anchor_id stringlengths 8 8 | anchor_title stringlengths 22 248 | anchor_abstract stringlengths 73 4.05k | positive_pool listlengths 1 1 | negative_pool listlengths 1 1 |
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22509163 | Targets for a comparative neurobiology of language. | One longstanding impediment to progress in understanding the neural basis of language is the development of model systems that retain language-relevant cognitive behaviors yet permit invasive cellular neuroscience methods. Recent experiments in songbirds suggest that this group may be developed into a powerful animal model, particularly for components of grammatical processing. It remains unknown, however, what a neuroscience of language perception may look like when instantiated at the cellular or network level. Here we deconstruct language perception into a minimal set of cognitive processes necessary to support grammatical processing. We then review the current state of our understanding about the neural mechanisms of these requisite cognitive processes in songbirds. We note where current knowledge is lacking, and suggest how these mechanisms may ultimately combine to support an emergent mechanism capable of processing grammatical structures of differing complexity.</AbstractText | [
[
"10378865",
"Neurokinin type-1 receptor antagonist inhibits enhancement of T cell functions by substance P in normal and neuromanipulated capsaicin-treated rats.",
"Substance P (SP) plays a major role in the regulation of the interaction between immune and nervous systems. SP administration stimulates... | [
[
"23264884",
"Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry.",
"Adverse, unfavourable life conditions, particularly during early life stages and infancy, can lead to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in stress-response, behavioral disinhibition, and cognitive-em... |
23195310 | Model organism databases in behavioral neuroscience. | Model Organism Databases (MODs) are an important informatics tool for researchers. They provide comprehensive organism specific genetic, genomic, and phenotype datasets. MODs ensure accurate data identification and integrity and provide official nomenclature for genes, Quantitative Trait Loci, and strains. Most importantly, the MODs provide professionally curated data drawn from the literature for function, phenotype and disease associations, and pathway involvement. These data, along with nomenclature and data identity, are incorporated into larger scale genomic databases and research publications. MODs also offer a number of software tools that allow researchers to access, display, and analyze data from reports to genome browsers.</AbstractText | [
[
"19254758",
"Re-exposure to endotoxin induces differential cytokine gene expression in the rat hypothalamus and spleen.",
"This study was designed to investigate whether the pattern of hypothalamic and splenic cytokine expression induced by peripheral administration of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (... | [
[
"23181017",
"Support vector machines for spike pattern classification with a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron.",
"Spike pattern classification is a key topic in machine learning, computational neuroscience, and electronic device design. Here, we offer a new supervised learning rule based on Support Vec... |
23372986 | Experience with multimodality telepathology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. | Several modes of telepathology exist including static (store-and-forward), dynamic (live video streaming or robotic microscopy), and hybrid technology involving whole slide imaging (WSI). Telepathology has been employed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) for over a decade at local, national, and international sites. All modes of telepathology have been successfully utilized to exploit our institutions subspecialty expertise and to compete for pathology services. This article discusses the experience garnered at UPMC with each of these teleconsultation methods. Static and WSI telepathology systems have been utilized for many years in transplant pathology using a private network and client-server architecture. Only minor clinically significant differences of opinion were documented. In hematopathology, the CellaVision(®) system is used to transmit, via email, static images of blood cells in peripheral blood smears for remote interpretation. While live video streaming has remained the mode of choice for providing immediate adequacy assessment of cytology specimens by telecytology, other methods such as robotic microscopy have been validated and shown to be effective. Robotic telepathology has been extensively used to remotely interpret intra-operative neuropathology consultations (frozen sections). Adoption of newer technology and increased pathologist experience has improved accuracy and deferral rates in teleneuropathology. A digital pathology consultation portal (https://pathconsult.upmc.com/) was recently created at our institution to facilitate digital pathology second opinion consults, especially for WSI. The success of this web-based tool is the ability to handle vendor agnostic, large image files of digitized slides, and ongoing user-friendly customization for clients and teleconsultants. It is evident that the practice of telepathology at our institution has evolved in concert with advances in technology and user experience. Early and continued adoption of telepathology has promoted additional digital pathology resources that are now being leveraged for other clinical, educational, and research purposes.</AbstractText | [
[
"3974835",
"Bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy without skull fracture and with cervical spine fracture: case report and review of the literature.",
"Bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy is a rare condition. Here a case without skull fracture and associated with cervical spine fracture is rep... | [
[
"23193602",
"Arthropod venoms: a vast arsenal of insecticidal neuropeptides.",
"Arthropods are the most diverse animal group on the planet, and occupy almost all ecological niches. Venomous arthropods are a rich source of bioactive compounds evolved for prey capture and defense against predators and/o... |
23060761 | A computational approach to "free will" constrained by the games we play. | Human choice is not free-we are bounded by a multitude of biological constraints. Yet, within the various landscapes we face, we do express choice, preference, and varying degrees of so-called willful behavior. Moreover, it appears that the capacity for choice in humans is variable. Empirical studies aimed at investigating the experience of "free will" will benefit from theoretical disciplines that constrain the language used to frame the relevant issues. The combination of game theory and computational reinforcement learning theory with empirical methods is already beginning to provide valuable insight into the biological variables underlying capacity for choice in humans and how things may go awry in individuals with brain disorders. These disciplines operate within abstract quantitative landscapes, but have successfully been applied to investigate strategic and adaptive human choice guided by formal notions of optimal behavior. Psychiatric illness is an extreme, but interesting arena for studying human capacity for choice. The experiences and behaviors of patients suggest these individuals fundamentally suffer from a diminished capacity of willful choice. Herein, I will briefly discuss recent applications of computationally guided approaches to human choice behavior and the underlying neurobiology. These approaches can be integrated into empirical investigation at multiple temporal scales of analysis including the growing body of experiments in human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and newly emerging sub-second electrochemical and electrophysiological measurements in the human brain. These cross-disciplinary approaches hold promise for revealing the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for the variety of choice capacity in humans.</AbstractText | [
[
"19400719",
"The science of neural interface systems.",
"The ultimate goal of neural interface research is to create links between the nervous system and the outside world either by stimulating or by recording from neural tissue to treat or assist people with sensory, motor, or other disabilities of n... | [
[
"24294562",
"Dorello's Canal and Gruber's Ligament: Historical Perspective.",
"Wenzel Leopold Gruber and Primo Dorello were great anatomists and researchers during the 19th and 20th centuries. Their contributions to neuroanatomy-namely the Gruber's (petrosphenoidal) ligament and Dorello's canal, respe... |
23035093 | Optimization of a GCaMP calcium indicator for neural activity imaging. | Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for systems neuroscience. Recent efforts in protein engineering have significantly increased the performance of GECIs. The state-of-the art single-wavelength GECI, GCaMP3, has been deployed in a number of model organisms and can reliably detect three or more action potentials in short bursts in several systems in vivo. Through protein structure determination, targeted mutagenesis, high-throughput screening, and a battery of in vitro assays, we have increased the dynamic range of GCaMP3 by severalfold, creating a family of "GCaMP5" sensors. We tested GCaMP5s in several systems: cultured neurons and astrocytes, mouse retina, and in vivo in Caenorhabditis chemosensory neurons, Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction and adult antennal lobe, zebrafish retina and tectum, and mouse visual cortex. Signal-to-noise ratio was improved by at least 2- to 3-fold. In the visual cortex, two GCaMP5 variants detected twice as many visual stimulus-responsive cells as GCaMP3. By combining in vivo imaging with electrophysiology we show that GCaMP5 fluorescence provides a more reliable measure of neuronal activity than its predecessor GCaMP3. GCaMP5 allows more sensitive detection of neural activity in vivo and may find widespread applications for cellular imaging in general.</AbstractText | [
[
"19064491",
"Retention of high tactile acuity throughout the life span in blindness.",
"Previous studies of tactile acuity on the fingertip, using passive touch, have demonstrated an age-related decline in spatial resolution for both sighted and blind subjects. We have reexamined this age dependence w... | [
[
"23033443",
"Apraxia of speech: concepts and controversies.",
"This article was written as an editorial to a collection of original articles on apraxia of speech (AOS) in which some of the more recent advancements in the understanding of this syndrome are discussed. It covers controversial issues conc... |
23055482 | Towards a new neurobiology of language. | Theoretical advances in language research and the availability of increasingly high-resolution experimental techniques in the cognitive neurosciences are profoundly changing how we investigate and conceive of the neural basis of speech and language processing. Recent work closely aligns language research with issues at the core of systems neuroscience, ranging from neurophysiological and neuroanatomic characterizations to questions about neural coding. Here we highlight, across different aspects of language processing (perception, production, sign language, meaning construction), new insights and approaches to the neurobiology of language, aiming to describe promising new areas of investigation in which the neurosciences intersect with linguistic research more closely than before. This paper summarizes in brief some of the issues that constitute the background for talks presented in a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. It is not a comprehensive review of any of the issues that are discussed in the symposium.</AbstractText | [
[
"21748284",
"A failure to normalize biochemical and metabolic insults during morphine withdrawal disrupts synaptic repair in mice transgenic for HIV-gp120.",
"Drug abuse in HIV-infected individuals accelerates the onset and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Opiates are a c... | [
[
"23195316",
"Opportunities for bioinformatics in the classification of behavior and psychiatric disorders.",
"A bioinformatics approach to behavioral neuroscience provides both unique opportunities and challenges for research on behavior. A major challenge has been to describe, define, and discriminat... |
23505339 | Baby Steps to Superintelligence: Neuroprosthetics and Children. | Children surviving neural injuries face challenges not seen by their adult counterparts, namely that they experience neural injury before reaching neurodevelopmental maturity. Neural prostheses offer one possible path to recovery, along with the potential for functional outcomes that could exceed expectations. Although the first cochlear implant was placed more than fifty years ago, the field of neuroprosthetics is still relatively young. Several types of neural prostheses are in development stages ranging from animal models to (adult) human trials. In this paper, I discuss how neural prostheses may assist recovery for children surviving neural injury. I argue that approaching the use of neural prosthetics in children with considerations derived from transhumanism alongside traditional bioethics can provide an opportunity to reframe adult-focused ethics toward a child/family focus and to strip away the prejudicial metaphor of cyborgization.</AbstractText | [
[
"12951145",
"Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: an update.",
"Several developments during the past 15 years have profoundly affected our understanding of the vomeronasal system (VNS) of vertebrates. In the mid 1990s, the vomeronasal epithelium of mammals was found to contain two populat... | [
[
"22850833",
"Complex biomedical systems: from basic science to translation.",
"The Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) of the University of Southern California (BME@USC) has a longstanding tradition of advancing biomedicine through the development and application of novel engineering ideas. Mor... |
23176028 | Iranians' contribution to world literature on neuroscience. | The purpose of this study is to analyse Iranian scientific publications in the neuroscience subfields by librarians and neuroscientists, using Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) via Web of Science data over the period, 2002-2008.</AbstractText Data were retrieved from the SCIE. Data were collected from the 'subject area' of the database and classified by neuroscience experts into 14 subfields. To identify the citation patterns, we applied the 'impact factor' and the 'number of publication'. Data were also analysed using HISTCITE, Excel 2007 and SPSS.</AbstractText Seven hundred and thirty-four papers have been published by Iranian between 2002 and 2008. Findings showed a growing trend of neuroscience papers in the last 3 years with most papers (264) classified in the neuropharmacology subfield. There were fewer papers in neurohistory, psychopharmacology and artificial intelligence. International contributions of authors were mostly in the neurology subfield, and 'Collaboration Coefficient' for the neuroscience subfields in Iran was 0.686 which is acceptable. Most international collaboration between Iranians and developed countries was from USA. Eighty-seven percent of the published papers were in journals with the impact factor between 0 and 4; 25% of papers were published by the researchers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.</AbstractText Progress of neuroscience in Iran is mostly seen in the neuropharmacology and the neurology subfields. Other subfields should also be considered as a research priority by health policymakers. As this study was carried out by the collaboration of librarians and neuroscientists, it has been proved valuable for both librarians and policymakers. This study may be encouraging for librarians from other developing countries.</AbstractText | [
[
"21312401",
"Functional brain imaging in schizophrenia: selected results and methods.",
"Functional brain imaging studies of patients with schizophrenia may be grouped into those that assume that the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia are due to disordered circuitry within a critical brain region and... | [
[
"22963524",
"Non-genomic action of beclomethasone dipropionate on bronchoconstriction caused by leukotriene C4 in precision cut lung slices in the horse.",
"Glucocorticoids have been proven to be effective in the therapy of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses via systemic as well as local (in... |
23174433 | When do people cooperate? The neuroeconomics of prosocial decision making. | Understanding the roots of prosocial behavior is an interdisciplinary research endeavor that has generated an abundance of empirical data across many disciplines. This review integrates research findings from different fields into a novel theoretical framework that can account for when prosocial behavior is likely to occur. Specifically, we propose that the motivation to cooperate (or not), generated by the reward system in the brain (extending from the striatum to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), is modulated by two neural networks: a cognitive control system (centered on the lateral prefrontal cortex) that processes extrinsic cooperative incentives, and/or a social cognition system (including the temporo-parietal junction, the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala) that processes trust and/or threat signals. The independent modulatory influence of incentives and trust on the decision to cooperate is substantiated by a growing body of neuroimaging data and reconciles the apparent paradox between economic versus social rationality in the literature, suggesting that we are in fact wired for both. Furthermore, the theoretical framework can account for substantial behavioral heterogeneity in prosocial behavior. Based on the existing data, we postulate that self-regarding individuals (who are more likely to adopt an economically rational strategy) are more responsive to extrinsic cooperative incentives and therefore rely relatively more on cognitive control to make (un)cooperative decisions, whereas other-regarding individuals (who are more likely to adopt a socially rational strategy) are more sensitive to trust signals to avoid betrayal and recruit relatively more brain activity in the social cognition system. Several additional hypotheses with respect to the neural roots of social preferences are derived from the model and suggested for future research.</AbstractText | [
[
"12716950",
"Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension.",
"Understanding spoken language requires a complex series of processing stages to translate speech sounds into meaning. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the brain regions that are involved in ... | [
[
"23001148",
"An observational study of the effectiveness and safety of growth hormone (Humatrope(®)) treatment in Japanese children with growth hormone deficiency or Turner syndrome.",
"This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of growth hormone (GH; Humatrope(®)) therapy in Japanese child... |
22240730 | Birdsong neurolinguistics: songbird context-free grammar claim is premature. | There are remarkable behavioral, neural, and genetic similarities between song learning in songbirds and speech acquisition in human infants. Previously, we have argued that this parallel cannot be extended to the level of sentence syntax. Although birdsong can indeed have a complex structure, it lacks the combinatorial complexity of human language syntax. Recently, this conclusion has been challenged by a report purporting to show that songbirds can learn so-called context-free syntactic rules and then use them to discriminate particular syllable patterns. Here, we demonstrate that the design of this study is inadequate to draw such a conclusion, and offer alternative explanations for the experimental results that do not require the acquisition and use of context-free grammar rules or a grammar of any kind, only the simpler hypothesis of acoustic similarity matching. We conclude that the evolution of vocal learning involves both neural homologies and behavioral convergence, and that human language reflects a unique cognitive capacity.</AbstractText | [
[
"19400719",
"The science of neural interface systems.",
"The ultimate goal of neural interface research is to create links between the nervous system and the outside world either by stimulating or by recording from neural tissue to treat or assist people with sensory, motor, or other disabilities of n... | [
[
"23351052",
"On the neural basis of rule-guided behavior.",
"Human behavior emerges from a complex dynamic interaction between graded and context-sensitive neural processes, the biomechanics of our bodies, and the vicissitudes of our environments. These coupled processes bear little resemblance to the... |
21645998 | Are we studying and treating schizophrenia correctly? | New findings are rapidly revealing an increasingly detailed image of neural- and molecular-level dysfunction in schizophrenia, distributed throughout interconnected cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic circuitry. Some disturbances appear to reflect failures of early brain maturation, that become codified into dysfunctional circuit properties, resulting in a substantial loss of, or failure to develop, both cells and/or appropriate connectivity across widely dispersed brain regions. These circuit disturbances are variable across individuals with schizophrenia, perhaps reflecting the interaction of multiple different risk genes and epigenetic events. Given these complex and variable hard-wired circuit disturbances, it is worth considering how new and emerging findings can be integrated into actionable treatment models. This paper suggests that future efforts towards developing more effective therapeutic approaches for the schizophrenias should diverge from prevailing models in genetics and molecular neuroscience, and focus instead on a more practical three-part treatment strategy: 1) systematic rehabilitative psychotherapies designed to engage healthy neural systems to compensate for and replace dysfunctional higher circuit elements, used in concert with 2) medications that specifically target cognitive mechanisms engaged by these rehabilitative psychotherapies, and 3) antipsychotic medications that target nodal or convergent circuit points within the limbic-motor interface, to constrain the scope and severity of psychotic exacerbations and thereby facilitate engagement in cognitive rehabilitation. The use of targeted cognitive rehabilitative psychotherapy plus synergistic medication has both common sense and time-tested efficacy with numerous other neuropsychiatric disorders.</AbstractText | [
[
"15996748",
"Correlates of trait impulsiveness in performance measures and neuropsychological tests.",
"Performance measures of impulsiveness offer great promise for assessing this trait in clinical and experimental studies. However, little is known about their relative superiority or inferiority to s... | [
[
"21625624",
"\"Studying injured minds\" - the Vietnam head injury study and 40 years of brain injury research.",
"The study of those who have sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBI) during military conflicts has greatly facilitated research in the fields of neuropsychology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, ... |
23062307 | Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. | In recent years, translational research involving humans and animals has uncovered biological and physiological pathways that explain associations between early adverse circumstances and long-term mental and physical health outcomes. In this article, we summarize the human and animal literature demonstrating that epigenetic alterations in key biological systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system, may underlie such disparities. We review evidence suggesting that changes in DNA methylation profiles of the genome may be responsible for the alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system trajectories. Using some preliminary data, we demonstrate how explorations of genome-wide and candidate-gene DNA methylation profiles may inform hypotheses and guide future research efforts in these areas. We conclude our article by discussing the many important future directions, merging perspectives from developmental psychology, molecular genetics, neuroendocrinology, and immunology, that are essential for furthering our understanding of how early adverse circumstances may shape developmental trajectories, particularly in the areas of stress reactivity and physical or mental health.</AbstractText | [
[
"15831717",
"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo.",
"Microglial cells represent the immune system of the mammalian brain and therefore are critically involved in various injuries and diseases. Little is known about their role in the healthy brain and th... | [
[
"23576843",
"Possibilities offered by implantable miniaturized cuff-electrodes for insect neurophysiology.",
"Recent advances in microsystems technology led to a miniaturization of cuff-electrodes, which suggests these electrodes not just for long-term neuronal recordings in mammalians, but also in me... |
23196557 | [A new neuroscientific approach using decoded neurofeedback (DecNef)]. | Neurofeedback is defined as a method to read out information from the brain and feed the information back to the brain. This technology has developed in the past ten years and attracted considerable attention as potential treatments for rehabilitation and psychiatric disease. We recently invented the decoded neurofeedback (DecNef) method, a new neurofeedback technique using functional magnetic resonance imaging. With DecNef, subjects were trained to regulate their brain activation pattern in a specific area and lead the pattern to a target state. We found that the DecNef training for several days leads to perceptual improvement that corresponds to the induced target state. DecNef enables us to test cause-and-effect relationships between neural activation in a target brain area and changes in perception, cognition, and behavior. In this sense, this method can be a powerful tool in cognitive and systems neuroscience. In addition, the concept of DecNef, leading a neural activation pattern to a specific state, can be applied for a variety of fields including engineering and medical treatment.</AbstractText | [
[
"15831717",
"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo.",
"Microglial cells represent the immune system of the mammalian brain and therefore are critically involved in various injuries and diseases. Little is known about their role in the healthy brain and th... | [
[
"23176028",
"Iranians' contribution to world literature on neuroscience.",
"The purpose of this study is to analyse Iranian scientific publications in the neuroscience subfields by librarians and neuroscientists, using Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) via Web of Science data over the period, 200... |
23428294 | Neuropsychological assessment and the paradox of ADHD. | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behaviorally defined diagnosis. Despite the fact that neuropsychological tests have typically been used successfully to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of ADHD in neuroimaging research paradigms, these tests have been of surprisingly limited utility in the clinical diagnosis of the disorder. This article examines this paradox by reviewing the characteristics of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnosis versus neuropsychological nomenclature, by reviewing the assumptions about etiologies for ADHD and by demonstrating how an emerging dimensional approach to diagnostic assessment can be combined with large-scale brain network studies to enhance the role of neuropsychological evaluation within clinical settings. This selective topical review is intended to arm practicing neuropsychologists with knowledge of new ideas, theories, and methods related to the causes of ADHD to prepare them for meaningful advances in understanding and assessing the disorder that are possible during the next decade.</AbstractText | [
[
"21325522",
"Origin and determination of inhibitory cell lineages in the vertebrate retina.",
"Multipotent progenitors in the vertebrate retina often generate clonally related mixtures of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The postmitotically expressed transcription factor, Ptf1a, is essential for all... | [
[
"23275858",
"Brain state-triggered stimulus delivery: An efficient tool for probing ongoing brain activity.",
"What is the relationship between variability in ongoing brain activity <i"
]
] |
22520647 | European study of research and development in mobility technology for persons with disabilities. | \In the fall of 2010, the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Veteran's Administration jointly supported a review of mobility technology in Europe. A delegation of American Scientists traveled to Europe to visit a number of research centers and engaged in a demonstration and dialogue related to the global state-of-the-art for mobility impairment rectification and augmentation. From the observations and exchanges between the U.S. delegation and host institutions, the researchers were able to derive a series of papers which are now published in this thematic series of Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. The papers describe the main themes of the European mobility technology research activities showing a healthy picture of research and innovation in the field.</AbstractText | [
[
"20427643",
"Emotional automaticity is a matter of timing.",
"There has been a long controversy concerning whether the amygdala's response to emotional stimuli is automatic or dependent on attentional load. Using magnoencephalography and an advanced beamformer source localization technique, we found t... | [
[
"22155385",
"Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1): antibody specificity and receptor expression in cultured primary neurons.",
"The availability of high quality, well-characterized antibodies for molecular and cellular neuroscience studies is important. However, not all available antibodies are ... |
22751865 | Human aquaporin 4281-300 is the immunodominant linear determinant in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01: relevance for diagnosing and monitoring patients with neuromyelitis optica. | OBJECTIVE To identify linear determinants of human aquaporin 4 (hAQP4) in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01. DESIGN In this controlled study with humanized experimental animals, HLA-DRB1*03:01 transgenic mice were immunized with whole-protein hAQP4 emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. To test T-cell responses, lymph node cells and splenocytes were cultured in vitro with synthetic peptides 20 amino acids long that overlap by 10 amino acids across the entirety of hAQP4. The frequency of interferon γ, interleukin (IL) 17, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-5-secreting CD4+ T cells was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent sport assay. Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine whether hAQP4281-300 inhibits the binding of anti-hAQP4 recombinant antibody to surface full-length hAQP4. SETTING Academic neuroimmunology laboratories. SUBJECTS Humanized HLA-DRB1*03:01+/+ H-2b-/- transgenic mice on a B10 background. RESULTS Peptide hAQP4281-300 generated a significantly (P &lt;.01) greater TH1 and TH17 immune response than any of the other linear peptides screened. This 20mer peptide contains 2 dominant immunogenic 15mer peptides. hAQP4284-298 induced predominantly an IL-17 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor TH cell phenotype, whereas hAQP4285-299 resulted in a higher frequency of TH1 cells. hAQP4281-300 did not interfere with recombinant AQP4 autoantibody binding. CONCLUSIONS hAQP4281-330 is the dominant linear immunogenic determinant of hAQP4 in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01. Within hAQP4281-330 are 2 dominant immunogenic determinants that induce differential TH phenotypes. hAQP4 determinants identified in this study can serve as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica and may facilitate the monitoring of treatment responses to pharmacotherapies.</AbstractText | [
[
"21731699",
"Recognition of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the Uhrf1 SRA domain.",
"Recent discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in genomic DNA raises the question how this sixth base is recognized by cellular proteins. In contrast to the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) of MeCP2, we found that the S... | [
[
"24294562",
"Dorello's Canal and Gruber's Ligament: Historical Perspective.",
"Wenzel Leopold Gruber and Primo Dorello were great anatomists and researchers during the 19th and 20th centuries. Their contributions to neuroanatomy-namely the Gruber's (petrosphenoidal) ligament and Dorello's canal, respe... |
23276394 | Biological mechanisms associated with increased perseveration and hyperactivity in a genetic mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder. | Chromosomal deletions at Xp22.3 appear to influence vulnerability to the neurodevelopmental disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. 39,X(Y*)O mice, which lack the murine orthologue of the Xp22.3 ADHD candidate gene STS (encoding steroid sulfatase), exhibit behavioural phenotypes relevant to such disorders (e.g. hyperactivity), elevated hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels, and reduced serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Here we initially show that 39,X(Y*)O mice are also deficient for the recently-characterised murine orthologue of the Xp22.3 autism candidate gene ASMT (encoding acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase). Subsequently, to specify potential behavioural correlates of elevated hippocampal 5-HT arising due to the genetic lesion, we compared 39,X(Y*)O MF1 mice to 40,XY MF1 mice on behavioural tasks taxing hippocampal and/or 5-HT function (a 'foraging' task, an object-location task, and the 1-choice serial reaction time task of impulsivity). Although Sts/Asmt deficiency did not influence foraging behaviour, reactivity to familiar objects in novel locations, or 'ability to wait', it did result in markedly increased response rates; these rates correlated with hippocampal 5-HT levels and are likely to index behavioural perseveration, a frequent feature of neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, we show that whilst there was no systematic relationship between serum DHEA levels and hippocampal 5-HT levels across 39,X(Y*)O and 40,XY mice, there was a significant inverse linear correlation between serum DHEA levels and activity. Our data suggest that deficiency for genes within Xp22.3 could influence core behavioural features of neurodevelopmental disorders via dissociable effects on hippocampal neurochemistry and steroid hormone levels, and that the mediating neurobiological mechanisms may be investigated in the 39,X(Y*)O model.</AbstractText | [
[
"18457512",
"Timing, storage, and comparison of stimulus duration engage discrete anatomical components of a perceptual timing network.",
"The temporal discrimination paradigm requires subjects to compare the duration of a probe stimulus to that of a sample previously stored in working or long-term me... | [
[
"23269483",
"Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid indicates iron deficiency compromises cerebral energy metabolism in the infant monkey.",
"Iron deficiency anemia affects many pregnant women and young infants worldwide. The health impact is significant, given iron's known role in many body func... |
23130007 | When Do We Confuse Self and Other in Action Memory? Reduced False Memories of Self-Performance after Observing Actions by an Out-Group vs. In-Group Actor. | Observing another person performing an action can lead to a false memory of having performed the action oneself - the observation-inflation effect. In the experimental paradigm, participants first perform or do not perform simple actions, and then observe another person perform some of these actions. The observation-inflation effect is found when participants later remember performing actions that they have merely observed. In this case, self and other are confused in action memory. We examined social conditions of this self-other confusion when remembering actions, specifically whether the effect depends on the observed actor's group membership. In our experiment, we manipulated group membership based on physical appearance, specifically complexion of the hands. Fair-skinned participants observed either an in-group (i.e., fair-skinned) or an out-group (i.e., dark-skinned) actor. Our results revealed that the observed actor's group membership moderated the observation-inflation effect: False memories were significantly reduced when the actor was from the out-group (vs. in-group). We found no difference to a control condition in which the actor wore black gloves, suggesting that distinctiveness of perceptual or sensory features alone (due to the out-group member's dark skin) is not critical. We discuss these findings in light of social-neuroscience studies demonstrating the impact of an observed person's group membership on motor simulation. Overall, our findings suggest that action memory can be affected by a ubiquitous feature of people's social perception, that is, group-based social categorization of others.</AbstractText | [
[
"19298949",
"Perceptual simulation in conceptual combination: evidence from property generation.",
"In three experiments, participants received nouns or noun phrases for objects and verbally generated their properties (\"feature listing\"). Several sources of evidence indicated that participants const... | [
[
"23055968",
"Detection of self-paced reaching movement intention from EEG signals.",
"Future neuroprosthetic devices, in particular upper limb, will require decoding and executing not only the user's intended movement type, but also when the user intends to execute the movement. This work investigates... |
23279177 | Neurochemistry of schizophrenia: the contribution of neuroimaging postmortem pathology and neurochemistry in schizophrenia. | The advent of molecular neuroimaging has greatly impacted on understanding the neurochemical changes occurring in the CNS from subjects with psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. This review focuses on the outcomes from studies using positron emission tomography and single photon emission computer tomography that have measure levels of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters in the CNS from subjects with schizophrenia. One outcome from such studies is the confirmation of a number of findings using postmortem tissue, but in the case of neuroimaging, using drug na�ve and drug free subjects. These findings add weight to the argument that findings from postmortem studies are not an artifact of tissue processing or a simple drug effect. However, there are some important unique findings from studies using neuroimaging studies. These include evidence to suggest that in schizophrenia there are alterations in dopamine synthesis and release, which are not accompanied by an appropriate down-regulation of dopamine D2 receptors. There are also data that would support the notion that decreased levels of serotonin 2A receptors may be an early marker of the onset of schizophrenia. Whilst there is a clear need for on-going development of neuroimaging ligands to expand the number of targets that can be studied and to increase cohort sizes in neuroimaging studies to give power to the analyses of the resulting data, current studies show that existing neuroimaging studies have already extended our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.</AbstractText | [
[
"11330208",
"Microdialysis perfusion of orexin-A in the basal forebrain increases wakefulness in freely behaving rats.",
"Recent work indicates that the orexin/hypocretin-containing neurons of the lateral hypothalamus are involved in control of REM sleep phenomena, but site-specific actions in control... | [
[
"22986407",
"How a common variant in the growth factor receptor gene, NTRK1, affects white matter.",
"Growth factors and their receptors are important for cellular migration as well as axonal guidance and myelination in the brain. They also play a key role in programmed cell death, and are implicated ... |
23197532 | A large-scale model of the functioning brain. | A central challenge for cognitive and systems neuroscience is to relate the incredibly complex behavior of animals to the equally complex activity of their brains. Recently described, large-scale neural models have not bridged this gap between neural activity and biological function. In this work, we present a 2.5-million-neuron model of the brain (called "Spaun") that bridges this gap by exhibiting many different behaviors. The model is presented only with visual image sequences, and it draws all of its responses with a physically modeled arm. Although simplified, the model captures many aspects of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and psychological behavior, which we demonstrate via eight diverse tasks.</AbstractText | [
[
"8854339",
"Role of an S4-S5 linker in sodium channel inactivation probed by mutagenesis and a peptide blocker.",
"A pair of conserved methionine residues, located on the cytoplasmic linker between segments S4 and S5 in the fourth domain of human heart Na channels (hH1), plays a role in the kinetics a... | [
[
"23505339",
"Baby Steps to Superintelligence: Neuroprosthetics and Children.",
"Children surviving neural injuries face challenges not seen by their adult counterparts, namely that they experience neural injury before reaching neurodevelopmental maturity. Neural prostheses offer one possible path to r... |
22143364 | Postural tachycardia syndrome--current experience and concepts. | Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) is a poorly understood but important cause of orthostatic intolerance resulting from cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. PoTS is distinct from the syndromes of autonomic failure usually associated with orthostatic hypotension, such as pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Individuals affected by PoTS are mainly young (aged between 15 years and 40 years) and predominantly female. The symptoms--palpitations, dizziness and occasionally syncope--mainly occur when the patient is standing upright, and are often relieved by sitting or lying flat. Common stimuli in daily life, such as modest exertion, food ingestion and heat, are now recognized to be capable of exacerbating the symptoms. Onset of the syndrome can be linked to infection, trauma, surgery or stress. PoTS can be associated with various other disorders; in particular, joint hypermobility syndrome (also known as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type, formerly termed Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type III). This Review describes the characteristics and neuroepidemiology of PoTS, and outlines possible pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome, as well as current and investigational treatments.</AbstractText | [
[
"21749952",
"Social neuroscience: mirror neurons recorded in humans.",
"New single-cell recordings show that humans do have mirror neurons, and in more brain regions than previously suspected. Some action-execution neurons were seen to be inhibited during observation, possibly preventing imitation and... | [
[
"21960308",
"Open questions in computational motor control.",
"Computational motor control covers all applications of quantitative tools for the study of the biological movement control system. This paper provides a review of this field in the form of a list of open questions. After an introduction in... |
22481743 | Brain enabled by next-generation neurotechnology: using multiscale and multimodal models. | As many articles in this issue of IEEE Pulse demonstrate, interfacing directly with the brain presents several fundamental challenges. These challenges reside at multiple levels and span many disciplines, ranging from the need to understand brain states at the level of neural circuits to creating technological innovations to facilitate new therapeutic options. The goal of our multiuniversity research team, composed of researchers from Stanford University, Brown University, the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), and the University College London (UCL), is to substantially elevate the fundamental understanding of brain information processing and its relationship with sensation, behavior, and injury. Our team was assembled to provide expertise ranging from neuroscience to neuroengineering and to neurological and psychiatric clinical guidance, all of which are critical to the overarching research goal. By employing a suite of innovative experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Reorganization and Plasticity to Accelerate Injury Recovery (REPAIR) team has set its sights on learning how the brain and its microcircuitry react (e.g., to sudden physiological changes) and what can be done to encourage recovery from such (reversible) injury. In this article, we summarize some of the team's technical goals, approaches, and early illustrative results.</AbstractText | [
[
"15928068",
"Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love.",
"Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an important influence on so... | [
[
"22963990",
"Further characterization of repetitive behavior in C58 mice: developmental trajectory and effects of environmental enrichment.",
"Aberrant repetitive behaviors are commonly observed in a variety of neurodevelopmental, neurological, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Little is known about the... |
23493966 | Exploring sensory neuroscience through experience and experiment. | Many phenomena that we take for granted are illusions - color and motion on a TV or computer monitor, for example, or the impression of space in a stereo music recording. Even the stable image that we perceive when looking directly at the real world is illusory. One of the important lessons from sensory neuroscience is that our perception of the world is constructed rather than received. Sensory illusions effectively capture student interest, but how do you then move on to substantive discussion of neuroscience? This article illustrates several illusions, attempts to connect them to neuroscience, and shows how students can explore and experiment with them. Even when (as is often the case) there is no agreed-upon mechanistic explanation for an illusion, students can form hypotheses and test them by manipulating stimuli and measuring their effects. In effect, students can experiment with illusions using themselves as subjects.</AbstractText | [
[
"11377409",
"Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling.",
"The authors' goal was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone in the treatment of pathologic gambling disorder.</AbstractText Eighty-three subjects who met criteria for DSM-IV ... | [
[
"23140422",
"Comparison of GPU- and CPU-implementations of mean-firing rate neural networks on parallel hardware.",
"Modern parallel hardware such as multi-core processors (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) have a high computational power which can be greatly beneficial to the simulation of l... |
23177656 | Synthetic event-related potentials: a computational bridge between neurolinguistic models and experiments. | Our previous work developed Synthetic Brain Imaging to link neural and schema network models of cognition and behavior to PET and fMRI studies of brain function. We here extend this approach to Synthetic Event-Related Potentials (Synthetic ERP). Although the method is of general applicability, we focus on ERP correlates of language processing in the human brain. The method has two components: Phase 1: To generate cortical electro-magnetic source activity from neural or schema network models; and Phase 2: To generate known neurolinguistic ERP data (ERP scalp voltage topographies and waveforms) from putative cortical source distributions and activities within a realistic anatomical model of the human brain and head. To illustrate the challenges of Phase 2 of the methodology, spatiotemporal information from Friederici's 2002 model of auditory language comprehension was used to define cortical regions and time courses of activation for implementation within a forward model of ERP data. The cortical regions from the 2002 model were modeled using atlas-based masks overlaid on the MNI high definition single subject cortical mesh. The electromagnetic contribution of each region was modeled using current dipoles whose position and orientation were constrained by the cortical geometry. In linking neural network computation via EEG forward modeling to empirical results in neurolinguistics, we emphasize the need for neural network models to link their architecture to geometrically sound models of the cortical surface, and the need for conceptual models to refine and adopt brain-atlas based approaches to allow precise brain anchoring of their modules. The detailed analysis of Phase 2 sets the stage for a brief introduction to Phase 1 of the program, including the case for a schema-theoretic approach to language production and perception presented in detail elsewhere. Unlike Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) and Bojak's mean field model, Synthetic ERP builds on models of networks that mediate the relation between the brain's inputs, outputs, and internal states in executing a specific task. The neural networks used for Synthetic ERP must include neuroanatomically realistic placement and orientation of the cortical pyramidal neurons. These constraints pose exciting challenges for future work in neural network modeling that is applicable to systems and cognitive neuroscience.</AbstractText | [
[
"17691351",
"An introduction to operative neuromodulation and functional neuroprosthetics, the new frontiers of clinical neuroscience and biotechnology.",
"Operative neuromodulation is the field of altering electrically or chemically the signal transmission in the nervous system by implanted devices i... | [
[
"23269439",
"The p.Ala510Val mutation in the SPG7 (paraplegin) gene is the most common mutation causing adult onset neurogenetic disease in patients of British ancestry.",
"The c.1529C >T change in the SPG7 gene, encoding the mutant p.Ala510Val paraplegin protein, was first described as a polymorph... |
22814704 | Inflammation in anxiety. | The idea of the existence of an interaction between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) has prompted extensive research interest into the subject of "Psychoneuroimmunology" taking the field to an interesting level where new hypotheses are being increasingly tested. Specifically, exactly how the cross talk of pathways and mechanisms enable immune system to influence our brain and behavior is a question of immense significance. Of particular relevance to this topic is the role of cytokines in regulating functions within the CNS that ultimately modulate behavior. Interestingly, psychological stress is reported to modulate cytokine production, suggesting potential relevance of this mediator to mental health. In fact, cytokine signaling in the brain is known to regulate important brain functions including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, as well as the neural circuitry of mood. It is rather obvious to expect an aberrant behavioral outcome as a result of a dysregulation in cytokine signaling which might lead to occurrence of depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system influences behavior would reveal targets for potential therapeutic development as well as strategies for the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases. To date, the presence of inflammatory responses and the crucial role of cytokines in depression have received most attention. However, considering a big socioeconomic impact due to an alarming increase in anxiety disorder patients, there is an urgent research need for a better understanding of the role of cytokines in anxiety. In this review, we discuss recent research on the role of neuroimmunology in anxiety. At the end, we offer an "oxidative stress theory," which we propose works perhaps as a "sensor of distress," the imbalance of which leads to neuroinflammation and causes anxiety disorders. Much research is needed to extensively test this theory keeping an open mind!</AbstractText | [
[
"17670965",
"Cell type-specific tuning of hippocampal interneuron firing during gamma oscillations in vivo.",
"Cortical gamma oscillations contribute to cognitive processing and are thought to be supported by perisomatic-innervating GABAergic interneurons. We performed extracellular recordings of iden... | [
[
"22986407",
"How a common variant in the growth factor receptor gene, NTRK1, affects white matter.",
"Growth factors and their receptors are important for cellular migration as well as axonal guidance and myelination in the brain. They also play a key role in programmed cell death, and are implicated ... |
23226198 | Formal comparison of dual-parameter temporal discounting models in controls and pathological gamblers. | Temporal or delay discounting refers to the phenomenon that the value of a reward is discounted as a function of time to delivery. A range of models have been proposed that approximate the shape of the discount curve describing the relationship between subjective value and time. Recent evidence suggests that more than one free parameter may be required to accurately model human temporal discounting data. Nonetheless, many temporal discounting studies in psychiatry, psychology and neuroeconomics still apply single-parameter models, despite their oftentimes poor fit to single-subject data. Previous comparisons of temporal discounting models have either not taken model complexity into account, or have overlooked particular models. Here we apply model comparison techniques in a large sample of temporal discounting datasets using several discounting models employed in the past. Among the models examined, an exponential-power model from behavioural economics (CS model, Ebert & Prelec 2007) provided the best fit to human laboratory discounting data. Inter-parameter correlations for the winning model were moderate, whereas they were substantial for other dual-parameter models examined. Analyses of previous group and context effects on temporal discounting with the winning model provided additional theoretical insights. The CS model may be a useful tool in future psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience work on inter-temporal choice.</AbstractText | [
[
"12951145",
"Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: an update.",
"Several developments during the past 15 years have profoundly affected our understanding of the vomeronasal system (VNS) of vertebrates. In the mid 1990s, the vomeronasal epithelium of mammals was found to contain two populat... | [
[
"23195123",
"Text-mining and neuroscience.",
"The wealth and diversity of neuroscience research are inherent characteristics of the discipline that can give rise to some complications. As the field continues to expand, we generate a great deal of data about all aspects, and from multiple perspectives,... |
22960226 | Empiricists are from Venus, modelers are from Mars: Reconciling experimental and computational approaches in cognitive neuroscience. | We describe how computational models can be useful to cognitive and behavioral neuroscience, and discuss some guidelines for deciding whether a model is useful. We emphasize that because instantiating a cognitive theory as a computational model requires specification of an explicit mechanism for the function in question, it often produces clear and novel behavioral predictions to guide empirical research. However, computational modeling in cognitive and behavioral neuroscience remains somewhat rare, perhaps because of misconceptions concerning the use of computational models (in particular, connectionist models) in these fields. We highlight some common misconceptions, each of which relates to an aspect of computational models: the problem space of the model, the level of biological organization at which the model is formulated, and the importance (or not) of biological plausibility, parsimony, and model parameters. Careful consideration of these aspects of a model by empiricists, along with careful delineation of them by modelers, may facilitate communication between the two disciplines and promote the use of computational models for guiding cognitive and behavioral experiments.</AbstractText | [
[
"19120115",
"Chronic stress, combined with a high-fat/high-sugar diet, shifts sympathetic signaling toward neuropeptide Y and leads to obesity and the metabolic syndrome.",
"In response to stress, some people lose while others gain weight. This is believed to be due to either increased beta-adrenergic... | [
[
"23476081",
"Framing Nicotine Addiction as a \"Disease of the Brain\": Social and Ethical Consequences.",
"In this article, we seek to better understand how a genomic vision of addiction may influence drug prevention and treatment. Though <i We explore the emerging view of addiction as a \"disease of ... |
23267340 | Social working memory: neurocognitive networks and directions for future research. | Navigating the social world requires the ability to maintain and manipulate information about people's beliefs, traits, and mental states. We characterize this capacity as social working memory (SWM). To date, very little research has explored this phenomenon, in part because of the assumption that general working memory systems would support working memory for social information. Various lines of research, however, suggest that social cognitive processing relies on a neurocognitive network (i.e., the "mentalizing network") that is functionally distinct from, and considered antagonistic with, the canonical working memory network. Here, we review evidence suggesting that demanding social cognition requires SWM and that both the mentalizing and canonical working memory neurocognitive networks support SWM. The neural data run counter to the common finding of parametric decreases in mentalizing regions as a function of working memory demand and suggest that the mentalizing network can support demanding cognition, when it is demanding social cognition. Implications for individual differences in social cognition and pathologies of social cognition are discussed.</AbstractText | [
[
"16482083",
"Antipsychotic effects on prepulse inhibition in normal 'low gating' humans and rats.",
"Development of new antipsychotics and their novel applications may be facilitated through the use of physiological markers in clinically normal individuals. Both genetic and neurochemical evidence sugg... | [
[
"22922354",
"Selective interactions of spinophilin with the C-terminal domains of the δ- and μ-opioid receptors and G proteins differentially modulate opioid receptor signaling.",
"Previous studies have shown that the intracellular domains of opioid receptors serve as platforms for the formation of a ... |
19654141 | Neuroanthropology: a humanistic science for the study of the culture-brain nexus. | In this article, we argue that a combined anthropology/neuroscience field of enquiry can make a significant and distinctive contribution to the study of the relationship between culture and the brain. This field, which can appropriately be termed as neuroanthropology, is conceived of as being complementary to and mutually informative with social and cultural neuroscience. We start by providing an introduction to the culture concept in anthropology. We then present a detailed characterization of neuroanthropology and its methods and how they relate to the anthropological understanding of culture. The field is described as a humanistic science, that is, a field of enquiry founded on the perceived epistemological and methodological interdependence of science and the humanities. We also provide examples that illustrate the proposed methodological model for neuroanthropology. We conclude with a discussion about specific contributions the field can make to the study of the culture-brain nexus.</AbstractText | [
[
"19400719",
"The science of neural interface systems.",
"The ultimate goal of neural interface research is to create links between the nervous system and the outside world either by stimulating or by recording from neural tissue to treat or assist people with sensory, motor, or other disabilities of n... | [
[
"25205899",
"Neuroepidemiology of epilepsy in northwest India.",
"Epilepsy has a complex etiology characterised by recurring seizures.</AbstractText To study clinical profile of epilepsy patients with reference to type of epilepsy in northwest India. No previous Indian study has reported relative inci... |
19943188 | Fast Kalman filtering on quasilinear dendritic trees. | Optimal filtering of noisy voltage signals on dendritic trees is a key problem in computational cellular neuroscience. However, the state variable in this problem-the vector of voltages at every compartment-is very high-dimensional: realistic multicompartmental models often have on the order of N = 10(4) compartments. Standard implementations of the Kalman filter require O(N (3)) time and O(N (2)) space, and are therefore impractical. Here we take advantage of three special features of the dendritic filtering problem to construct an efficient filter: (1) dendritic dynamics are governed by a cable equation on a tree, which may be solved using sparse matrix methods in O(N) time; and current methods for observing dendritic voltage (2) provide low SNR observations and (3) only image a relatively small number of compartments at a time. The idea is to approximate the Kalman equations in terms of a low-rank perturbation of the steady-state (zero-SNR) solution, which may be obtained in O(N) time using methods that exploit the sparse tree structure of dendritic dynamics. The resulting methods give a very good approximation to the exact Kalman solution, but only require O(N) time and space. We illustrate the method with applications to real and simulated dendritic branching structures, and describe how to extend the techniques to incorporate spatially subsampled, temporally filtered, and nonlinearly transformed observations.</AbstractText | [
[
"11222789",
"Paraplegin gene analysis in hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) pedigrees in northeast England.",
"To identify the frequency and characterize the phenotype of paraplegin mutations in the hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) population in the northeast of England.</AbstractText HSP is a d... | [
[
"20826300",
"Neuroscience and education: an ideal partnership for producing evidence-based solutions to Guide 21(st) Century Learning.",
"Neuro-Education is a nascent discipline that seeks to blend the collective fields of neuroscience, psychology, cognitive science, and education to create a better u... |
23365838 | Simultaneous ODF estimation and tractography in HARDI. | We consider the problem of tracking white matter fibers in high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data while simultaneously estimating the local fiber orientation profile. Prior work showed that an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) can be used for this problem, yet existing algorithms employ parametric mixture models to represent water diffusion and to define the state space. To address this restrictive model dependency, we propose to extend the UKF to HARDI data modeled by orientation distribution functions (ODFs), a more generic diffusion model. We consider the spherical harmonic representation of the HARDI signal as the state, enforce nonnegativity of the ODFs, and perform tractography using the directions at which the ODFs attain their peaks. In simulations, our method outperforms filtered two-tensor tractography at different levels of noise by achieving a reduction in mean Chamfer error of 0.05 to 0.27 voxels; it also produced in vivo fiber tracking that is consistent with the neuroanatomy.</AbstractText | [
[
"15831717",
"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo.",
"Microglial cells represent the immune system of the mammalian brain and therefore are critically involved in various injuries and diseases. Little is known about their role in the healthy brain and th... | [
[
"23542825",
"Neuroanatomy of Cornudescoides kulkarnii n. sp., a gill parasite of Mystus vittatus in Meerut (UP), India.",
"Chemical named 5-bromo indoxyl acetate has been used to describe the nervous system of a viviparous monogenean Cornudescoides Kulkarni (1969), a gill parasite of Mystus vittatus. ... |
23926462 | Neurogenetics and Nutrigenomics of Neuro-Nutrient Therapy for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Clinical Ramifications as a Function of Molecular Neurobiological Mechanisms. | In accord with the new definition of addiction published by American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) it is well-known that individuals who present to a treatment center involved in chemical dependency or other documented reward dependence behaviors have impaired brain reward circuitry. They have hypodopaminergic function due to genetic and/or environmental negative pressures upon the reward neuro-circuitry. This impairment leads to aberrant craving behavior and other behaviors such as Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Neurogenetic research in both animal and humans revealed that there is a well-defined cascade in the reward site of the brain that leads to normal dopamine release. This cascade has been termed the "Brain Reward Cascade" (BRC). Any impairment due to either genetics or environmental influences on this cascade will result in a reduced amount of dopamine release in the brain reward site. Manipulation of the BRC has been successfully achieved with neuro-nutrient therapy utilizing nutrigenomic principles. After over four decades of development, neuro-nutrient therapy has provided important clinical benefits when appropriately utilized. This is a review, with some illustrative case histories from a number of addiction professionals, of certain molecular neurobiological mechanisms which if ignored may lead to clinical complications.</AbstractText | [
[
"15663891",
"Orexin A promotes histamine, but not norepinephrine or serotonin, release in frontal cortex of mice.",
"To investigate the effects of orexin A on release of histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the frontal cortex of mice.</AbstractText Samples for measuring histamine, norepinephrin... | [
[
"23060781",
"Using \"smart stimulators\" to treat Parkinson's disease: re-engineering neurostimulation devices.",
"Let's imagine the cruise control of your car locked at 120 km/h on any road in any condition (city, country, highway, sunny or rainy weather), or your car air conditioner set on ma... |
22639700 | Mitochondrial DNA: A Blind Spot in Neuroepigenetics. | Neuroepigenetics, which includes nuclear DNA modifications such as 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydoxymethylcytosine and modifications of nuclear proteins such as histones, is emerging as the leading field in molecular neuroscience. Historically, a functional role for epigenetic mechanisms, including in neuroepigenetics, has been sought in the area of the regulation of nuclear transcription. However, one important compartment of mammalian cell DNA, different from nuclear but equally important for physiological and pathological processes (including in the brain), mitochondrial DNA has for the most part not had a systematic epigenetic characterization. The importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (particularly its mutations) in central nervous system physiology and pathology has long been recognized. Only recently have mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, including the discovery of mitochondrial DNA-methyltransferases and the presence and the functionality of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mitochondrial DNA (e.g., in modifying the transcription of mitochondrial genome), been unequivocally recognized as a part of mammalian mitochondrial physiology. Here we summarize for the first time evidence supporting the existence of these mechanisms and we propose the term "mitochondrial epigenetics" to be used when referring to them. Currently, neuroepigenetics does not include mitochondrial epigenetics - a gap that we expect to close in the near future.</AbstractText | [
[
"8490989",
"Epidemiology of epilepsy in developing countries.",
"Epilepsy is an important health problem in developing countries, where its prevalence can be up to 57 per 1000 population. This article reviews the epidemiology of epilepsy in developing countries in terms of its incidence, prevalence, s... | [
[
"23366028",
"Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric brain: a computational modeling study.",
"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation which uses weak electric currents applied on the scalp to modulate activity of underlying brain tissu... |
23366028 | Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric brain: a computational modeling study. | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation which uses weak electric currents applied on the scalp to modulate activity of underlying brain tissue. In addition to being used as a tool for cognitive neuroscience investigations, tDCS has generated considerable interest for use as a therapeutic modality for neurologic disorders. Though the safety and tolerability of tDCS in adults is well-established, there is little information on the safety of tDCS in children. Because there are differences between children and adults in several key parameters (such as skull thickness and cerebrospinal fluid volume) which affect current flow through the brain, special consideration should be given to the stimulation parameters which are used in a pediatric study population. In this study we present cortical electrical field maps at different stimulation intensities and electrode configurations using a high-resolution-MRI derived finite element model of a typically developing, anatomically normal 12 year old child. The peak electrical fields for a given stimulus intensity in the adolescent brain were twice as high as in the adult brain for conventional tDCS and nearly four times as high for a 4X1 High-Definition tDCS electrode configuration. These data suggest that acceptable tDCS stimulation parameters may be different in children compared to adults, and that further modeling studies are needed to help guide decisions about applied current intensity.</AbstractText | [
[
"12721816",
"Dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphism and violent behavior: relation to impulsiveness and ADHD-related psychopathology.",
"Several lines of evidence indicate that dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the regulation of impulsive aggression and violence and that genetically determ... | [
[
"23202064",
"Three-dimensional multiwaveguide probe array for light delivery to distributed brain circuits.",
"To deliver light to the brain for neuroscientific and neuroengineering applications like optogenetics, in which light is used to activate or silence neurons expressing specific photosensitive... |
23504543 | Bio-amplifier with Driven Shield Inputs to Reduce Electrical Noise and its Application to Laboratory Teaching of Electrophysiology. | We describe a custom-designed bio-amplifier and its use in teaching neurophysiology to undergraduate students. The amplifier has the following features: 1) differential amplification with driven shield inputs, which makes it workable even in electrically unshielded environments, 2) high input impedance to allow recordings of small signals through high signal source impedance, 3) dual fixed frequency bandpass filters (1-340Hz for surface EMG, EEG, local field potential etc and 320Hz - 3.4kHz for neuronal action potential recording) and independent gain controllers (up to x107,000) to allow the recording of different signals from the same source (e.g., local field potential and spiking activity of neurons), and 4) printed circuit board technology for easy replication with consistent quality. We compared its performance with a commercial amplifier in an electrically noisy environment. Even without any electrostatic shield, it recorded clear electromyographic activity with little interference from other electric appliances. In contrast, the commercial amplifier's performance severely deteriorated under the same condition. We used this amplifier to build a computer-controlled stimulation and measurement system for electroencephalographic recordings by undergraduate students. The students successfully recorded various sensory evoked potentials with clarity that otherwise would have required costly instruments. This amplifier is a low-cost yet reliable instrument for electro-physiological recording both in education and research.</AbstractText | [
[
"21386006",
"Optogenetics in the teaching laboratory: using channelrhodopsin-2 to study the neural basis of behavior and synaptic physiology in Drosophila.",
"Here we incorporate recent advances in Drosophila neurogenetics and \"optogenetics\" into neuroscience laboratory exercises. We used the light-... | [
[
"22958820",
"How variable clones build an invariant retina.",
"A fundamental question in developmental neuroscience is how a collection of progenitor cells proliferates and differentiates to create a brain of the appropriate size and cellular composition. To address this issue, we devised lineage-trac... |
22557965 | An ontological approach to describing neurons and their relationships. | The advancement of neuroscience, perhaps one of the most information rich disciplines of all the life sciences, requires basic frameworks for organizing the vast amounts of data generated by the research community to promote novel insights and integrated understanding. Since Cajal, the neuron remains a fundamental unit of the nervous system, yet even with the explosion of information technology, we still have few comprehensive or systematic strategies for aggregating cell-level knowledge. Progress toward this goal is hampered by the multiplicity of names for cells and by lack of a consensus on the criteria for defining neuron types. However, through umbrella projects like the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) and the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF), we have the opportunity to propose and implement an informatics infrastructure for establishing common tools and approaches to describe neurons through a standard terminology for nerve cells and a database (a Neuron Registry) where these descriptions can be deposited and compared. This article provides an overview of the problem and outlines a solution approach utilizing ontological characterizations. Based on illustrative implementation examples, we also discuss the need for consensus criteria to be adopted by the research community, and considerations on future developments. A scalable repository of neuron types will provide researchers with a resource that materially contributes to the advancement of neuroscience.</AbstractText | [
[
"17049754",
"Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers.",
"To examine the relationship between impulsivity and smoking cessation treatment response among adolescents.</AbstractText Thirty adolescent smokers participated in a high school bas... | [
[
"23130007",
"When Do We Confuse Self and Other in Action Memory? Reduced False Memories of Self-Performance after Observing Actions by an Out-Group vs. In-Group Actor.",
"Observing another person performing an action can lead to a false memory of having performed the action oneself - the observation-i... |
23504612 | An undergraduate laboratory exercise examining the psychomotor stimulant effects of caffeine in laboratory rats. | This paper describes an exercise in a Systems and Behavioral Neuroscience with Laboratory class, an introductory laboratory class taken by Barnard College students majoring in a wide range of academic topics. The study took place over three weeks, allowing students to assess the effects of caffeine on motor stimulation in laboratory rats. The within-subject design involved injecting rats with three different caffeine doses and measuring five different motor outputs in a standard open field. Students completed four different assignments related to this study, demonstrating acquisition of the stated learning goals. This lab exercise allowed students to learn about basal ganglia neural circuitry and stimulant pharmacology, to work directly with an animal model, and to generate enough data to perform statistical analyses. Course evaluations suggest that students liked learning about caffeine, a stimulant many of them have personal experience consuming. They also expressed appreciation for working with rats and for learning how to analyze data. This study can easily be implemented at most undergraduate institutions under minimal cost. The wide-ranging effects of caffeine also permit for flexibility in experimental design, allowing instructors and students options for different avenues of investigation.</AbstractText | [
[
"17940025",
"Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation.",
"Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention. However, the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use random assignment of participant... | [
[
"22925211",
"Developmental neurotoxicity testing: scientific approaches towards the next generation to protect the developing nervous system of children. An overview of the Developmental Neurotoxicity Symposium in 2011.",
"The Developmental Neurotoxicology (DNT) Committee has been working to promote d... |
22977368 | Coping with Brain Disorders using Neurotechnology. | Brain disorders account for more than 34% of the global burden of disease, crippling nations by decreasing their "mental capital"-with greater effect in developing countries. Early detection is the key to their management, but establishing such programmes seems nearly impossible due to the high prevalence of the dysfunctions as compared with the high cost of neuroimaging devices. Thus, at first sight, the research of the Decade of the Brain and the international Human Brain Mapping Project might seem to be condemned to benefit only a small elite. Cuba has shown that is not so by using neurotechnology for the last 3 decades to implement stratified active screening programmes for brain disorders at the population level. This experience has shown that, by the transformation of health indicators, an appropriate use of technology can be integrated with attention to the population at the primary levels of both health care and education. An essential component of neurotechnology is neuroinformatics, which-like its counterpart bioinformatics-combines databases, analysis tools, and theoretical models to craft tools for early disease diagnosis and management. Much work remains to be done and will depend critically on south-south cooperation to solve problems for countries with similar situations.</AbstractText | [
[
"12716950",
"Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension.",
"Understanding spoken language requires a complex series of processing stages to translate speech sounds into meaning. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the brain regions that are involved in ... | [
[
"23110153",
"Prediction of muscle activities from electrocorticograms in primary motor cortex of primates.",
"Electrocorticography (ECoG) has drawn attention as an effective recording approach for brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Previous studies have succeeded in classifying movement intention and pre... |
23420996 | The fundamental role of morphology in experimental neurotoxicology: the example of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. | The peripheral nervous system is a frequent target of toxic agents. The accurate identification of the sites of neurotoxic action through the morphological characterization of reliable in vivo models or in vitro systems can give fundamental clues when investigating the pathogenesis and interpreting the clinical features of drug-induced neuropathy. The morphological approach has been used to investigate almost all the anticancer drugs able to induce chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, i.e. platinum drugs, antitubulins and proteasome inhibitors. No models have ever been described for thalidomide. This review demonstrates that any pathogenetic study on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity must be based on solid morphological observations obtained in reliable animal and in vitro models. This is particularly true in this setting, since the availability of tissues of human origin is extremely limited. In fact, peripheral (generally sural) nerve biopsies are never required for diagnostic purposes in chemotherapy-treated cancer patients, and their use for a purely scientific aim, although potentially very informative, is not ethical. Moreover, several neurotoxic drugs target the dorsal root ganglia neurons, and it is very difficult to obtain high-quality specimens even from early autopsies. It is, therefore, our opinion that an extensive morphological assessment of the in vitro and in vivo effect of any potentially neurotoxic antineoplastic drugs, as well as of neuroprotectant agents, should be taken into consideration right from the earliest stages of their development.</AbstractText | [
[
"22430310",
"Cloning and expression of tachykinins and their association with kisspeptins in the brains of zebrafish.",
"The tachykinins are a family of neuropeptides, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB), that are encoded by the tac1 (SP and NKA) or tac2/3 (NKB) gene... | [
[
"23010511",
"Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila CNS midline cells reveals diverse peptidergic properties and a role for castor in neuronal differentiation.",
"One of the key aspects of neuronal differentiation is the array of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors that each neuron possesse... |
23142960 | Current concept of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorders. | Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been described as a disease clinically characterised by severe optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). Other features of NMO include female preponderance, longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (>3 vertebral segments), and absence of oligoclonal IgG bands . In spite of these differences from multiple sclerosis (MS), the relationship between NMO and MS has long been controversial. However, since the discovery of NMO-IgG or aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody (AQP4-antibody), an NMO-specific autoantibody to AQP4, the dominant water channel in the central nervous system densely expressed on end-feet of astrocytes, unique clinical features, MRI and other laboratory findings in NMO have been clarified further. AQP4-antibody is now the most important laboratory finding for the diagnosis of NMO. Apart from NMO, some patients with recurrent ON or recurrent longitudinally extensive myelitis alone are also often positive for AQP4-antibody. Moreover, studies of AQP4-antibody-positive patients have revealed that brain lesions are not uncommon in NMO, and some patterns appear to be unique to NMO. Thus, the spectrum of NMO is wider than mere ON and TM. Pathological analyses of autopsied cases strongly suggest that unlike MS, astrocytic damage is the primary pathology in NMO, and experimental studies confirm the pathogenicity of AQP4-antibody. Importantly, therapeutic outcomes of some immunological treatments are different between NMO and MS, making early differential diagnosis of these two disorders crucial. We provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical and neuroimaging features, immunopathology and therapy of NMO and NMO spectrum disorders.</AbstractText | [
[
"22304908",
"Immune cells exploit a neural circuit to enter the CNS.",
"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the appearance of autoreactive T cells in the central nervous system. Using a mouse model of MS, Arima et al. now show that this attack begins at a specific spinal cord location... | [
[
"23010509",
"Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene-environment interactions.",
"To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have ... |
20797539 | Spatiotemporal response properties of optic-flow processing neurons. | A central goal in sensory neuroscience is to fully characterize a neuron's input-output relation. However, strong nonlinearities in the responses of sensory neurons have made it difficult to develop models that generalize to arbitrary stimuli. Typically, the standard linear-nonlinear models break down when neurons exhibit stimulus-dependent modulations of their gain or selectivity. We studied these issues in optic-flow processing neurons in the fly. We found that the neurons' receptive fields are fully described by a time-varying vector field that is space-time separable. Increasing the stimulus strength, however, strongly reduces the neurons' gain and selectivity. To capture these changes in response behavior, we extended the linear-nonlinear model by a biophysically motivated gain and selectivity mechanism. We fit all model parameters directly to the data and show that the model now characterizes the neurons' input-output relation well over the full range of motion stimuli.</AbstractText | [
[
"11253062",
"Association study designs for complex diseases.",
"Assessing the association between DNA variants and disease has been used widely to identify regions of the genome and candidate genes that contribute to disease. However, there are numerous examples of associations that cannot be replicat... | [
[
"22958820",
"How variable clones build an invariant retina.",
"A fundamental question in developmental neuroscience is how a collection of progenitor cells proliferates and differentiates to create a brain of the appropriate size and cellular composition. To address this issue, we devised lineage-trac... |
22958820 | How variable clones build an invariant retina. | A fundamental question in developmental neuroscience is how a collection of progenitor cells proliferates and differentiates to create a brain of the appropriate size and cellular composition. To address this issue, we devised lineage-tracing assays in developing zebrafish embryos to reconstruct entire retinal lineage progressions in vivo and thereby provide a complete quantitative map of the generation of a vertebrate CNS tissue from individual progenitors. These lineage data are consistent with a simple model in which the retina is derived from a set of equipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that are subject to stochastic factors controlling lineage progression. Clone formation in mutant embryos reveals that the transcription factor Ath5 acts as a molecular link between fate choice and mode of cell division, giving insight into the elusive molecular mechanisms of histogenesis, the conserved temporal order by which neurons of different types exit the cell cycle.</AbstractText | [
[
"9222381",
"Molecular mimicry between HIV-1 gp41 and an astrocyte isoform of alpha-actinin.",
"A 100-kDa astrocyte antigen previously shown to cross-react with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against amino acids (aa) 598 to 609 of the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus ty... | [
[
"23227112",
"A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Stress and Health.",
"Psychological stress is a major risk factor for the development and progression of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, and major depression. A growing body of research suggests that long-term... |
21345429 | Challenging the supremacy of the frontal lobe: early views (1906-1909) of Christfried Jakob on the human cerebral cortex. | This article focuses on a series of six studies that address functional localization in the frontal lobe; they were published in Argentina between 1906 and 1909 by Christfried Jakob (1866-1956), one of the great thinkers in early 20th century neuropathology and neurophilosophy. At that time, the localization-holism controversy was at a peak, having been triggered by the historic Marie-Déjerine aphasiology debate. Jakob held the view that constitutive physiological elements of cognition are localized. Nonetheless, he cast doubt on phrenological approaches that considered the frontal lobe as 'superior' to the other cortical regions. Jakob studied the human frontal lobe from fetal life through senility, in normality and pathology, including tumors, injuries, softening, general paralysis and dementia. Based on those finds, he considered strict localization theories a dead-end. Taking a critical look at Flechsig's ideas on the parallel ontogenies of frontal association centers and intellect, Jakob argued that the frontal lobe does not carry any selective advantage over the remaining human cerebral lobes or even over the frontal lobe in non-human primates. Regarding lesion experiments in laboratory animals, he pointed to methodological caveats, such as insufficient recovery time, that may lead to disorientating conclusions, and rejected élite brain research, calling it superficial and inexact. Jakob was convinced that the verification of the anatomical connections of the frontal lobe would elucidate its functions. Thus, he viewed the frontal lobe as a central station receiving input via olfactory pathways and thalamic radiations, pertinent to muscular and cutaneous senses, and attributed a perceptive character to a brain region traditionally associated with productive functions. Modern neuroscience seems to support Jakob's rejection of distinguishable motor and sensory regions and to adopt a cautious stance concerning oversimplified localization views.</AbstractText | [
[
"21896369",
"The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010.",
"To provide 12-month prevalence and disability burden estimates of a broad range of mental and neurological disorders in the European Union (EU) and to compare these findings to previous estimates. ... | [
[
"23110153",
"Prediction of muscle activities from electrocorticograms in primary motor cortex of primates.",
"Electrocorticography (ECoG) has drawn attention as an effective recording approach for brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Previous studies have succeeded in classifying movement intention and pre... |
23428079 | Capturing specific abilities as a window into human individuality: the example of face recognition. | Proper characterization of each individual's unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses requires good measures of diverse abilities. Here, we advocate combining our growing understanding of neural and cognitive mechanisms with modern psychometric methods in a renewed effort to capture human individuality through a consideration of specific abilities. We articulate five criteria for the isolation and measurement of specific abilities, then apply these criteria to face recognition. We cleanly dissociate face recognition from more general visual and verbal recognition. This dissociation stretches across ability as well as disability, suggesting that specific developmental face recognition deficits are a special case of a broader specificity that spans the entire spectrum of human face recognition performance. Item-by-item results from 1,471 web-tested participants, included as supplementary information, fuel item analyses, validation, norming, and item response theory (IRT) analyses of our three tests: (a) the widely used Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT); (b) an Abstract Art Memory Test (AAMT), and (c) a Verbal Paired-Associates Memory Test (VPMT). The availability of this data set provides a solid foundation for interpreting future scores on these tests. We argue that the allied fields of experimental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and vision science could fuel the discovery of additional specific abilities to add to face recognition, thereby providing new perspectives on human individuality.</AbstractText | [
[
"15831717",
"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo.",
"Microglial cells represent the immune system of the mammalian brain and therefore are critically involved in various injuries and diseases. Little is known about their role in the healthy brain and th... | [
[
"22946114",
"Giuseppe Ferrario and the epidemiology of apoplexy during the 19th century.",
"To analyze the pioneering research of Giuseppe Ferrario (1802-1870) on the epidemiology of apoplexy. To our knowledge, his work might have been the first to systematically investigate the epidemiology of cerebr... |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
YAML Metadata Warning: empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card (https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards)
Jerjes/neuro-specter2-sample-data
This dataset contains anchor papers with their top-K most similar (positive) and most dissimilar (negative) papers based on SPECTER2 embeddings.
Dataset Structure
Each row contains:
anchor_id: Unique identifier for the anchor paperanchor_title: Title of the anchor paperanchor_abstract: Abstract of the anchor paperpositive_pool: List of 5 most similar papers, each as [id, title, abstract]negative_pool: List of 5 most dissimilar papers, each as [id, title, abstract]
Dataset Statistics
- Total anchors: 288
- Positives per anchor: 5
- Negatives per anchor: 5
- Embedding model: allenai/specter2_base
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("Jerjes/neuro-specter2-sample-data")
# Access a sample
sample = dataset["train"][0]
print(f"Anchor: {sample['anchor_title']}")
print(f"Top positive: {sample['positive_pool'][0][1]}") # title of most similar paper
print(f"Top negative: {sample['negative_pool'][0][1]}") # title of most dissimilar paper
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the original SPECTER2 paper:
@inproceedings{specter2,
title={SPECTER2: Better Scientific Paper Representations Through Augmented Word Embeddings},
author={Pradeep Dasigi and Kyle Lo and Iz Beltagy and Arman Cohan and Noah A. Smith and Matt Gardner},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
year={2021}
}
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