id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
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5ad14755645df0001a2d1522 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must not allow various faiths? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14755645df0001a2d1523 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | When did the Supreme Court not rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14755645df0001a2d1524 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14755645df0001a2d1525 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | Who did the Supreme Court not rule in favor of? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14755645df0001a2d1526 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution disallowed for? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731d5eee17f3d140042247b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do some organizations disagree with the notion of? | {
"text": [
"separation of church and state"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5731d5eee17f3d140042247c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what? | {
"text": [
"constitutional limitation on religious establishment"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
5731d5eee17f3d140042247d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents? | {
"text": [
"the textual requirements of the Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5731d5eee17f3d140042247e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified? | {
"text": [
"many aspects of church and state"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
5731d5eee17f3d140042247f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution? | {
"text": [
"prevalent degree of separation of church and state"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
5ad147a6645df0001a2d152c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do some organizations agree with the notion of? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad147a6645df0001a2d152d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do scholars also agree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad147a6645df0001a2d152e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What don't the critics argue the phrase misrepresents? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad147a6645df0001a2d152f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was not ratified? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad147a6645df0001a2d1530 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do these critics argue could have been intended by the framers of the constitution? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731d701e17f3d140042248b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | {
"text": [
"religion"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
5731d701e17f3d140042248c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | When was the passage of the 14th Amendment? | {
"text": [
"1868"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
5731d701e17f3d140042248d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed? | {
"text": [
"first amendment's application to the state government"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5731d701e17f3d140042248e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution? | {
"text": [
"progressivist"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
5731d701e17f3d140042248f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | {
"text": [
"legal precedence"
],
"answer_start": [
857
]
} |
5ad14806645df0001a2d1536 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was unofficial establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14806645df0001a2d1537 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | When was the passage of the 15th Amendment? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14806645df0001a2d1538 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What wasn't recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14806645df0001a2d1539 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Dead Constitution? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14806645df0001a2d153a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6326 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | {
"text": [
"religious test"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6327 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | {
"text": [
"Religious"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6328 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies? | {
"text": [
"Seven"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
5731d7dbe99e3014001e6329 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | {
"text": [
"particular religious beliefs"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
5ad14842645df0001a2d1548 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What clause are neither elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14842645df0001a2d1549 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What type of beliefs are an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14842645df0001a2d154a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | How many states violate the religious test clause without language somewhere in their official policies? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14842645df0001a2d154b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What don't states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731d900b9d445190005e5af | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in? | {
"text": [
"a Supreme Being"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
5731d900b9d445190005e5b0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What's one example in Tennessee's constitution? | {
"text": [
"Article IX, Section 2"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
5731d900b9d445190005e5b1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include? | {
"text": [
"so help me God"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
5731d900b9d445190005e5b2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what? | {
"text": [
"federal First Amendment"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
5731d900b9d445190005e5b3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what? | {
"text": [
"unconstitutional and unenforceable"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
5ad14881645df0001a2d1562 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What do the permissible clauses require a belief in? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14881645df0001a2d1563 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What's not one example in Tennessee's constitution? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14881645df0001a2d1564 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What language do some of the different states specify the oath of office include? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14881645df0001a2d1565 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to not be in violation of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14881645df0001a2d1566 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Because such oaths are in violation of the Second Amendment, they're what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731da10e17f3d140042249f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches? | {
"text": [
"beneficial arrangements for the society"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
5731da10e17f3d14004224a0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as? | {
"text": [
"ceremonial deism"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
5731da10e17f3d14004224a1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism? | {
"text": [
"not religious in nature"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
5731da10e17f3d14004224a2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible? | {
"text": [
"Ohio"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
5731da10e17f3d14004224a3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto? | {
"text": [
"because it displayed no preference for a particular religion"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
5ad148d5645df0001a2d156c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad148d5645df0001a2d156d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" unofficially known as? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad148d5645df0001a2d156e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad148d5645df0001a2d156f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad148d5645df0001a2d1570 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | {
"text": [
"mid-twentieth century"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | {
"text": [
"constitutional ban against aid to religious schools"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was later banned in public education? | {
"text": [
"religious observance"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
5731dc7ae99e3014001e635f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
5ad14ada645df0001a2d15ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | When don't Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14ada645df0001a2d15cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was the non-central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14ada645df0001a2d15d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was later not banned in public education? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14ada645df0001a2d15d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Non-Establishment Clause? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731dd32e17f3d14004224b9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | {
"text": [
"no-aid"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5731dd32e17f3d14004224ba | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What type of secularism came to dominate American public life? | {
"text": [
"pervasive"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bb | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | {
"text": [
"most Protestants (and most Jews)"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What diminished after 1980? | {
"text": [
"anti-Catholic sentiment"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
5731dd32e17f3d14004224bd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths? | {
"text": [
"strict separationism"
],
"answer_start": [
810
]
} |
5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What diminished after 1981? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to? | {
"text": [
"anything in the text of the constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What is the profession of Philip Hamburger? | {
"text": [
"professor"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
5731ddefb9d445190005e5d9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What school is Philip Hamburger associated with? | {
"text": [
"Columbia Law school"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
5731ddefb9d445190005e5da | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in? | {
"text": [
"American anti-Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
5731ddefb9d445190005e5db | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as? | {
"text": [
"Blaine Amendments"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's tethered to? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What isn't the profession of Philip Hamburger? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fe | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What school is Philip Hamburger disassociated with? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b54645df0001a2d15ff | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14b54645df0001a2d1600 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state never known as? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | {
"text": [
"J. Brent Walker"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731dee2e17f3d14004224ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | {
"text": [
"supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
5731dee2e17f3d14004224cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture? | {
"text": [
"Champions of religious liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | {
"text": [
"tap into the public till to support its parochial schools"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
5731dee2e17f3d14004224d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of? | {
"text": [
"religious bigotry"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
5ad14baa645df0001a2d161a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who is the former Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14baa645df0001a2d161b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does Walker feel does impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14baa645df0001a2d161c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having everything to do with a desire for a secular culture? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14baa645df0001a2d161d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Separationists agreed with the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14baa645df0001a2d161e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does a principled debate on the issues support a charge of? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5731df48e99e3014001e6378 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did evangelicals want to keep apart? | {
"text": [
"the spiritual and secular worlds"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
5731df48e99e3014001e6379 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did religious freedom result from? | {
"text": [
"an alliance of unlikely partners"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
5731df48e99e3014001e637a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What profession does Frank Lambert have? | {
"text": [
"historian"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
5731df48e99e3014001e637b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What is the name of Lambert's book? | {
"text": [
"The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
5731df48e99e3014001e637c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for? | {
"text": [
"a complete separation of church and state"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
5ad14c25645df0001a2d1638 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What didn't evangelicals want to keep apart? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14c25645df0001a2d1639 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What didn't religious freedom result from? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14c25645df0001a2d163a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What profession doesn't Frank Lambert have? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad14c25645df0001a2d163b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What is the name of Mambert's book? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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