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10.1073/pnas.1212332109 | 101,349,904 | Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins into plant cells to subvert host defenses. These effectors can be recognized by plant nucleotide-binding–leucine-rich repeat immune receptors, triggering defense responses that restrict pathogen growth. AvrRps4, an effector protein from Pseudomonas sy... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | In this paper, the crystal structure of AvrRps4 shows that an electronegative surface patch in the structure is important for recognition by the NB-LRR proteins RPS4 and RRS1. |
10.1126/science.1144956 | 81,228,845 | Pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria relies on the injection of effector proteins by type III secretion into eukaryotic cells, where they modulate host signaling pathways to the pathogen's benefit. One such effector protein injected by Xanthomonas into plants is AvrBs3, which localizes to the plant cell nucleus... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | This work shows that TAL effectors are transcription factors and that they promote disease by directly binding to specific host gene promoters. |
10.1126/science.1144958 | 101,720,717 | Plant disease resistance (R) proteins recognize matching pathogen avirulence proteins. Alleles of the pepper R gene Bs3 mediate recognition of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria ( Xcv ) type III effector protein AvrBs3 and its deletion derivative AvrBs3Δrep16. Pepper Bs3 and its allelic variant Bs3-E encode fla... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | This article describes the molecular basis of TAL effector recognition by plants. |
10.1126/science.1178817 | 45,477,460 | TAL Order Xanthomonas bacteria attack their plant hosts by delivering their own transcription-activator–like (TAL) proteins into the plant cell nucleus and alter the plant's gene regulation (see the Perspective by Voytas and Joung ). Moscou and Bogdanove (p. 1501 , published online 29 October: see the cover) and Boch e... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | Together with reference 111, this work explains how the repeat architecture of TAL effectors determines their sequence-specific DNA-binding properties. |
10.1126/science.1216211 | 124,242,544 | Wrapped DNA TAL effectors are proteins that bacterial pathogens inject into plant cells that bind to host DNA to activate expression of plant genes. The DNA-binding domain of TAL proteins is composed of tandem repeats within which a repeat-variable diresidue sequence confers nucleotide specificity. Deng et al. (p. 720 ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | Together with reference 116, this paper provides the structural basis for the DNA sequence specificity of TAL effectors and for the rational design of TAL proteins. |
10.1073/pnas.1106002108 | 122,506,922 | The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, one of the most economically damaging plant diseases worldwide. P. infestans produces AVR3a, an essential modular virulence effector with an N-terminal RXLR domain that is required for host-cell entry. In host cells, AVR3a stabilizes and inhibits t... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | This article shows the NMR structure of an RXLR effector of the Avr3a family, which provides evidence for phospholipid binding of the C-terminal effector domain. |
10.1073/pnas.1109791108 | 65,421,440 | The in planta association of the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effector ATR1 with the cognate Arabidopsis thaliana RPP1 immune receptor activates a disease-resistance signaling pathway that inhibits pathogen growth. To define the molecular events specifying effector recognition by RPP1, we determined the crystal struc... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | In this paper, the crystal structure of ATR1 provides insight into how WY domains are arranged in effectors containing more than one WY repeat. |
10.1105/tpc.107.053611 | 81,522,893 | Abstract The gene-for-gene mechanism of plant disease resistance involves direct or indirect recognition of pathogen avirulence (Avr) proteins by plant resistance (R) proteins. Flax rust (Melampsora lini) AvrL567 avirulence proteins and the corresponding flax (Linum usitatissimum) L5, L6, and L7 resistance proteins int... | 10.1038/nrmicro3118 | The crystal structures of two members of the AvrL567 group of flax rust effector proteins that are recognized by direct binding to their corresponding NB-LRR proteins are shown in this paper. |
10.1091/mbc.e09-07-0596 | 62,630,258 | Excitatory synapses in the brain play key roles in learning and memory. The formation and functions of postsynaptic mushroom-shaped structures, dendritic spines, and possibly of presynaptic terminals, rely on actin cytoskeleton remodeling. However, the cytoskeletal architecture of synapses remains unknown hindering the... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | This paper uses platinum replica electron microscopy to reveal the cytoskeletal ultrastructure in dendritic spines. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0035-13.2013 | 20,778,388 | Despite evidence for a strong genetic contribution to several major psychiatric disorders, individual candidate genes account for only a small fraction of these disorders, leading to the suggestion that multigenetic pathways may be involved. Several known genetic risk factors for psychiatric disease are related to the ... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | This interesting paper shows that inactivation of the ARP2/3 complex in mature neurons leads to loss of plasticity-associated spine enlargement and gradual spine shrinkage and loss. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3209-06.2006 | 125,101,401 | The scaffolding protein WAVE-1 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1) directs signals from the GTPase Rac through the Arp2/3 complex to facilitate neuronal actin remodeling. The WAVE-associated GTPase activating protein called WRP is implicated in human mental retardation, and WAVE-1 knock-out mice have alt... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | References 69 and 70 implicate WAVE1 as a critical downstream target of RAC1 in the control of dendritic spine formation and stability. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4284-12.2013 | 38,881,220 | Rho family GTPases coordinate cytoskeletal rearrangements in neurons, and mutations in their regulators are associated with mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental disorders (Billuart et al., 1998; Kutsche et al., 2000; Newey et al., 2005; Benarroch, 2007). Chromosomal microdeletions encompassing p190RhoGAP or ... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | This paper demonstrates that ARG dampens activity-dependent disruption of cortactin localization to stabilize dendritic spines and independently attenuates RHO activity to stabilize dendrite arbors. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0528-13.2013 | 38,881,217 | Most dendrite branches and a large fraction of dendritic spines in the adult rodent forebrain are stable for extended periods of time. Destabilization of these structures compromises brain function and is a major contributing factor to psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Integrins are a class of transmembrane e... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | I33 References 114 and 115 describe key roles for integrin α3β1 in the control of dendrite and dendritic spine stability. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3074-08.2008 | 81,793,878 | Dendritic spines are the primary sites of contact with presynaptic axons on excitatory hippocampal and cortical neurons. During development and plasticity spines undergo marked changes in structure that directly affect the functional communication between neurons. Elucidating the cytoskeletal events that induce these s... | 10.1038/nrn3486 | References 156–158, along with reference 85, indicate that microtubule targeting to dendritic spines can be regulated by activity and by BDNF and that this targeting stabilizes spines by promoting the accumulation of key spine stabilizing proteins. |
10.1073/pnas.0604112103 | 21,884,922 | Polyketides are a class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of functional and structural diversity. They include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, antifungals, antihypercholesterolemics, and cytotoxins. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) use chemistry similar to fatty acid synthases (FASs), although building block va... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | The first article to show the enzymatic basis for starter unit initiation in fungal aromatic PKSs. |
10.1126/science.1154711 | 3,768,594 | PksA, which initiates biosynthesis of the environmental carcinogen aflatoxin B1, is one of the multidomain iterative polyketide synthases (IPKSs), a large, poorly understood family of biosynthetic enzymes. We found that dissection of PksA and its reconstitution from selected sets of domains allows the accumulation and ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | A paper describing the dissection and enzymatic reconstitution of an iterative PKS to define the domain activities and provide the first direct experimental evidence for hypothetical poly-β-keto intermediates. |
10.1073/pnas.0913531107 | 20,045,262 | Polyketide natural products possess diverse architectures and biological functions and share a subset of biosynthetic steps with fatty acid synthesis. The final transformation catalyzed by both polyketide synthases (PKSs) and fatty acid synthases is most often carried out by a thioesterase (TE). The synthetic versatili... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | The first crystal structure of a Claisen cyclase-type thioesterase provides a model for C–C bond cyclization in polyketide chain termination. |
10.1073/pnas.0809084105 | 40,621,624 | Bacterial aromatic polyketides are important therapeutic compounds including front line antibiotics and anticancer drugs. It is one of the last remaining major classes of natural products of which the biosynthesis has not been reconstituted in the genetically superior host Escherichia coli . Here, we demonstrate the en... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | This article describes a heterologous expression system that uses engineered protein linkers and was developed in E. coli to produce new polyketide derivatives from fungal and bacterial enzyme components. |
10.1126/science.1175602 | 80,030,907 | Dissecting Megaenzyme Mechanisms Filamentous fungi contain a class of multidomain enzymes, the highly-reducing iterative polyketide synthases (HR-IPKSs), which produce important natural products such as the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin. To produce their complex products, these megasynthases use multiple catalyt... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | The biochemical determination of PKS gate keeper functions for auxiliary enzymes. |
10.1126/science.1161269 | 123,622,049 | Mammalian fatty acid synthase is a large multienzyme that catalyzes all steps of fatty acid synthesis. We have determined its crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution covering five catalytic domains, whereas the flexibly tethered terminal acyl carrier protein and thioesterase domains remain unresolved. The structur... | 10.1038/nrmicro2465 | The atomic-level structures of the mammalian FAS, a close relative of fungal PKSs. |
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168648.001.0001 | 98,970,697 | Abstract Working memory — the ability to keep important information in mind while comprehending, thinking, and acting — varies considerably from person to person and changes dramatically during each person's life. Understanding such individual and developmental differences is crucial because working memory is a major c... | 10.1038/nrn1201 | References 1–3 provide excellent accounts of the current states of research on working memory, with reference 2 representing a range of theoretical approaches and highlighting their common features, reference 1 containing the view of a range of young British researchers on the strengths and weaknesses of the multi-comp... |
10.1098/rstb.2000.0734 | 62,033,422 | Much of the functioning of the motor system occurs without awareness. Nevertheless, we are aware of some aspects of the current state of the system and we can prepare and make movements in the imagination. These mental representations of the actual and possible states of the system are based on two sources: sensory sig... | 10.1038/nrn1201 | A stimulating attempt to provide an account of the control of action based on a range of experimental phenomena and neuropsychological deficits. It makes a potentially important case for the possible extension of a model of motor control to the more general control of action and behaviour. |
10.1523/jneurosci.23-34-10784.2003 | 50,851,550 | We investigated a spinal site for opioid modulation of itch-related scratching behavior in rats. Intradermal 5-HT (2%, 10 μl) elicited intermittent bouts of hindlimb scratching directed toward the injection site (nape of neck) beginning within minutes and lasting >1 hr. 5-HT-evoked scratching was significantly reduc... | 10.1038/nrn1950 | c-Fos expression as objective evidence for differential pain and itch behaviour in animals. |
10.1038/sj.bjp.0705754 | 85,504,239 | The role of histamine H 1 , H 2 , H 3 and H 4 receptors in acute itch induced by histamine was investigated in female BalbC mice. Scratching was induced by intradermal injections of pruritogen into the back of the neck and ‘itch’ assessed by quantifying the scratching evoked. Histamine (0.03–80 μ mol), histamine‐triflu... | 10.1038/nrn1950 | Introduces a new and powerful candidate for an itch-specific mediator system in rodents. |
10.1126/science.1108609 | 18,955,729 | Environmental temperature is thought to be directly sensed by neurons through their projections in the skin. A subset of the mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels has been implicated in this process. These “thermoTRPs” are activated at distinct temperature thresholds and are typically expr... | 10.1038/nrn1950 | Evidence for a role of keratinocytes in the transduction process. |
10.1073/pnas.0409888102 | 62,244,360 | CB 2 cannabinoid receptor-selective agonists are promising candidates for the treatment of pain. CB 2 receptor activation inhibits acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain responses but does not cause central nervous system (CNS) effects, consistent with the lack of CB 2 receptors in the normal CNS. To date, there has... | 10.1038/nrn1950 | Analgesic effects of CB 2 agonists were shown here to be based on peripheral release of endogenous opioids; therefore, this indirect effect has to be discussed. |
10.1152/jn.01139.2002 | 123,156,503 | Vasoneuroactive substances were applied through intradermal microdialysis membranes and characterized as itch- or pain-inducing in psychophysical experiments. Histamine always provoked itching and rarely pain, capsaicin always pain but never itching. Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) led preferentially to moderate itching. Se... | 10.1038/nrn1950 | Prostaglandin induced activation is found only in histamine-sensitive pruriceptors — this is evidence for itch-specific neurons. |
10.1126/science.1058445 | 59,543,960 | Axonal growth cones that cross the nervous system midline change their responsiveness to midline guidance cues: They become repelled by the repellent Slit and simultaneously lose responsiveness to the attractant netrin. These mutually reinforcing changes help to expel growth cones from the midline by making a once-attr... | 10.1038/nrn2594 | This study demonstrated that netrin attraction can be silenced through an interaction between the Slit receptors the Robos and the netrin receptor, DCC. |
10.1126/science.7541558 | 109,089,268 | Mouse retinal ganglion cell axons growing from the eye encounter embryonic neurons at the future site of the optic chiasm. After in vivo ablation of these chiasm neurons with a monoclonal antibody and complement, retinal axons did not cross the midline and stalled at approximately the entry site into the chiasm region.... | 10.1038/nrn2594 | In this study, ablation of CD44+ cells at the optic chiasm prevented the growth of RGC axons from the contralateral side, implicating CD44+ cells as guideposts in the formation of the optic chiasm. |
10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.2069 | 95,472,413 | This experiment explored the relationship between neural firing patterns in second somatosensory cortex (SII) and decisions about roughness of tactile gratings. Neural and behavioral data were acquired while monkeys made dichotomous roughness classifications of pairs of gratings that differed in groove width (1.07 vs. ... | 10.1038/nrn1058 | A nice combination of neurophysiological and psychophysical experiments. The authors varied several stimulus attributes that influences the perception of roughness in monkeys. This generated a pattern of psychophysical responses. The firing rates of neurons in S2 mimicked this pattern and correlated with the monkey's h... |
10.1073/pnas.120018597 | 122,095,250 | Monkeys are able to discriminate the difference in frequency between two periodic mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the fingertips. It has been proposed that this ability is mediated by the periodicity of the responses in the quickly adapting (QA) neurons of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), instead of... | 10.1038/nrn1058 | Two kinds of neurometric curves were calculated from the responses of somatosensory neurons to different flutter frequencies: one depended on firing rate modulations, and the other on the periodicity of the firing patterns. These curves were compared to the actual psychometric curves from the monkey's behaviour. Only t... |
10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1916 | 103,784,242 | We recorded the activity of single neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (area LIP) of two rhesus monkeys while they discriminated the direction of motion in random-dot visual stimuli. The visual task was similar to a motion discrimination task that has been used in previous investigations of motion-sensitive region... | 10.1038/nrn1058 | One of the most complete studies of neural activity recorded during the discrimination of random-dot visual motion. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area have oculomotor characteristics, but their activity also depends on sensory information. So, they might reflect the ongoing visual discrimination process. |
10.1152/physrev.1996.76.3.687 | 45,561,136 | Rhythmic movements are produced by central pattern-generating networks whose output is shaped by sensory and neuromodulatory inputs to allow the animal to adapt its movements to changing needs. This review discusses cellular, circuit, and computational analyses of the mechanisms underlying the generation of rhythmic mo... | 10.1038/nrn1058 | An extremely comprehensive review of the biophysical bases of circuits that can generate repetitive motor activity. The interaction between sensory and motor processes is viewed from a more integrated perspective than in the cortical literature. |
10.1073/pnas.1514475112 | 83,364,059 | Prions are proteins that adopt alternative conformations that become self-propagating; the PrP Sc prion causes the rare human disorder Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). We report here that multiple system atrophy (MSA) is caused by a different human prion composed of the α-synuclein protein. MSA is a slowly evolving dis... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.26 | Preclinical evidence that α -synuclein assemblies derived from MSA brains induce an aggregation pathology that is consistent with MSA. |
10.1002/mds.20255 | 62,338,073 | Abstract We aimed to develop and validate a novel rating scale for multiple system atrophy (Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale ‐ UMSARS). The scale comprises the following components: Part I, historical, 12 items; Part II, motor examination, 14 items; Part III, autonomic examination; and Part IV, global disab... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.26 | Report on the development and validation of the unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale, a disease-specific and commonly used rating scale to determine the severity of motor and nonmotor symptoms in MSA. |
10.1002/cne.901720106 | 102,926,874 | Abstract The responses of horizontal cell bodies and cones in the retina of the cat have been studied by means of intracellular recording and Procion dye injection In an isolated, arterially perfused eyecup preparation. Comparison of the hyperpolarizing responses of these units to red and blue stimuli of different inte... | 10.1038/nrn2636 | This study was the first to show that rod signals can be detected in cones, presumably as a result of their interconnecting gap junctions. |
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04848.x | 45,429,808 | Abstract Horizontal cells are coupled by gap junctions; the extensive coupling of the horizontal cells is reflected in their large receptive fields, which extend far beyond the dendritic arbor of the individual cell. In the mouse retina, horizontal cells express connexin57 (Cx57). Tracer coupling of horizontal cells is... | 10.1038/nrn2636 | This report showed that disruption of horizontal cell gap junctions in the connexin57-deficient mouse retina results in a dramatic reduction in their receptive field sizes. |
10.1073/pnas.86.19.7639 | 79,648,825 | Horizontal cells form an electrically coupled network for the transmission of inhibitory signals in the outer retina. In teleosts, horizontal cell coupling is modulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Using voltage-clamped pairs of teleost horizontal cells, we have examined the effects of dopamine on the conductance ... | 10.1038/nrn2636 | This report showed that dopamine can directly modulate the conductance of gap junctions connecting neighbouring horizontal cells. |
10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00943.x | 18,288,946 | Summary DNA damage is a common feature of human spermatozoa with purported links to poor rates of conception, impaired embryonic development, an increased incidence of miscarriage and the appearance of various kinds of morbidity in the offspring including childhood cancer. However, difficulties in interpretation arise,... | 10.1038/nrurol.2017.69 | Development of appropriate therapeutic strategies to complement the assessment of sperm DNA damage is very much essential for the treatment of patients with male infertility as DNA damage in the male germ line is a major risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes including poor fertilization, impaired development of the... |
10.1210/jc.2007-2616 | 38,417,727 | Abstract Context: Male infertility has been linked with the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by defective spermatozoa. However, the subcellular origins of this activity are unclear. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the importance of sperm mitochondria in creating the oxidativ... | 10.1038/nrurol.2017.69 | The findings of this study highlight the potential importance of aberrant mitochondrial activity in the aetiology of defective sperm function, which remains one of the major causes of human infertility. |
10.1155/2017/7928981 | 61,184,346 | This study was designed to explore the impact of Yoga and Meditation based lifestyle intervention (YMLI) on cellular aging in apparently healthy individuals. During this 12-week prospective, open-label, single arm exploratory study, 96 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled to receive YMLI. The primary endpoints ... | 10.1038/nrurol.2017.69 | Adoption of yoga and meditation based lifestyle intervention is associated with a decline in levels of cardinal biomarkers of cellular aging and oxidative stress and thus may be associated with delaying the aging process, prevent the onset of multifactorial complex lifestyle diseases, promote mental, physical, and repr... |
10.2164/jandrol.05171 | 100,798,399 | ABSTRACT: Sperm protamine deficiency is observed in a subset of infertile men, suggesting that the relative histone to protamine ratio may be altered in the spermatozoa of these men. We measured the ratio of nuclear histones to protamines in the spermatozoa of fertile (n = 10) and infertile men (n = 20). Sperm nuclear ... | 10.1038/nrurol.2017.69 | The findings of the study suggest that infertile men possess a higher proportion of spermatozoa with an increased histone to protamine ratio than that of their fertile counterparts. |
10.1084/jem.57.4.571 | 81,992,837 | 1. All except two of 106 strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from man, other animals, milk, and cheese have been classified into five groups, which bear a definite relationship to the sources of the cultures. These broad groups may be subdivided into specific types by methods discussed elsewhere. The specific gr... | 10.1038/nrmicro2624 | The original report of the now-standard classification technique based on specific carbohydrate 'group' antigens that are associated with the β-haemolytic streptococci. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04583.x | 20,414,097 | Summary The pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) produces a wide spectrum of infections including necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Streptolysin S (SLS) produces the hallmark β‐haemolytic phenotype produced by GAS. The nine‐gene GAS locus ( sag A– sag I) resembling a bacteriocin biosynthetic operon is necessary and sufficien... | 10.1038/nrmicro2624 | Work showing that the sagABCDEFG genes in the sag operon are each required for the expression of functional SLS, and providing support for the designation of SLS as a bacteriocin-like toxin. |
10.1073/pnas.0801338105 | 81,651,150 | Bacteriocins represent a large family of ribosomally produced peptide antibiotics. Here we describe the discovery of a widely conserved biosynthetic gene cluster for the synthesis of thiazole and oxazole heterocycles on ribosomally produced peptides. These clusters encode a toxin precursor and all necessary proteins fo... | 10.1038/nrmicro2624 | A study demonstrating that, after modification by in vitro reconstitution, SagA is converted into a cytolysin; this article provides the first molecular-level description of the factor that is responsible for the β-haemolytic phenotype of GAS. |
10.1128/iai.66.4.1671-1679.1998 | 100,540,545 | ABSTRACT Streptolysin S (SLS) is a potent cytolytic toxin produced by nearly all group A streptococci (GAS). SLS-deficient Tn 916 insertional mutants were generated from two clinical isolates of GAS, MGAS166s and T18Ps (M serotypes 1 and 18, respectively), by transposon mutagenesis using Tn 916 donor strain Enterococcu... | 10.1038/nrmicro2624 | After more than a century of research into the β-haemolytic phenotype of GAS, this study reports the discovery of a potential genetic determinant involved in SLS production: sagA , a gene that encodes a small peptide of 53 amino acids. |
10.1126/science.274.5290.1188 | 28,154,376 | Esherichia coli microcin B17 is a posttranslationally modified peptide that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase. It contains four oxazole and four thiazole rings and is representative of a broad class of pharmaceutically important natural products with five-membered heterocycles derived from peptide precursors. An in vitro a... | 10.1038/nrmicro2624 | This investigation determines that the MccB17-asscociated cyclodehydratase, dehydrogenase and docking protein form a complex and act collectively to install thiazoles and oxazoles onto the inactive precursor; the work also highlights the importance of the leader peptide. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4283-04.2005 | 42,507,920 | It has been proposed that the endurance of long-term potentiation (LTP) depends on structural changes entailing reorganization of the spine actin cytoskeleton. The present study used a new technique involving intracellular and extracellular application of rhodamine-phalloidin to conventional hippocampal slices to test ... | 10.1038/nrn1685 | By visualizing neurons filled with rhodamine-phalloidin during patch-clamp recordings, the authors showed that LTP induced by theta-burst stimulation in CA1 pyramidal neurons is correlated with an increase in actin polymerization in spines as early as 2 min after stimulation. |
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03908.x | 20,323,945 | Abstract The brain‐specific Ras/Rap GTPase‐activating protein synGAP is a major component of the postsynaptic density at glutamatergic synapses. It is a target for phosphorylation by Ca 2+ /calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II, which up‐regulates its GTPase‐activating activity. Thus, SynGAP may play an important role... | 10.1038/nrn1685 | This study provides evidence that relatively subtle derangement of a synaptic signalling pathway can bias neurons towards abnormal activation of apoptotic pathways. |
10.1085/jgp.112.2.181 | 16,982,460 | The rate constants of acetylcholine receptor channels (AChR) desensitization and recovery were estimated from the durations and frequencies of clusters of single-channel currents. Diliganded-open AChR desensitize much faster than either unliganded- or diliganded-closed AChR, which indicates that the desensitization rat... | 10.1038/nrn731 | A thorough single-channel analysis of the fast phase of desensitization finds that the receptor desensitizes most readily from the open state and, as first shown in reference 2 , returns to the resting state without opening. The authors propose an interesting model in which there are separate resting and desensitizatio... |
10.1073/pnas.251402498 | 26,667,449 | Ligand-gated ion channels bind agonists with higher affinity in the open than in the closed state. The kinetic basis of this increased affinity has remained unknown, because even though the rate constants of agonist association to and dissociation from closed receptors can be estimated with reasonable certainty, the ki... | 10.1038/nrn731 | This is another searching analysis of receptor kinetics from Auerbach's laboratory, which expands the work of reference 30 . This one estimates the rate constants for the association and dissociation of agonist from the open state, and yields the theoretically expected result that the much higher affinity of agonist fo... |
10.1073/pnas.98.3.1241 | 7,402,484 | The nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors cycle among classes of nonconducting resting states, conducting open states, and nonconducting desensitized states. We previously probed the structure of the mouse-muscle ACh receptor channel in the resting state obtained in the absence of agonist and in the open states obtai... | 10.1038/nrn731 | Widespread differences in the structure of M2 in the different states of the receptor are rationalized in terms of gating and gates. |
10.1101/gad.1.10.1238 | 59,493,339 | The achaete-scute gene complex (AS-C) is involved in the development of the central and peripheral (sensory chaetae, sensilla) nervous system. To assess the contribution of the different parts of the complex in the generation of the adult chaetae pattern, we have determined the phenotypes and molecular positions of the... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | Comparison of DNA lesions and the associated patterns of bristle suppression in sc mutations implied the presence of enhancers that would activate this gene in specific regions of the wing disc. |
10.1101/gad.5.6.984 | 38,804,413 | Adult Drosophila possess a large number of sensory organs, including large and small bristles and other types of sensilla, each arising from a single mother cell at particular positions in a reproducible pattern. Genetic studies have shown that sensory organ pattern formation is partly coordinated by a number of struct... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | References 13 and 14 reveal, at the level of single-cell resolution, the relationship between proneural clusters and the emergence of SOPs. |
10.1101/gad.9.15.1869 | 125,194,549 | The pattern of bristles and other sensory organs on the adult cuticle of Drosophila is prefigured in the imaginal discs by the pattern of expression of the proneural achaete (ac) and scute (sc) genes, two members of the ac-sc complex (AS-C). These genes are simultaneously expressed by groups of cells (the proneural clu... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | Isolation of ASC prepattern responsive enhancers and demonstration of their ability to activate both the ac and sc genes in proneural clusters. |
10.1242/dev.126.16.3523 | 125,238,998 | In Drosophila, the GATA family transcription factor Pannier and the Wnt secreted protein Wingless are known to be important for the patterning of the notum, a part of the dorsal mesothorax of the fly. Thus, both proteins are necessary for the development of the dorsocentral mechanosensory bristles, although their roles... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | Pnr is established as a direct activator of the proneural genes ac and sc by binding to the notum DC enhancer. |
10.1242/dev.118.2.427 | 104,055,647 | We have used conditional wingless genotypes to dissect the role of this gene in late stages of wing disc development. One of these genotypes (wgIL/wg-lacZ) is simultaneously a reporter of wingless transcription and temperature-sensitive for wingless function, and has allowed us to define its pattern of transcription in... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | References 26 and 27 characterized Ush as a prepattern gene whose product controls by heterodimerization the activity of the transcription factor Pnr. |
10.1242/dev.125.18.3625 | 104,053,497 | Neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster starts by an ordered appearance of neuroblasts arranged in three columns (medial, intermediate and lateral) in each side of the neuroectoderm. Here we show that, in the intermediate column, the receptor tyrosine kinase DER represses expression of proneural genes, achaete and scut... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | References 52–54 demonstrate the activity of vnd as a prepattern and neural identity gene. |
10.1242/dev.129.10.2459 | 125,328,947 | In the spinal neural tube, populations of neuronal precursors that express a unique combination of transcription factors give rise to specific classes of neurons at precise locations along the dorsoventral axis. Understanding the patterning mechanisms that generate restricted gene expression along the dorsoventral axis... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | This paper shows that different prepattern and proneural genes that are expressed at dorsal or at intermediate levels of the neural tube are activated, repressed or both by different concentration thresholds of BMP. |
10.1101/gad.1025702 | 103,906,061 | The hedgehog signaling pathway organizes the developing ventral neural tube by establishing distinct neural progenitor fates along the dorsoventral axis. Smoothened ( Smo ) is essential for all Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and genetic inactivation of Smo cells autonomously blocks the ability of cells to transduce the Hh si... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | Clones of smo mutant cells demonstrate that Shh signalling is essential for the expression of ventral prepattern genes, and is also required for the expression of some intermediate genes. The main function of Hedgehog is to counteract Gli3 activity. |
10.1101/gad.243402 | 82,811,854 | Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a critical role in organizing cell pattern in the developing spinal cord. Gli proteins are thought to mediate Shh signaling, but their role in directing neural tube patterning remains unclear. Here we identify a role for Gli3 transcriptional repressor activity in patterning the intermediate r... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | This study showed that Gli3 is required as a repressor for the correct expression of prepattern genes that are expressed at intermediate levels of the spinal cord. |
10.1101/gad.937102 | 100,830,903 | In the developing spinal cord, signals from the roof plate are required for the development of three classes of dorsal interneuron: D1, D2, and D3, listed from dorsal to ventral. Here, we demonstrate that absence of Wnt1 and Wnt3a, normally expressed in the roof plate, leads to diminished development of D1 and D2 neuro... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | This study showed that Wnt signalling from the dorsal roof plate is required, without altering BMP signalling expression, for correct proneural gene expression at the dorsal spinal cord and for the generation of dorsal neurons. |
10.1242/dev.129.1.83 | 83,427,808 | Regionalization of the embryonic brain is achieved through multi-step processes that operate sequentially and/or simultaneously. Localized sources of various signaling molecules act as organizing centers that pattern neighboring fields to create molecularly distinct domains. We investigated the mechanisms underlying th... | 10.1038/nrn1142 | The authors of this paper propose that the different brain territories are defined by the mutual repression of Six3 and Irx3, Pax6 and Pax2/En1, and Otx2 and Gbx2. |
10.1111/1467-8624.00522 | 124,493,776 | This study tested prefrontal and hippocampal functions in a sample of 28 school–aged (M = 14.7 years, SD = 2.7) individuals with Down syndrome (DS) compared with 28 (M = 4.9 years, SD = .75) typically developing children individually matched on mental age (MA). Both neuropsychological domains were tested with multiple ... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | A seminal paper showing hippocampal dysfunction in patients with Down syndrome that was revealed using specific neuropsychological tests that were based on mouse work. |
10.1073/pnas.0813248106 | 20,497,393 | Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is a common disorder associated with several complex clinical phenotypes. Although several hypotheses have been put forward, it is unclear as to whether particular gene loci on chromosome 21 (HSA21) are sufficient to cause DS and its associated features. Here we present a high-resolut... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | This study shows that different regions of HSA21 contribute to different disease-related phenotypes, arguing against a single critical region in HSA21 (also see reference 57). |
10.1101/gr.1951304 | 82,215,392 | Human trisomy 21, which results in Down syndrome (DS), is one of the most complicated congenital genetic anomalies compatible with life, yet little is known about the molecular basis of DS. It is generally accepted that chromosome 21 (Chr21) transcripts are overexpressed by about 50% in cells with an extra copy of this... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | This study tested the hypothesis that HSA21 transcripts are overexpressed by about 50% in trisomic cells. |
10.1002/dvdy.20079 | 18,421,206 | Abstract Two mouse models are widely used for Down syndrome (DS) research. The Ts65Dn mouse carries a small chromosome derived primarily from mouse chromosome 16, causing dosage imbalance for approximately half of human chromosome 21 orthologs. These mice have cerebellar pathology with direct parallels to DS. The Ts1Cj... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | This paper made an important contribution to the understanding of Down syndrome cerebellar phenotypes. The cerebellar alterations in Down syndrome were thought to participate mainly in motor phenotypes, but abnormalities in this region are now thought to also affect cognitive processes. |
10.1126/science.1114535 | 18,170,010 | Aneuploidies are common chromosomal defects that result in growth and developmental deficits and high levels of lethality in humans. To gain insight into the biology of aneuploidies, we manipulated mouse embryonic stem cells and generated a trans-species aneuploid mouse line that stably transmits a freely segregating, ... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | This paper details the creation of the first 'humanized' Down syndrome mouse model. |
10.1007/s11689-010-9054-3 | 103,058,010 | Abstract Neurocognitive assessment in individuals with intellectual disabilities requires a well-validated test battery. To meet this need, the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery (ACTB) has been developed specifically to assess the cognitive phenotype in Down syndrome (DS). The ACTB includes neuropsychological assessments ... | 10.1038/nrn3314 | The Arizona Cognitive Test Battery is the first serious attempt to create a neuropsychological exploration screen that is specific for Down syndrome. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.511 | 62,532,622 | ▪ Abstract Widespread cell migrations are the hallmark of vertebrate brain development. In the early embryo, morphogenetic movements of precursor cells establish the rhombomeres of the hindbrain, the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, and the regional boundaries of the forebrain. In midgestation, after primary ... | 10.1038/nrn918 | References 15–22 , together with reference 41 , provide a comprehensive outlook on neuronal migration, from morphological analysis to diseases that result from migration defects. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-03-01086.1997 | 19,247,794 | Video time-lapse microscopy has made it possible to document growth cone motility during axon navigation in the intact brain. This approach prompted us to reanalyze the hypothesis, originally derived from observations of fixed tissue, that growth cone form is position-specific. The behaviors of DiI-labeled retinal axon... | 10.1038/nrn918 | Together with reference 29 , this paper provides a thorough description of neuronal polarity development and growth cone behaviour in different types of neuronal systems both in vivo and in vitro |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-06-02266.2000 | 103,217,713 | Hippocampal neurons developing in culture exhibit two types of differential, seemingly competitive, process outgrowth in the absence of external cues. During the initial acquisition of polarity, one of several equivalent undifferentiated minor neurites preferentially grows to become the axon. Once the axon has formed, ... | 10.1038/nrn918 | Together, references 68–71 provide experimental evidence for how actin dynamics are involved in growth cone motility and process formation. |
10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01086-8 | 38,471,467 | Here we report the functional importance of profilin in various actin‐mediated morphological changes using H119E mutant profilin I, which is deficient only in actin binding. In the case of actin‐protrusive structures from the plasma membrane, H119E‐profilin was shown to suppress the formation of Cdc42‐induced actin mic... | 10.1038/nrn918 | References 115 and 116 describe the localization and role of profilin in different actin-driven morphological events in fibroblasts. |
10.1242/jcs.114.21.3795 | 125,329,064 | Migrating cells display a characteristic polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin filaments polymerise in the protruding front of the cell whereas actin filament bundles contract in the cell body, which results in retraction of the cell’s rear. The dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton provides the force ... | 10.1038/nrn918 | An important revision in which the interaction between actin and microtubules is highlighted in the context of the role of Rho GTPases in regulating the microtubule cytoskeleton during cell migration. |
10.1126/science.160.3827.554 | 61,009,793 | Rats had a memory loss of a fear response when they received an electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after the fear-conditioning trial and preceded by a brief presentation of the conditioned stimulus. No such loss occurred when the conditioned stimulus was not presented. The memory loss in animals given electroconvulsive s... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | The first demonstration of a post-retrieval memory disruption; this set the basis for the thinking about reconsolidation that continues today. |
10.1523/jneurosci.5491-03.2004 | 19,665,237 | Memory retrieval is not a passive phenomenon. Instead, it triggers a number of processes that either reinforce or alter stored information. Retrieval is thought to activate a second memory consolidation cascade (reconsolidation) that requires protein synthesis. Here, we show that the temporal dynamics of memory reconso... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | This important study began to disambiguate molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation from those of extinction. |
10.1126/science.1095760 | 104,411,637 | The idea that new memories undergo a time-dependent consolidation process after acquisition has received considerable experimental support. More controversial has been the demonstration that established memories, once recalled, become labile and sensitive to disruption, requiring “reconsolidation” to become permanent. ... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | This landmark study demonstrated a double dissociation between mechanisms of consolidation (BDNF) and reconsolidation (ZIF268) within the hippocampus. |
10.1101/lm.365707 | 41,736,479 | Recent demonstrations of “reconsolidation” suggest that memories can be modified when they are reactivated. Reconsolidation has been observed in human procedural memory and in implicit memory in infants. This study asks whether episodic memory undergoes reconsolidation. College students learned a list of objects on Day... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | This important article demonstrates retrieval-initiated updating of memory in a traditional human memory task. |
10.1073/pnas.0507168103 | 102,902,953 | Memory consolidation refers to a process by which newly learned information is made resistant to disruption. Traditionally, consolidation has been viewed as an event that occurs once in the life of a memory. However, considerable evidence now indicates that consolidated memories, when reactivated through retrieval, bec... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | An important demonstration of the specificity of reconsolidation of fear memories. |
10.1523/jneurosci.2049-06.2006 | 123,584,626 | It has been reported that consolidated memories can return to a labile state when reactivated and undergo a process of re-storage, termed reconsolidation, required for later recall. We investigated memory for a nonassociative learning task (habituation) and found that memory for this task also undergoes reconsolidation... | 10.1038/nrn2090 | Important study showing that glutamate receptor removal from synapses coincides with behavioural measures of memory disruption after retrieval. The use of this novel dependent variable provides strong evidence for cellular changes that correlate with a reversal of learning-related changes, and therefore a role for reco... |
10.1126/science.1138527 | 61,024,053 | Multiple unrelated polymer systems have evolved to partition DNA molecules between daughter cells at division. To better understand polymer-driven DNA segregation, we reconstituted the three-component segregation system of the R1 plasmid from purified components. We found that the ParR/ parC complex can construct a sim... | 10.1038/nrmicro2425 | The entire ParMRC complex is reconstituted in vitro , and ParM filaments are seen to move ParR– parC -bound polystyrene beads apart. This is also the first description of the 'search and capture' mechanism. |
10.1126/science.1101313 | 40,508,664 | Dynamic instability—the switching of a two-state polymer between phases of steady elongation and rapid shortening—is essential to the cellular function of eukaryotic microtubules, especially during chromosome segregation. Since the discovery of dynamic instability 20 years ago, no other biological polymer has been foun... | 10.1038/nrmicro2425 | The first demonstration of dynamic instability and bipolar elongation for ParM, and a detailed analysis of the dynamic properties of ParM compared with those of actin. |
10.1126/science.1164346 | 81,611,295 | Bipolar elongation of filaments of the bacterial actin homolog ParM drives movement of newly replicated plasmid DNA to opposite poles of a bacterial cell. We used a combination of vitreous sectioning and electron cryotomography to study this DNA partitioning system directly in native, frozen cells. The diffraction patt... | 10.1038/nrmicro2425 | A direct observation of ParM filaments in E. coli using cellular cryo-EM techniques. |
10.1083/jcb.200708206 | 123,464,842 | Type II par operons harness polymerization of the dynamically unstable actin-like protein ParM to segregate low-copy plasmids in rod-shaped bacteria. In this study, we use time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to follow plasmid dynamics and ParM assembly in Escherichia coli. Plasmids lacking a par operon undergo confined ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2425 | The first observation of dynamic ParM filaments and plasmids in live E. coli cells. |
10.1073/pnas.81.8.2572 | 82,122,865 | A specific antiserum against histamine was produced in rabbits, and an immunohistochemical study of histamine-containing cells was carried out in rat brain. The antiserum bound histamine in a standard radioimmunoassay and stained mast cells located in various rat and guinea pig tissues. Enterochromaffin-like cells in t... | 10.1038/nrn1034 | The first direct demonstration of the histaminergic system in the brain; see also reference 5. |
10.1126/science.271.5246.216 | 123,170,299 | The rostral hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain participate in the generation of sleep, but the neuronal circuitry involved in this process remains poorly characterized. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify the FOS protein, an immediate-early gene product, in a group of ventrolateral preoptic neurons that is ... | 10.1038/nrn1034 | The VLPO is active during slow wave sleep and inhibits the otherwise regularly firing histamine neurons. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017100 | 5,630,971 | 1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from neurones of the tuberomammillary nucleus in an in vitro explant of the rat hypothalamus. 2. Tuberomammillary neurones were spontaneously active (2.1 +/‐ 0.6 Hz) at the resting potential which was around ‐50 mV. Action potential amplitude was 75 +/‐ 8 mV (n = 9); mean mid‐a... | 10.1038/nrn1034 | The first intracellular recording and characterization of identified histaminergic neurons. |
10.1073/pnas.181330998 | 67,563,201 | Orexin neurons are exclusively localized in the lateral hypothalamic area and project their fibers to the entire central nervous system, including the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Dysfunction of the orexin system results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy, but the role of orexin in physiological sleep–wa... | 10.1038/nrn1034 | Showed that the histaminergic system is the main target of orexin neurons, which regulate sleep architecture. |
10.1083/jcb.149.4.793 | 41,097,810 | Dysregulation of calcium signaling has been causally implicated in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in the presenilin genes (PS1, PS2), the leading cause of autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), cause highly specific alterations in intracellular calcium signaling pathways that may contrib... | 10.1038/nrn960 | This was the first report to show that CCE is altered by mutant PS1, and implicates enhanced ER stores in the process. |
10.1073/pnas.072033799 | 122,391,361 | Presenilins mediate an unusual intramembranous proteolytic activity known as γ-secretase, two substrates of which are the Notch receptor (Notch) and the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). γ-Secretase-mediated cleavage of APP, like that of Notch, yields an intracellular fragment [ A PP i ntra c ellular d omain (AICD)] t... | 10.1038/nrn960 | This paper describes a novel signalling role for AICD in regulating phosphoinositide calcium signalling. |
10.1126/science.1058783 | 38,409,414 | Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), a widely expressed cell-surface protein, is cleaved in the transmembrane region by γ-secretase. γ-Cleavage of APP produces the extracellular amyloid β-peptide of Alzheimer's disease and releases an intracellular tail fragment of unknown physiological function. We now demonstrate that ... | 10.1038/nrn960 | Reference 25 shows that the AICD fragment can form a transcriptionally active complex. |
10.1126/science.1070925 | 40,426,507 | Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis of some signal peptides after they have been cleaved from a preprotein. In humans, SPP activity is required to generate signal sequence–derived human lymphocyte antigen–E epitopes that are recognized by the immune system, and to process hepatitis C viru... | 10.1038/nrn960 | Reference 66–70 provide the strongest argument in support of presenilin as the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. |
10.1098/rstb.2007.2034 | 100,805,432 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first natural disaster that challenged the Chinese people at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It was caused by a novel animal coronavirus, never recognized or characterized before. This SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) exploited opportunities provided by ‘wet market... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Summarizes the evidence that SARS-CoV emergence was driven by viral adaptation and illustrates how the globally coordinated response to the SARS outbreak was so successful and what methodological insight was gained for future public health emergencies. |
10.1534/genetics.109.112458 | 102,392,134 | Abstract Fitness epistasis, the interaction among alleles at different loci in their effects on fitness, has potentially important consequences for adaptive evolution. We investigated fitness epistasis among amino acids of a functionally important region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exterior envel... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Examines genetic interactions and potential evolutionary pathways for HIV adaptation to CXC-chemokine receptor 4 by engineering amino acid mutations alone and in combination and measuring their effects on viral fitness. |
10.1126/science.1177345 | 125,109,030 | Zeroing in on Zoonoses Influenza, plague, and Lyme disease are classic examples of zoonoses—diseases that circulate in livestock and wildlife, as well as in humans. When a pathogen transfers among multiple hosts, the dynamics of circulation, transmission, and outbreak are complex. Lloyd-Smith et al. (p. 1362 ) review t... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | A comprehensive review of the population dynamics of zoonotic infections. |
10.1098/rspb.2009.1059 | 64,338,537 | Some zoonotic pathogens cause sporadic infection in humans but rarely propagate further, while others have succeeded in overcoming the species barrier and becoming established in the human population. Adaptation, driven by selection pressure in human hosts, can play a significant role in allowing pathogens to cross thi... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Discusses epidemiological signs of pathogen adaptation to a new host. Uses a mathematical model that includes within-host evolution and transmission to explore how epidemiological data can be used to monitor the risk of emergence. |
10.1073/pnas.0507415102 | 61,931,450 | Mammalian influenza viruses are descendants of avian strains that crossed the species barrier and underwent further adaptation. Since 1997 in southeast Asia, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been causing severe, even fatal disease in humans. Although no lineages of this subtype have been established ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Compares two viral strains, one adapted in birds and one in mice, and identifies specific mutations in the viral polymerase of influenza A strains that enhance polymerase activity and increase virulence in mammalian hosts. |
10.1073/pnas.0900877106 | 26,879,713 | Pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (HA) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. Two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of l... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Investigates the genetic basis of transmission from avian to mammalian hosts. They construct a reassorted avian–human influenza strain (H9N2–H3N2) and adapt this virus to ferrets. They find that the virus gained aerosol transmission ability in ferrets by few genetic changes that also altered the antigenic profile . |
10.1073/pnas.0712130105 | 62,493,782 | The intrinsic plasticity of RNA viruses can facilitate host range changes that lead to epidemics. However, evolutionary processes promoting cross-species transfers are poorly defined, especially for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In theory, cross species transfers by arboviruses may be constrained by their alte... | 10.1038/nrmicro2440 | Compares the adaptive potentials of epizootic and endemic strains of VEEV by experimental evolution under three passage conditions: only mice, only mosquitoes and alternating between the two, and finds that viruses passaged on alternating host types do not show increased fitness. |
10.1098/rstb.2010.0403 | 99,173,583 | For many subjectively experienced outcomes, such as pain and depression, rather large placebo effects have been reported. However, there is increasing evidence that placebo interventions also affect end-organ functions regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). After discussing three psychological models for auto... | 10.1038/nrn3976 | This review focuses on the evidence that placebos influence autonomic nervous system responses, including effects on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and pulmonary functions. |
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