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10.1038/s41467-019-12056-1 | 82,902,240 | Abstract Crystallographic dislocation has been well-known to be one of the major causes responsible for the unfavorable carrier dynamics in conventional semiconductor devices. Halide perovskite has exhibited promising applications in optoelectronic devices. However, how dislocation impacts its carrier dynamics in the ‘... | 10.1038/s43586-022-00122-w | This paper demonstrates the reduction of dislocations and improvement of optoelectronic properties from remote epitaxy of halide perovskite on NaCl |
10.1126/science.aac9439 | 83,562,670 | BACKGROUND Materials by design is an appealing idea that is very hard to realize in practice. Combining the best of different ingredients in one ultimate material is a task for which we currently have no general solution. However, we do have some successful examples to draw upon: Composite materials and III-V heterostr... | 10.1038/s44160-022-00183-5 | A review article that discusses the importance of finding new 2D materials. |
10.1002/adma.201805417 | 125,143,140 | Abstract Triggered by the growing needs of developing semiconductor devices at ever‐decreasing scales, strain engineering of 2D materials has recently seen a surge of interest. The goal of this principle is to exploit mechanical strain to tune the electronic and photonic performance of 2D materials and to ultimately ac... | 10.1038/s44160-022-00183-5 | A review article that provides an overview of the band-gap tuning of conventional vdW structures. |
10.21203/rs.3.rs-2583567/v1 | 136,834,412 | Abstract The recently discovered kagome materials A V 3 Sb 5 ( A = K, Rb, Cs) attract intense research interest in intertwined topology, superconductivity, and charge density waves (CDW). Although the in-plane 2×2 CDW is well studied, its out-of-plane structural correlation with the Fermi surface properties is less und... | 10.1038/s44160-022-00183-5 | This paper reports the potential unconventional superconductivity of thinner AV 3 Sb 5 crystals. |
10.3390/catal11030359 | 35,531,918 | Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes, ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, have gained increased interest as a research target in the interdisciplinary research fields of chemistry and biology because of their high functional group selectivity in olefin metathesis reactions and stabilities in aqueous media. This review ... | 10.1038/s44160-023-00240-7 | A review article that presents interdisciplinary studies of Ru-catalysed olefin metathesis in chemistry and biology. |
10.1126/science.aaf7230 | 83,294,893 | Stitching one alkyl group to another Chemical reactions such as Heck and Suzuki coupling facilitate access to an enormous range of relatively flat molecules. This geometrical constraint is associated with the comparative ease of linking together aryl and alkenyl carbons. Choi and Fu review recent developments in formin... | 10.1038/s44160-023-00240-7 | A review article that presents C( sp 3 )–C( sp 3 ) bond-forming methods based on transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling chemistry. |
10.1126/science.1132939 | 41,667,130 | To pursue a systematic approach to the discovery of functional connections among diseases, genetic perturbation, and drug action, we have created the first installment of a reference collection of gene-expression profiles from cultured human cells treated with bioactive small molecules, together with pattern-matching s... | 10.1038/s43588-022-00353-7 | This paper reports a pioneering database of chemically induced transcriptome data for human cell lines. |
10.1186/s13059-020-02132-x | 61,217,145 | Abstract Background The rapid development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies has led to the emergence of many methods for removing systematic technical noises, including imputation methods, which aim to address the increased sparsity observed in single-cell data. Although many imputation methods hav... | 10.1038/s43588-022-00353-7 | A review article that evaluates imputation methods for single-cell RNA-sequencing data. |
10.1186/s13059-020-02006-2 | 38,601,751 | Abstract Background Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is emerging as a powerful tool to dissect cell-specific effects of drug treatment in complex tissues. This application requires high levels of precision, robustness, and quantitative accuracy—beyond those achievable with existing methods for mainly qualitative single-... | 10.1038/s43588-022-00353-7 | This paper reports drug-induced single-cell gene expression data in pancreatic islets. |
10.1029/jc092ic13p14449 | 26,777,688 | Applicable publications, involving five languages, have been reviewed to obtain information on El Niños that occurred over the past four and a half centuries. Since this information refers strictly to El Niño occurrences, a regional manifestation of the large‐scale (El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) event, it is bas... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Documents El Niño occurrences over a multi-century period based on evidence from the west coast region of northern South America and its adjacent Pacific Ocean waters |
10.1002/joc.4106 | 82,451,268 | ABSTRACT Recent studies show that different types of ENSO influence the atmospheric fields differently. In this study, precipitation anomalies and extreme events over South America are analysed with relation to two types of ENSO [East (strong Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) on East Pacific) and Central (strong... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Outlines the magnitude and geographic variability of precipitation anomalies in South America associated with central Pacific and eastern Pacific El Niño and La Niña events |
10.1175/jcli3660.1 | 121,803,148 | Abstract A feedback process of the Indian Ocean SST on ENSO is investigated by using observed data and atmospheric GCM. It is suggested that warming in the Indian Ocean produces an easterly wind stress anomaly over Indonesia and the western edge of the Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño. The anomalous easterly ... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Suggests that an anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean produces an easterly wind anomaly over the western Pacific, which helps termination of an El Niño and its transition to La Niña |
10.1175/jcli-d-13-00757.1 | 20,628,845 | Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant variations and nonlinearities in its pattern and strength. ENSO events vary in their position along the equator, with some located in the central Pacific (CP) and others in the east Pacific (EP). To study how these variations are reflected in global ENSO tele... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Finds that the atmospheric-circulation response is stronger for El Niño events compared with La Niña, and for eastern Pacific compared with central Pacific ENSO events, leading to strong regional differences in ENSO teleconnections |
10.1029/2008gl034204 | 82,388,039 | The rainfall anomalies over South America are found to be influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Between subtropical La Plata Basin and central Brazil, the IOD excites a dipolar pattern in rainfall anomalies; rainfall is reduced (enhanced) over latter (former) during austral‐spring, when IOD reaches its peak phas... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Outlines that a positive Indian Ocean Dipole excites a dipolar pattern in rainfall anomalies, with reduced rainfall over central Brazil but increased rainfall over La Plata Basin during austral spring |
10.1038/ncomms14887 | 67,473,816 | Abstract The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the variability in the Pacific subtropical highs (PSHs) have major impacts on social and ecological systems. Here we present an Atlantic capacitor effect mechanism to suggest that the Atlantic is a key pacemaker of the biennial variability in the Pacific including th... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Shows that a warmer Atlantic since the early 1990s — a result of the positive phase of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and a global warming trend — has enhanced the biennial cycle of ENSO events |
10.1029/2005jd006355 | 40,277,927 | The global climate models for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) predict very different changes of rainfall over the Amazon under the SRES A1B scenario for global climate change. Five of the eleven models predict an increase of annual rainfall, three models predict a decre... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Shows that an El Niño-like sea-surface temperature change and warming in the northern tropical Atlantic enhances atmospheric subsidence and reduces clouds over the Amazon |
10.1126/science.283.5401.516 | 20,661,363 | Debris flows have deposited inorganic laminae in an alpine lake that is 75 kilometers east of the Pacific Ocean, in Ecuador. These storm-induced events were dated by radiocarbon, and the age of laminae that are less than 200 years old matches the historic record of El Niño events. From about 15,000 to about 7000 calen... | 10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3 | Uses inorganic laminae in an alpine lake near Ecuador to show that El Niño periodicity increases from ~15 years 15,000–7,000 years before present to 2–8.5 years in the modern climate |
10.1115/1.4025290 | 109,223,283 | Researchers and design practitioners advocate building physical models of ideas at early stages of the design process. Still, the cognitive effects of physical models remain largely unknown. Some studies show that physical models possess the potential to facilitate the generation of high quality ideas. Conversely, othe... | 10.1038/s41893-018-0054-8 | Design fixation is linked to feelings of sunk costs due to the time, cost and effort spent creating a model. |
10.1073/pnas.1000440107 | 38,236,216 | Diet during pregnancy influences the future health of a woman's offspring, with outcomes differing depending on the child's sex. Because the placenta buffers the fetus from the mother, we examined the impact of diet and fetal sex on placental gene expression in mice fed either a very-high-fat, low-fat, chow diet of int... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This paper uncovered pronounced sexual dimorphism in gene expression patterns in placentae of litters exposed to abnormal maternal diets |
10.1126/science.aba3066 | 104,088,265 | Many complex human phenotypes exhibit sex-differentiated characteristics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain largely unknown. We generated a catalog of sex differences in gene expression and in the genetic regulation of gene expression across 44 human tissue sources surveyed by the Ge... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This study provided a survey of sex differences in the human transcriptome and its genetic regulation across 44 human tissues |
10.1101/gr.099226.109 | 101,583,144 | Comparative studies of gene regulation suggest an important role for natural selection in shaping gene expression patterns within and between species. Most of these studies, however, estimated gene expression levels using microarray probes designed to hybridize to only a small proportion of each gene. Here, we used rec... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This paper identified genes that exhibit sex-specific alternative splicing in primates, with evidence for possible contribution to human evolution |
10.1038/s41467-021-27187-7 | 128,697,241 | Abstract Males are generally more susceptible to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D) than females. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we revealed that gut microbiome depletion abolished sexual dimorphism in glucose metabolism. The transfer of male donor microbiota into a... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This study identified an important contribution of androgen to the differences in glucose metabolism between the two sexes, through the modulation of the gut microbiome |
10.1007/s00125-019-05037-y | 60,991,260 | Abstract Aims/hypothesis Obesity during pregnancy increases offspring type 2 diabetes risk. Given that nearly half of women of child-bearing age in many populations are currently overweight/obese, it is key that we improve our understanding of the impact of the in utero/early life environment on offspring islet functio... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This study demonstrated that maternal obesity programs offspring islets in a sex-specific manner, with islets of female offspring being better at coping with a nutritionally rich postnatal environment |
10.1038/s41467-018-04992-1 | 61,441,825 | Abstract Although sex biases in disease presentation are well documented, the mechanisms mediating vulnerability or resilience to diseases are unknown. In utero insults are more likely to produce detrimental health outcomes for males versus females. In our mouse model of prenatal stress, male offspring experience long-... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This study found sex differences in placental expression of X-linked OGT gene, leading to higher levels of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 in female placentae |
10.1038/ncomms15475 | 125,260,545 | Abstract The role of sex in biomedical studies has often been overlooked, despite evidence of sexually dimorphic effects in some biological studies. Here, we used high-throughput phenotype data from 14,250 wildtype and 40,192 mutant mice (representing 2,186 knockout lines), analysed for up to 234 traits, and found a la... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This large high-throughput study analysed 234 traits in thousands of mice and found that a large proportion of mammalian traits in both wild-type and mutants are influenced by sex |
10.1371/journal.pgen.1010003 | 127,723,540 | The paternally expressed gene 3 ( Pw1/Peg3 ) is a mammalian-specific parentally imprinted gene expressed in stem/progenitor cells of the brain and endocrine tissues. Here, we compared phenotypic characteristics in Pw1/Peg3 deficient male and female mice. Our findings indicate that Pw1/Peg3 is a key player for the deter... | 10.1038/s42255-022-00570-4 | This study identified the paternally expressed imprinted Peg3/Pw1 gene as an important regulator of male-specific metabolic characteristics, acting through sex steroid pathways |
10.1002/anie.201911615 | 124,219,811 | Abstract Defects, such as halide interstitials, act as charge recombination centers, induce degradation of halide perovskites, and create major obstacles to applications of these materials. Alkali metal dopants greatly improve perovskite performance. Using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, it is demonstrated t... | 10.1038/s43588-022-00301-5 | This paper reports the standard application of NAMD methods for calculating carrier lifetimes in semiconductors. |
10.1126/science.abe1715 | 41,630,728 | A poisonous cocktail of othering, aversion, and moralization poses a threat to democracy | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This article discusses the causes and consequences of a concept related to affective polarization — political sectarianism — which involves othering, aversion and moralization |
10.1098/rstb.2020.0143 | 123,311,490 | By many accounts politics is becoming more polarized, yielding dire consequences for democracy and trust in government. Yet a growing body of research on so-called false polarization finds that perceptions of ‘what the other side believes’ are inaccurate—specifically, overly pessimistic—and that these inaccuracies exac... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This article reviews work on false polarization (when partisans hold inaccurate beliefs about the other side), identifies conditions false polarization leads to actual polarization, and suggests why correcting perceptions about the other party’s beliefs can be effective |
10.1017/s0007123417000370 | 113,590,567 | The correlation between ideology and partisanship in the mass public has increased in recent decades amid a climate of persistent and growing elite polarization. Given that core values shape subsequent political predispositions, as well as the demonstrated asymmetry of elite polarization, this article hypothesizes that... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This study uses over-time data to show that alignment between ideology and partisanship has increased asymmetrically among those with conservative value orientations, presumably owing to Republican discourse emphasizing traditional family values and resistance to social change |
10.1177/0963721417727860 | 103,677,065 | A decades-long trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is expected to continue, with White Americans projected to constitute less than 50% of the national population by mid century. The present review integrates recent empirical research on the effects of making this population change sali... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This review provides a framework for studying the impact of the growth of racial and ethnic diversity, and discusses how demographic changes can generate status threat and prejudice but could also lead to positive interpersonal contact experiences |
10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-110428 | 128,099,290 | Persuasion is a vital part of politics—who wins elections and policy disputes often depends on which side can persuade more people. Given this centrality, the study of persuasion has a long history with an enormous number of theories and empirical inquiries. However, the literature is fragmented, with few generalizable... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This review provides a framework for drawing generalization from research on persuasion, focusing on the actors (speakers and receivers), treatments (topics, content and media), outcomes (attitudes, behaviours, emotions and identities) and settings (competition, space, time, process and culture) |
10.1017/nws.2020.9 | 100,221,523 | Abstract This study documents historical trends of size and political diversity in Americans’ discussion networks, which are often seen as important barometers of social and political health. Contrasting findings from data drawn out of a nationally representative survey experiment of 1,055 Americans during the contenti... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | The study documents trends in the composition of political discussion networks and shows that American’s core discussion networks shrink during heated political times |
10.1177/0956797615594620 | 125,291,424 | We estimated ideological preferences of 3.8 million Twitter users and, using a data set of nearly 150 million tweets concerning 12 political and nonpolitical issues, explored whether online communication resembles an “echo chamber” (as a result of selective exposure and ideological segregation) or a “national conversat... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This study estimates ideological preferences of 3.8 million Twitter users in the USA and finds that ideological segregation in social media is less extreme than previously thought. Moreover, liberals are more likely than conservatives to engage in cross-ideological dissemination of information online |
10.1073/pnas.2024292118 | 135,455,671 | Significance Almost four billion people around the world now use social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and social media is one of the primary ways people access news or receive communications from politicians. However, social media may be creating perverse incentives for divisive content because this con... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This study of social media platforms finds that messages expressing negative emotions (such as anger, moral outrage and mockery) about the ideological out-group were especially likely to be shared on Facebook and Twitter, compared to other types of message |
10.1073/pnas.1618923114 | 62,518,235 | Political debate concerning moralized issues is increasingly common in online social networks. However, moral psychology has yet to incorporate the study of social networks to investigate processes by which some moral ideas spread more rapidly or broadly than others. Here, we show that the expression of moral emotion i... | 10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 | This study shows that moral-emotional language in political messages diffuse at high rates within (but not between) ideological groups on social media, showing how social media can affect polarization through immersion in an ideological network |
10.1101/gad.275776.115 | 41,728,734 | With 5-year survival rates remaining constant at 6% and rising incidences associated with an epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is on track to become the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. The high mortality rate of PDAC stems primarily from the l... | 10.1038/s43018-022-00501-y | A review article that presents the key mechanisms underlying growth, metastasis and therapeutic resistance of PDAC, including the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment. |
10.1126/science.1065103 | 125,291,965 | Molecular networks guide the biochemistry of a living cell on multiple levels: Its metabolic and signaling pathways are shaped by the network of interacting proteins, whose production, in turn, is controlled by the genetic regulatory network. To address topological properties of these two networks, we quantified correl... | 10.1038/s42254-018-0002-6 | This paper introduces the local link rewiring method to build a null network model |
10.1038/srep15758 | 41,520,497 | Abstract We address a fundamental problem that is systematically encountered when modeling real-world complex systems of societal relevance: the limitedness of the information available. In the case of economic and financial networks, privacy issues severely limit the information that can be accessed and, as a conseque... | 10.1038/s42254-018-0002-6 | This paper uses ERGs in combination with the fitness model to reconstruct networks from partial information |
10.1038/ncomms9627 | 9,444,448 | Abstract Represented as graphs, real networks are intricate combinations of order and disorder. Fixing some of the structural properties of network models to their values observed in real networks, many other properties appear as statistical consequences of these fixed observables, plus randomness in other respects. He... | 10.1038/s42254-018-0002-6 | This paper uses the dk -series approach to show that degree distributions, degree correlations and clustering often represent sufficient statistics to describe a network |
10.1038/s41467-021-24987-9 | 135,094,801 | Abstract The implementation of applied engineering principles to create synthetic biological systems promises to revolutionize medicine, but application of fundamentally redesigned organisms has thus far not impacted practical drug development. Here we utilize an engineered microbial organism with a six-letter semi-syn... | 10.1038/s44222-023-00030-y | The researchers developed a rationally PEGylated form of IL-2 (THOR-707) that selectively expands and activates effector T cells and NK cells and is undergoing a phase I/II clinical trial |
10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2614 | 123,668,867 | The clinical application of cytokine therapies for cancer treatment remains limited due to severe adverse reactions and insufficient therapeutic effects. Although cytokine localization by intratumoral administration could address both issues, the rapid escape of soluble cytokines from the tumor invariably subverts this... | 10.1038/s44222-023-00030-y | The researchers fused pro-inflammatory cytokines to a collagen-binding protein to engineer cytokine fusion proteins with increased tumour retention |
10.1038/s41467-017-02251-3 | 124,501,095 | Abstract Immunostimulatory agents such as agonistic anti-CD137 and interleukin (IL)−2 generate effective anti-tumor immunity but also elicit serious toxicities, hampering their clinical application. Here we show that combination therapy with anti-CD137 and an IL-2-Fc fusion achieves significant initial anti-tumor activ... | 10.1038/s44222-023-00030-y | The researchers anchored IL-2 and anti-CD137 on the surface of liposomes to improve tumour accumulation and decrease systemic toxicity |
10.1126/scitranslmed.aat9143 | 60,345,952 | Many solid cancers contain dysfunctional immune microenvironments. Immune system modulators that initiate responses to foreign pathogens could be promising candidates for reigniting productive responses toward tumors. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-12 cytokine family members cooperate at barrier tissues after microbial in... | 10.1038/s44222-023-00030-y | In this study, a cocktail of mRNA-encoding cytokines (IL-23, IL-36γ and OX40L) was intratumorally administered for cancer treatment |
10.1126/science.aar3246 | 4,860,145 | Engineering cytokine-receptor pairs Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important cytokine that helps T cells destroy tumors and virus-infected cells. IL-2 has great therapeutic promise but is limited by toxic side effects and its capacity to both activate and repress immune responses. Sockolosky et al. set out to improve IL-2–... | 10.1038/s44222-023-00030-y | The researchers developed an orthogonal IL-2 cytokine–receptor complex that selectively potentiates engineered T cells for engineered cell therapies |
10.1038/s41467-020-16040-y | 62,533,744 | Abstract State monitoring of the complex system needs a large number of sensors. Especially, studies in soft electronics aim to attain complete measurement of the body, mapping various stimulations like temperature, electrophysiological signals, and mechanical strains. However, conventional approach requires many senso... | 10.1038/s41928-022-00889-6 | This paper demonstrates the use of machine intelligence combined with a wearable sensor to decode multi-hand gestures with a single skin sensor. |
10.1126/science.1174519 | 104,014,930 | Although memory allocation is a subject of active research in computer science, little is known about how the brain allocates information within neural circuits. There is an extensive literature on how specific types of memory engage different parts of the brain, and how neurons in these regions process and store infor... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | This review developed the hypothesis that a CREB-dependent increase in excitability is a mechanism by which memories are allocated and thereby linked in the brain. |
10.1126/science.1139438 | 80,126,619 | Competition between neurons is necessary for refining neural circuits during development and may be important for selecting the neurons that participate in encoding memories in the adult brain. To examine neuronal competition during memory formation, we conducted experiments with mice in which we manipulated the functi... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | This paper shows that the levels of CREB in the lateral amygdala can modulate the probability that a given neuron will be involved in an auditory fear memory. |
10.1126/science.1164139 | 102,282,266 | Memories are thought to be encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons. However, identifying the precise neurons supporting a given memory (the memory trace) has been a long-standing challenge. We have shown previously that lateral amygdala (LA) neurons with increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate response eleme... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | The authors of this study ablated a set of neurons constituting a CREB-biased auditory fear memory trace and demonstrated that those neurons were needed for recall. |
10.1126/science.1214985 | 81,105,371 | Adding Artificial Associations In the mammalian cortex, there is significant spontaneous neural activity that is internally generated, rather than arising from sensory inputs, and this activity influences the processing of natural sensory stimuli. What role does this internally generated activity play in forming and ac... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | In this study, the authors created a synthetic memory trace derived from the conjunction of a context and an artificially activated ensemble of neurons. |
10.1126/science.1159675 | 83,356,413 | In neurons, individual dendritic spines isolate N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) accumulations from the dendrite and other spines. However, the extent to which spines compartmentalize signaling events downstream of Ca 2+ influx is not known. We combined two-photon fluorescence lifet... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | This study shows that LTP triggers biochemical changes that are shared by nearby synapses in the same dendrite and that this affects thresholds of LTP in these synapses. |
10.1523/jneurosci.1083-07.2007 | 123,584,751 | A behavioral analog of the synaptic tagging and capture process, a key property of synaptic plasticity, has been predicted recently. Here, we demonstrate that weak inhibitory avoidance training, which induces short- but not long-term memory (LTM), can be consolidated into LTM by an exploration to a novel, but not a fam... | 10.1038/nrn3667 | This study uncovers interactions between memories that exhibit the defining features of the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis. |
10.1126/science.1205274 | 103,772,964 | New hippocampal-dependent learning is in parallel consolidated with existing memories in the neocortex. | 10.1038/nrn3667 | This study suggests that schema in the neocortex can account for the rapid acquisition and consolidation of related information. |
10.1083/jcb.94.3.667 | 28,199,216 | Turtle optic nerves were rapid-frozen from the living state, fractured, etched, and rotary shadowed. Stereo views of fractured axons show that axoplasm consists of three types of longitudinally oriented domains. One type consists of neurofilament bundles in which individual filaments are interconnected by a cross-bridg... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.129 | Using quick-freeze, deep-etching EM, references 6 and 7 provide the pictures that shaped our thinking about the axonal cytoskeleton for the following decades. |
10.1038/ncomms8933 | 123,943,896 | Abstract Microtubules are hollow biopolymers of 25-nm diameter and are key constituents of the cytoskeleton. In neurons, microtubules are organized differently between axons and dendrites, but their precise organization in different compartments is not completely understood. Super-resolution microscopy techniques can d... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.129 | This study demonstrates the need for small probes (nanobodies) in addition to super-resolution microscopy to probe the organization of microtubules within neuronal bundles. |
10.1126/science.1232251 | 62,302,011 | Axonal Actin How actin is organized in the axons and dendrites of neurons is largely unknown. Xu et al. (p. 452 , published online 13 December) imaged actin in axons and dendrites using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. Surprisingly, while actin in dendrites formed long filaments, the actin in axons was org... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.129 | This study identifies the periodic organization of submembrane axonal actin, with actin rings regularly spaced every 190 nm by spectrins. |
10.1083/jcb.201506110 | 19,510,305 | Although actin at neuronal growth cones is well-studied, much less is known about actin organization and dynamics along axon shafts and presynaptic boutons. Using probes that selectively label filamentous-actin (F-actin), we found focal “actin hotspots” along axons—spaced ∼3–4 µm apart—where actin undergoes continuous ... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.129 | This study presents the discovery of new actin structures within axons: static, intermittent hot spots and dynamic filamentous trails spurting from them. |
10.1083/jcb.201603108 | 27,036,603 | The axon initial segment (AIS) is enriched in specific adaptor, cytoskeletal, and transmembrane molecules. During AIS establishment, a membrane diffusion barrier is formed between the axonal and somatodendritic domains. Recently, an axonal periodic pattern of actin, spectrin, and ankyrin forming 190-nm-spaced, ring-lik... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.129 | This study combines single-particle tracking and super-resolution microscopy to detail how the AIS surface diffusion barrier forms and operates. |
10.1126/science.1239652 | 81,575,756 | Optogenetics is used to delineate and control a brain circuit that drives repetitive behavior in an animal model, opening up new possibilities for the treatment of compulsive disorders. [Also see Reports by Ahmari et al. and Burguière et al. ] | 10.1038/nrn3746 | This perspective paper outlines the utilization of optogenetics research in the context of compulsive behaviours and introduces two groundbreaking optogenetic studies in OCD. |
10.1523/jneurosci.2045-09.2009 | 81,795,643 | Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a cellular correlate for memory formation, which requires the dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton. As shown by others, the polymerization of the actin network is important for early stages of LTP. Here, we investigated the role of actin dynamics in synaptic tagging and particularly... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | The authors combined weak and strong stimulation of independent pathways to show the necessary role of reconfiguration of the cytoskeleton in synaptic tagging but not in PRP availability. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3140-09.2010 | 81,795,638 | Weakly tetanized synapses in area CA1 of the hippocampus that ordinarily display long-term potentiation lasting ∼3 h (called early-LTP) will maintain a longer-lasting change in efficacy (late-LTP) if the weak tetanization occurs shortly before or after strong tetanization of an independent, but convergent, set of synap... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | This study dissected the necessary role of CaMKII in tagging from the necessary role of CaMKIV in making PRPs available, and showed that untagged synapses can still express LTP for hours. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3503-07.2007 | 20,703,577 | Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, produces both an enhancement of synaptic function and an increase in the size of the associated dendritic spine. Synaptic insertion of AMPA receptors is known to play an important role in mediating the increase in synaptic strength during LTP, where... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | The results show a necessary structural role for AMPAR incorporation in the maintenance but not the initial phases of the structural expansion underlying LTP. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3998-07.2008 | 123,584,989 | Stable expression of long-term synaptic plasticity is critical for the developmental refinement of neural circuits and for some forms of learning and memory. Although structural remodeling of dendritic spines is associated with the stable expression of long-term potentiation (LTP), the relationship between structural a... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | This paper demonstrates the dissociation between functional LTP and structural plasticity, and suggests that the time-sensitive block of spine expansion by phosphatases might underlie tag resetting. |
10.1523/jneurosci.2015-07.2007 | 38,871,886 | Physiological and morphological alterations occur with long-term synaptic modifications, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), but whether these two processes are independent or interactive is unclear. It is also unknown whether or how morphological modifications, like spine remodeling, m... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | By monitoring spine size and synaptic responses, this study reveals a dissociation between the functional expression and structural plasticity of LTD, supporting other studies showing independent but parallel kinase and phosphatase pathways responsible for long-term plasticity. |
10.1152/physiol.00029.2009 | 82,008,480 | Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and actin are two crucial molecules involved in long-term potentiation (LTP). In addition to its signaling function, CaMKII plays a structural role via direct interaction with actin filaments, thus coupling functional and structural plasticity in dendritic spines. ... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | A review of the interaction between CaMKII and actin in structural plasticity and tagging. |
10.1126/stke.3562006re11 | 123,027,490 | Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been studied extensively at CA1 synapses of the hippocampus, and there is evidence implicating both postsynaptic and presynaptic changes in this process. These changes include (i) addition of AMPA channels to the extrasynaptic membrane and diffusional equilibrium of extrasynaptic recept... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | A groundbreaking model explaining the link between postsynaptic receptor incorporation into PSD slots and presynaptic modifications in vesicle release. |
10.1126/science.1150541 | 20,797,361 | Reactivated memory undergoes a rebuilding process that depends on de novo protein synthesis. This suggests that retrieval is dynamic and serves to incorporate new information into preexisting memories. However, little is known about whether or not protein degradation is involved in the reorganization of retrieved memor... | 10.1038/nrn2963 | The authors showed that, during the retrieval of contextual fear memory, the amnesic effect of protein synthesis inhibitors can be prevented by inhibiting protein degradation by the proteasome, suggesting that synaptic engrams encoding memories are routinely destabilized and restabilized. |
10.1073/pnas.102165399 | 106,942,431 | As repetitive acoustic stimulation and auditory conditioning do, electric stimulation of the primary auditory cortex (AI) evokes reorganization of the frequency map of AI, as well as of the subcortical auditory nuclei. The reorganization is caused by shifts in best frequencies (BFs) of neurons either toward (centripeta... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | This paper reports that the reorganization of the frequency map evoked by focal cortical electrical stimulation consists of a central area for centripetal shifts and a surrounding zone for centrifugal shifts. |
10.1126/science.273.5278.1100 | 79,438,289 | The Jamaican mustached bat has delay-tuned neurons in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex. The responses of these neurons to an echo are facilitated by a biosonar pulse emitted by the bat when the echo returns with a particular delay from a target located at a particular distance. Elect... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | This paper reports that specific and systematic corticofugal modulation evokes centrifugal shifts of the delay-tuning curves of thalamic and collicular neurons. |
10.1073/pnas.97.14.8081 | 44,855,477 | In the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus , the response properties of neurons and the cochleotopic (frequency) maps in the auditory cortex (AC) and inferior colliculus can be changed by auditory conditioning, weak focal electric stimulation of the AC, or repetitive delivery of weak, short tone bursts. The corticofugal sy... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | Experimental evidence that the collicular plasticity caused by auditory fear conditioning is evoked by corticofugal feedback, that the somatosensory cortex has an important role in the development of collicular plasticity, and that collicular plasticity is evoked not only by conditioning, but also by repetitive acousti... |
10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.211 | 32,841,035 | In the big brown bat ( Eptesicus fuscus), conditioning with acoustic stimuli followed by electric leg-stimulation causes shifts in frequency-tuning curves and best frequencies (hereafter BF shifts) of collicular and cortical neurons, i.e., reorganization of the cochleotopic (frequency) maps in the inferior colliculus (... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | Together with reference 31, this paper provides experimental evidence that the short-term collicular plasticity evoked by corticofugal feedback contributes to the production of the long-term cortical plasticity caused by conditioning. |
10.1073/pnas.95.21.12663 | 44,854,639 | Recent studies of corticofugal modulation of auditory information processing indicate that cortical neurons mediate both a highly focused positive feedback to subcortical neurons “matched” in tuning to a particular acoustic parameter and a widespread lateral inhibition to “unmatched” subcortical neurons. This cortical ... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | This paper reports the time courses of collicular and cortical plasticity caused by conditioning or cortical electrical stimulation. It also reports that inactivation of the somatosensory cortex abolishes both collicular and cortical plasticity caused by conditioning. |
10.1126/science.279.5357.1714 | 102,409,030 | Little is known about the mechanisms that allow the cortex to selectively improve the neural representations of behaviorally important stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli. Diffuse neuromodulatory systems may facilitate cortical plasticity by acting as teachers to mark important stimuli. This study demonstrates th... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | This paper reports the massive reorganization of the auditory cortex that is evoked by acoustic and electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149 | 104,427,233 | ▪ Abstract It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionally most us... | 10.1038/nrn1222 | This is a comprehensive review of cortical plasticity. This reference is complementary to our current article. |
10.1126/science.1134108 | 62,618,222 | Ubiquitin-positive, tau- and α-synuclein–negative inclusions are hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the identity of the ubiquitinated protein specific to either disorder was unknown, we showed that TDP-43 is the major disease pro... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | TDP43 protein is identified biochemically, immunohistochemically and by amino acid sequence analysis as the major component of proteinaceous ubiquitin-positive inclusions in FTLD and ALS. Pathologic TDP43 is found to be ubiquitylated, phosphorylated and cleaved, and is associated with nuclear clearance of normal TDP43. |
10.1126/science.1154584 | 20,800,157 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder characterized pathologically by ubiquitinated TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) inclusions. The function of TDP-43 in the nervous system is uncertain, and a mechanistic role in neurodegeneration remains speculative. We identified neighboring mutations ... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | The first of several reports identifying TARDBP missense mutations, confirming the role of TDP43 in both sporadic and familial ALS. |
10.1073/pnas.1008227107 | 59,805,718 | Dominant mutations in two functionally related DNA/RNA-binding proteins, trans-activating response region (TAR) DNA-binding protein with a molecular mass of 43 KDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma/translocation in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS), cause an inherited form of ALS that is accompanied by nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregat... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | A proteomic analysis of proteins found in complex with TDP43, which includes the hnRNP proteins, FUS protein and components of the Drosha microprocessor complex. ALS-associated mutations increase the interaction between TDP43 and FUS. |
10.1073/pnas.0908767106 | 62,237,167 | Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative diseases that show considerable clinical and pathologic overlap, with no effective treatments available. Mutations in the RNA binding protein TDP-43 were recently identified in patients with familial amyotrophic later... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | The first transgenic mouse overexpressing TDP43 is described. It demonstrates selective neurodegeneration and death, recapitulating many of the major features of ALS and FTLD |
10.1126/science.1166066 | 125,276,313 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative motor neuron disorder. Ten percent of cases are inherited; most involve unidentified genes. We report here 13 mutations in the fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma ( FUS/TLS ) gene on chromosome 16 that were specific for familial ALS. The FUS/TLS protein... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | The identification of FUS mutations associated with familial ALS. As FUS is an RNA-binding protein, this discovery further supports the hypothesis that aberrant RNA processing is involved in the pathogenesis of ALS and FTLD. |
10.1002/ana.21147 | 83,506,679 | Abstract Objective Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common, fatal motor neuron disorder with no effective treatment. Approximately 10% of cases are familial ALS (FALS), and the most common genetic abnormality is superoxide dismutase ‐ 1 ( SOD1 ) mutations. Most ALS research in the past decade has focused on the... | 10.1038/nrn3121 | TDP43 pathology is seen in both sporadic and familial ALS cases, except in ALS cases that are associated with SOD1 mutations. This report suggests that cases that are associated with SOD1 mutations may involve a distinct disease process. |
10.1126/science.1218344 | 104,384,613 | Blooming Succession Algal blooms in the ocean will trigger a succession of microbial predators and scavengers. Teeling et al. (p. 608 ) used a combination of microscopy, metagenomics, and metaproteomics to analyze samples from a North Sea diatom bloom over time. Distinct steps of polysaccharide degradation and carbohyd... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This comprehensive study describes the use of classical biological oceanographic research and omics analyses to determine the bacterioplankton response to a phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea. |
10.1126/science.1198078 | 20,626,066 | Spring Bloom The spring bloom of plankton in northern seas develops apparently in response to increasing light and to winter weather, which make nutrients available at the surface. This seasonality is important on a global scale because it reflects a tipping point, driven by phytoplankton growth, between CO 2 productio... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This thoughtful review examines the dynamics of the predominant phylogentic groups of microorganisms at the major time-series sites of BATS, HOTS and SPOT. |
10.1890/12-2125.1 | 82,315,842 | Factors controlling the spatial distribution of bacterial diversity have been intensely studied, whereas less is known about temporal changes. To address this, we tested whether the mechanisms that underlie bacterial temporal β‐diversity vary across different scales in three marine microbial communities. While seasonal... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This meta-analysis uses data from SPOT and the western English Channel to examine the determinants, rate and scales of temporal variation of microbial communities at these sites. |
10.1038/ismej.2013.19 | 40,881,955 | Abstract Observation of short-term temporal variation in bacterial and viral communities is important for understanding patterns of aquatic microbial diversity. We collected surface seawater once daily for 38 consecutive days with seven more samples interspersed over 40 more days at one location ∼2 km from Santa Catali... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | Through daily sampling and molecular genetic analysis of surface waters near SPOT, this study reveals that most bacteria and viral taxa vary around a mean community composition over weeks to months, with many correlations among taxa, whereas modest changes occur on a daily scale. |
10.1038/ismej.2014.153 | 83,551,108 | Abstract Microbial activities that affect global oceanographic and atmospheric processes happen throughout the water column, yet the long-term ecological dynamics of microbes have been studied largely in the euphotic zone and adjacent seasonally mixed depths. We investigated temporal patterns in the community structure... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This study examines five depths at SPOT and shows that, similar to the surface waters, the deepest waters exhibit seasonal changes. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.107 | 41,723,136 | Abstract Here we describe, the longest microbial time-series analyzed to date using high-resolution 16S rRNA tag pyrosequencing of samples taken monthly over 6 years at a temperate marine coastal site off Plymouth, UK. Data treatment effected the estimation of community richness over a 6-year period, whereby 8794 opera... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This 10-year study of the western English Channel shows the strongest seasonality of any of the long-term time series (>5 years), and shows that seasonal changes, not trophic interactions, can explain most of the variation that occurs. |
10.1073/pnas.1216863110 | 19,626,322 | Marine Archaea are important players among microbial plankton and significantly contribute to biogeochemical cycles, but details regarding their community structure and long-term seasonal activity and dynamics remain largely unexplored. In this study, we monitored the interannual archaeal community composition of abund... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | One of the few studies that examines the dynamics of marine archaeal communities, using both genomics and tanscriptomics. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.24 | 20,704,756 | Abstract Microbes have central roles in ocean food webs and global biogeochemical processes, yet specific ecological relationships among these taxa are largely unknown. This is in part due to the dilute, microscopic nature of the planktonic microbial community, which prevents direct observation of their interactions. H... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | The first example of a three-domain microbial association network study, which shows multiple associations (presumably including trophic interactions) and network properties both within and between the domain members. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.127 | 19,576,266 | Abstract Monterey Bay, CA is an Eastern boundary upwelling system that is nitrogen limited much of the year. In order to resolve population dynamics of microorganisms important for nutrient cycling in this region, we deployed the Environmental Sample Processor with quantitative PCR assays targeting both ribosomal RNA g... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | This field study used an autonomous in situ sample collection and processing instrument to show the detailed dynamics of important cyanobacterial and archaeal lineages in Monterey Bay. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.60 | 41,096,618 | Abstract To better understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of Prochlorococcus populations, and how these populations co-vary with the physical environment, we followed monthly changes in the abundance of five ecotypes—two high-light adapted and three low-light adapted—over a 5-year period in coordination with the ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | A detailed study of the dynamics of the most abundant clade of marine phytoplankton, which is found in both major ocean basins. |
10.1128/aem.59.10.3393-3399.1993 | 19,110,751 | Recent reports documenting very high viral abundances in seawater have led to increased interest in the role of viruses in aquatic environments and a resurgence of the hypothesis that viruses are significant agents of bacterial mortality. Synechococcus spp., small unicellular cyanobacteria that are important primary pr... | 10.1038/nrmicro3417 | A classic study of multiple Synechococcus isolates and their phages, which shows that the dominant phage at any given time does not generally infect the Synechococcus strain that is dominant at that time. |
10.1073/pnas.0601354103 | 20,363,561 | Long-term potentiation (LTP), like memory, becomes progressively more resistant to disruption with time after its formation. Here we show that threshold conditions for inducing LTP cause a rapid, long-lasting increase in polymerized filamentous actin in dendritic spines of adult hippocampus. Two independent manipulatio... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study provides direct evidence that activity-dependent actin polymerization in dendritic spines is involved in LTP consolidation and requires activation of β1-containing integrins. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4110-05.2006 | 125,084,283 | Integrins comprise a large family of cell adhesion receptors that mediate diverse biological events through cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Recent studies have shown that several integrins are localized to synapses with suggested roles in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. We generated a po... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | Using mice in which β1-containing integrin was knocked out specifically in excitatory neurons of the postnatal forebrain, this study provides the initial evidence that β1-containing integrin, through the modulation of LTP, might have a role in a specific set of hippocampal-mediated behaviours, such as working memory. |
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08163.x | 43,239,605 | Abstract Integrins play key roles in the developing and mature nervous system, from promoting neuronal process outgrowth to facilitating synaptic plasticity. Recently, in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, β3 integrin (ITGβ3) was shown to stabilise synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and to be required for homeostatic scaling... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study suggests that β1- and β3-containing integrins might have distinctive roles in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-mediated behaviours. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3942-11.2012 | 20,361,804 | Integrins are heterodimeric extracellular matrix receptors that are essential for the proper development of the vertebrate nervous system. We report here that selective loss of integrin β1 in excitatory neurons leads to reductions in the size and complexity of hippocampal dendritic arbors, hippocampal synapse loss, imp... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This paper provides the first evidence that a novel β1-containing integrin–ARG–p190 GAP pathway regulating the structure and function of dendrites and synapses in the maturing hippocampus might underlie the higher vulnerability of adolescents to cocaine exposure. |
10.1073/pnas.1113736109 | 58,486,018 | The integrins are transmembrane receptors for ECM proteins, and they regulate various cellular functions in the central nervous system. In hippocampal neurons, the β3 integrin subtype is required for homeostatic synaptic scaling of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) induced by chronic activity deprivation. The surface level of β3... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study provides the first evidence that a direct interaction between GluA2-containing AMPARs and β3-containing integrins play a part in regulating basal excitatory synaptic strength. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0528-13.2013 | 38,881,217 | Most dendrite branches and a large fraction of dendritic spines in the adult rodent forebrain are stable for extended periods of time. Destabilization of these structures compromises brain function and is a major contributing factor to psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Integrins are a class of transmembrane e... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study demonstrates that α3-containing integrins and their downstream intracellular ARG–p190 GAP –RHOA pathway developmentally regulate dendrite arbor stability, synapse density and ultrastructure in hippocampal neurons, similarly to the functions previously demonstrated for β1-containing integrins, and that α3-con... |
10.1523/jneurosci.5346-08.2009 | 17,675,268 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has emerged as a physiological regulator of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory. The pathways by which MMP-9 affects NMDAR signaling remain, however, elusive. Using single quantum dot tracking, we demonstrate that MMP-9 enzymatic activity increases NR1-NMDAR... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | Using single quantum dot tracking, this study provides direct evidence that MMP9 enzymatic activity increases NMDAR surface trafficking via β1-containing integrins. |
10.1073/pnas.0807248105 | 40,396,069 | Persistent dendritic spine enlargement is associated with stable long-term potentiation (LTP), and the latter is thought to underlie long-lasting memories. Extracellular proteolytic remodeling of the synaptic microenvironment could be important for such plasticity, but whether or how proteolytic remodeling contributes ... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study provides experimental evidence that the MMP9-mediated mechanism driving LTP requires β1-containing integrin activity and the activation of its downstream cofilin signalling pathway, which is linked to actin polymerization. |
10.1523/jneurosci.2024-12.2012 | 42,505,854 | Memory consolidation theory posits that newly acquired information passes through a series of stabilization steps before being firmly encoded. We report here that in rat and mouse, hippocampus cell adhesion receptors belonging to the β1-integrin family exhibit dynamic properties in adult synapses and that these contrib... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.138 | This study provides direct evidence that the effects of the temporal dynamics of β1-containing integrins and their downstream signalling pathway on LTP induction have a temporally discrete role in memory formation. |
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