute to thermotolerance including signaling molecules like abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and pathways like the ethylene signaling pathway and heat stress response pathway.
The various heat stress response pathways enhance thermotolerance. The heat stress response in plants is mediated by heat shock transcription factors (HSF) and is well conserved across eukaryotes. HSFs are essential in plants’ ability to both sense and respond to stress. The HSFs, which are divided into three families (A, B, and C), encode the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Past studies have found that transcriptional activators HsfA1 and HsfB1 are the main positive regulators of heat stress response genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The general pathway to thermotolerance is characterized by sensing of heat stress, activation of HSFs, upregulation of heat response, and return to the non-stressed state.
In 2011, while studying heat stress A. thaliana, Ikeda et al. concluded that the early response is regulated by HsfA1 and the extended response is regulated by HsfA2. They used RT-PCR to analyze the expression of HS-inducible genes of mutant (ectopic and nonfunctional HsfB1) and wild type plants. Plants with mutant HsfB1 had lower acquired thermotolerance, based on both lower expression of heat stress genes and visibly altered phenotypes. With these results they concluded that class A HSFs positively regulated the heat stress response while class B HSFs repressed the expression of HSF genes. Therefore, both were necessary for plants to return to non-stressed conditions and acquired thermotolerance.
In animals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chkrootkit | Chkrootkit (Check Rootkit) is a widely used Unix-based utility designed to aid system administrators in examining their systems for rootkits. Operating as a shell script, it leverages common Unix/Linux tools such as the strings and grep command. The primary purpose is to scan core system programs for identifying signatures and to compare data obtained from traversal the /proc with the output derived from the ps (process status) command, aiming to identify inconsistencies. It offers flexibility in execution, allowing it to function from a rescue disc, often a live CD, and provides an optional alternative directory for executing its commands. These approaches enhance chkrootkit's reliance on the commands it employs.
It's crucial to recognize the inherent limitations of any program that strives to detect compromises, including rootkits and malware. Modern rootkits might deliberately attempt to identify and target copies of the chkrootkit program, or adopt other strategies to elude detection by it.
See also
Host-based intrusion detection system comparison
Hardening (computing)
Linux malware
MalwareMustDie
rkhunter
Lynis
OSSEC
Samhain (software) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotobiology | Scotobiology is the study of biology as directly and specifically affected by darkness, as opposed to photobiology, which describes the biological effects of light.
Overview
The science of scotobiology gathers together under a single descriptive heading a wide range of approaches to the study of the biology of darkness. This includes work on the effects of darkness on the behavior and metabolism of animals, plants, and microbes. Some of this work has been going on for over a century, and lays the foundation for understanding the importance of dark night skies, not only for humans but for all biological species.
The great majority of biological systems have evolved in a world of alternating day and night and have become irrevocably adapted to and dependent on the daily and seasonally changing patterns of light and darkness. Light is essential for many biological activities such as sight and photosynthesis. These are the focus of the science of photobiology. But the presence of uninterrupted periods of darkness, as well as their alternation with light, is just as important to biological behaviour. Scotobiology studies the positive responses of biological systems to the presence of darkness, and not merely the negative effects caused by the absence of light.
Effects of darkness
Many of the biological and behavioural activities of plants, animals (including birds and amphibians), insects, and microorganisms are either adversely affected by light pollution at night or can only function effectively either during or as the consequence of nightly darkness. Such activities include foraging, breeding and social behavior in higher animals, amphibians, and insects, which are all affected in various ways if light pollution occurs in their environment. These are not merely photobiological phenomena; light pollution acts by interrupting critical dark-requiring processes.
But perhaps the most important scotobiological phenomena relate to the regular periodic alternation of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output%20power%20of%20an%20analog%20TV%20transmitter | The output power of a TV transmitter is the electric power applied to antenna system.
There are two definitions: nominal (or peak) and thermal. Analogue television systems put about 70% to 90% of the transmitters power into the sync pulses. The remainder of the transmitter's power goes into transmitting the video's higher frequencies and the FM audio carrier. Digital television modulation systems are about 30% more efficient than analogue modulation systems overall.
Analogue vs digital
Analogue
The large amount of energy that Sync Pulses use is largely independent of the measurement system and efficiency of the analogue TV transmitter (as most analogue transmitters have on average 75% efficiency).
The transmission of FM audio (including Stereo subcarriers) is only overall the 3rd largest consumer of TV transmitter power.
Power consumption (most to least) : Sync Pulses, High Frequency Video, FM Audio, Vestigial AM
Digital
DVB like transmission systems, with their groups of mathematically related carriers are not quite as energy efficient as 8VSB systems
8VSB transmission systems only provide a limited "Forced DC" signal (that consumes about 7% of the transmitters energy) that under multipath conditions can be lost causing a signal lock loss event
Power defined in terms of voltage
The average power for a sinusoidal drive is
For a system where the voltage and the current are in phase, the output power can be given as
In this equation is the resistance and is the output voltage
Nominal power of a TV transmitter
Nominal power of a TV transmitter is given as the power during the sync interval. (For the sake of simplicity aural power is omitted) Since, the voltage during the sync interval is a fixed value,
where is the rms value of the output voltage.
To measure the nominal output power, measuring devices with time constants much greater than the line time are used. So the measuring equipment's measure only the highest level (sync pulse) of a li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20pressure%20hydrocephalus | Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. As the fluid builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. The disease presents in a classic triad of symptoms, which are memory impairment, urinary frequency, and balance problems/gait deviations (note: this diagnosis method is obsolete). The disease was first described by Salomón Hakim and Adams in 1965.
The treatment is surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to drain excess CSF into the lining of the abdomen where the CSF will eventually be absorbed. NPH is often misdiagnosed as other conditions including Meniere's disease due to balance problems, Parkinson's disease (due to gait) or Alzheimer's disease (due to cognitive dysfunction).
Signs and symptoms
NPH exhibits a classic triad of clinical findings (known as the Adams triad or Hakim's triad). The triad consists of walking difficulty, reduced attention span, and urinary frequency or incontinence. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnosis purposes and newer guidelines are available.
Gait deviations/balance problems are present in nearly all patients and usually the first symptom. This is caused by expansion of the lateral ventricles to impinge on the corticospinal tract motor fibers. The typical gait abnormality in NPH is a broad-based, slow, short-stepped, "stuck to the floor", or "magnetic" movement. The gait abnormalities in NPH may bear resemblance to a gait associated with Parkinson's disease. The gait deviation can be classified as mild, marked, or severe: "marked" is when the patient has difficulty walking because of considerable instability; "severe" is when it is not possible for the patient to walk without |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminal%20fluid%20protein | Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) or accessory gland proteins (Acps) are one of the non-sperm components of semen. In many animals with internal fertilization, males transfer a complex cocktail of proteins in their semen to females during copulation. These seminal fluid proteins often have diverse, potent effects on female post-mating phenotypes. SFPs are produced by the male accessory glands.
Seminal fluid proteins frequently show evidence of elevated evolutionary rates and are often cited as an example of sexual conflict.
Proteomics
SFPs are best studied in mammals and insects, especially in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Most species produce a wide variety of proteins that are transferred to females. For example, approximately 150 SFPs have been identified in D. melanogaster, 46 in the mosquito Anopheles gambae, and around 160 in humans.
Elevated evolution
Even between closely related species, the seminal fluid proteome can vary greatly. SFPs show elevated rates of DNA sequence change compared to non-reproductive genes (measured by Ka/Ks ratio) in many orders, including Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Rodentia, and Primates.
Additionally, SFPs show high rates of gene turnover compared to non-reproductive genes.
Function
The function of SFPs is best understood in D. melanogaster. SFPs play a role in male–male sperm competition. One study that manipulated the amount of SFPs male D. melanogaster produced found that when males were in competition, males that produced more SFPs sired a larger proportion of offspring.
In many insect species, significant changes occur in female behavior and physiology following mating; the isolated receipt of SFPs has been shown to be responsible for many of these changes. In D. melanogaster females, over 160 genes show either up or down-regulation following isolated SFP receipt. These transcriptomic changes are not limited to the female's reproductive tract. SFPs lengthen the refractory peri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20objects%20of%20the%20administrative-territorial%20system%20of%20Ukraine | Classification of objects of the administrative-territorial system of Ukraine (KOATUU) (, КОАТУУ), was a national standardization system established by the State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy on October 31, 1997, and went into effect on January 1, 1998.
KOATUU was directly inherited from and replaced the old Soviet system SOATO of the Soviet standard system GOST, without major structural changes (although there were some nomenclatural modifications). KOATUU is numbered as DK 014-97 in the system of classification and coding of technical-economical and social information in Ukraine (abbreviated as DSK TESI).
The classification is conducted by the Scientific Research Institute of Statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. DK 014-97 (KOATUU) is planned to be integrated in the International Organization for Standardization and to follow the designated system for Ukraine, ISO 3166-2:UA.
Following the passage of laws on administrative reform on 17 July 2020, KOATUU became outdated and was deprecated. In response, the Ministry of Development of Communities and Territories developed a new system to replace KOATUU called the Codifier of Administrative Territorial Units and Territories of Territorial Communities, which was approved on 26 November 2020.
See also
Population and housing censuses by country
List of administrative divisions by country |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvilization | Silvilization is a conceptual framework or a vision of the world whereby the forest, a metaphor for primordial living, is the best place for human development and fulfilment. It is a portmanteau of the Latin word silva, meaning forest, and civilization.
History
The term was first coined by Pierre-Doris Maltais, leader of the Iriadamant eco-cult. Erkki Pulliainen, an MP of the Green League, in collaboration with Maltais and the University of Helsinki, implemented the interdisciplinary ESSOC project (“Ecological Sylvilisation and Survival with the Aid of Original Cultures”) in 1991. The project was considered a failure.
In 1997, a publication in the journal Interculture by the Intercultural Institute of Montreal was devoted entirely to the theme of silvilization and ecosophy. The articles were written by authors such as Edward Goldsmith, Gary Snyder, and Gita Mehta. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumis%20prophetarum | Cucumis prophetarum is a dioecious and prostrate or climbing perennial vine in the family Cucurbitaceae. The specific epithet (prophetarum) comes from Latin propheta, meaning "prophet".
Distribution
Cucumis prophetarum is native to Africa and the Middle East, from Mauritania east to the Horn of Africa and southwest to Angola then southeast to South Africa, as well as Israel south to Yemen and Oman and east to northwestern India. It has been introduced to Qatar. It grows wild in semi-desert bushland and grassland up to in elevation, often with acacia trees.
Description
Its stems and leaves are hairy and the leaves are ovate to round in shape and cordate at the base and measure 2–4 centimeters in length. The margins are dentate or lobulate. They have 3–5 blunt-toothed, obtuse or subacute lobes, and the petioles measure in length. Male flowers occur in clusters of 2–3 on pedicels measuring in length, and are rarely solitary. Female flowers are always solitary and have peduncles measuring in length. They have five yellow petals measuring 5–8 millimeters in length and 2.5–3.5 millimeters in width. The fruit is slightly ovoid and is vertically striped and yellow in color when ripe. It measures 3–4 centimeters in length and is covered in spike-like pustules.
Uses
The fruit has a bitter flavor when raw and is sometimes boiled or pickled and the leaves are cooked and served with a staple.
The fruit is eaten across its native range and occasionally cultivated and sold in local markets.
The fruit is also used in folk medicine in Saudi Arabia to treat liver disorders and an extract from it has been proven to contain cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines. Another extract from the fruit induces an anti-diabetic effect.
See also
List of culinary fruits
List of culinary vegetables |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20space | A cellular space is a Hausdorff space that has the structure of a CW complex.
Compactness (mathematics)
General topology
Properties of topological spaces
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20Password%20%28algorithm%29 | Master Password is a type of algorithm first implemented by Maarten Billemont for creating unique passwords in a reproducible manner. It differs from traditional password managers in that the passwords are not stored on disk or in the cloud, but are regenerated every time from information entered by the user: Their name, a master password, and a unique identifier for the service the password is intended for (usually the URL).
By not storing the passwords anywhere, this approach makes it harder for attackers to steal or intercept them. It also removes the need for synchronization between devices, backups of potential password databases and risks of data breach. This is sometimes called sync-less password management.
Algorithm
Billemont's implementation involves the following parameters:
name: The username, used as a salt. The user's full name is chosen as it provides a sufficiently high level of entropy while being unlikely to be forgotten.
master_password: The secret for generating the master key.
site_name: A unique name for the service the password is intended for. Usually the bare domain name.
counter: An integer that can be incremented when the service requests a new password. By default, it is 1.
password_type: The password type defines the length and the constitution of the resulting password, see below.
Master key generation
In Billemont's implementation, the master key is a global 64-byte secret key generated from the user's secret master password and salted by their full name. The salt is used to avoid attacks based on rainbow tables. The scrypt algorithm, an intentionally slow key derivation function, is used for generating the master key to make a brute-force attack infeasible.
salt = "com.lyndir.masterpassword" + length(name) + name
master_key = scrypt(master_password, salt, 32768, 8, 2, 64)
Template seed generation
The template seed is a site-specific secret in binary form, generated from the master key, the site name and the counter using |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20in%20paleobotany | This article contains papers in paleobotany that were published in 2016.
Bryophytes
Ferns and fern allies
Conifers
Cycads
Gingkophytes
"Pteridospermatophytes"
Glossopteridales
Medullosales
Other pteridospermatophytes
Other seed plants
Flowering plants
Other plants
Research
Extensive plant traces preserved in fossil soils are described from Early Devonian deposits of Xujiachong Formation in Yunnan (China) by Xue et al. (2016), who interpret the traces as belowground rhizomes of the basal lycopsid Drepanophycus.
A description of the rooting system preserved in basal lycophyte fossils from the Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation (Wyoming, United States) is published by Matsunaga & Tomescu (2016).
Fossils of the fern Acrostichum lanzaeanum are described from the Oligocene La Val fossil site (Huesca Province, Spain) by Moreno-Domínguez et al. (2016), who interpret the fossils as indicating that in Oligocene Acrostichum grew and developed as a pioneering plant in disturbed environments, such as floodplain areas.
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Pseudoasterophyllites cretaceus is published by Kvaček et al. (2018).
Fossil fruit of a member of the genus Cornus related to Cornus piggae is described from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Spray Formation (British Columbia, Canada) by Atkinson, Stockey & Rothwell (2016). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20mechanics | In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics. It was developed by many scientists and mathematicians during the 18th century and onward, after Newtonian mechanics. Since Newtonian mechanics considers vector quantities of motion, particularly accelerations, momenta, forces, of the constituents of the system, an alternative name for the mechanics governed by Newton's laws and Euler's laws is vectorial mechanics.
By contrast, analytical mechanics uses scalar properties of motion representing the system as a whole—usually its total kinetic energy and potential energy—not Newton's vectorial forces of individual particles. A scalar is a quantity, whereas a vector is represented by quantity and direction. The equations of motion are derived from the scalar quantity by some underlying principle about the scalar's variation.
Analytical mechanics takes advantage of a system's constraints to solve problems. The constraints limit the degrees of freedom the system can have, and can be used to reduce the number of coordinates needed to solve for the motion. The formalism is well suited to arbitrary choices of coordinates, known in the context as generalized coordinates. The kinetic and potential energies of the system are expressed using these generalized coordinates or momenta, and the equations of motion can be readily set up, thus analytical mechanics allows numerous mechanical problems to be solved with greater efficiency than fully vectorial methods. It does not always work for non-conservative forces or dissipative forces like friction, in which case one may revert to Newtonian mechanics.
Two dominant branches of analytical mechanics are Lagrangian mechanics (using generalized coordinates and corresponding generalized velocities in configuration space) and Hamiltonian mechanics (using coordinates and corresponding momenta in phase space). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFTW | The Fastest Fourier Transform in the West (FFTW) is a software library for computing discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) developed by Matteo Frigo and Steven G. Johnson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
FFTW is one of the fastest free software implementations of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). It implements the FFT algorithm for real and complex-valued arrays of arbitrary size and dimension.
Library
FFTW expeditiously transforms data by supporting a variety of algorithms and choosing the one (a particular decomposition of the transform into smaller transforms) it estimates or measures to be preferable in the particular circumstances. It works best on arrays of sizes with small prime factors, with powers of two being optimal and large primes being worst case (but still O(n log n)). To decompose transforms of composite sizes into smaller transforms, it chooses among several variants of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm (corresponding to different factorizations and/or different memory-access patterns), while for prime sizes it uses either Rader's or Bluestein's FFT algorithm. Once the transform has been broken up into subtransforms of sufficiently small sizes, FFTW uses hard-coded unrolled FFTs for these small sizes that were produced (at compile time, not at run time) by code generation; these routines use a variety of algorithms including Cooley–Tukey variants, Rader's algorithm, and prime-factor FFT algorithms.
For a sufficiently large number of repeated transforms it is advantageous to measure the performance of some or all of the supported algorithms on the given array size and platform. These measurements, which the authors refer to as "wisdom", can be stored in a file or string for later use.
FFTW has a "guru interface" that intends "to expose as much as possible of the flexibility in the underlying FFTW architecture". This allows, among other things, multi-dimensional transforms and multiple transforms in a single call (e.g., where the data is in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20mill | A jet mill grinds materials by using a high speed jet of compressed air or inert gas to impact particles into each other. Jet mills can be designed to output particles below a certain size while continuing to mill particles above that size, resulting in a narrow size distribution of the resulting product. Particles leaving the mill can be separated from the gas stream by cyclonic separation.
Particle size
A jet mill consists of a short cylinder, meaning the cylinder's height is less than its diameter. Compressed gas is forced into the mill through nozzles tangent to the cylinder wall, creating a vortex. The gas leaves the mill through a tube along the axis of the cylinder. Solid particles in the mill are subject to two competing forces:
Centrifugal force created by the particles traveling in circles
Centripetal force created by the drag from the gas as it flows from the nozzles along the wall to the outlet in the center of the mill
The drag on small particles is less than large particles, according to the formula derived from Stokes' law,
,
where V is the flow settling velocity (m/s) (vertically downwards if ρp > ρf, upwards if ρp < ρf ), g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2), ρp is the mass density of the particles (kg/m3), ρf is the mass density of the fluid (kg/m3), μ is the dynamic viscosity (kg /m*s), and R is the radius of the spherical particle (m).
The formula shows that particles will be pulled toward the wall of the mill according to the square of their radius or diameter. Large particles will continue the comminution process, until they are small enough to stay in the center of the mill where the discharge port is located.
Typical parameters
Diameter of mill: from 0.05 meters to 1 meter (from 2 inches to 42 inches)
Gas pressure: 8.3 Bar (120 PSI)
Starting particle size: 800 microns or less, or as limited by the size of the inlet of the feed venturi
Final particle size: down to 0.5 microns |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Whittle%20%28mathematician%29 | Peter Whittle (27 February 1927 – 10 August 2021) was a mathematician and statistician from New Zealand, working in the fields of stochastic nets, optimal control, time series analysis, stochastic optimisation and stochastic dynamics. From 1967 to 1994, he was the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research at the University of Cambridge.
Career
Whittle was born in Wellington. He graduated from the University of New Zealand in 1947 with a BSc in mathematics and physics and in 1948 with an MSc in mathematics.
He then moved to Uppsala, Sweden in 1950 to study for his PhD with Herman Wold (at Uppsala University). His thesis, Hypothesis Testing in Time Series, generalised Wold's autoregressive representation theorem for univariate stationary processes to multivariate processes. Whittle's thesis was published in 1951. A synopsis of Whittle's thesis also appeared as an appendix to the second edition of Wold's book on time-series analysis. Whittle remained in Uppsala at the Statistics Institute as a docent until 1953, when he returned to New Zealand.
In New Zealand, Whittle worked at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in the Applied Mathematics Laboratory (later named the Applied Mathematics Division).
In 1959 Whittle was appointed to a lectureship in Cambridge University. Whittle was appointed Professor of Mathematical statistics at the University of Manchester in 1961. After six years in Manchester, Whittle returned to Cambridge as the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research, a post he held until his retirement in 1994. From 1973, he was also Director of the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge.
He was a fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He died in Cambridge, England.
Recognition
Whittle was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978, and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1981. The Royal Society awarded him their Sylvester Medal in 1994 in recognition of his "m |
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