source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095611 | 62,397,325 | This review proposes ten tentative answers to frequently asked questions about dispersal evolution. I examine methodological issues, model assumptions and predictions, and their relation to empirical data. Study of dispersal evolution points to the many ecological and genetic feedbacks affecting the evolution of this c... | 10.1038/nrmicro2695 | This and reference 94 review some of the key ecological and evolutionary issues in the field of dispersal, with reference 95 in particular being accessible for workers outside the field. |
10.1126/science.1154584 | 20,800,157 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder characterized pathologically by ubiquitinated TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) inclusions. The function of TDP-43 in the nervous system is uncertain, and a mechanistic role in neurodegeneration remains speculative. We identified neighboring mutations ... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.182 | This study, along with Kabashi et al . (reference 22), showed that TDP-43, a protein found as a pathological accumulation in motor neurons in 98% of cases of ALS, could be a primary cause of the disease, and was not just a downstream manifestation of the disease process. The study also highlighted, for the first time, ... |
10.1126/science.8456317 | 59,868,806 | Neurons maintain their electrical activity patterns despite channel turnover, cell growth, and variable extracellular conditions. A model is presented in which maximal conductances of ionic currents depend on the intracellular concentration of calcium ions and so, indirectly, on activity. Model neurons with activity-de... | 10.1038/nrn2416 | This classic modelling study demonstrated the interaction of fast and slow processes. |
10.1152/jn.00983.2004 | 62,277,501 | To better understand population phenomena in thalamocortical neuronal ensembles, we have constructed a preliminary network model with 3,560 multicompartment neurons (containing soma, branching dendrites, and a portion of axon). Types of neurons included superficial pyramids (with regular spiking [RS] and fast rhythmic ... | 10.1038/nrn2416 | This paper provides a detailed model of the operation of a single column, with applications in epilepsy and normal activity. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-10-03727.1997 | 83,087,608 | The dentate granule cell layer of the rodent hippocampal formation has the distinctive property of ongoing neurogenesis that continues throughout adult life. In both human temporal lobe epilepsy and rodent models of limbic epilepsy, this same neuronal population undergoes extensive remodeling, including reorganization ... | 10.1038/nrn2416 | This study showed that cells are added to the hippocampus during epileptogenesis. |
10.1073/pnas.0801372105 | 20,075,796 | Many complex neuronal circuits have been shown to display nonrandom features in their connectivity. However, the functional impact of nonrandom network topologies in neurological diseases is not well understood. The dentate gyrus is an excellent circuit in which to study such functional implications because proepilepti... | 10.1038/nrn2416 | A study showing how graph theory can make predictions that can be confirmed in an exploration of neuronal wiring. |
10.1073/pnas.93.17.9270 | 19,626,705 | Voltage-gated Na+ channels are the molecular targets of local anesthetics, class I antiarrhythmic drugs, and some anticonvulsants. These chemically diverse drugs inhibit Na+ channels with complex voltage- and frequency-dependent properties that reflect preferential drug binding to open and inactivated channel states. T... | 10.1038/nrn1430 | Characterization of the actions of phenytoin and carbamazepine on recombinant rat brain sodium channels. |
10.1073/pnas.93.17.9270 | 19,626,705 | Voltage-gated Na+ channels are the molecular targets of local anesthetics, class I antiarrhythmic drugs, and some anticonvulsants. These chemically diverse drugs inhibit Na+ channels with complex voltage- and frequency-dependent properties that reflect preferential drug binding to open and inactivated channel states. T... | 10.1038/nrn1430 | Mutational analysis demonstrates the importance of F1764 and Y1771 in sodium channel transmembrane segment IVS6 in the binding of lidocaine and phenytoin. |
10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3021 | 32,906,309 | Segal, Michael M. and Andrea F. Douglas. Late sodium channel openings underlying epileptiform activity are preferentially diminished by the anticonvulsant phenytoin. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3021–3034, 1997. Late openings of sodium channels were observed in outside-out patch recordings from hippocampal neurons in culture. ... | 10.1038/nrn1430 | This paper shows that the tetrodotoxin-sensitive, persistent sodium current that results from rare late openings of voltage-gated sodium channels is more sensitive to phenytoin than is the transient current. Such late openings are hypothesized to be important in initiating and continuing epileptiform activity. |
10.1002/ana.410250610 | 124,103,773 | Abstract The mechanism by which ethosuximide reduces thalamic low‐threshold calcium current (LTCC) was analyzed using voltage‐clamp techniques in acutely isolated ventrobasal complex neurons from rats and guinea pigs. The ethosuximide‐induced reduction of LTCC was voltage dependent: it was most pronounced at more‐hyper... | 10.1038/nrn1430 | The inhibitory effect of ethosuximide on T-type calcium channels is hypothesized to account for its anti-absence activity. |
10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1698 | 59,005,190 | 1. The effects of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake blocker tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials (IPSPs) were examined with microelectrode and whole-cell recording from CA3 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slice cultures. 2. Tiagabine (10-25 microM) greatly prolonged the duration of monosynaptic IPSPs ... | 10.1038/nrn1430 | Recordings from CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells demonstrate that tiagabine greatly prolongs the duration of monosynaptic inhibitory synaptic potentials and can also inhibit epileptiform bursting. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.227 | 61,329,572 | ▪ Abstract The newly defined field of cognitive neuroscience attempts to draw together the study of all brain mechanisms that underlie our mental life. Historically, the major sensory pathways have provided the most trustworthy insights into how the brain supports cognitive functions such as perception, attention, and ... | 10.1038/nrn1666 | An exploration of the link between neural activity and sensory perception, summarizing work that comprises the background to recent neurophysiological studies of perceptual decision making. |
10.1073/pnas.93.2.628 | 83,170,944 | The primate visual system offers unprecedented opportunities for investigating the neural basis of cognition. Even the simplest visual discrimination task requires processing of sensory signals, formation of a decision, and orchestration of a motor response. With our extensive knowledge of the primate visual and oculom... | 10.1038/nrn1666 | One of the first demonstrations of a correlation between the activity of single cortical neurons and an evolving perceptual decision. |
10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 | 41,713,287 | The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work h... | 10.1038/nrn1666 | Reviews evidence indicating that midbrain dopamine neurons signal an error in the prediction of future reward (see references 35–37). Proposes that the function of these neurons is particularly well described by a specific class of reinforcement learning algorithms, and shows how a model that uses a dopamine-like signa... |
10.3406/arss.2002.2820 | 87,838,213 | Les prix Ig-Nobel. Le double tranchant de l'humour scientifique. En 1991, Marc Abrahams, informaticien et éditeur des Annals of Improbable Research (AIR), une revue d'humour et de parodie scientifique, rivale du Journal of Irreproducible Results (JIR), plus ancien, a créé les prix «Ig-Nobel» (lire: «ignoble») pour «hon... | 10.1038/nrn1666 | A clear summary of the pioneering work of Kahneman and Tversky on the psychology of valuation and choice, which emphasizes the importance of intuitive over deliberative decision making and challenges basic economic assumptions of rationality. |
10.1083/jcb.119.5.1287 | 102,411,829 | In neuronal axons, various kinds of membranous components are transported along microtubules bidirectionally. However, only two kinds of mechanochemical motor proteins, kinesin and brain dynein, had been identified as transporters of membranous organelles in mammalian neurons. Recently, a series of genes that encode pr... | 10.1038/nrn1624 | This study identified KIFs 1–5 and reported the full sequences of KIF2A and KIF3A in the murine central nervous system. |
10.1073/pnas.111145398 | 20,811,530 | Intracellular transport is essential for morphogenesis and functioning of the cell. The kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have been shown to transport membranous organelles and protein complexes in a microtubule- and ATP-dependent manner. More than 30 KIFs have been reported in mice. However, the nomenclature of KIFs... | 10.1038/nrn1624 | The authors classified 45 genes in mice and humans as N-kinesins, M-kinesins and C-kinesins. |
10.1083/jcb.200302175 | 103,777,288 | Post-Golgi carriers of various newly synthesized axonal membrane proteins, which possess kinesin (KIF5)-driven highly processive motility, were transported from the TGN directly to axons. We found that KIF5 has a preference to the microtubules in the initial segment of axon. Low dose paclitaxel treatment caused missort... | 10.1038/nrn1624 | Research showing that the motor domain of KIF5 intrinsically recognizes microtubules in the initial segment. |
10.1083/jcb.152.5.959 | 83,514,167 | The cargo that the molecular motor kinesin moves along microtubules has been elusive. We searched for binding partners of the COOH terminus of kinesin light chain, which contains tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs. Three proteins were found, the c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)–interacting proteins (JIPs) JIP-1, JIP-... | 10.1038/nrn1624 | This study shows that the TPR motif of KLC binds to JIP1, 2 and 3, and that KIF5 transports APOER2-containing vesicles. |
10.1126/science.288.5472.1796 | 103,279,231 | Experiments with vesicles containing N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B subunit) show that they are transported along microtubules by KIF17, a neuron-specific molecular motor in neuronal dendrites. Selective transport is accomplished by direct interaction of the KIF17 tail with a PDZ domain of mLin-10 (Mi... | 10.1038/nrn1624 | One of the early reports showing that KIFs interact with cargoes through scaffolding protein complexes. |
10.1242/dev.126.19.4375 | 41,622,926 | Active endocytotic processes are required for the normal distribution of Wingless (Wg) protein across the epidermal cells of each embryonic segment. To assess the functional consequences of this broad Wg distribution, we have devised a means of perturbing endocytosis in spatially restricted domains within the embryo. W... | 10.1038/nrn1036 | This study demonstrates the importance of endocytosis in regulating a normal distribution of Wg across embryonic epithelia. The authors achieved this by generating a transgene that expressed a dominant negative form of the Drosophila dynamin shibire |
10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00219.x | 104,148,957 | Dendritic and synaptic damage (without frank neuronal loss) may be seen in milder human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related cognitive disorders. Synapse volume estimates, performed by stereological methods, could enhance the ability to detect subtle neuronal changes that may accompany cognitive impairment in HIV infec... | 10.1038/nrn2040 | Carefully analyses associations between markers of neuronal damage, including synaptodendritic injury and clinical brain dysfunction, measured as neurocognitive performance. |
10.1002/ana.20198 | 60,038,973 | Abstract The benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV cognitive disorders vary substantially between individuals. This study evaluated whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug penetration and CSF virological suppression influence the extent of neuropsychological (NP) improvement during ART. Overall pe... | 10.1038/nrn2040 | Showed that cART has salutary effects in individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, and that optimizing the CNS penetration of antiretroviral drugs benefits neurocognitive outcomes. |
10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00019.x | 27,071,198 | Rapid progress in the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy has changed the observed patterns in HIV encephalitis and AIDS‐related CNS opportunistic infections. Early in the AIDS epidemic, autopsy studies pointed to a high prevalence of these conditions. With the advent of nucleoside reverse transcriptase... | 10.1038/nrn2040 | This up-to-date review summarizes neuropathological manifestations of HIV in the brain and recent changes related to antiretroviral therapy. |
10.1007/s11745-001-0805-6 | 83,051,581 | Abtract This review describes (from both the animal and human literature) the biological consequences of losses in nervous system docosahexaenoate (DHA). It then concentrates on biological mechanisms that may serve to explain changes in brain and retinal function. Brief consideration is given to actions of DHA as a non... | 10.1038/nrn3820 | An older, but important, review of brain lipid chemistry and the candidate mechanisms of action of DHA. |
10.1073/pnas.101119098 | 19,444,071 | Endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors have been discovered recently and include some N -acylethanolamines (NAEs; e.g., N- arachidonoylethanolamine) and some 2-acylglycerols (e.g., sn -2-arachidonoylglycerol). Previously, we found these compounds to be active biologically when administered per os in large quantiti... | 10.1038/nrn3820 | The first study to show that diet can influence brain fatty acid ethanolamides. |
10.1111/jnc.12255 | 104,221,694 | Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) has been shown to promote neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells ( NSC s) in vivo and in vitro . Previously, we found that N ‐docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous DHA metabolite with an endocannabinoid‐like structure, promotes neurite growth, synaptogenes... | 10.1038/nrn3820 | The first paper to demonstrate that the fatty acid ethanolamide, a derivative of DHA, is a potent neurogenic factor. |
10.1111/jnc.12640 | 123,781,616 | Abstract Benefits on cognition from docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22 : 6 n‐3) intake are absent in humans carrying apolipoprotein E ε4 allele ( APOE 4 ), the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease ( AD ). To test the hypothesis that carrying APOE 4 impairs DHA distribution, we evaluated plasma and br... | 10.1038/nrn3820 | This paper connects the Alzheimer's risk factor APOE4 to decreased uptake of DHA in the brain. |
10.1002/cne.20063 | 41,015,464 | Abstract The population of bipolar cells in the rabbit retina was studied using Golgi impregnation and photocatalyzed filling of single cells with dihydrorhodamine, a quantitative sampling technique. The Golgi method revealed the morphology and stratification of cells in detail. The photofilling method allowed us to es... | 10.1038/nrn1497 | The authors have studied the amacrine and bipolar cells of the rabbit retina and have identified most of the cell types present in that retina. |
10.1126/science.1060101 | 58,552,089 | An essential feature of the first synapse in the retina is a negative feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones. Here we show that at this synapse, connexin26 forms hemichannels on horizontal cell dendrites near the glutamate release site of the cones. Blocking these hemichannels hyperpolarizes horizontal cells, ... | 10.1038/nrn1497 | In recent years, Kamermans et al . have elaborated a model of horizontal cell feedback at the cone pedicle that is not based on the release of a transmitter but instead involves changes in electric potentials: shifts in the activation of Ca 2+ channels modulate glutamate release from cone pedicles. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp008107 | 82,694,153 | 1. Spatial summation within cat retinal receptive fields was studied by recording from optic‐tract fibres the responses of ganglion cells to grating patterns whose luminance perpendicular to the bars varied sinusoidally about the mean level. 2. Summation over the receptive fields of some cells (X‐cells) was found to be... | 10.1038/nrn1497 | This classic paper has established parallel processing in the mammalian retina by showing that cat RGCs can be subdivided into those with linear summation of light stimuli (X-cells) and those with nonlinear summation (Y-cells). |
10.1073/pnas.1131895100 | 84,473,364 | It has been known for >30 years that neuronal spike trains exhibit correlations, that is, the occurrence of a spike at one time is not independent of the occurrence of spikes at other times, both within spike trains from single neurons and across spike trains from multiple neurons. The presence of these correlations... | 10.1038/nrn1497 | The authors address the question of whether the correlated firing of neighbouring RGCs transfers more information to the brain than uncorrelated signals. |
10.1128/jvi.73.9.7185-7192.1999 | 62,245,337 | ABSTRACT The L1 and L2 capsid genes of human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV-31) are expressed late in the differentiation-dependent life cycle from a promoter located in the E7 open reading frame (ORF) of the early region. These late HPV genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II which reads through the region containing ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2984 | A report describing RNA elements that are found in the HPV-31 L2 coding region and bind CSTF64 to stimulate polyadenylation at the upstream pAE signal. |
10.1128/jvi.65.11.5806-5812.1991 | 18,837,084 | Expression of the two bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) late genes, L1 and L2, coding for the two capsid proteins, is limited to terminally differentiated keratinocytes in bovine fibropapillomas. This pattern of expression is determined both by the activity of the late promoter and by the inhibition of late region e... | 10.1038/nrmicro2984 | The first report of inhibitory RNA elements in the BPV-1 lUTR. |
10.1128/jvi.65.4.2093-2097.1991 | 101,073,654 | A negative regulatory element present in the human papillomavirus type 16 genome has been characterized. Deletion analysis has localized the 5' end of the element to the late region of the genome at the extreme 3' end of the coding region of the L1 open reading frame, around the L1 stop codon, with the element extendin... | 10.1038/nrmicro2984 | The initial report describing inhibitory RNA elements in the HPV-16 lUTR. |
10.1128/jvi.73.2.1080-1091.1999 | 60,264,975 | ABSTRACT A 57-nucleotide adenosine- and uridine-rich RNA instability element in the human papillomavirus type 1 late 3′ untranslated region termed h1 ARE has previously been shown to interact specifically with three nuclear proteins that failed to bind to an inactive mutant RNA. Two of those were identified as the hete... | 10.1038/nrmicro2984 | This study shows that in vitro binding of cellular HuR to the AU-rich RNA element in the HPV-1 lUTR correlates with its inhibitory activity. |
10.1073/pnas.1311680110 | 62,205,473 | Significance The small GTPase ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) 6 anchors to the plasma membrane, where it coordinates actin filament polymerization to remodel the membrane-associated cytoskeleton in diverse cell processes, yet how Arf6 directs actin polymerization is unknown. By reconstituting membrane-associated actin as... | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | References 34 and 35 demonstrate the molecular mechanisms that are involved in Salmonella -induced cell invasion. |
10.1126/scisignal.2000430 | 101,898,889 | An enzyme essential for the virulence of Salmonella in mammals is activated by the GTP-bound form of RhoA. | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | This study identifies the first bacterial effector that is activated by a mammalian GTPase. |
10.1126/science.1227037 | 28,080,379 | Subversive Salmonella Salmonella is one of the most intensively studied bacterial pathogens. The Salmonella -containing vacuole (SCV) has a paradoxical lysosome-like composition: On one hand, the SCV membrane is highly enriched in lysosomal membrane glycoproteins and SCVs are accessible to endolysosomal content, but on... | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | This study demonstrates that SifA inhibits lysosome–SCV fusion by binding to RAB9. |
10.1126/science.1205405 | 83,307,251 | Phosphorylation of an autophagy receptor restricts pathogenic cytosolic bacterial growth. | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | This paper identifies phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the autophagy receptor OPTN. |
10.1084/jem.20060206 | 45,519,871 | Caspase-1 is activated by a variety of stimuli after the assembly of the “inflammasome,” an activating platform made up of a complex of the NOD-LRR family of proteins. Caspase-1 is required for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and is involved in the control of many bact... | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | References 150 and 152 show that inflammasome activation is important for the pathogenesis of salmonellae. |
10.1126/science.1244705 | 83,085,476 | Persistent Survival The role of persister cells—dormant cells that survive multidrug treatment—in the context of bacterial pathogenesis has not been explored in depth. Using a single-cell fluorescent dilution technique, Helaine et al. (p. 204 ) examined Salmonella Typhimurium persister-cell formation in vitro and in in... | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | This study uses a fluorescence dilution technique to study persisters. |
10.1126/science.1229224 | 19,875,911 | Removing Typhoid Restriction Some bacterial pathogens exhibit exquisite host adaptation and can only infect a single host. For example, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever, can only infect humans. The host restriction is manifested at the cellular level because S. Typhi is unable t... | 10.1038/nrmicro3420 | This paper demonstrates that loss of a T3SS effector contributes to S. Typhi host restriction. |
10.1126/science.1157890 | 29,109,043 | Identifying ecologically differentiated populations within complex microbial communities remains challenging, yet is critical for interpreting the evolution and ecology of microbes in the wild. Here we describe spatial and temporal resource partitioning among Vibrionaceae strains coexisting in coastal bacterioplankton.... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows that the population structure of co-existing Vibrionaceae can be identified using co-clustering of phylogenetic and ecological signals. |
10.1126/science.1218198 | 20,705,223 | Genetic exchange is common among bacteria, but its effect on population diversity during ecological differentiation remains controversial. A fundamental question is whether advantageous mutations lead to selection of clonal genomes or, as in sexual eukaryotes, sweep through populations on their own. Here, we show that ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows that natural populations of Vibrio cyclitrophicus are highly recombinant and that ecological differentiation between nascent populations is accompanied not by clonal expansions but by the emergence of recombination boundaries owing to microgeographic separation. |
10.1126/science.1128326 | 83,105,441 | Theory predicts, and recent empirical studies have shown, that the diversity of plant species determines the diversity of associated herbivores and mediates ecosystem processes, such as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). However, an often-overlooked component of plant diversity, namely population genotypic di... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows the impact of plant genotypic diversity on net primary productivity above ground as well as on the diversity of associated arthropod communities. |
10.1126/science.1219385 | 103,646,003 | Toxic Neighborhood Bacterial populations are often considered to be driven by gene-centric, selfish dynamics. Superficially, antibiotic production fits this picture as individuals can gain most benefit by inhibiting or killing close relatives with high niche overlap. Contrary to that notion, Cordero et al. (p. 1228 ; s... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows asymmetry in the intensity of interference competition between and within bacterioplankton populations. The findings reveal that antagonism occurs more often between, rather than within, populations. |
10.1073/pnas.1213344109 | 59,268,219 | A common strategy among microbes living in iron-limited environments is the secretion of siderophores, which can bind poorly soluble iron and make it available to cells via active transport mechanisms. Such siderophore–iron complexes can be thought of as public goods that can be exploited by local communities and drive... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows that the evolution of cheaters explains the intermediate frequency of siderophore-biosynthesis genes in Vibrio spp. populations. |
10.1126/science.1122050 | 81,046,168 | Prochlorococcus ecotypes are a useful system for exploring the origin and function of diversity among closely related microbes. The genetic variability between phenotypically distinct strains that differ by less that 1% in 16 S ribosomal RNA sequences occurs mostly in genomic islands. Island genes appear to have been a... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows that hypervariable regions in the genome (known as genomic islands) are characteristic of an abundant marine cyanobacterial clade. |
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02717.x | 100,628,117 | Summary Ecological sociobiology is an emerging field that aims to frame social evolution in terms of ecological adaptation. Here we explore the ecological context for evolution of quorum sensing diversity in bacteria, where social communication is limited to members of the same quorum sensing type (pherotype). We sampl... | 10.1038/nrmicro3218 | This study shows that signalling is more often successful within populations than between populations of Bacillus subtilis |
10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 | 82,908,727 | We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the f... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | A thought-provoking opinion article on the possible evolution of language, with suggested criteria for language, including recursion. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.567 | 83,270,314 | ▪ Abstract Human speech and birdsong have numerous parallels. Both humans and songbirds learn their complex vocalizations early in life, exhibiting a strong dependence on hearing the adults they will imitate, as well as themselves as they practice, and a waning of this dependence as they mature. Innate predispositions ... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | The first detailed review of the many behavioural and neural parallels between birdsong and human speech. |
10.1002/cne.20118 | 82,387,746 | Abstract The standard nomenclature that has been used for many telencephalic and related brainstem structures in birds is based on flawed assumptions of homology to mammals. In particular, the outdated terminology implies that most of the avian telencephalon is a hypertrophied basal ganglia, when it is now clear that m... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | A landmark paper presenting a complete overhaul of the nomenclature of the avian brain, indicating possible homologies with the brain of mammals, including humans. |
10.1101/lm.1065209 | 103,841,803 | Learning by imitation is essential for transmitting many aspects of human culture, including speech, language, art, and music. How the human brain enables imitation remains a mystery, but the underlying neural mechanisms must harness sensory feedback to adaptively modify performance in reference to the object of imitat... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | An excellent contemporary review that synthesises recent findings to present a state-of-the-art view of the neural mechanisms of song learning. |
10.1126/science.290.5492.812 | 60,956,015 | Songbirds learn a correspondence between vocal-motor output and auditory feedback during development. For neurons in a motor cortex analog of adult zebra finches, we show that the timing and structure of activity elicited by the playback of song during sleep matches activity during daytime singing. The motor activity l... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | This study demonstrates 'replay' of singing-induced neuronal activity during sleep in zebra finches. |
10.1073/pnas.0407870101 | 19,615,828 | Adult zebra finches require auditory feedback to maintain their songs. It has been proposed that the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN) mediates song plasticity based on auditory feedback. In this model, neurons in LMAN, tuned to the spectral and temporal properties of the bird's own song ... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | The author used a combination of behavioural and electrophysiological techniques to show that the AFP does not provide the feedback error itself. After this study, efforts were directed towards detecting instructive signals in the AFP. |
10.1073/pnas.0903214106 | 103,714,135 | In songbirds, as in mammals, basal ganglia-forebrain circuits are necessary for the learning and production of complex motor behaviors; however, the precise role of these circuits remains unknown. It has recently been shown that a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit in the songbird, which projects directly to vocal–motor c... | 10.1038/nrn2931 | Using pharmacological manipulation, this study demonstrated that the song system nucleus LMAN provides instructive signals that can be used to correct song if it does not match the template. |
10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720 | 20,450,833 | ▪ Abstract The role of biofilms in the pathogenesis of some chronic human infections is now widely accepted. However, the criteria used to determine whether a given infection is caused by biofilms remain unclear. In this chapter we discuss three infections that are caused by biofilms—infectious kidney stones, bacterial... | 10.1038/nrmicro928 | Discusses our increasing understanding of the link between biofilms and the pathogenesis of human disease, as well as identifying the need for relevant animal models with which to study these infectious states. |
10.1128/iai.30.2.445-450.1980 | 20,674,715 | Otitis media developed in 67% of chinchillas inoculated intranasally with type 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus. Only 4% of chinchillas inoculated with influenza alone and 21% of chinchillas inoculated with S. pneumoniae alone developed otitis media. Among the chinchillas that developed otitis media aft... | 10.1038/nrmicro928 | The chinchilla superinfection model developed in this study was the first animal model to demonstrate conclusively the important role of the upper respiratory tract viruses in predisposing the middle ear to invasion by bacteria colonizing the nasopharynx. |
10.1126/science.284.5418.1318 | 104,407,881 | Bacteria that attach to surfaces aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms. Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. Studies of biofilms have revealed different... | 10.1038/nrmicro928 | An excellent review of the role of polymicrobial biofilms in diverse anatomical niches that are involved in persistent and chronic human diseases. |
10.1002/bies.10379 | 80,202,219 | Abstract A small proportion of clinical strains of Candida albicans undergo white–opaque switching. Until recently it was not clear why, since most strains carry the genes differentially expressed in the unique opaque phase. The answer to this enigma lies in the mating process. The majority of C. albicans strains are h... | 10.1038/nrmicro928 | Reviews the pathogenic potential and phenotypic variability of C. albicans and illustrates that the co-infecting microorganisms can be phenotypic variants of a single microbial strain. |
10.1084/jem.192.9.1237 | 41,134,306 | Mutations at the natural resistance–associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) locus cause susceptibility to infection with antigenically unrelated intracellular pathogens. Nramp1 codes for an integral membrane protein expressed in the lysosomal compartment of macrophages, and is recruited to the membrane of phagosomes s... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | The finding that NRAMP1 protects against infection by extrusion of divalent cations from the phagosome, as shown using a fluorescence-based assay. |
10.1126/science.288.5471.1651 | 20,768,603 | A fundamental tenet of microbial pathogenesis is that bacterial pathogens must overcome host iron limitation to establish a successful infection. Surprisingly, the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi has bypassed this host defense by eliminating the need for iron. B. burgdorferi grew normally and did not alter g... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | An unprecedented demonstration of a human pathogen that has circumvented aspects of nutritional immunity by evolving to not require Fe. |
10.1073/pnas.0607055103 | 102,521,659 | Systemic anthrax, caused by inhalation or ingestion of Bacillus anthracis spores, is characterized by rapid microbial growth stages that require iron. Tightly bound and highly regulated in a mammalian host, iron is scarce during an infection. To scavenge iron from its environment, B. anthracis synthesizes by independen... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | A molecular explanation for the observation that the Bacillus anthracis siderophore petrobactin is required for infection, whereas bacillibactin is not. The unusual 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl chelating subunit of petrobactin prevents siderocalin from binding, establishing petrobactin as a 'stealth siderophore'. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07076.x | 124,785,820 | Summary Enzymatic haem catabolism by haem oxygenases is conserved from bacteria to humans and proceeds through a common mechanism leading to the formation of iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. The first members of a novel class of haem oxygenases were recently identified in Staphylococcus aureus (IsdG and IsdI) and ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | The structural elucidation of staphylobilin, the enzymatic degradation product of the IsdG family of haem-degrading enzymes and the only product of enzymatic haem degradation that is distinct from biliverdin. |
10.1073/pnas.1100410108 | 41,620,199 | H 2 O 2 is commonly generated in biological habitats by environmental chemistry and by cellular immune responses. H 2 O 2 penetrates cells, disrupts metabolism, and blocks growth; it therefore is of interest to identify the major cellular molecules that H 2 O 2 damages and the strategies by which cells protect themselv... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | The demonstration that crucial enzymes that utilize Fe 2+ as a cofactor are primary targets of hydrogen peroxide stress, and that bacteria can protect against this stress by shifting from an Fe 2+ -centred to a Mn 2+ -centred metabolism. |
10.1126/science.1152449 | 83,195,577 | Bacterial infection often results in the formation of tissue abscesses, which represent the primary site of interaction between invading bacteria and the innate immune system. We identify the host protein calprotectin as a neutrophil-dependent factor expressed inside Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. Neutrophil-derived ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | The first demonstration that calprotectin protects against infection through nutrient metal chelation, establishing calprotectin as the only known Mn 2+ -chelating protein of the innate immune system. |
10.1073/pnas.1009261108 | 81,451,472 | Copper (Cu) is essential for many biological processes, but is toxic when present in excessive amounts. In this study, we provide evidence that Cu plays a crucial role in controlling tuberculosis. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) mutant lacking the outer membrane channel protein Rv1698 accumulated 100-fold more Cu ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2836 | The report that Cu transport proteins are crucial for mycobacterial Cu resistance and infection in animal models. |
10.1002/cne.22053 | 19,910,533 | Abstract Although the human temporal polar cortex (TPC), anterior to the limen insulae, is heavily involved in high‐order brain functions and many neurological diseases, few studies on the parcellation and extent of the human TPC are available that have used modern neuroanatomical techniques. The present study investig... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.150 | This is a detailed study of the multiple, graded neuroanatomical parcellations of the temporal polar cortex. |
10.1128/aac.01182-10 | 101,194,757 | ABSTRACT Many studies have examined the evolution of bacterial mutants that are resistant to specific antibiotics, and many of these focus on concentrations at and above the MIC. Here we ask for the minimum concentration at which existing resistant mutants can outgrow sensitive wild-type strains in competition experime... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This study describes a method to detect the presence of selective concentrations of antibiotics (or other growth inhibitors) in liquid culture, using bacterial strains tagged with distinguishable chromogenic markers. |
10.1128/jb.179.2.417-422.1997 | 124,800,674 | A Lac- strain of Escherichia coli that reverts by the addition of a G to a G-G-G-G-G-G sequence was used to study the proliferation of mutators in a bacterial culture. Selection for the Lac+ phenotype, which is greatly stimulated in mismatch repair-deficient strains, results in an increase in the percentage of mutators... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This important study shows that exposure of a bacterial population to different successive selective pressures results in a very high probability of the selection of mutators. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05642.x | 4,829,643 | Summary The widespread use and abuse of antibiotics as therapeutic agents has produced a major challenge for bacteria, leading to the selection and spread of antibiotic resistant variants. However, antibiotics do not seem to be mere selectors of these variants. Here we show that the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciproflox... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This paper shows that the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin increases genetic variation by stimulating homologous recombination between divergent sequences. |
10.1128/aac.01549-10 | 18,554,824 | ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance development has been linked to the bacterial SOS stress response. In Escherichia coli , fluoroquinolones are known to induce SOS, whereas other antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, do not. Here we address whether various antibiotics induce SOS in Vibrio... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This study shows that several different classes of antibiotics at subinhibitory levels induce the SOS response in V. cholerae , resulting in increased rates of genetic change. |
10.1126/science.1160619 | 82,899,512 | It is thought that bacteria excrete redox-active pigments as antibiotics to inhibit competitors. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the endogenous antibiotic pyocyanin activates SoxR, a transcription factor conserved in Proteo- and Actinobacteria. In Escherichia coli , SoxR regulates the superoxide stress response. Bioinforma... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This important paper re-evaluates the functional roles of 'antibiotic' secondary metabolites in Streptomyces coelicolor and P. aeruginosa and shows that they have conserved functions in gene regulation and population behaviour. |
10.1073/pnas.252607699 | 62,482,802 | Antibiotics such as erythromycin and rifampicin, at low concentrations, alter global bacterial transcription patterns as measured by the stimulation or inhibition of a variety of promoter– lux reporter constructs in a Salmonella typhimurium library. Analysis of a 6,500-clone library indicated that as many as 5% of the ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This groundbreaking study shows that, at subinhibitory concentrations, the antibiotics erythromycin and rifampicin modulate transcription from hundreds of different promoters in S . Typhimurium. |
10.1126/science.1101630 | 81,930,353 | The SOS response aids bacterial propagation by inhibiting cell division during repair of DNA damage. We report that inactivation of the ftsI gene product, penicillin binding protein 3, by either β-lactam antibiotics or genetic mutation induces SOS in Escherichia coli through the DpiBA two-component signal transduction ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3270 | This interesting study shows that β-lactam antibiotics can induce the SOS response, which transiently halts cell division and enables cells to survive an otherwise lethal antibiotic exposure. |
10.1073/pnas.0607052104 | 123,028,031 | Actin filament polymerization generates force for protrusion of the leading edge in motile cells. In protrusive structures, multiple actin filaments are arranged in cross-linked webs (as in lamellipodia or pseudopodia) or parallel bundles (as in filopodia). We have used an optical trap to directly measure the forces ge... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | Using optical trapping methods, this paper quantifies the force generated by small bundles of F-actin. |
10.1126/science.1163595 | 82,795,656 | Cells sense the environment's mechanical stiffness to control their own shape, migration, and fate. To better understand stiffness sensing, we constructed a stochastic model of the “motor-clutch” force transmission system, where molecular clutches link F-actin to the substrate and mechanically resist myosin-driven F-ac... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | This paper provides a quantitative description of a 'motor-clutch' model in which retrograde F-actin flow can differentially generate traction forces in growth cones of neurons. |
10.1242/jcs.112.19.3283 | 125,184,440 | Microtubules in living cells frequently bend and occasionally break, suggesting that relatively strong forces act on them. Bending implies an increase in microtubule lattice energy, which could in turn affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of microtubule-associated processes such as breaking. Here we show that the rat... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | This paper describes the elastic energy stored in microtubules as they are bent. |
10.1126/science.278.5339.856 | 83,455,502 | Forces generated by protein polymerization are important for various forms of cellular motility. Assembling microtubules, for instance, are believed to exert pushing forces on chromosomes during mitosis. The force that a single microtubule can generate was measured by attaching microtubules to a substrate at one end an... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | This article provides a quantitative description of the mechanical forces generated by growing microtubules. |
10.1073/pnas.0901867106 | 62,064,763 | Memory and learning in animals are mediated by neurotransmitters that are released from vesicles clustered at the synapse. As a synapse is used more frequently, its neurotransmission efficiency increases, partly because of increased vesicle clustering in the presynaptic neuron. Vesicle clustering has been believed to r... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | This elegant study shows that mechanical tension at neuromuscular junction synapses can accelerate synaptic vesicle clustering in presynaptic terminals. |
10.1126/science.7667637 | 109,089,200 | The stretch of a frog muscle within the physiological range can more than double the spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter from its motor nerve terminals. Here, stretch enhancement of release was suppressed by peptides containing the sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), which blocks integrin bind... | 10.1038/nrn3383 | This paper shows that presynaptic membrane stretch can increase synaptic vesicle exocytosis in an integrin-mediated fashion at neuromuscular junctions. |
10.1126/science.276.5317.1425 | 103,731,511 | Human and bovine capillary endothelial cells were switched from growth to apoptosis by using micropatterned substrates that contained extracellular matrix-coated adhesive islands of decreasing size to progressively restrict cell extension. Cell spreading also was varied while maintaining the total cell-matrix contact a... | 10.1038/s41392-022-01174-w | This work showed that the size of geometric ECM-coated islands can switch cells from growth to apoptosis |
10.1126/science.1108062 | 82,737,395 | Using a multiround version of an economic exchange (trust game), we report that reciprocity expressed by one player strongly predicts future trust expressed by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encode... | 10.1038/nrn3776 | This study shows that repeated social interactions involve prediction-error computations in the striatum that resemble similar computations during non-social choices. |
10.1126/science.1170539 | 104,019,093 | A functional magnetic resonance imaging study reveals the interactions within the brain that modulate feelings of reward on seeing a similar person win a contest. | 10.1038/nrn3776 | This study shows that neural responses in value-related areas can be triggered vicariously when observing a positive outcome for another person and that these responses are modulated by the perceived similarity between the observer and the observee. |
10.1073/pnas.1003111107 | 40,747,706 | Individuals can learn by interacting with the environment and experiencing a difference between predicted and obtained outcomes (prediction error). However, many species also learn by observing the actions and outcomes of others. In contrast to individual learning, observational learning cannot be based on directly exp... | 10.1038/nrn3776 | This study shows that learning by observing another person involves two distinct types of signals in the dlPFC and vmPFC that relate to predictions errors about the other person's actions and outcomes, respectively. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04349.x | 122,985,360 | Summary Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found as a member of the human microflora. The ability of C. albicans to alter its cellular morphology has been associated with its virulence; yeast cells are more prevalent in commensal interactions whereas filamentous cells appear important in opp... | 10.1038/nrmicro2475 | This study shows that a molecule produced by P. aeruginosa mimics the actions of the C. albicans quorum sensing molecule farnesol, thus providing P. aeruginosa with a competitive advantage in the host. |
10.1091/mbc.e07-05-0464 | 60,986,467 | Hyphal tip growth in fungi is important because of the economic and medical importance of fungi, and because it may be a useful model for polarized growth in other organisms. We have investigated the central questions of the roles of cytoskeletal elements and of the precise sites of exocytosis and endocytosis at the gr... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | Live-cell analysis of hyphal-tip organization using a combination of markers for actin, endocytosis and exocytosis. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06102.x | 100,314,295 | Summary AbpA, SlaB and AmpA, three demonstrated components of the endocytic internalization machinery, are strongly polarized in Aspergillus nidulans hyphae, forming a ring that embraces the hyphal tip, leaving an area of exclusion at the apex. AbpA, a prototypic endocytic internalization marker, localizes to highly mo... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | The demonstration that endocytic components are polarized and form a subapical ring at hyphal tips. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06178.x | 82,779,230 | Summary Filamentous fungi are ideal systems to study the process of polarized growth, as their life cycle is dominated by hyphal growth exclusively at the cell apex. The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in this growth. Until now, there have been no tools to visualize actin or the actin‐binding protein fimbrin... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | An article that highlights the importance of endocytosis for correct polar growth and describes a subapical ring of endocytic components at hyphal tips. |
10.1242/jcs.48.1.89 | 104,223,112 | The ultrastructure of freeze-substituted tip cells of Fusarium acuminatum was analysed by conventional and high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVEM). At least 2 morphologically distinct types of Golgi-like endomembrane cisternae were observed, each existing as single, fenestrated sheets and tubular elements ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | A classic paper providing the first description of the ultrastructural localization of actin in hyphal tips. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07644.x | 60,872,616 | Summary Formin proteins are nucleators of actin filaments and regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton. As such, they play important roles in the development of yeast and other fungi. We show here that Ag Bnr2, a homologue of the Sc Bnr1 formin from the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii , localizes to the spindle po... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | This study demonstrates that Bnr2 has an important role in sporulation and that during sporulation it assembles actin cables from the nuclear spindle pole body. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07093.x | 4,829,500 | Summary Rho GTPases have multiple, yet poorly defined functions during cytokinesis. By screening a Neurospora crassa knock‐out collection for Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) mutants that phenocopy rho‐4 defects (i.e. lack of septa, slow growth, abnormal branching and cytoplasmic leakage), we identified two... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | A detailed study analysing the role of RHO-4 and BUD-4 during cytokinesis in N. crassa , and establishing the contribution of the activators BUD-3 and RGF-3 to this process. |
10.1073/pnas.022462899 | 20,571,141 | Actin cables, bundles of actin filaments that align along the long axis of budding yeast, are crucial for establishment of cell polarity. We fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) to actin binding protein 140 (Abp140p) and visualized actin cable dynamics in living yeast. We detected two populations of actin cables: ( i ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | A seminal live-cell-imaging paper providing the first details of actin cable dynamics in S. cerevisiae |
10.1242/jcs.033852 | 19,282,087 | We use the fungus Ashbya gossypii to investigate how its polar growth machinery is organized to achieve sustained hyphal growth. In slowly elongating hyphae exocyst, cell polarity and polarisome proteins permanently localize as cortical cap at hyphal tips, thus defining the zone of secretory vesicle fusion. In tenfold ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2666 | A comprehensive quantitative study showing that localization of the polarisome and exocyst is correlated with growth rate. |
10.1038/sdata.2016.11 | 103,839,238 | Abstract Current measures of health and disease are often insensitive, episodic, and subjective. Further, these measures generally are not designed to provide meaningful feedback to individuals. The impact of high-resolution activity data collected from mobile phones is only beginning to be explored. Here we present da... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.171 | A clinical observational study about Parkinson disease conducted solely through a smartphone app interface, demonstrating the applicability of device-dependent patient monitoring. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-04-01519.1997 | 84,390,569 | We investigated the issue of whether or not the CNS makes use of an internal model of the motor apparatus in planning and controlling arm movements. In particular, we tested the ability of subjects to predict different hand-held loads by examining grip force adjustments used to stabilize the load in the hand during arm... | 10.1038/nrn2621 | This study showed that when moving hand-held objects, people precisely modulate their grip force in anticipation of movement-dependent loads. This result provides strong evidence that the brain learns and makes use of accurate internal models of object mechanics to predict the consequences of action. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04486.1997 | 83,131,106 | We investigated the importance of visual versus somatosensory information for the adaptation of the fingertip forces to object shape when humans used the tips of the right index finger and thumb to lift a test object. The angle of the two flat grip surfaces in relation to the vertical plane was changed between trials f... | 10.1038/nrn2621 | This study showed that people can use vision to predictively adapt their fingertip forces to the angle of grasped surfaces. The results also showed that, in the absence of vision, tactile information obtained when the fingertips contact the grasped surfaces can be used to rapidly adjust fingertip forces. |
10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.1789 | 41,539,625 | 1. While subjects lifted a variety of commonly handled objects of different shapes, weights, and densities, the isometric vertical lifting force opposing the object's weight was recorded from an analog weight scale, which was instrumented with high-stiffness strain gauge transducers. 2. The force output was scaled diff... | 10.1038/nrn2621 | The authors showed that humans use anticipatory control to scale motor commands to the weight of familiar objects. The memory information is robust and can be retrieved through visual identification of the target object. In addition, accurate memory representations related to the weights of novel objects develop quickl... |
10.1523/jneurosci.5045-05.2006 | 104,354,238 | A central concept in neuroscience is that the CNS signals the sensory discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences of action. It has been proposed that the cerebellum and parietal cortex are involved in this process. A discrepancy will trigger preprogrammed corrective responses and update the engag... | 10.1038/nrn2621 | This study examined central contributions to precision lifting using fMRI. The results suggested a role for the right inferior parietal cortex in detecting mismatches between predicted and actual weight and indicated that the primary sensorimotor cortex and the cerebellum are engaged in implementing corrective action p... |
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