abstract stringlengths 3 192k | title stringlengths 4 857 |
|---|---|
desert dust aerosols affect earth's global energy balance through direct interactions with radiation, and through indirect interactions with clouds and ecosystems. but the magnitudes of these effects are so uncertain that it remains unclear whether atmospheric dust has a net warming or cooling effect on global climate.... | smaller desert dust cooling effect estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance |
proxy reconstructions from marine sediment cores indicate peak temperatures in the first half of the last and current interglacial periods (the thermal maxima of the holocene epoch, 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, and the last interglacial period, 128,000 to 123,000 years ago) that arguably exceed modern warmth1-3. by contr... | seasonal origin of the thermal maxima at the holocene and the last interglacial |
increased extreme heat exposure from both climate change and the urban heat island effect threatens rapidly growing urban settlements worldwide. yet, because we do not know where urban population growth and extreme heat intersect, we have limited capacity to reduce the impacts of urban extreme heat exposure. here, we l... | global urban population exposure to extreme heat |
earth-like planets, dark energy and variability of fundamental physical constants can be discovered by observing wavelength shifts in the optical spectra of astronomical objects1-5. these wavelength shifts are so tiny that exquisitely accurate and precise wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrometers is required... | a microphotonic astrocomb |
china has suffered from increasing levels of ozone pollution in urban areas despite the implementation of various stringent emission reduction measures since 2013. in this study, we conducted numerical experiments with an up-to-date regional chemical transport model to assess the contribution of the changes in meteorol... | worsening urban ozone pollution in china from 2013 to 2017 - part 1: the complex and varying roles of meteorology |
increasing heat content of the global ocean dominates the energy imbalance in the climate system. here we show that ocean heat gain over the 0-2,000 m layer continued at a rate of 0.4-0.6 w m-2 during 2006-2013. the depth dependence and spatial structure of temperature changes are described on the basis of the argo pro... | unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006 |
the northern hemisphere (nh) polar winter stratosphere of 2019/2020 featured an exceptionally strong and cold stratospheric polar vortex. wave activity from the troposphere during december-february was unusually low, which allowed the polar vortex to remain relatively undisturbed. several transient wave pulses nonethel... | the remarkably strong arctic stratospheric polar vortex of winter 2020: links to record-breaking arctic oscillation and ozone loss |
new particle formation (npf) is the source of over half of the atmosphere’s cloud condensation nuclei, thus influencing cloud properties and earth’s energy balance. unlike in the planetary boundary layer, few observations of npf in the free troposphere exist. we provide observational evidence that at high altitudes, np... | new particle formation in the free troposphere: a question of chemistry and timing |
imagej is a graphical user interface (gui) driven, public domain, java-based, software package for general image processing traditionally used mainly in life sciences fields. the image processing capabilities of imagej are useful and extendable to other scientific fields. here we present astroimagej (aij), which provid... | astroimagej: image processing and photometric extraction for ultra-precise astronomical light curves |
topographic variation underpins a myriad of patterns and processes in hydrology, climatology, geography and ecology and is key to understanding the variation of life on the planet. a fully standardized and global multivariate product of different terrain features has the potential to support many large-scale research a... | a suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for environmental and biodiversity modeling |
the continental crust is the principal record of conditions on the earth during the past 4.4 billion years. however, how the continental crust formed and evolved through time remains highly controversial. in particular, the composition and thickness of juvenile continental crust are unknown. here we show that rb/sr rat... | emergence of modern continental crust about 3 billion years ago |
with the advent of the heliophysics/geospace system observatory (h/gso), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. the space physics environment data analysis system (spedas)... | the space physics environment data analysis system (spedas) |
carbon dioxide (co2) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. in the context of exoplanets, co2 is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called `metallicity')1-3, and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas g... | identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere |
we have developed an online radiative-transfer suite (https://psg.gsfc.nasa.gov) applicable to a broad range of planetary objects (e.g., planets, moons, comets, asteroids, tnos, kbos, exoplanets). the planetary spectrum generator (psg) can synthesize planetary spectra (atmospheres and surfaces) for a broad range of wav... | planetary spectrum generator: an accurate online radiative transfer suite for atmospheres, comets, small bodies and exoplanets |
the 2030 agenda for sustainable development—including 17 interconnected sustainable development goals (sdgs) and 169 targets—is a global plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. sdg7 calls for action to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. here we characterize synergies... | mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the sustainable development goals |
salinization and alkalinization impact water quality, but these processes have been studied separately, except in arid regions. globally, salinization has been largely attributed to agriculture, resource extraction, and land clearing. alkalinization has been attributed to recovery from acidification, with less recognit... | freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale |
the australian bushfires around the turn of the year 2020 generated an unprecedented perturbation of stratospheric composition, dynamical circulation and radiative balance. here we show from satellite observations that the resulting planetary-scale blocking of solar radiation by the smoke is larger than any previously ... | the 2019/20 australian wildfires generated a persistent smoke-charged vortex rising up to 35 km altitude |
the hydrological cycle is expected to intensify under global warming, with studies reporting more frequent extreme rain events in many regions of the world, and predicting increases in future flood frequency. such early, predominantly mid-latitude observations are essential because of shortcomings within climate models... | frequency of extreme sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations |
planning has been very successful for control tasks with known environment dynamics. to leverage planning in unknown environments, the agent needs to learn the dynamics from interactions with the world. however, learning dynamics models that are accurate enough for planning has been a long-standing challenge, especiall... | learning latent dynamics for planning from pixels |
the largest store of continually updating knowledge on our planet can be accessed via internet search. in this work we study giving access to this information to conversational agents. large language models, even though they store an impressive amount of knowledge within their weights, are known to hallucinate facts wh... | internet-augmented dialogue generation |
secondary organic aerosols (soa) are a large source of uncertainty in our current understanding of climate change and air pollution. the phase state of soa is important for quantifying their effects on climate and air quality, but its global distribution is poorly characterized. we developed a method to estimate glass ... | global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols |
global development has been heavily reliant on the overexploitation of natural resources since the industrial revolution. with the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other forms of land-use change, anthropogenic activities have contributed to the ever-increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (ghgs) ... | technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality |
the age of jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, is still unknown. gas-giant planet formation likely involved the growth of large solid cores, followed by the accumulation of gas onto these cores. thus, the gas-giant cores must have formed before dissipation of the solar nebula, which likely occurred within ... | age of jupiter inferred from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites |
more than 90% of the heat energy accumulation in the climate system between 1971 and the present has been in the ocean. thus, the ocean plays a crucial role in determining the climate of the planet. observing the oceans is problematic even under the most favourable of conditions. historically, shipboard ocean sampling ... | fifteen years of ocean observations with the global argo array |
clues to a planet’s geologic history are contained in its interior structure, particularly its core. we detected reflections of seismic waves from the core-mantle boundary of mars using insight seismic data and inverted these together with geodetic data to constrain the radius of the liquid metal core to 1830 ± 40 kilo... | seismic detection of the martian core |
we present the easy-to-use, publicly available, python package petitradtrans, built for the spectral characterization of exoplanet atmospheres. the code is fast, accurate, and versatile; it can calculate both transmission and emission spectra within a few seconds at low resolution (λ/δλ = 1000; correlated-k method) and... | petitradtrans. a python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval |
reorganization of the asian climate from one dominated by global planetary wind systems to a regional monsoon climate is closely related to the surface uplift of the tibetan plateau (tp). however, evaluating this climatic reorganization is limited by difficulty in constraining the complex, multistaged uplift of the tp ... | reorganization of asian climate in relation to tibetan plateau uplift |
the terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (co2), methane (ch4) and nitrous oxide (n2o), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terres... | the terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere |
the redox state of earth’s convecting mantle, masked by the lithospheric plates and basaltic magmatism of plate tectonics, is a key unknown in the evolutionary history of our planet. here we report that large, exceptional gem diamonds like the cullinan, constellation, and koh-i-noor carry direct evidence of crystalliza... | large gem diamonds from metallic liquid in earth’s deep mantle |
the frequent occurrence of severe air pollution episodes in china has been a great concern and thus the focus of intensive studies. planetary boundary layer height (pblh) is a key factor in the vertical mixing and dilution of near-surface pollutants. however, the relationship between pblh and surface pollutants, especi... | relationships between the planetary boundary layer height and surface pollutants derived from lidar observations over china: regional pattern and influencing factors |
global mean surface warming has stalled since the end of the twentieth century, but the net radiation imbalance at the top of the atmosphere continues to suggest an increasingly warming planet. this apparent contradiction has been reconciled by an anomalous heat flux into the ocean, induced by a shift towards a la niña... | pacific origin of the abrupt increase in indian ocean heat content during the warming hiatus |
human water use, climate change and land conversion have created a water crisis for billions of individuals and many ecosystems worldwide. global water stocks and fluxes are estimated empirically and with computer models, but this information is conveyed to policymakers and researchers through water cycle diagrams. her... | human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions |
water availability is a major factor constraining humanity's ability to meet the future food and energy needs of a growing and increasingly affluent human population. water plays an important role in the production of energy, including renewable energy sources and the extraction of unconventional fossil fuels that are ... | the global food-energy-water nexus |
aerosol-planetary boundary layer (pbl) interactions have been found to enhance air pollution in megacities in china. we show that black carbon (bc) aerosols play the key role in modifying the pbl meteorology and hence enhancing the haze pollution. with model simulations and data analysis from various field observations... | enhanced haze pollution by black carbon in megacities in china |
radvel is an open-source python package for modeling keplerian orbits in radial velocity (rv) timeseries. radvel provides a convenient framework to fit rvs using maximum a posteriori optimization and to compute robust confidence intervals by sampling the posterior probability density via markov chain monte carlo (mcmc)... | radvel: the radial velocity modeling toolkit |
as the arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. the hydrological cycle is projected to intensify throughout the twenty-first century, with increased evaporation from expanding open water areas and more precipitation.... | new climate models reveal faster and larger increases in arctic precipitation than previously projected |
following years of record highs, an unexpected and precipitous reduction in antarctic sea-ice extent started in 2016. this decline, lasting three years, was the most pronounced of the satellite era, equivalent to 30 years of sea-ice loss in the arctic. here, we synthesize recent work showing this sea-ice reduction prob... | rapid decline in antarctic sea ice in recent years hints at future change |
el niño-southern oscillation (enso) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability on the planet, with far-reaching global impacts. it is therefore key to evaluate enso simulations in state-of-the-art numerical models used to study past, present, and future climate. recently, the pacific region panel of the in... | evaluating climate models with the clivar 2020 enso metrics package |
in may of 2011, nasa selected the origins, spectral interpretation, resource identification, and security- regolith explorer (osiris-rex) asteroid sample return mission as the third mission in the new frontiers program. the other two new frontiers missions are new horizons, which explored pluto during a flyby in july 2... | osiris-rex: sample return from asteroid (101955) bennu |
two thirds of the surface of our planet are covered by water and are still poorly instrumented, which has prevented the earth science community from addressing numerous key scientific questions. the potential to leverage the existing fiber optic seafloor telecom cables that criss-cross the oceans, by using them as dens... | distributed sensing of earthquakes and ocean-solid earth interactions on seafloor telecom cables |
water distinguishes our planet compared to all the others we know about. while the global supply of available freshwater is more than adequate to meet all current and foreseeable water demands, its spatial and temporal distributions are not. there are many regions where our freshwater resources are inadequate to meet d... | water management: current and future challenges and research directions |
feature extraction plays a vital role in intelligent fault diagnosis of mechanical system. nevertheless, traditional feature extraction methods suffer from three problems, which are (1) the requirements of domain expertise and prior knowledge, (2) the sensitive to the changes of mechanical system and (3) the limitation... | a convolutional neural network based feature learning and fault diagnosis method for the condition monitoring of gearbox |
in the coming years and decades, advanced space- and ground-based observatories will allow an unprecedented opportunity to probe the atmospheres and surfaces of potentially habitable exoplanets for signatures of life. life on earth, through its gaseous products and reflectance and scattering properties, has left its fi... | exoplanet biosignatures: a review of remotely detectable signs of life |
c-type asteroids1 are considered to be primitive small solar system bodies enriched in water and organics, providing clues to the origin and evolution of the solar system and the building blocks of life. c-type asteroid 162173 ryugu has been characterized by remote sensing2-7 and on-asteroid measurements8,9 with hayabu... | preliminary analysis of the hayabusa2 samples returned from c-type asteroid ryugu |
the carbon dioxide challenge is one of the most pressing problems facing our planet. each stage in the carbon cycle — capture, regeneration and conversion — has its own materials requirements. recent work on metal-organic frameworks (mofs) demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of these materials in addressing th... | the chemistry of metal-organic frameworks for co2 capture, regeneration and conversion |
shifts in phenology are already resulting in disruptions to the timing of migration and breeding, and asynchronies between interacting species1-5. recent syntheses have concluded that trophic level1, latitude6 and how phenological responses are measured7 are key to determining the strength of phenological responses to ... | a global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change |
recent observations revealed a bimodal radius distribution of small, short-period exoplanets with a paucity in their occurrence, a radius `valley', around 1.5-2.0 r⊕. in this work, we investigate the effect of a planet's own cooling luminosity on its thermal evolution and atmospheric mass loss (core-powered mass-loss) ... | sculpting the valley in the radius distribution of small exoplanets as a by-product of planet formation: the core-powered mass-loss mechanism |
as one of the most immensely growing renewable energies, the wind power industry also experiences a high failure rate and operation & maintenance cost. therefore, the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of a wind turbine (wt) generator set are highly needed. among different components of a wt generator set, wt... | vibration based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of wind turbine planetary gearbox: a review |
the tibetan plateau (tp) plays a critical role in influencing regional and global climate, via both thermal and dynamical mechanisms. meanwhile, as the largest high-elevation part of the cryosphere outside the polar regions, with vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, the tp is charac... | a long-term (2005-2016) dataset of hourly integrated land-atmosphere interaction observations on the tibetan plateau |
over the course of the past two decades, observational surveys have unveiled the intricate orbital structure of the kuiper belt, a field of icy bodies orbiting the sun beyond neptune. in addition to a host of readily-predictable orbital behavior, the emerging census of trans-neptunian objects displays dynamical phenome... | the planet nine hypothesis |
the carbon sink potential of peatlands depends on the balance of carbon uptake by plants and microbial decomposition. the rates of both these processes will increase with warming but it remains unclear which will dominate the global peatland response. here we examine the global relationship between peatland carbon accu... | latitudinal limits to the predicted increase of the peatland carbon sink with warming |
earth's mantle convection, which facilitates planetary heat loss, is manifested at the surface as present-day plate tectonics1. when plate tectonics emerged and how it has evolved through time are two of the most fundamental and challenging questions in earth science1-4. metamorphic rocks—rocks that have experienced so... | metamorphism and the evolution of plate tectonics |
we present an attempt to reach realistic turbulent regime in direct numerical simulations of the geodynamo. we rely on a sequence of three convection-driven simulations in a rapidly rotating spherical shell. the most extreme case reaches towards the earth's core regime by lowering viscosity (magnetic prandtl number pm ... | turbulent geodynamo simulations: a leap towards earth's core |
roads fragment landscapes and trigger human colonization and degradation of ecosystems, to the detriment of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. the planet’s remaining large and ecologically important tracts of roadless areas sustain key refugia for biodiversity and provide globally relevant ecosystem services. applyi... | a global map of roadless areas and their conservation status |
evapotranspiration (et) is critical in linking global water, carbon and energy cycles. however, direct measurement of global terrestrial et is not feasible. here, we first reviewed the basic theory and state-of-the-art approaches for estimating global terrestrial et, including remote-sensing-based physical models, mach... | evaluation of global terrestrial evapotranspiration using state-of-the-art approaches in remote sensing, machine learning and land surface modeling |
a planet’s crust bears witness to the history of planetary formation and evolution, but for mars, no absolute measurement of crustal thickness has been available. here, we determine the structure of the crust beneath the insight landing site on mars using both marsquake recordings and the ambient wavefield. by analyzin... | thickness and structure of the martian crust from insight seismic data |
none of the approximately 750,000 known asteroids and comets in the solar system is thought to have originated outside it, despite models of the formation of planetary systems suggesting that orbital migration of giant planets ejects a large fraction of the original planetesimals into interstellar space. the high predi... | a brief visit from a red and extremely elongated interstellar asteroid |
we analyze the polar sea ice distribution and the global sea level pressure (slp) and baroclinicity distributions over the "satellite" period of 1979–2020. in the arctic, there are statistically significant sea ice extent (sie) decreases in all calendar months, and the annual mean has lost 2.22 million km2 over the fou... | trends and variability in polar sea ice, global atmospheric circulations, and baroclinicity |
the high-resolution rapid refresh (hrrr) is a convection-allowing implementation of the advanced research version of the weather research and forecast (wrf-arw) model that covers the conterminous united states and alaska and runs hourly (for conus; every 3 h for alaska) in real time at the national centers for environm... | the high-resolution rapid refresh (hrrr): an hourly updating convection-allowing forecast model. part ii: forecast performance |
ambitious climate policies, as well as economic development, education, technological progress and less resource-intensive lifestyles, are crucial elements for progress towards the un sustainable development goals (sdgs). however, using an integrated modelling framework covering 56 indicators or proxies across all 17 s... | a sustainable development pathway for climate action within the un 2030 agenda |
eighty years ago, it was proposed that solid hydrogen would become metallic at sufficiently high density. despite numerous investigations, this transition has not yet been experimentally observed. more recently, there has been much interest in the analog of this predicted metallic transition in the dense liquid, due to... | direct observation of an abrupt insulator-to-metal transition in dense liquid deuterium |
land use is central to addressing sustainability issues, including biodiversity conservation, climate change, food security, poverty alleviation, and sustainable energy. in this paper, we synthesize knowledge accumulated in land system science, the integrated study of terrestrial social-ecological systems, into 10 hard... | ten facts about land systems for sustainability |
although no known asteroid poses a threat to earth for at least the next century, the catalogue of near-earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation1,2. several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with earth by deflecting or disrupting an... | successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence |
ariel, the atmospheric remote-sensing infrared exoplanet large-survey, was adopted as the fourth medium-class mission in esa's cosmic vision programme to be launched in 2029. during its 4-year mission, ariel will study what exoplanets are made of, how they formed and how they evolve, by surveying a diverse sample of ab... | ariel: enabling planetary science across light-years |
nasa's insight (interior exploration using seismic investigations, geodesy and heat transport) mission landed in elysium planitia on mars on 26 november 2018. it aims to determine the interior structure, composition and thermal state of mars, as well as constrain present-day seismicity and impact cratering rates. such ... | initial results from the insight mission on mars |
the mars 2020 mission will seek the signs of ancient life on mars and will identify, prepare, document, and cache a set of samples for possible return to earth by a follow-on mission. mars 2020 and its perseverance rover thus link and further two long-held goals in planetary science: a deep search for evidence of life ... | mars 2020 mission overview |
excessive agricultural nitrogen use causes environmental problems globally1, to an extent that it has been suggested that a safe planetary boundary has been exceeded2. earlier estimates for the planetary nitrogen boundary3,4, however, did not account for the spatial variability in both ecosystems' sensitivity to nitrog... | from planetary to regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution |
earth continuously generates a dipole magnetic field in its convecting liquid outer core by a self-sustained dynamo action. metallic iron is a dominant component of the outer core, so its electrical and thermal conductivity controls the dynamics and thermal evolution of earth’s core. however, in spite of extensive rese... | experimental determination of the electrical resistivity of iron at earth’s core conditions |
tropical cyclones (tcs, also known as hurricanes and typhoons) generally form at low latitudes with access to the warm waters of the tropical oceans, but far enough off the equator to allow planetary rotation to cause aggregating convection to spin up into coherent vortices. yet, current prognostic frameworks for tc la... | poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates |
we compute the corrections to the schwarzschild metric necessary to reproduce the hawking temperature derived from a generalized uncertainty principle (gup), so that the gup deformation parameter is directly linked to the deformation of the metric. using this modified schwarzschild metric, we compute corrections to the... | gravitational tests of the generalized uncertainty principle |
the emerging threat of atmospheric microplastic pollution has prompted researchers to study areas previously considered beyond the reach of plastic. investigating the range of atmospheric microplastic transport is key to understanding the global extent of this problem. while atmospheric microplastics have been discover... | evidence of free tropospheric and long-range transport of microplastic at pic du midi observatory |
the objective of this paper is to review statistical methods, dynamics, modeling efforts, and trends related to temperature extremes, with a focus upon extreme events of short duration that affect parts of north america. these events are associated with large scale meteorological patterns (lsmps). the statistics, dynam... | north american extreme temperature events and related large scale meteorological patterns: a review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends |
in megabar shock waves, materials compress and undergo a phase transition to a dense charged-particle system that is dominated by strong correlations and quantum effects. this complex state, known as warm dense matter, exists in planetary interiors and many laboratory experiments (for example, during high-power laser i... | ultrabright x-ray laser scattering for dynamic warm dense matter physics |
the presence of liquid water at the base of the martian polar caps has long been suspected but not observed. we surveyed the planum australe region using the marsis (mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionosphere sounding) instrument, a low-frequency radar on the mars express spacecraft. radar profiles collected bet... | radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on mars |
local and remote impacts of seasonal snow cover on atmospheric circulation have been explored extensively, with observational and modelling efforts focusing on how eurasian autumn snow-cover variability potentially drives northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation via the generation of deep, planetary-scale atmospheri... | snow-atmosphere coupling in the northern hemisphere |
a transition towards long-term sustainability in global energy systems based on renewable energy resources can mitigate several growing threats to human society simultaneously: greenhouse gas emissions, human-induced climate deviations, and the exceeding of critical planetary boundaries. however, the optimal structure ... | radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps |
meteorological conditions within the planetary boundary layer (pbl) are closely governed by large-scale synoptic patterns and play important roles in air quality by directly and indirectly affecting the emission, transport, formation, and deposition of air pollutants. partly due to the lack of long-term fine-resolution... | classification of summertime synoptic patterns in beijing and their associations with boundary layer structure affecting aerosol pollution |
this study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures have changed during the last 540 million years. it combines paleotemperature measurements determined from oxygen isotopes with broader insights obtained from the changing distribution of lithologic indicators of climate, such as co... | phanerozoic paleotemperatures: the earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years |
ocean currents move material released on the ocean surface away from the release point and, over time, spread it over an increasingly large area. however, observations also show high concentrations of the material even after significant spreading. this work examines a mechanism for creating such concentrations: downwel... | ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam |
despite many of years of mapping effort, only a small fraction of the world ocean's seafloor has been sampled for depth, greatly limiting our ability to explore and understand critical ocean and seafloor processes. recognizing this poor state of our knowledge of ocean depths and the critical role such knowledge plays i... | the nippon foundation—gebco seabed 2030 project: the quest to see the world's oceans completely mapped by 2030 |
intensive irrigation in india has been demonstrated to decrease surface temperature, but the influence of irrigation on humidity and extreme moist heat stress is not well understood. here we analysed a combination of in situ and satellite-based datasets and conducted meteorological model simulations to show that irriga... | moist heat stress extremes in india enhanced by irrigation |
measurements of trace gases in planetary atmospheres help us explore chemical conditions different to those on earth. our nearest neighbour, venus, has cloud decks that are temperate but hyperacidic. here we report the apparent presence of phosphine (ph3) gas in venus's atmosphere, where any phosphorus should be in oxi... | phosphine gas in the cloud decks of venus |
we explore how well spectra from the james webb space telescope (jwst) will likely constrain bulk atmospheric properties of transiting exoplanets. we start by modeling the atmospheres of archetypal hot jupiter, warm neptune, warm sub-neptune, and cool super-earth planets with atmospheres that are clear, cloudy, or of h... | characterizing transiting exoplanet atmospheres with jwst |
carbonaceous (c-type) asteroids1 are relics of the early solar system that have preserved primitive materials since their formation approximately 4.6 billion years ago. they are probably analogues of carbonaceous chondrites2,3 and are essential for understanding planetary formation processes. however, their physical pr... | highly porous nature of a primitive asteroid revealed by thermal imaging |
delhi, india, routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. we established the delhi aerosol supersite study to provide long-term characterization of the ambient submicron aerosol composition in delhi. here we report on 1.25 years of highly time-resolved speciated submicron ... | submicron aerosol composition in the world's most polluted megacity: the delhi aerosol supersite study |
in stark contrast to common ice, ih, water ice at planetary interior conditions has been predicted to become superionic with fast-diffusing (that is, liquid-like) hydrogen ions moving within a solid lattice of oxygen. likely to constitute a large fraction of icy giant planets, this extraordinary phase has not been obse... | experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression |
since 2008, after the proposal of a bitcoin electronic cash system, bitcoin has fundamentally changed the economic system over the last decade. since 2022, large language models (llms) such as gpt have outperformed humans in many real-life tasks. however, these large language models have several practical issues. for e... | gradientcoin: a peer-to-peer decentralized large language models |
one characteristic trait of space plasmas is the multi-scale dynamics resulting from non-linear transfers and conversions of various forms of energy. routinely evidenced in a range from the large-scale solar structures down to the characteristic scales of ions and electrons, turbulence is a major cross-scale energy tra... | scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence |
we present ai poincaré, a machine learning algorithm for autodiscovering conserved quantities using trajectory data from unknown dynamical systems. we test it on five hamiltonian systems, including the gravitational three-body problem, and find that it discovers not only all exactly conserved quantities, but also perio... | machine learning conservation laws from trajectories |
we present the first kinematical detection of embedded protoplanets within a protoplanetary disk. using archival atacama large millimetre array (alma) observations of hd 163296, we demonstrate a new technique to measure the rotation curves of co isotopologue emission to sub-percent precision relative to the keplerian r... | a kinematical detection of two embedded jupiter-mass planets in hd 163296 |
for the first four billion years of earth's history, climate was marked by apparent stability and warmth despite the sun having lower luminosity1. proposed mechanisms for maintaining an elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (pco2) centre on a reduction in the weatherability of earth's crust and ... | reverse weathering as a long-term stabilizer of marine ph and planetary climate |
the distribution, accumulation and circulation of oxygen and hydrogen in earth’s interior dictate the geochemical evolution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. the oxygen-rich atmosphere and iron-rich core represent two end-members of the oxygen-iron (o-fe) system, overlapping with the entire pressure-tempera... | feo2 and feooh under deep lower-mantle conditions and earth’s oxygen-hydrogen cycles |
we present here the analysis of 30 gaseous extrasolar planets, with temperatures between 600 and 2400 k and radii between 0.35 and 1.9 r jup. the quality of the hst/wfc3 spatially scanned data combined with our specialized analysis tools allow us to study the largest and most self-consistent sample of exoplanetary tran... | a population study of gaseous exoplanets |
robots have transformed many industries, most notably manufacturing, and have the power to deliver tremendous benefits to society, such as in search and rescue, disaster response, health care and transportation. they are also invaluable tools for scientific exploration in environments inaccessible to humans, from dista... | robots that can adapt like animals |
the present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (gm) variability and outstanding issues in gm science. this is the second synthesis of the pages gm working group following the first synthesis "the global monsoon across time scales: coherent variability of regional monsoons" published in 2014 (climate o... | the global monsoon across time scales: mechanisms and outstanding issues |
the availability of thermodynamic data for geologically relevant phases has made practical the calculation of stable phase relations throughout the mantle and crust of terrestrial planets. geops (http://www.geops.org) is a program designed for this purpose in which both input and output are done through an intuitive gr... | geops: an interactive visual computing tool for thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibria |
taurex 3 is the next generation of the taurex exoplanet atmospheric retrieval framework for windows, mac, and linux. it is a complete rewrite with a full python stack that makes it easy-to-use, high-performance, dynamic, and flexible. the new main taurex program is built with modularity in mind, allowing the user to au... | taurex 3: a fast, dynamic, and extendable framework for retrievals |
human activities have greatly perturbed the global nitrogen cycle. planetary boundaries, which describe a safe operating space for humanity, have already been exceeded for the nitrogen cycle (1). in some parts of the world, excess nitrogen has negative impacts on biological diversity, human health, and climate. however... | nitrogen in the environment |
mediterranean-type climates are defined by temperate, wet winters, and hot or warm dry summers and exist at the western edges of five continents in locations determined by the geography of winter storm tracks and summer subtropical anticyclones. the climatology, variability, and long-term changes in winter precipitatio... | climate variability and change of mediterranean-type climates |
this paper presents the background, scientific objectives, experimental design, and preliminary achievements of the third tibetan plateau (tp) atmospheric scientific experiment (tipex-iii) for 8-10 years. it began in 2013 and has expanded plateau-scale observation networks by adding observation stations in data-scarce ... | the third atmospheric scientific experiment for understanding the earth-atmosphere coupled system over the tibetan plateau and its effects |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.