source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1073/pnas.1424035112 | 4,742,453 | A speleothem δ 18 O record from Xiaobailong cave in southwest China characterizes changes in summer monsoon precipitation in Northeastern India, the Himalayan foothills, Bangladesh, and northern Indochina over the last 252 kyr. This record is dominated by 23-kyr precessional cycles punctuated by prominent millennial-sc... | 10.1038/nature17450 | This paper explains differences in stalagmite records from the South Asian and East Asian monsoon domains by means of isotope-enabled model simulations. |
10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152456 | 104,405,249 | Prevailing opinion assigns the Tibetan Plateau a crucial role in shaping Asian climate, primarily by heating of the atmosphere over Tibet during spring and summer. Accordingly, the growth of the plateau in geologic time should have written a signature on Asian paleoclimate. Recent work on Asian climate, however, challe... | 10.1038/nature17450 | This study explains the difference between the South Asian (tropical) monsoon and the East Asian (subtropical) monsoon, and the role of the Tibetan plateau. |
10.1126/science.1259531 | 100,327,114 | During the last deglaciation, wetter conditions developed abruptly ~14,700 years ago in southeastern equatorial and northern Africa and continued into the Holocene. Explaining the abrupt onset and hemispheric coherence of this early African Humid Period is challenging due to opposing seasonal insolation patterns. In th... | 10.1038/nature17450 | This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the changes in deglacial tropical African precipitation based on the transient TraCE-21k model simulation. |
10.1073/pnas.1423439112 | 62,030,783 | In this paper, using idealized climate model simulations, we investigate the biogeophysical effects of large-scale deforestation on monsoon regions. We find that the remote forcing from large-scale deforestation in the northern middle and high latitudes shifts the Intertropical Convergence Zone southward. This results ... | 10.1038/nature17450 | This model study suggests that large-scale deforestation results in a southward shift of the ITCZ and a decrease in monsoon rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere. |
10.1126/science.1138140 | 20,870,775 | Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a distinctive feature of the genomes of most Bacteria and Archaea and are thought to be involved in resistance to bacteriophages. We found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences. Removal or ... | 10.1038/nature15386 | A study that demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas loci provide acquired immunity against bacteriophages |
10.1126/science.1165771 | 38,282,557 | Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria and archaea occurs through phage transduction, transformation, or conjugation, and the latter is particularly important for the spread of antibiotic resistance. Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci confer sequence-directed immunity against p... | 10.1038/nature15386 | A paper showing that CRISPR-Cas loci target DNA molecules in a sequence-specific manner, highlighting for the first time the potential for the technological applications of these systems |
10.1126/science.1157358 | 39,348,571 | Viruses shape microbial community structure and function by altering the fitness of their hosts and by promoting genetic exchange. The complexity of most natural ecosystems has precluded detailed studies of virus-host interactions. We reconstructed virus and host bacterial and archaeal genome sequences from community g... | 10.1038/nature15386 | This study revealed the arms race between CRISPR-Cas systems and viruses in their natural habitat |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02839.x | 103,779,316 | Summary Using in silico analysis we studied a novel family of repetitive DNA sequences that is present among both domains of the prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria), but absent from eukaryotes or viruses. This family is characterized by direct repeats, varying in size from 21 to 37 bp, interspaced by similarly sized non... | 10.1038/nature15386 | First description of cas sequences as a family of genes associated with CRISPR repeats |
10.1099/mic.0.28048-0 | 83,295,277 | Numerous prokaryote genomes contain structures known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), composed of 25–50 bp repeats separated by unique sequence spacers of similar length. CRISPR structures are found in the vicinity of four genes named cas1 to cas4 . In silico analysis revealed ano... | 10.1038/nature15386 | This paper, along with references 20 and 21, made the discovery that spacer sequences match viruses and plasmids, and suggested a defence function for CRISPR-Cas systems |
10.1186/1745-6150-1-7 | 83,185,722 | Abstract Background All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein produc... | 10.1038/nature15386 | This work provided the first comprehensive model for the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas immunity |
10.1126/science.1159689 | 104,329,341 | Prokaryotes acquire virus resistance by integrating short fragments of viral nucleic acid into clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Here we show how virus-derived sequences contained in CRISPRs are used by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins from the host to mediate an antiviral response ... | 10.1038/nature15386 | Study demonstrating the central role of crRNA guides and Cas ribonucleoproteins in CRISPR immunity |
10.1126/science.1167768 | 58,611,198 | A genetic polymorphism associated with schizophrenia conveys a risk for abnormal connectivity between brain regions. | 10.1038/nature09569 | The first imaging genetics study on a genome-wide significant variant, showing effects on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity mirroring those in patients with schizophrenia. |
10.1093/oso/9780198540472.001.0001 | 149,158,072 | Abstract This book presents our current knowledge of the early vertebrates, which were mainly fish, but included some land vertebrates, and lived about 470 to 250 million years ago. It centres on anatomical and phylogenetic questions, but includes information about fossil discovery and preparation, as well as the analy... | 10.1038/nature14438 | This masterful summary provides a window on the 'state of the art' immediately preceding the major changes to our understanding of relationships among early gnathostomes that took place over the past two decades, and is still an indispensible and accessible resource. |
10.1126/science.1140321 | 41,481,827 | Cellular responses to DNA damage are mediated by a number of protein kinases, including ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related). The outlines of the signal transduction portion of this pathway are known, but little is known about the physiological scope of the DNA damage response (DDR). We pe... | 10.1038/nature08467 | Milestone report on the proteomic identification of ATM/ATR substrates and their assignment to various cellular functions, including RNA processing and other protein networks not previously recognized as DDR targets. |
10.1101/gad.1214504 | 83,370,923 | In response to DNA damage, cells engage a complex set of events that together comprise the DNA-damage response (DDR). These events bring about the repair of the damage and also slow down or halt cell cycle progression until the damage has been removed. In stark contrast, the ends of linear chromosomes, telomeres, are g... | 10.1038/nature08467 | References 39 and 40 illustrate the intimate links between the telomere maintenance and DDR machineries. |
10.1073/pnas.0914117107 | 41,117,422 | Deposition of high- κ dielectrics onto graphene is of significant challenge due to the difficulties of nucleating high quality oxide on pristine graphene without introducing defects into the monolayer of carbon lattice. Previous efforts to deposit high- κ dielectrics on graphene often resulted in significant degradatio... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.42 | This study represents one the first reports of van der Waals integration of 2DLM (graphene) with other diverse nanostructures, which can minimize the damage to 2DLM atomic lattices and retain their intrinsic electronic properties. |
10.1126/science.1244358 | 104,250,048 | Better Contact Along the Edge Electrical contact to graphene is normally done with metal contacts on its flat face, where there are few strong bonding sites for the metal. Wang et al. (p. 614 ) encapsulated graphene with hexagonal boron nitride sheets and made metal contacts along its edge, where bonding orbitals are e... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.42 | This study represents the first report of the edge-contact geometry for making contact to 2DLMs, which is important for constructing complex vdWH devices. |
10.1126/science.1220527 | 19,200,752 | Updating the Triode with Graphene In early electronics, the triode—a vacuum device that combined a diode and an electrical grid—was used to control and amplify signals, but was replaced in most applications by solid-state silicon electronics. One characteristic of silicon-metal interfaces is that the Schottky barrier c... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.42 | This is the first report of a graphene-based vertical thermionic transistor, in which graphene is used as an active contact rather than the channel material. |
10.1126/science.1218461 | 123,073,898 | Tunnel Barriers for Graphene Transistors Transistor operation for integrated circuits not only requires that the gate material has high-charge carrier mobility, but that there is also an effective way of creating a barrier to current flow so that the device can be switched off and not waste power. Graphene offers high ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.42 | This is the first report of a graphene-based vertical tunnelling transistor, based on graphene–BN–graphene vdWHs. |
10.1126/science.1135516 | 104,303,426 | Responsive behavior, which is intrinsic to natural systems, is becoming a key requirement for advanced artificial materials and devices, presenting a substantial scientific and engineering challenge. We designed dynamic actuation systems by integrating high–aspect-ratio silicon nanocolumns, either free-standing or subs... | 10.1038/nature08603 | This paper describes an artificial system with actuation by a hydrogel reinforced with stiff elements. |
10.1098/rsif.2007.1000 | 21,829,055 | Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface force spectroscopy were applied in live spiders to their joint pad material located distal of the metatarsal lyriform organs, which are highly sensitive vibration sensors. The surface topography of the material is sufficiently smooth to probe the local nanomechanical properties... | 10.1038/nature08603 | This paper describes a striking example of the role of non-nervous stimulus-conducting structures as mechanical filters and their match with biological needs. |
10.1098/rsif.2009.0184 | 4,789,024 | We consider natural and artificial hygromorphs, objects that respond to environmental humidity by changing their shape. Using the pine cone as an example that opens when dried and closes when wet, we quantify the geometry, mechanics and dynamics of closure and opening at the cell, tissue and organ levels, building on o... | 10.1038/nature08603 | This paper explores possible ways of generating hygromorphic actuators based on pine cone movement. |
10.1126/science.1252319 | 81,903,236 | How to benchmark a quantum computer Quantum machines offer the possibility of performing certain computations much faster than their classical counterparts. However, how to define and measure quantum speedup is a topic of debate. Rønnow et al. describe methods for fairly evaluating the difference in computational power... | 10.1038/nature13570 | This paper shows how to define and measure quantum speedup, while avoiding pitfalls and overly optimistic results—an empirical study with a D-Wave 2 chip with up to 503 qubits finds no convincing evidence of speed-up. |
10.1145/1052796.1052804 | 83,186,607 | Can NP-complete problems be solved efficiently in the physical universe? I survey proposals including soap bubbles, protein folding, quantum computing, quantum advice, quantum adiabatic algorithms, quantum-mechanical nonlinearities, hidden variables, relativistic time dilation, analog computing, Malament-Hogarth spacet... | 10.1038/nature13570 | This paper explores the possibility of efficiently solving NP-complete problems using analog, adiabatic and quantum computing, protein folding and soap bubbles, as well as other proposals for physics-based computing— it concludes that this is unlikely, but suggests other benefits of studying such proposals. |
10.1126/science.959840 | 62,297,808 | It is proposed that most neoplasms arise from a single cell of origin, and tumor progression results from acquired genetic variability within the original clone allowing sequential selection of more aggressive sublines. Tumor cell populations are apparently more genetically unstable than normal cells, perhaps from acti... | 10.1038/nature10762 | The foundation paper that established the evolutionary theory of cancer. |
10.1073/pnas.0801523105 | 62,262,833 | During the clonal expansion of cancer from an ancestral cell with an initiating oncogenic mutation to symptomatic neoplasm, the occurrence of somatic mutations (both driver and passenger) can be used to track the on-going evolution of the neoplasm. All subclones within a cancer are phylogenetically related, with the pr... | 10.1038/nature10762 | Deep sequencing revealed rare (frequency <0.001) intermediate genotypes between the common clones in leukaemias (using immunoglobulin rearrangements as surrogate mutations). |
10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3658 | 123,076,305 | Abstract A number of successful systemic therapies are available for treatment of disseminated cancers. However, tumor response is often transient, and therapy frequently fails due to emergence of resistant populations. The latter reflects the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment as well as ... | 10.1038/nature10762 | Dosing to maintain tumour size prolonged survival far longer than high-dose therapy in a mouse xenograft model. |
10.1038/ncomms11602 | 42,635,561 | Abstract Charged polar interfaces such as charged ferroelectric walls or heterostructured interfaces of ZnO/(Zn,Mg)O and LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 , across which the normal component of electric polarization changes suddenly, can host large two-dimensional conduction. Charged ferroelectric walls, which are energetically unfavou... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.4 | The first report of vortex–antivortex nucleation–annihilation during polarization switching in a new ferroelectric, the domain configurations of which are not topologically protected. |
10.1073/pnas.1011380107 | 36,185,113 | The interaction among topological defects can induce novel phenomena such as disclination pairs in liquid crystals and superconducting vortex lattices. Nanoscale topological vortices with swirling ferroelectric, magnetic, and structural antiphase relationships were found in multiferroic h-YMnO 3 . Herein, we report the... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.4 | The paper provides the first report of a graph theoretical analysis of domains and domain-boundary configurations providing mathematical guidance for the investigation of a network of topological defects. |
10.1126/science.aaa6760 | 83,498,113 | Growing crystals by attaching particles Crystals grow in a number a ways, including pathways involving the assembly of other particles and multi-ion complexes. De Yoreo et al. review the mounting evidence for these nonclassical pathways from new observational and computational techniques, and the thermodynamic basis fo... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.34 | This paper introduces various crystallization processes that do not belong to the picture of classical crystal growth theory. |
10.1002/smll.201002022 | 62,039,065 | Abstract Synthesis of uniform nanocrystals is very important because the size uniformity of an ensemble of nanocrystals is directly related to the homogeneity of their chemical and physical properties. Classical theory suggests that burst nucleation and diffusion‐controlled growth are the most important factors for the... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.34 | Two representative size distribution control methods for monodisperse nanoparticles are fully discussed with experimental evidence and theoretical models. |
10.1126/science.1242477 | 83,056,105 | Solutions for nanoparticle solutions Nanoparticle interactions in solution affect their binding to biomolecules, their electronic properties, and their packing into larger crystals. However, the theories that describe larger colloidal particles fail for nanoparticles, because the interactions do not add together linear... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.34 | The complexity of nanoparticle interactions is discussed in detail in this paper. |
10.1126/science.1188594 | 83,283,120 | Threats to and from Bats Bats appear to be able to host an assortment of alarming pathogens, which, if they do not extirpate the bats, have implications for human health (see the Perspective by Daszak ). For example, exposure to bats is the main source of human rabies in the Americas. But rabies is not generally transm... | 10.1038/nature10947 | Population viability analysis showing the high risk of extinction of little brown bats caused by the emergence of a pathogenic fungus. |
10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031 | 20,852,565 | Epidermal changes caused by a chytridiomycete fungus (Chytridiomycota; Chytridiales) were found in sick and dead adult anurans collected from montane rain forests in Queensland (Australia) and Panama during mass mortality events associated with significant population declines. We also have found this new disease associ... | 10.1038/nature10947 | The first study describing the discovery of amphibian chytridiomycosis in the tropics. |
10.1126/science.1103538 | 104,396,636 | The first global assessment of amphibians provides new context for the well-publicized phenomenon of amphibian declines. Amphibians are more threatened and are declining more rapidly than either birds or mammals. Although many declines are due to habitat loss and overutilization, other, unidentified processes threaten ... | 10.1038/nature10947 | Analysis describing the high levels of amphibian extinctions caused by many environmental factors and disease. |
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00693.x | 83,237,643 | Abstract Parasites are important determinants of ecological dynamics. Despite the widespread perception that parasites (in the broad sense, including microbial pathogens) threaten species with extinction, the simplest deterministic models of parasite dynamics (i.e. of specialist parasites with density‐dependent transmi... | 10.1038/nature10947 | Theoretical study outlining the conditions under which disease can cause extinction of its host species. |
10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01886.x | 124,778,670 | Native plant communities, woodlands and landscapes in the UK and across the world are suffering from pathogens introduced by human activities. Many of these pathogens arrive on or with living plants. The potential for damage in the future may be large, but current international regulations aimed at reducing the risks t... | 10.1038/nature10947 | An analysis of the lack of biosecurity and of the risk of disease introduction associated with the international plant trade. |
10.1073/pnas.1111915108 | 125,319,837 | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) is a globally ubiquitous fungal infection that has emerged to become a primary driver of amphibian biodiversity loss. Despite widespread effort to understand the emergence of this panzootic, the origins of the infection, its patterns of global spread, and principle mode of evolutio... | 10.1038/nature10947 | Population genomics analysis of the generation, and spread, of a hypervirulent fungal lineage in amphibians worldwide. |
10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | 83,525,241 | A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: ( i ) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; ( ii ) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and ( iii ) the urkaryotes, now represented in th... | 10.1038/nature12779 | A landmark paper that, together with ref. 4, reported the discovery of the Archaea and discussed its far-reaching implications for early evolution. |
10.1073/pnas.86.23.9355 | 81,430,031 | All extant organisms are though to be classified into three primary kingdoms, eubacteria, eukaryotes, and archaebacteria. The molecular evolutionary studies on the origin and evolution of archaebacteria to date have been carried out by inferring a molecular phylogenetic tree of the primary kingdoms based on comparison ... | 10.1038/nature12779 | Together with ref. 7 , this paper presented the first evidence for rooting the tree of life on the bacterial stem, but see ref. 5 for a still-relevant discussion of these analyses and other contemporary ideas about early evolution. |
10.1073/pnas.0810647105 | 20,033,815 | The origin of the eukaryotic genetic apparatus is thought to be central to understanding the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Disagreement about the source of the relevant genes has spawned competing hypotheses for the origins of the eukaryote nuclear lineage. The iconic rooted 3-domains tree of life shows eukaryotes ... | 10.1038/nature12779 | The first of a series of recent papers demonstrating that analyses of core genes using new phylogenetic models favour the eocyte tree rather than the three-domains tree. |
10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | 20,811,577 | Molecular structures and sequences are generally more revealing of evolutionary relationships than are classical phenotypes (particularly so among microorganisms). Consequently, the basis for the definition of taxa has progressively shifted from the organismal to the cellular to the molecular level. Molecular compariso... | 10.1038/nature12779 | Woese and colleagues present their arguments for the rooted three-domains tree of life. |
10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786 | 61,253,602 | Ribosomal large and small subunits are organized in four general structural patterns. The four types are found in ribosomes from eubacteria, archaebacteria, eukaryotes, and a group of sulfur-dependent bacteria ( eocytes ), respectively. All four ribosomal types share a common structural core, but each type also has add... | 10.1038/nature12779 | This paper presents comparisons of ribosomal structure in Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes, providing the initial motivation for the eocyte hypothesis. |
10.1126/science.1198461 | 42,633,807 | Protein reverse turns that interact with a phenlyalanine group allow stable introduction of glycan groups at asparagine residues. | 10.1038/nchembio.1651 | This article introduced the enhanced aromatic sequon, an N-glycosylated structural module that stabilizes the proteins in which it is found and appears to be glycosylated with unusually high efficiency by OST |
10.1126/science.1254699 | 107,169,067 | Routing one photon with a few others Single particles of light, photons, are ideal carriers of quantum information because they can travel far and fast and don't interact much with each other. However, this behavior has hampered attempts to control the propagation of single photons using all-optical setups. Shomroni et... | 10.1038/nature21037 | Demonstrated directional single-photon switching with a single atom coupled to a whispering-gallery-mode resonator. |
10.1063/1.3524513 | 62,151,676 | We study frost formation and its impact on icephobic properties of superhydrophobic surfaces. Using an environmental scanning electron microscope, we show that frost nucleation occurs indiscriminately on superhydrophobic textures without any particular spatial preference. Ice adhesion measurements on superhydrophobic s... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.3 | This paper demonstrates the vulnerability of microstructured SHSs to frost formation and reveals the corresponding increase in ice adhesion that can occur when water is frozen in the Wenzel state. |
10.1063/1.2786993 | 3,551,767 | The mechanical and electrical properties of CdTe tetrapod-shaped nanocrystals have been studied with atomic force microscopy. Tapping mode images of tetrapods deposited on silicon wafers revealed that they contact the surface with three of its arms. The length of these arms was found to be 130±10nm. A large fraction of... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.80 | This paper demonstrates the use of quantum dot tetrapods as optical sensors of uniaxial strain acting on polyester fibres in situ |
10.1152/jn.00194.2002 | 60,350,575 | A novel method of chronic optical imaging based on new voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) was developed to facilitate the explorations of the spatial and temporal patterns underlying higher cognitive functions in the neocortex of behaving monkeys. Using this system, we were able to explore cortical dynamics, with high spati... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.80 | This paper uses the voltage-sensitive dye RH-1691 to visualize neural activity in vivo in monkeys, providing functional maps of the sensory periphery in deep brain structures. |
10.1126/science.aab0810 | 41,753,841 | In vivo imaging of neuronal voltage spikes Neuroscientists have long sought tools that allow optical imaging of individual neurons' membrane voltage dynamics in awake behaving animals. Gong et al. genetically engineered a protein voltage indicator that can report action potentials with <1-ms precision and orders of ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.80 | This paper presents a FRET-based GEVI that is sufficiently bright and fast to resolve fast spike trains with low detection error rates for in vivo imaging of sensory-evoked responses in mice and flies. |
10.1073/pnas.1601513113 | 41,689,826 | Magnetic fields from neuronal action potentials (APs) pass largely unperturbed through biological tissue, allowing magnetic measurements of AP dynamics to be performed extracellularly or even outside intact organisms. To date, however, magnetic techniques for sensing neuronal activity have either operated at the macros... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.80 | This paper demonstrates the ability of nitrogen vacancy centres to detect single action potentials in living worms with no adverse effects on the animal for measurements longer than 24 hours. |
10.1073/pnas.1200447109 | 41,134,910 | Obese fat pads are frequently undervascularized and hypoxic, leading to increased fibrosis, inflammation, and ultimately insulin resistance. We hypothesized that VEGF-A–induced stimulation of angiogenesis enables sustained and sufficient oxygen and nutrient exchange during fat mass expansion, thereby improving adipose ... | 10.1038/nature13477 | The authors of this study dissected the contribution of angiogenesis to WAT function and dysfunction during the development of obesity compared with a state of existing obesity. |
10.1038/ncomms10591 | 104,392,353 | Abstract Nature has developed striking light-powered proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, which can convert light energy into conformational changes for biological functions. Such natural machines are a great source of inspiration for creation of their synthetic analogues. However, synthetic molecular machines typically... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.39 | A study demonstrating the chiroplasmonic transduction of a light-driven reconfigurable Au nanorod device. |
10.1038/ncomms9102 | 83,048,946 | Abstract In nano-optics, a formidable challenge remains in precise transport of a single optical nano-object along a programmed and routed path toward a predefined destination. Molecular motors in living cells that can walk directionally along microtubules have been the inspiration for realizing artificial molecular wa... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.39 | A pioneering study highlighting the dynamic transitions of a Au nanorod walker device by means of the chiroplasmonic responses of the system. |
10.1098/rstb.2007.2184 | 125,133,405 | Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO 2 , but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) ... | 10.1038/nature17174 | A comprehensive analysis of agricultural GHG emissions and mitigation potentials including estimated C price impacts on mitigation activities. |
10.1073/pnas.1322434111 | 125,119,206 | Significance We clarify the response of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to nitrogen (N) fertilizer additions, a topic of considerable debate. Previous analyses have used single N-rate experiments to define a linear response to N additions across climate, management, and soil conditions globally. Here, we provi... | 10.1038/nature17174 | This paper shows that N 2 O emissions are greater than previously thought for soils receiving high rates of N fertilizer. |
10.1890/13-2126.1 | 41,202,076 | Compost amendments to grasslands have been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change through carbon (C) sequestration, yet little research exists exploring the net mitigation potential or the long‐term impacts of this strategy. We used field data and the DAYCENT biogeochemical model to investigate the climate c... | 10.1038/nature17174 | Field experiments and modelling were used to show reductions in net GHG emissions from grazed annual grasslands using composted green waste applications. |
10.1073/pnas.97.9.4718 | 81,918,396 | In nature, genetic variation usually takes the form of a continuous phenotypic range rather than discrete classes. The genetic variation underlying quantitative traits results from the segregation of numerous interacting quantitative trait loci (QTLs), whose expression is modified by the environment. To uncover the mol... | 10.1038/nature07629 | This study pinpointed a QTL to a small intragenic region by using recombination mapping. |
10.1126/science.1138632 | 121,785,290 | The genomes of individuals from the same species vary in sequence as a result of different evolutionary processes. To examine the patterns of, and the forces shaping, sequence variation in Arabidopsis thaliana , we performed high-density array resequencing of 20 diverse strains (accessions). More than 1 million nonredu... | 10.1038/nature07629 | This study provided the first genomic view of the pattern of polymorphism in a plant. |
10.1534/genetics.107.074245 | 83,409,479 | Abstract We investigated the genetic and statistical properties of the nested association mapping (NAM) design currently being implemented in maize (26 diverse founders and 5000 distinct immortal genotypes) to dissect the genetic basis of complex quantitative traits. The NAM design simultaneously exploits the advantage... | 10.1038/nature07629 | This report introduced an elegant experimental combination that simultaneously exploits the advantages of mapping in experimental crosses and the increased resolution of association mapping. |
10.1073/pnas.1008365107 | 104,114,220 | Malignant tumors result from the accumulation of genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Much less is known about the genetic changes in benign tumors. Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are very frequent benign human epidermal tumors without malignant potential. We performed a comprehensive mutational scre... | 10.1038/nature12628 | References 14 and 15 provide insight into the genetics and biology of benign skin tumours. |
10.1200/jco.2008.17.0563 | 123,445,183 | Purpose The outcome of prostate cancer is highly unpredictable. To assess the dynamics of systemic disease and to identify patients at high risk for early relapse we followed the fate of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow for up to 10 years and genetically analyzed such cells isolated at various stages of disease.... | 10.1038/nature12628 | References 39 to 43 provide genomic data for single DCCs. |
10.1073/pnas.84.23.8672 | 102,546,233 | The detection of early micrometastasis or disseminated single tumor cells poses a problem for conventional diagnosis procedures. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and the 17-1A epithelial antigen we identified immunocytochemically tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with breast cancer (n = 1... | 10.1038/nature12628 | This paper may be considered as laying the foundation of modern DCC and CTC research by establishing the fundamental concept and the most relevant detection markers. |
10.1126/science.7973629 | 125,074,660 | A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native pe... | 10.1038/ncomms15655 | This seminal paper introduced the concept of native chemical ligation (NCL) as a strategy to join synthetic peptides and produce a full length protein; a key example of protein synthesis through linear assembly |
10.1073/pnas.95.12.6705 | 84,466,244 | A protein semisynthesis method—expressed protein ligation—is described that involves the chemoselective addition of a peptide to a recombinant protein. This method was used to ligate a phosphotyrosine peptide to the C terminus of the protein tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). By intercepting a thioester gener... | 10.1038/ncomms15655 | A groundbreaking paper that introduced the concept of expressed protein ligation (EPL) through the use of inteins. It vastly expanded the size limitation and scope of protein synthesis by combining NCL with recombinant protein production |
10.1126/science.1245095 | 80,603,217 | EPO via Total Synthesis Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone involved in the production of red blood cells. Synthetic EPO produced via genetically engineered cell cultures is used to treat anemia and—more controversially—to boost athletic performance. EPO is a glycoprotein, and though its protein component is well-defined... | 10.1038/ncomms15655 | The chemical synthesis of a single glycoform of EPO represented a major milestone in glycoprotein synthesis through NCL |
10.1126/science.1229753 | 20,587,550 | Ribosomal Rotaxane? The ribosome is an extraordinarily sophisticated molecular machine, assembling amino acids into proteins based on the precise sequence dictated by messenger RNA. Lewandowski et al. (p. 189 ) have now taken a step toward the preparation of a stripped-down synthetic ribosome analog. Their machine comp... | 10.1038/ncomms15655 | A synthetic tour-de-force that illustrates the potential of S-to-N acyl transfer and related processes as synthetic tools to enable functional molecular machines |
10.1073/pnas.1521160113 | 83,552,390 | Previous studies implicate the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in glycemic control. Here, we report that selective inhibition of the subset of VMN neurons that express the transcription factor steroidogenic-factor 1 (VMN SF1 neurons) blocks recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia whereas, conversely, activat... | 10.1038/ncomms15259 | A comprehensive article that covers both connectivity and functional aspects, with particular attention to a subset of VMH neurons in glucose counter-regulation. The authors identify an activating projection from the VMH to the aBNST that increases blood glucose levels; silencing the VMH neurons impaired normalization ... |
10.2337/db14-1257 | 100,394,463 | Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) signaling mediates diverse physiological functions, including energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and autonomic activity. Although the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is known to express MC4Rs and to receive input from leptin-responsive arcuate proopiomelanocortin neurons, the physiologi... | 10.1038/ncomms15259 | A paper offering shedding light on the complicated topic of melanocortin signaling. Discrete MC4R restoration in the LHA was found to reduce glucose intolerance in otherwise whole-body MC4R-deficient mice; the improvement could be linked to sympathetic nervous system-dependent control of BAT glucose utilization, occurr... |
10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 | 83,302,381 | Insulin receptors (IRs) and insulin signaling proteins are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). To study the physiological role of insulin signaling in the brain, we created mice with a neuron-specific disruption of the IR gene (NIRKO mice). Inactivation of the IR had no impact on brain devel... | 10.1038/ncomms15259 | This paper represents some of the first genetic evidence for a new key site for insulin to affect energy disposal and fuel metabolism, the brain. In the advent of conditional mutagenesis, deletion of the IR in brain neurons and astroglia recapitulated several key features of the metabolic syndrome |
10.1002/anie.201309633 | 61,473,267 | Abstract Opioid receptors (ORs) are widely distributed in the brain, the spinal cord, and the digestive tract and play an important role in nociception. All known ORs are G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) of family A. Another well‐known member of this family, rhodopsin, is activated by light through the cis / trans i... | 10.1038/nchembio.2369 | Photoswitchable control of the m-opioid receptor using an azobenzene analog of fentanyl. |
10.1063/1.1661294 | 38,544,750 | Velocities and attenuations of piezoelectric leaky surface waves in LiNbO3 are analyzed. As a result, we have found that the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of the leaky surface wave propagating along the X axis of a 64° rotated Y-cut plane is very large, K2 = 0.113, and the attenuation of this wave, c... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.48 | This work predicts and measures an acoustic single-resonance parametric BIC on the surface of a piezoelectric solid. |
10.1038/ncomms7180 | 102,636,515 | Abstract Improving devices incorporating solution-processed nanocrystal-based semiconductors requires a better understanding of charge transport in these complex, inorganic–organic materials. Here we perform a systematic study on PbS nanocrystal-based diodes using temperature-dependent current–voltage characterization ... | 10.1038/nenergy.2016.16 | This paper provides insight into charge transport in different nanocrystal solids and device architectures essential to understanding the design guidelines for engineering high-performance nanocrystal-based devices. |
10.1126/science.1170524 | 20,869,495 | Colloidal Nanocrystal Compounds Colloidal nanocrystals have properties that fall between those of the individual atoms but also differ from bulk due to confinement effects. They can thus be thought of as analogs of atoms, and, like atoms, there is a desire to bond together neighboring particles, which will also affect ... | 10.1038/nenergy.2016.16 | This paper demonstrates all-inorganic ligand-capped nanocrystals for highly efficient field-effect transistors. |
10.1126/science.1102896 | 41,774,077 | We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar ele... | 10.1038/nature10680 | This paper reports the discovery of graphene by deposition of a graphene monolayer on a silicon substrate and the measurement of its field effect mobility to demonstrate its potential for electronic application. |
10.1126/science.1171245 | 20,674,691 | Growing Graphene The highest quality graphene samples, single-atom-thick layers of carbon, are suspended flakes exfoliated from graphite, but these samples are very small in size (square micrometers). For many electronics applications, larger areas are needed. Li et al. (p. 1312 , published online 7 May) show that grap... | 10.1038/nature10680 | This report showed the possibility of growing a high-quality single layer of graphene (more than 95%) by CVD on copper foil. |
10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3103 | 76,456,237 | &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-Comparison Exercise (IMBIE) is a community effort supported by ESA and NASA that aims to provide a consensus estimate of ice sheet mass balance. In its first phase, IMBIE showed that estimates of ice sheet mass balance derived from satellite gravimet... | 10.1038/nature12238 | Gives an overall view of remote sensing of ice-sheet mass balance and arrives at a nearly reconciled estimate of the contribution of the ice sheets to sea-level rise. |
10.5194/tc-6-1561-2012 | 102,337,464 | Abstract. Over the last two decades, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has been losing mass at an increasing rate, enhancing its contribution to sea-level rise (SLR). The recent increases in ice loss appear to be due to changes in both the surface mass balance of the ice sheet and ice discharge (ice flux to the ocean). Ra... | 10.1038/nature12238 | Represents the first complete implementation of full Stokes in dynamical ice-sheet models. |
10.1029/2012gl053611 | 125,286,601 | The discovery of the 2012 extreme melt event across almost the entire surface of the Greenland ice sheet is presented. Data from three different satellite sensors – including the Oceansat‐2 scatterometer, the Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder – are combined t... | 10.1038/nature12238 | Key paper documenting this large-scale Greenland melt event that was unprecedented in the modern satellite record. |
10.1029/2012gl051598 | 20,837,800 | The Arctic is warming two to four times faster than the global average. Debate continues on the relative roles of local factors, such as sea ice reductions, versus remote factors in driving, or amplifying, Arctic warming. This study examines the vertical profile and seasonality of observed tropospheric warming, and add... | 10.1038/nature12238 | Provides strong observational and model evidence of symptoms and causes of the recent amplified Arctic warming. |
10.1126/science.1234532 | 103,764,481 | Melting Away We assume the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are the main drivers of global sea-level rise, but how large is the contribution from other sources of glacial ice? Gardner et al. (p. 852 ) synthesize data from glacialogical inventories to find that glaciers in the Arctic, Canada, Alaska, coastal Greenlan... | 10.1038/nature12238 | Presents a consensus estimate of the contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea-level rise that reconciles the disparate estimates previously available from the different techniques. |
10.1126/science.1085046 | 83,423,812 | The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs... | 10.1038/nclimate1463 | A review of the goods and services coral reefs provide to humanity and the threats they face from climate change, with a discussion of management strategies to boost reef resilience. |
10.1002/zaac.201400403 | 4,869,518 | Abstract The Zintl‐Klemm concept (ZKC) is a combination of a valence electron counting rule and a set of structure‐chemical considerations which works well for a continuously growing class of compounds between classical salts and classical covalent compounds on the on hand, and intermetallic phases on the other. In thi... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.32 | This work provides a good overview over the Zintl–Klemm bonding concept. |
10.1002/anie.198708461 | 82,258,258 | Abstract To make sense of the marvelous electronic properties of the solid state, chemists must learn the language of solid‐state physics, of band structures. An attempt is made here to demystify that language, drawing explicit parallels to well‐known concepts in theoretical chemistry To the joint search of physicists ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.32 | This seminal review explains band structures from a chemical perspective. |
10.1063/1.1584074 | 19,733,647 | Theoretical investigations of doping of several wide-gap materials suggest a number of rather general, practical “doping principles” that may help guide experimental strategies for overcoming doping bottlenecks. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.32 | This work is a guideline for understanding defect chemistry and the influences of defects in semiconductors. |
10.1093/genetics/157.2.875 | 41,554,594 | Abstract We consider populations that adapt to a sudden environmental change by fixing alleles found at mutation-selection balance. In particular, we calculate probabilities of fixation for previously deleterious alleles, ignoring the input of new mutations. We find that “Haldane's sieve”—the bias against the establish... | 10.1038/ncomms6281 | A highly significant early contribution to the selection on standing variation literature, the authors present a number of important results not yet fully appreciated in the empirical soft sweep literature – including the necessary pre-selection allele frequency necessary to result in a soft sweep fixation |
10.1534/genetics.104.036947 | 62,618,993 | Abstract A population can adapt to a rapid environmental change or habitat expansion in two ways. It may adapt either through new beneficial mutations that subsequently sweep through the population or by using alleles from the standing genetic variation. We use diffusion theory to calculate the probabilities for select... | 10.1038/ncomms6281 | The first in a series of papers exploring soft sweeps, the authors develop both theory and expectations for a model of selection on standing variation |
10.1111/eva.12196 | 123,412,866 | Abstract Antibiotic resistance is increasing in pathogenic microbial populations and is thus a major threat to public health. The fate of a resistance mutation in pathogen populations is determined in part by its fitness. Mutations that suffer little or no fitness cost are more likely to persist in the absence of antib... | 10.1038/ncomms6281 | A helpful and informative overview of the antibiotic resistance literature pertaining to inferring fitness costs of resistance mutations in the absence of treatment |
10.1534/genetics.113.156190 | 39,267,024 | Abstract The role of adaptation in the evolutionary process has been contentious for decades. At the heart of the century-old debate between neutralists and selectionists lies the distribution of fitness effects (DFE)—that is, the selective effect of all mutations. Attempts to describe the DFE have been varied, occupyi... | 10.1038/ncomms6281 | Here the authors develop an approach for statistically characterizing the DFE and apply it to an experimental dataset consisting of all possible point mutations in a sub-genomic region–describing how the DFE and number/size of beneficial mutations change under differing environmental conditions |
10.1534/genetics.112.148502 | 81,846,497 | Abstract It has increasingly been recognized that adapting populations of microbes contain not one, but many lineages continually arising and competing at once. This process, termed “clonal interference,” alters the rate and dynamics of adaptation and biases winning mutations toward those with the largest selective eff... | 10.1038/ncomms6281 | An informative experimental exploration of multiple competing beneficial mutations in methylobacterium – in which the authors identify multiple co-segregating beneficial mutations which ultimately result in a single-copy fixation (i.e., hard selective sweep) owing to non-equivalent selective effects |
10.1146/annurev.med.60.061607.220533 | 67,550,354 | Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the United States and in much of the world in recent years and decades. The factors underlying this increase are incompletely understood and are undoubtedly complex. A question that drives current research is whether life expectancy can be further extended using current kno... | 10.1038/nature08984 | This comprehensive overview of an extensive literature provides a balanced account of possible advances in research on health and survival at higher ages and of potential challenges. |
10.1073/pnas.0609071104 | 22,019,218 | Global biological datasets generated by genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics provide new approaches to understanding the relationship between the genome and the synapse. Combined transcriptome analysis and multielectrode recordings of neuronal network activity were used in mouse embryonic primary neuronal cultures... | 10.1038/nature08537 | This paper exemplifies the combination of multiple layers of functional data — in this case neuronal activity recordings and morphological measurements — with gene expression data to directly uncover how changes in function and gene expression relate to each other over time. |
10.1073/pnas.0704820104 | 28,151,268 | Geneticists and epidemiologists often observe that certain hereditary disorders cooccur in individual patients significantly more (or significantly less) frequently than expected, suggesting there is a genetic variation that predisposes its bearer to multiple disorders, or that protects against some disorders while pre... | 10.1038/nature08537 | This paper demonstrates that with enough phenotypic information it is possible to build modelling networks that predict the underlying genetic overlap among neuropsychiatric diseases with previously distinct aetiologies. |
10.1177/0278364912455954 | 39,823,388 | We survey the recent work on micro unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a fast-growing field in robotics, outlining the opportunities for research and applications, along with the scientific and technological challenges. Micro-UAVs can operate in three-dimensional environments, explore and map multi-story buildings, manipu... | 10.1038/nature14542 | This paper describes scaling laws for dynamics and control of quad rotors and related micro air vehicles. |
10.1126/science.1231806 | 61,548,020 | Lord of the Robotic Flies While small-scale flying objects are ubiquitous in nature, they are quite hard to engineer. As sizes get smaller, fixed-winged flight becomes less efficient because of increased drag resistance. Ma et al. (p. 603 ) developed a tethered robotic fly with wings that flap through the use of piezo-... | 10.1038/nature14542 | This paper details the development of a flying robotic insect and the first controlled flight of this vehicle. |
10.1128/jvi.79.24.15547-15555.2005 | 62,221,527 | ABSTRACT The prophylactic efficacy of DNA and replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag was examined in rhesus macaques using an SIVmac239 challenge. Cohorts of either Mamu-A*01(+) or Mamu-A*01(−) macaques were immunized with a DNA prime-Ad5 b... | 10.1038/nature07352 | This manuscript demonstrates that homologous rAd5 vaccine regimens were minimally effective against SIV MAC239 challenges in rhesus monkeys |
10.1126/science.1161000 | 41,274,547 | The need to broaden research directed at answering fundamental questions in HIV vaccine discovery through laboratory, nonhuman primate (NHP), and clinical research has recently been emphasized. In addition, the importance of attracting and retaining young researchers, developing better NHP models, and more closely link... | 10.1038/nature07352 | This perspective describes revised NIH research priorities for HIV-1 vaccine research |
10.1126/science.1178312 | 62,328,371 | The Kepler mission is performing at the level required to detect Earth-size planets orbiting solar-type stars. | 10.1038/nature08556 | Kepler's spectacular photometric precision means that transiting Earth-analogue exoplanets are now within reach. |
10.1073/pnas.1303800110 | 83,176,773 | Inactivation of the switch/sucrose nonfermentable complex component SMARCB1 is extremely prevalent in pediatric malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) or atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. This alteration is hypothesized to confer oncogenic dependency on EZH2 in these cancers. We report the discovery of a potent, selective, ... | 10.1038/nature12751 | This article reports activity of EZH2 inhibitors in solid tumours suggesting potential for clinical benefit beyond haematological malignancies. |
10.1126/science.1239278 | 62,584,518 | Pluripotent stem cells can be induced from somatic cells, providing an unlimited cell resource, with potential for studying disease and use in regenerative medicine. However, genetic manipulation and technically challenging strategies such as nuclear transfer used in reprogramming limit their clinical applications. Her... | 10.1038/nature12749 | This provocative report suggests that induced pluripotency can be achieved with four small compounds and without the use of transcription factors. |
10.1126/science.1150609 | 125,149,782 | The β 2 -adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR) is a well-studied prototype for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to diffusible hormones and neurotransmitters. To overcome the structural flexibility of the β 2 AR and to facilitate its crystallization, we engineer... | 10.1038/nchembio.2490 | This paper begins GPCR pharmacology and ligand discovery at atomic resolution |
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