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10.1126/science.1219218 | 38,272,921 | GPCR Close-Up Structures of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) determined in the past few years, have provided insight into the function of this important family of membrane proteins. Liu et al. (p. 232 ) used a protein-engineering strategy to produce a stabilized version of the human A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AR)... | 10.1038/nchembio.2490 | The first direct structural evidence for a GPCR allosteric modulator |
10.1073/pnas.95.17.9914 | 38,195,587 | μ opioid receptors are targets of native opioid peptides and addictive analgesic drugs. A major clinical liability of opiate drugs is their ability to cause physiological tolerance. Individual opiates, such as morphine and etorphine, differ both in their ability to promote physiological tolerance and in their effects o... | 10.1038/nchembio.2490 | One of the first demonstrations that drugs may differ in their degree of G-protein and arrestin bias, along with its functional consequences |
10.1126/science.1195628 | 83,508,861 | We report the creation of a nanoscale electrochemical device inside a transmission electron microscope—consisting of a single tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) nanowire anode, an ionic liquid electrolyte, and a bulk lithium cobalt dioxide (LiCoO 2 ) cathode—and the in situ observation of the lithiation of the SnO 2 nanowire during ... | 10.1038/ncomms15806 | This paper reports for the first time the dynamics of litiated-unlithiated reaction front in a SnO 2 nanowire inside a transmission electron microscope |
10.1038/ncomms11441 | 103,742,500 | Abstract Spinel transition metal oxides are important electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, whose lithiation undergoes a two-step reaction, whereby intercalation and conversion occur in a sequential manner. These two reactions are known to have distinct reaction dynamics, but it is unclear how their kinetics a... | 10.1038/ncomms15806 | This paper reveals the non-equilibrium lithiation pathways in spinel Fe 3 O 4 and correlates the intermediate phase transitions with the battery performance |
10.1002/anie.201601542 | 123,073,644 | Abstract Intercalation and conversion are two fundamental chemical processes for battery materials in response to ion insertion. The interplay between these two chemical processes has never been directly seen and understood at atomic scale. Here, using in situ HRTEM, we captured the atomistic conversion reaction proces... | 10.1038/ncomms15806 | This paper reveals for the first time the existence of an intercalation step prior to the conversion of WO 3 electrode during the insertion of Li + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions |
10.1002/elsc.200620126 | 60,124,772 | Abstract The state‐of‐the‐art on processes by which earthworms emit nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and dinitrogen (N 2 ) are presented by this review. The emission of these nitrogenous gases appears to be primarily due to soil‐derived denitrifying bacteria when they are subjected to the unique in situ conditions of the earthwor... | 10.1038/nclimate1692 | Emission of nitrogenous gases (N 2 O and N 2 ) appears to be primarily produced by soil-derived denitrifying bacteria when they are subjected to the unique in situ conditions of the earthworm gut; the particular microenvironment of the earthworm gut might also affect the fitness and diversity of certain members of the ... |
10.1182/blood-2007-04-082891 | 21,741,739 | In this issue of Blood, Svegliati and colleagues provide new insights into the mechanisms of chronic GVHD development by demonstrating the presence and functional activity of stimulatory anti–PDGF-R autoantibodies in patients with extensive chronic GVHD. | 10.1038/nature06797 | This abstract describes the recent clinical trial assessing the effect of the factor-Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban on rates of thrombosis. |
10.1242/dev.122.11.3531 | 62,284,989 | During development of tubular networks such as the mammalian vascular system, the kidney and the Drosophila tracheal system, epithelial tubes must fuse to each other to form a continuous network. Little is known of the cellular mechanisms or molecular control of epithelial tube fusion. We describe the cellular dynamics... | 10.1038/nature07039 | This paper shows that the molecular machinery involved in dorsal closure in D. melanogaster embryos is also used during wound closure. |
10.1126/science.1147710 | 45,570,004 | The limb blastemal cells of an adult salamander regenerate the structures distal to the level of amputation, and the surface protein Prod 1 is a critical determinant of their proximodistal identity. The anterior gradient protein family member nAG is a secreted ligand for Prod 1 and a growth factor for cultured newt bla... | 10.1038/nature07039 | This study found that the nerve dependence of limb regeneration results from nerves producing the protein nAG, which is a ligand for Prod 1 at the surface of blastemal cells, stimulating their proliferation. |
10.1083/jcb.200701086 | 61,430,071 | Wound healing of the skin is a crucial regenerative process in adult mammals. We examined wound healing in conditional mutant mice, in which the c-Met gene that encodes the receptor of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor was mutated in the epidermis by cre recombinase. c-Met–deficient keratinocytes were unable to c... | 10.1038/nature07039 | This paper describes the essential role of the HGF receptor, MET, in wound re-epithelialization: cells deficient in this protein cannot contribute to the formation of a neo-epidermis. |
10.1126/science.7973639 | 45,577,686 | The function of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in normal and wounded skin was assessed by expression of a dominant-negative KGF receptor transgene in basal keratinocytes. The skin of transgenic mice was characterized by epidermal atrophy, abnormalities in the hair follicles, and dermal hyperthickening. Upon skin inju... | 10.1038/nature07039 | This study was the first to use genetically modified mice to study wound repair. |
10.1083/jcb.201012028 | 61,293,902 | Phosphatidylserine (PS) plays a central role in cell signaling and in the biosynthesis of other lipids. To date, however, the subcellular distribution and transmembrane topology of this crucial phospholipid remain ill-defined. We transfected cells with a GFP-tagged C2 domain of lactadherin to detect by light and electr... | 10.1038/nature13474 | This important study provides quantitative information on the transbilayer distribution of PtdSer in early and late secretory organelles with the aid of a genetically encoded lipid probe. |
10.1073/pnas.1317147111 | 17,659,589 | Significance Environmental temperature variations affect most biological processes and reactions, and cells must adapt accordingly. One such example is the fine-tuned regulation of membrane fluidity and its impact on a large array of cell physiological processes. How do cells “sense” membrane fluidity? Here, we discove... | 10.1038/nature13474 | This elegant study revealed the molecular principles by which a membrane-bound thermosensor allows bacteria to adjust lipid desaturation for optimal membrane fluidity. |
10.1083/jcb.201104062 | 62,605,416 | Osh/Orp proteins transport sterols between organelles and are involved in phosphoinositide metabolism. The link between these two aspects remains elusive. Using novel assays, we address the influence of membrane composition on the ability of Osh4p/Kes1p to extract, deliver, or transport dehydroergosterol (DHE). Surpris... | 10.1038/nature13474 | Together with ref. 53, this study shows that a mammalian OSBP and yeast Osh4 bind PtdIns(4)P and sterols in a mutually exclusive manner to facilitate heterotypic lipid exchange between the ER and trans -Golgi. |
10.1073/pnas.0911617107 | 100,663,629 | Yeast members of the ORMDL family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins play a central role in lipid homeostasis and protein quality control. In the absence of yeast Orm1 and Orm2, accumulation of long chain base, a sphingolipid precursor, suggests dysregulation of sphingolipid synthesis. Physical interaction... | 10.1038/nature13474 | Together with ref. 79, this study identified Orm proteins as homeostatic regulators of sphingolipid biosynthesis through formation of a complex with the rate-limiting enzyme SPT. |
10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01234.x | 61,259,758 | Sterol transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) occurs by an ATP‐dependent, non‐vesicular mechanism that is presumed to require sterol transport proteins (STPs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , homologs of the mammalian oxysterol‐binding protein (Osh1‐7) have been proposed to function as ... | 10.1038/nature13474 | This paper shows that the OSBP protein family in yeast is not required for sterol transport between the ER and plasma membrane. |
10.1126/science.1148047 | 125,320,034 | Recent theory predicted that the quantum spin Hall effect, a fundamentally new quantum state of matter that exists at zero external magnetic field, may be realized in HgTe/(Hg,Cd)Te quantum wells. We fabricated such sample structures with low density and high mobility in which we could tune, through an external gate vo... | 10.1038/nature08916 | This paper reports the first experimental observation of a 2D topological insulator that has a quantum spin Hall effect. |
10.1126/science.aaf3621 | 103,673,549 | The dragon sleeps tonight Most animal species sleep, from invertebrates to primates. However, neuroscientists have until now only actively recorded the sleeping brains of birds and mammals. Shein-Idelson et al. now describe the electrophysiological hallmarks of sleep in reptiles. Recordings from the brains of Australia... | 10.1038/nature19773 | This study reports for the first time the existence of REM- and NREM-like sleep stages in a reptile, the Australian dragon Pogona vitticeps . Comparative analysis might shed light on the common circuitry underlying ultradian rhythms in reptiles and mammals. |
10.1126/science.aad1023 | 40,805,241 | Neurons that regulate sleep stages Just what sleep is for remains a bit of a mystery. During sleep, we switch several times between so-called rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. Hayashi et al. used sophisticated developmental cell fate mapping to look at the neurons involved in the two types of sleep in mice (s... | 10.1038/nature19773 | This study identified two sets of glutamatergic neurons in the pontine brainstem of a common developmental lineage that promote NREM sleep and wakefulness. The NREM-promoting neurons might suppress REM sleep by activating GABAergic vlPAG neurons. |
10.1073/pnas.1423136112 | 103,673,598 | Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an important component of the natural sleep/wake cycle, yet the mechanisms that regulate REM sleep remain incompletely understood. Cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum have been implicated in REM sleep regulation, but lesions of this area have had varying effects on REM sle... | 10.1038/nature19773 | The role of cholinergic brainstem neurons in the control of REM sleep has been intensively debated. This optogenetic study provided evidence that these neurons are involved in the induction rather than the maintenance of REM sleep. |
10.1073/pnas.0803125105 | 18,542,154 | The presence of large-amplitude, slow waves in the EEG is a primary characteristic that distinguishes cerebral activity during sleep from that which occurs during wakefulness. Although sleep-active neurons have been identified in other brain areas, neurons that are specifically activated during slow-wave sleep have not... | 10.1038/nature19773 | This study reported sleep-active, nNOS expressing neurons in the cortex. As c-Fos activation correlates with sleep pressure, these neurons might be involved in the cortical expression of sleep homeostasis. |
10.1073/pnas.1116564108 | 125,133,611 | This manuscript describes a unique class of locomotive robot: A soft robot, composed exclusively of soft materials (elastomeric polymers), which is inspired by animals (e.g., squid, starfish, worms) that do not have hard internal skeletons. Soft lithography was used to fabricate a pneumatically actuated robot capable o... | 10.1038/nature14543 | This paper describes the rapid design and fabrication of a soft robot body capable of walking and undulating tethered to a pneumatic actuation system. |
10.1152/jn.00684.2004 | 107,323,985 | The octopus arm requires special motor control schemes because it consists almost entirely of muscles and lacks a rigid skeletal support. Here we present a 2D dynamic model of the octopus arm to explore possible strategies of movement control in this muscular hydrostat. The arm is modeled as a multisegment structure, e... | 10.1038/nature14543 | This paper describes a 2D dynamic model for a soft manipulator based on muscular hydrostats. |
10.1126/science.1132939 | 41,667,130 | To pursue a systematic approach to the discovery of functional connections among diseases, genetic perturbation, and drug action, we have created the first installment of a reference collection of gene-expression profiles from cultured human cells treated with bioactive small molecules, together with pattern-matching s... | 10.1038/nature06915 | In this study, a compendium of gene-expression profiles of cells subjected to known perturbations was used to find connections among small molecules that share a mechanism of action, between chemicals and physiological processes, and between drugs and diseases. |
10.1126/science.1222551 | 62,632,553 | Protecting Against a Barrier Breach In order to coexist peacefully, a “firewall” exists that keeps the commensal bacteria that reside in our intestines and associated lymphoid tissue contained. Several diseases and infections, however, lead to a breach in this barrier, which leads to chronic inflammation and pathology.... | 10.1038/nature18847 | Refs 63–65 demonstrate a role for innate lymphoid cells in the local containment of the microbiota and in regulating T-cell responses to the microbiota. |
10.1126/science.291.5505.881 | 62,094,871 | Human beings contain complex societies of indigenous microbes, yet little is known about how resident bacteria shape our physiology. We colonized germ-free mice with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , a prominent component of the normal mouse and human intestinal microflora. Global intestinal transcriptional responses to c... | 10.1038/nature18847 | This study provided initial insight into the effects of commensal bacteria on genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming. |
10.1126/science.1091334 | 125,082,034 | The enormous number of commensal bacteria in the lower intestine of vertebrates share abundant molecular patterns used for innate immune recognition of pathogenic bacteria. We show that, even though commensals are rapidly killed by macrophages, intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) can retain small numbers of live commensal... | 10.1038/nature18847 | This seminal study defined the lymph-node-restricted 'firewall' circuits that control the local containment of the microbiota. |
10.1073/pnas.0903413106 | 125,082,134 | Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 ( DISC1 ) is a promising susceptibility gene for major mental illness, but the mechanism of the clinical association is unknown. We searched for DISC1 transcripts in adult and fetal human brain and tested whether their expression is altered in patients with schizophrenia and is associated w... | 10.1038/nature09552 | Study of DISC1 shows isoforms expressed predominantly during human brain development are influenced by alleles associated with schizophrenia. |
10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152537 | 41,580,836 | The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake has been extensively studied because of its great size and devastating consequences. Large amounts of high-quality seismic, geodetic, and geologic data have led to a number of proposed models for its length, duration, fault geometry, rupture velocity, and slip history. The latest of ... | 10.1038/nature11032 | This review of the study of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake shows how geology, seismology, and space geodesy can be combined to investigate coseismic and postseismic deformation and tsunami processes. |
10.1126/science.1121638 | 103,800,146 | The specialized ribonuclease Dicer initiates RNA interference by cleaving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates into small fragments about 25 nucleotides in length. In the crystal structure of an intact Dicer enzyme, the PAZ domain, a module that binds the end of dsRNA, is separated from the two catalytic ribonuclease... | 10.1038/nature07755 | This paper described the three-dimensional architecture of Dicer, revealing how Dicer functions as a molecular ruler to determine the length of its dsRNA products. |
10.1126/science.1102514 | 125,260,708 | Argonaute proteins and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the known signature components of the RNA interference effector complex RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, the identity of “Slicer,” the enzyme that cleaves the messenger RNA (mRNA) as directed by the siRNA, has not been resolved. Here, we report th... | 10.1038/nature07755 | This paper revealed the molecular architecture of Argonaute proteins and showed that the PIWI domain resembles RNaseH, suggesting that Argonaute is the 'slicer'. |
10.1126/science.1102513 | 20,686,233 | Gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) is carried out by RISC, the RNA-induced silencing complex. RISC contains two signature components, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Argonaute family proteins. Here, we show that the multiple Argonaute proteins present in mammals are both biologically and biochemically d... | 10.1038/nature07755 | This paper showed that human AGO2 has slicer activity and that mutations in its PIWI domain, based on the structure of archaeal Argonaute, abolish RISC activity in vivo |
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x | 62,332,223 | Abstract From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are those which have fitness consequences for both the individual that performs the behaviour, and another individual. Over the last 43 years, a huge theoretical and empirical literature has developed on this topic. However, progress is often hindered by poor... | 10.1038/nature08366 | West et al. prefer to use mutualism to refer only to interactions between species, whereas I use it here to refer to all +/+ interactions, where the behaviour of individuals is adapted to generating benefits to their partners, whether they involve heterospecifics or conspecifics. |
10.1093/oso/9780195086218.001.0001 | 148,998,451 | Abstract Despite the depiction of nature “red in tooth and claw,” cooperation is actually widespread in the animal kingdom. Various types of cooperative behaviors have been documented in everything from insects to primates, and in every imaginable ecological scenario. Yet why animals cooperate is still a hotly conteste... | 10.1038/nature08366 | Dugatkin’s comprehensive review of cooperative behaviour in animals provides an important synthesis of theory and evidence. |
10.1175/2009jcli2786.1 | 38,293,819 | Abstract This second paper examines the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) variability from reconstructions, observed indices, and simulations from 17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models from 1865 to 2005. Comparisons reveal the models do not fully simulate the dur... | 10.1038/nclimate3103 | Simulations from IPCC AR4 models did not fully capture the observed natural variability in the SAM, although they are reasonably successfully at capturing the strong summertime trends since 1957 |
10.5194/cp-11-1673-2015 | 103,979,801 | Abstract. Estimated external radiative forcings, model results, and proxy-based climate reconstructions have been used over the past several decades to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying observed climate variability and change over the past millennium. Here, the recent set of temperature reconstruct... | 10.1038/nclimate3103 | Assessments of palaeoclimate data records and model simulations suggest consistency in the Northern Hemisphere but disagreement in the Southern Hemisphere, where models may underestimate the magnitude of internal variability or overestimate the response to external forcing |
10.1126/science.3547653 | 123,121,850 | Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria by laser radiation pressure were demonstrated with single-beam gradient traps. Individual tobacco mosaic viruses and dense oriented arrays of viruses were trapped in aqueous solution with no apparent damage using ∼120 milliwatts of argon laser power. Trapping an... | 10.1038/nchembio.1082 | This paper showed that microorganisms could stay alive while optically trapped, thus paving the way for in vivo single-molecule investigations. |
10.1083/jcb.129.6.1559 | 61,380,591 | Our previous results indicated that the plasma membrane of cultured normal rat kidney fibroblastic cell is compartmentalized for diffusion of receptor molecules, and that long-range diffusion is the result of successive intercompartmental jumps (Sako, Y. and Kusumi, A. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 125:1251-1264). In the present... | 10.1038/nchembio.1082 | One of the first papers to show how individual membrane proteins can be individually manipulated in vivo |
10.1083/jcb.148.5.997 | 18,436,249 | To probe the dynamics and size of lipid rafts in the membrane of living cells, the local diffusion of single membrane proteins was measured. A laser trap was used to confine the motion of a bead bound to a raft protein to a small area (diam ≤ 100 nm) and to measure its local diffusion by high resolution single particle... | 10.1038/nchembio.1082 | Demonstration of an elegant method to probe the interaction between a single protein and the membrane in the protein's local environment. |
10.1002/cphc.200900113 | 60,049,746 | Abstract Molecular motors: By combining optical tweezers and high‐speed particle tracking, individual steps of microtubule motor proteins transporting organelles can be detected under known force loads in living mammalian cells (see figure). magnified image We report a label‐free assay for simultaneous optical manipula... | 10.1038/nchembio.1082 | In vivo quantitative measurements of stepping sizes, stall forces and cooperativity of dynein and kinesin inside living cells. |
10.1126/science.1135941 | 125,285,885 | The slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the main limitation for automotive applications. We demonstrated that the Pt 3 Ni(111) surface is 10-fold more active for the ORR than the corresponding Pt(111) surface and 90-fold more active than the current ... | 10.1038/nature11115 | This paper showed that the fundamental kinetic activity for oxygen reduction on bulk Pt–Ni alloy surfaces could be nearly two orders of magnitude higher than the standard dispersed Pt on carbon. |
10.1149/1.3701968 | 61,471,354 | This tutorial reviews the key aspects and literature to date around the nanostructured thin film (NSTF) electrocatalyst technology platform for PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers. The NSTF technology is to date the only practical example of an extended surface area catalyst shown to effectively address several of the per... | 10.1038/nature11115 | This paper defines all the catalyst and MEA measured properties and published papers so far for the NSTF type catalyst electrodes. |
10.1101/gad.1505307 | 103,409,663 | The genome diversity of RNA viruses allows for rapid adaptation to a wide variety of adverse conditions. Accordingly, viruses can escape inhibition by most antiviral compounds targeting either viral or host factors. Here we exploited the capacity of RNA viruses for rapid adaptation to explore the evolutionary constrain... | 10.1038/nature10317 | This seminal study describes the requirement of HSP90 in viral assembly, outlining a strategy for antiviral treatment based on HSP90 inhibition. |
10.1091/mbc.e03-07-0532 | 103,895,029 | The correlation between longevity and stress resistance observed in long-lived mutant animals suggests that the ability to sense and respond to environmental challenges could be important for the regulation of life span. We therefore examined the role of heat shock factor (HSF-1), a master transcriptional regulator of ... | 10.1038/nature10317 | This pioneering study provides important insight into the relationship between molecular chaperone functions and longevity. |
10.1126/science.1124646 | 125,284,167 | Aberrant protein aggregation is a common feature of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the misassembly of the Aβ 1-42 peptide. Aggregation-mediated Aβ 1-42 toxicity was reduced in Caenorhabiditis elegans when aging was slowed by decreased insulin/insulin growt... | 10.1038/nature10317 | An exciting study demonstrating that active disaggregation and the forced formation of large inclusions prevent the accumulation of toxic aggregate species in C. elegans |
10.1126/science.292.5521.1552 | 40,132,612 | Intracellular deposition of aggregated and ubiquitylated proteins is a prominent cytopathological feature of most neurodegenerative disorders. Whether protein aggregates themselves are pathogenic or are the consequence of an underlying molecular lesion is unclear. Here, we report that protein aggregation directly impai... | 10.1038/nature10317 | This key paper demonstrates that protein aggregation can interfere with protein degradation. |
10.1126/science.1215135 | 125,320,131 | Dissecting Rapamycin Responses Long-term treatment of mice and other organisms with the drug rapamycin extends life span. But, at the same time, the drug disrupts metabolic regulation and the action of the hormone insulin. Lamming et al. (p. 1638 ; see the Perspective by Hughes and Kennedy ) dissected the action of rap... | 10.1038/nature11861 | This study uses genetic models to confirm that reduced mTORC1 activity extends lifespan in mammals, and reports that the insulin resistance associated with chronic mTORC1 inhibition is caused by altered mTORC2 signalling and is not causally involved in lifespan extension. |
10.1126/science.1177221 | 38,374,022 | Mimicking Caloric Restriction The extended life span and resistance to age-related diseases in animals exposed to caloric restriction has focused attention on the biochemical mechanisms that produce these effects. Selman et al. (p. 140 ; see the Perspective by Kaeberlein and Kapahi ) explored the role of the mammalian ... | 10.1038/nature11861 | This study shows that knockout of the mTORC1 substrate S6K1 extends lifespan in mice. |
10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00791.x | 82,742,456 | Summary Understanding the factors that contribute to age‐related cognitive decline is imperative, particularly as age is the major risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders. Levels of several cytokines increase in the brain during aging, including IL‐1β, whose levels positively correlate with cognitive defici... | 10.1038/nature11861 | References 41 and 42 report that rapamycin improves cognitive function and protects against age-related cognitive decline in mice. |
10.1002/bit.22033 | 103,830,247 | Abstract Thirty microalgal strains were screened in the laboratory for their biomass productivity and lipid content. Four strains (two marine and two freshwater), selected because robust, highly productive and with a relatively high lipid content, were cultivated under nitrogen deprivation in 0.6‐L bubbled tubes. Only ... | 10.1038/nature11479 | This bioprospecting study examines 30 strains in a laboratory and 4 of these in large outdoor photobioreactors. A promising marine Nannochloropsis species that grows well under various conditions and accumulates lipids at high levels was identified. |
10.1073/pnas.1105861108 | 39,295,754 | Algae have reemerged as potential next-generation feedstocks for biofuels, but strain improvement and progress in algal biology research have been limited by the lack of advanced molecular tools for most eukaryotic microalgae. Here we describe the development of an efficient transformation method for Nannochloropsis sp... | 10.1038/nature11479 | This article reports high rates of homologous recombination in a biofuel candidate eukaryotic algae. |
10.1126/science.1227268 | 103,811,514 | Building with DNA One route for assembling three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures is to start with a long natural DNA single strand and attach short strands, or “staples,” that cause the entire “origami” structure to fold into a desired shape. Ke et al. (p. 1177 , see the cover; see the Perspective by Gothelf ) pres... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.8 | Experimental study showing that multiple copies of prescribed 3D structures can be self-assembled from a ‘soup’ of DNA building blocks with maximally specific interactions; much current research is aimed at duplicating this result with nano- and microparticles. |
10.1126/science.1099390 | 104,375,088 | A fraction of a genetically homogeneous microbial population may survive exposure to stress such as antibiotic treatment. Unlike resistant mutants, cells regrown from such persistent bacteria remain sensitive to the antibiotic. We investigated the persistence of single cells of Escherichia coli with the use of microflu... | 10.1038/nchembio.1754 | This study uses microfluidics to examine growth rate differences between persistent and proliferative cells. The authors demonstrate the emergence to two classes of persisters: those that are non-growing at stationary phase, and those that are formed by spontaneous switching from a proliferative state during exponentia... |
10.1128/aac.45.12.3548-3554.2001 | 102,372,461 | ABSTRACT There is little information about the clinical effectiveness of cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam in the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens. Some inferences have been drawn from laboratory studies, which have usually involved only one or a few strains ... | 10.1038/nchembio.1754 | This study investigates the efficacy of several β-lactam antibiotics against various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. The authors found that higher inocula exhibited at least an eightfold higher MIC for the drugs tested, implying that β-lactamase production can be a mechanism for density-dependen... |
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00769.x | 27,047,446 | Summary Work over the past few years has provided evidence that quorum sensing is a generic regulatory mechanism that allows bacteria to launch a unified, coordinated response in a population density‐dependent manner to accomplish tasks which would be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve for a single bacterial cell... | 10.1038/nchembio.1754 | This review discusses the role of quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa virulence, particularly the coupled Las and Rhl motifs. The authors also discuss the potential of interfering with quorum sensing systems as an antimicrobial strategy |
10.1073/pnas.0910934107 | 83,412,272 | Swarming bacteria move in multicellular groups and exhibit adaptive resistance to multiple antibiotics. Analysis of this phenomenon has revealed the protective power of high cell densities to withstand exposure to otherwise lethal antibiotic concentrations. We find that high densities promote bacterial survival, even i... | 10.1038/nchembio.1754 | This work shows that a swarming phenotype promotes bacterial survival of antibiotic treatment. The authors demonstrate that this survival advantage is not due to quorum sensing or induced resistance pathways, but rather occurs at a cost to cells directly exposed to antibiotic |
10.1126/science.1080418 | 40,818,581 | Carbonylated proteins were visualized in single cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , revealing that they accumulate with replicative age. Furthermore, carbonylated proteins were not inherited by daughter cells during cytokinesis. Mother cells of a yeast strain lacking the sir2 gene, a life-span determi... | 10.1038/nature08981 | This study showed that oxidatively damaged cytoplasmic proteins are asymmetrically segregated to the mother cell during ageing in a Sir2-dependent manner. |
10.1101/gr.074724.107 | 20,342,559 | Studies in invertebrate model organisms have been a driving force in aging research, leading to the identification of many genes that influence life span. Few of these genes have been examined in the context of mammalian aging, however, and it remains an open question as to whether and to what extent the pathways that ... | 10.1038/nature08981 | This study demonstrated that genetic control of longevity has been conserved between yeast and nematodes and identified 25 homologue pairs that modulate longevity in both species. |
10.1073/pnas.0408192102 | 62,305,181 | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an endogenously encoded class of small RNAs that have been proposed to function as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a range of eukaryotic species, including humans. The small size of miRNA precursors makes them potentially ideal for use by viruses as inhibitors of host cel... | 10.1038/nature07757 | This paper showed that viral miRNAs might be conserved during viral evolution. |
10.1002/adfm.201201564 | 41,528,145 | Abstract AB O 3 perovskite‐type solid solutions display a large variety of structural and physical properties, which can be tuned by chemical composition or external parameters such as temperature, pressure, strain, electric, or magnetic fields. Some solid solutions show remarkably enhanced physical properties includin... | 10.1038/nature14453 | ‘Big-box’ modelling of total scattering shows how the local polarization changes within a higher-symmetry average lattice. |
10.1017/s0033291710001406 | 38,288,116 | Background There is increasing acceptance of migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia and related disorders; however, the magnitude of the risk among second-generation immigrants (SGIs) remains unclear. Generational differences in the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants might improve our understanding o... | 10.1038/nature09563 | Recent, detailed meta-analytical analysis showing that increased risk of schizophrenia among immigrants persists into the second generation, and that this may be mediated by social context. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3422-03.2004 | 61,875,742 | Mesolimbic dopamine is thought to play a role in the processing of rewards. However, animal studies also demonstrate dopamine release in response to aversive stressful stimuli. Also, in animal studies, disruptions of the mother–infant relationship have been shown to have long-lasting effects on the mesolimbic dopamine ... | 10.1038/nature09563 | PET imaging study showing long-term influence of parental care during early life on dopamine release in the ventral striatum under psychosocial stress in adulthood. |
10.1126/science.aab0031 | 88,952,485 | Jaramillo and Destouni claim that freshwater consumption is beyond the planetary boundary, based on high estimates of water cycle components, different definitions of water consumption, and extrapolation from a single case study. The difference from our analysis, based on mainstream assessments of global water consumpt... | 10.1038/nature15743 | This paper provides the most recent updates on the research under the planetary boundaries framework. |
10.1002/gbc.20053 | 104,265,844 | Worldwide increases in nitrogen (N) inputs to croplands have been and will continue to be an important contributor to growing more food. But a substantial portion of N inputs to croplands are not captured in harvested products and leave the field, contributing to air and water pollution. Whether the proportion of N inp... | 10.1038/nature15743 | This study creates a global N input database by country and several major crops and found no convergence in N use among countries. |
10.1126/science.1138140 | 20,870,775 | Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a distinctive feature of the genomes of most Bacteria and Archaea and are thought to be involved in resistance to bacteriophages. We found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences. Removal or ... | 10.1038/nature10886 | This study provided the first direct evidence for CRISPR immune system function, demonstrating that new spacer acquisition provides resistance against future phage infection in a cas gene-dependent manner. |
10.1126/science.1159689 | 104,329,341 | Prokaryotes acquire virus resistance by integrating short fragments of viral nucleic acid into clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Here we show how virus-derived sequences contained in CRISPRs are used by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins from the host to mediate an antiviral response ... | 10.1038/nature10886 | This paper revealed that long CRISPR RNA transcripts are processed into small RNAs (crRNAs) by a dedicated endoribonuclease and that the processed RNAs are bound by a Cas protein complex (Cascade), which together with Cas3 are required for phage protection. |
10.1073/pnas.0810028105 | 102,323,964 | Time lapse fluorescence imaging has become one of the most important approaches in neurobiological research. In particular, both confocal and two-photon microscopy have been used to study activity-dependent changes in synaptic morphology. However, the diffraction-limited resolution of light microscopy is often inadequa... | 10.1038/nature08536 | This paper describes the first study implementing stimulated-emission depletion techniques to image morphological plasticity of dendritic spines non-invasively at subdiffraction resolution. |
10.1073/pnas.97.15.8206 | 83,117,761 | The diffraction barrier responsible for a finite focal spot size and limited resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy has been fundamentally broken. This is accomplished by quenching excited organic molecules at the rim of the focal spot through stimulated emission. Along the optic axis, the spot size was reduce... | 10.1038/nature08536 | This paper reports the first study describing the bettering of diffraction-limited resolution by stimulated-emission depletion, a technique that relies on quenching excited organic molecules at the edge of focal spot being stimulated. |
10.1126/science.1127344 | 41,664,802 | We introduce a method for optically imaging intracellular proteins at nanometer spatial resolution. Numerous sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent protein molecules were activated, localized (to ∼2 to 25 nanometers), and then bleached. The aggregate position information from all subsets was then assembled into... | 10.1038/nature08536 | This paper describes the first use of super-resolution imaging in photoactivated localization microscopy of fixed cells, a technique that allows super-resolution by stochastic fluorophore switching and counter-bleaching to detect the positions of individual fluorescent molecules. |
10.1126/science.1078311 | 20,690,839 | We studied human population structure using genotypes at 377 autosomal microsatellite loci in 1056 individuals from 52 populations. Within-population differences among individuals account for 93 to 95% of genetic variation; differences among major groups constitute only 3 to 5%. Nevertheless, without using prior inform... | 10.1038/nature21347 | This study demonstrates that the human population structure worldwide is correlated with geography and human history. |
10.1126/science.1172257 | 62,065,543 | African Origins The modern human originated in Africa and subsequently spread across the globe. However, the genetic relationships among the diverse populations on the African continent have been unclear. Tishkoff et al. (p. 1035; see the cover, published online 30 April) provide a detailed genetic analysis of most maj... | 10.1038/nature21347 | This article is a comprehensive investigation of genetic variation in Africa. |
10.1126/science.1216304 | 20,401,370 | Farmer Displaced European Hunters Our understanding of prehistoric demography and human evolution has been improved by analysis of ancient DNA. Skoglund et al. (p. 466) describe the retrieval and analysis of genomic DNA from ancient (~5000-year-old) northern European Neolithic individuals within modern Sweden. These in... | 10.1038/nature21347 | The first multi-individual study of ancient genomes; it supports the idea that migration drove the Neolithic transition in Europe. |
10.1139/v74-233 | 58,363,061 | This study proposes that the oxides of chlorine, ClO x , may constitute an important sink for stratospheric ozone. A photochemical scheme is devised which includes two catalytic cycles through which ClO x destroys odd oxygen. The individual ClX constituents (HCl, Cl, ClO, and OClO) perform analogously to the respective... | 10.1038/nature23681 | This paper reported that chlorine chemistry could catalytically destroy ozone. |
10.1126/science.aae0061 | 103,700,400 | Turning the corner The Antarctic ozone hole is finally showing signs of disappearing, nearly 30 years after the Montreal Protocol came into effect. The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that phased out the production of many of the human-made compounds responsible for stratospheric ozone destruction, is widely... | 10.1038/nature23681 | This paper reported a decrease in Antarctic ozone depletion attributed to chlorine and bromine chemistry. |
10.1126/science.1114383 | 20,820,469 | Organisms in fluctuating environments must constantly adapt their behavior to survive. In clonal populations, this may be achieved through sensing followed by response or through the generation of diversity by stochastic phenotype switching. Here we show that stochastic switching can be favored over sensing when the en... | 10.1038/nchembio.436 | Proposes that phenotypic (physiological) diversity within populations would be a selective advantage in fluctuating environments, with bacterial persistence as an example |
10.1126/science.aah5869 | 101,643,772 | Genetic code expansion and orthogonal translation machinery are used to generate live, attenuated viral vaccines. | 10.1038/nature24031 | Describes the creation of an amber suppression-dependent influenza A virus and the use of the resulting attenuated virus for immunization. |
10.1073/pnas.1616443114 | 20,610,350 | All natural organisms store genetic information in a four-letter, two-base-pair genetic alphabet. The expansion of the genetic alphabet with two synthetic unnatural nucleotides that selectively pair to form an unnatural base pair (UBP) would increase the information storage potential of DNA, and semisynthetic organisms... | 10.1038/nature24031 | The maintenance of an orthogonal base pair in E. coli |
10.1126/science.aaf3639 | 20,855,678 | Recoding and repurposing genetic codons By recoding bacterial genomes, it is possible to create organisms that can potentially synthesize products not commonly found in nature. By systematic replacement of seven codons with synonymous alternatives for all protein-coding genes, Ostrov et al. recoded the Escherichia coli... | 10.1038/nature24031 | Replaces 50-kb sections of the E. coli genome in ten independent strains using variable synonymous codon replacements. |
10.1126/science.1089427 | 20,783,874 | A major challenge of computational protein design is the creation of novel proteins with arbitrarily chosen three-dimensional structures. Here, we used a general computational strategy that iterates between sequence design and structure prediction to design a 93-residue α/β protein called Top7 with a novel sequence and... | 10.1038/nature19946 | Describes Top7, the first globular protein to be designed with a fold not observed in nature. |
10.1126/science.282.5393.1462 | 122,470,064 | Recent advances in computational techniques have allowed the design of precise side-chain packing in proteins with predetermined, naturally occurring backbone structures. Because these methods do not model protein main-chain flexibility, they lack the breadth to explore novel backbone conformations. Here the de novo de... | 10.1038/nature19946 | Describes RH4, the first protein to be designed using flexible-backbone methods and parametric equations. |
10.1126/science.1261172 | 62,102,726 | The design of functional membrane proteins from first principles represents a grand challenge in chemistry and structural biology. Here, we report the design of a membrane-spanning, four-helical bundle that transports first-row transition metal ions Zn 2+ and Co 2+ , but not Ca 2+ , across membranes. The conduction pat... | 10.1038/nature19946 | Presents the design of a functional de novo helical bundle (known as Rocker) that can transport Zn 2+ and Co 2+ , but not Ca 2+ , across membranes. |
10.1126/science.1198841 | 125,244,368 | Proteins are designed to bind to specific surfaces while also presenting a programmed surface superstructure. | 10.1038/nature19946 | Describes the design of functional helical peptides that coat single-walled carbon nanotubes. |
10.1126/science.aad8865 | 62,650,929 | Building with designed proteins General design principles for protein interaction specificity are challenging to extract. DNA nanotechnology, on the other hand, has harnessed the limited set of hydrogen-bonding interactions from Watson-Crick base-pairing to design and build a wide range of shapes. Protein-based materia... | 10.1038/nature19946 | Describes the design of helical bundles with extensive buried hydrogen-bond networks that mediate interaction specificity in a manner analogous to DNA base pairing. |
10.1084/jem.20071108 | 80,472,300 | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells are chronically engaged by microbial ligands during homeostatic conditions. These signals do not cause inflammatory immune responses in unperturbed mice, even though they drive innate and adaptive immune responses when combating microbial infections. A20 is a ubiquitin-modifying... | 10.1038/nature07201 | This paper shows that the activation of TLRs by commensal microorganisms can result in lethal inflammation in the absence of a negative regulator of TLR signalling |
10.1126/science.1156995 | 104,344,602 | The inhalation of airborne pollutants, such as asbestos or silica, is linked to inflammation of the lung, fibrosis, and lung cancer. How the presence of pathogenic dust is recognized and how chronic inflammatory diseases are triggered are poorly understood. Here, we show that asbestos and silica are sensed by the Nalp3... | 10.1038/nature07201 | This study shows that environmental particles can trigger inflammation through the NALP3 inflammasome. |
10.1126/science.1093686 | 125,118,973 | RNA interference (RNAi) is a widespread silencing mechanism that acts at both the posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. Here, we describe the purification of an RNAi effector complex termed RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing) that is required for heterochromatin assembly in fission... | 10.1038/nature07756 | This study describes the purification and component identification of RITS, which physically links RNAi to heterochromatin. |
10.1126/science.1074973 | 125,117,813 | Eukaryotic heterochromatin is characterized by a high density of repeats and transposons, as well as by modified histones, and influences both gene expression and chromosome segregation. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe , we deleted the argonaute, dicer, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene homologs, whi... | 10.1038/nature07756 | This study identified a role for components of the RNAi pathway in heterochromatin assembly and gene silencing at S. pombe centromeres. |
10.1073/pnas.0407641102 | 80,828,329 | In fission yeast, factors involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway including Argonaute, Dicer, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are required for heterochromatin assembly at centromeric repeats and the silent mating-type region. Previously, we have shown that RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silenci... | 10.1038/nature07756 | These two studies identified the S. pombe RdRP complex and demonstrated that it has in vitro dsRNA synthesis activity and is associated with RITS and non-coding centromeric RNA. They further showed that the dsRNA synthesis activity is required for RNAi-mediated gene silencing. |
10.1101/gad.451207 | 122,443,251 | Two forms of RNA Polymerase IV (PolIVa/PolIVb) have been implicated in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis . Prevailing models imply a distinct function for PolIVb by association of Argonaute4 (AGO4) with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit NRPD1b. Here we show that the extended CTD of NRP... | 10.1038/nature07756 | This study, together with references 93 94 95 , establishes GW-motif-containing proteins as conserved Argonaute adaptors. |
10.1101/gad.1564307 | 109,084,870 | The interface between cellular systems involving small noncoding RNAs and epigenetic change remains largely unexplored in metazoans. RNA-induced silencing systems have the potential to target particular regions of the genome for epigenetic change by locating specific sequences and recruiting chromatin modifiers. Noting... | 10.1038/nature07756 | This study identifies a physical association between HP1 and PIWI, suggesting that HP1 may collaborate with PIWI in establishing repressive chromatin domains. |
10.1073/pnas.1936192100 | 62,589,267 | Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, or channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1), a recently identified light-gated proton channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . ChR1 a... | 10.1038/nature08540 | This paper reports the first functional characterization of channelrhodopsin-2, a microbial light-gated cation channel, demonstrating that the protein can be used to depolarize the membrane potential of mammalian cells “simply by illumination”, and opening the way to the temporally precise manipulation of neuronal acti... |
10.1073/pnas.0509030102 | 20,356,435 | Techniques for fast noninvasive control of neuronal excitability will be of major importance for analyzing and understanding neuronal networks and animal behavior. To develop these tools we demonstrated that two light-activated signaling proteins, vertebrate rat rhodopsin 4 (RO4) and the green algae channelrhodospin 2 ... | 10.1038/nature08540 | References 47 and 48 show that light pulses can trigger action potentials with millisecond precision in mammalian neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, demonstrating that light can be used to stimulate the nervous system efficiently and with high temporal precision. |
10.1126/science.1143839 | 20,172,793 | Do learning and retrieval of a memory activate the same neurons? Does the number of reactivated neurons correlate with memory strength? We developed a transgenic mouse that enables the long-lasting genetic tagging of c- fos –active neurons. We found neurons in the basolateral amygdala that are activated during Pavlovia... | 10.1038/nature08540 | By using an activity-dependent promoter, this study opens the way to the genetic tagging of neurons activated by a specific sensory experience, thereby allowing the identification — and potentially the manipulation — of select neuronal circuits in complex networks. |
10.1523/jneurosci.4641-06.2007 | 103,216,428 | Most neurons in the visual cortex are selectively responsive to visual stimulation of a narrow range of orientations, and GABAergic neurons are considered to play a role in the formation of such orientation selectivity. This suggests that response properties of GABAergic neurons may be different from those of excitator... | 10.1038/nature08540 | This paper reports in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in the visual cortex of transgenic mice expressing GFP in specific neuronal populations, showing that tuning characteristics differ in distinct neuron types. |
10.1093/oso/9780198505235.003.0010 | 149,088,992 | Abstract What are the ecological causes of adaptive radiation? The last major synthesis of ideas led to the ‘ecological theory’ that phenotypic divergence and rapid speciation in adaptive radiation are ultimately the outcome of divergent natural selection arising from differences between environments and competition fo... | 10.1038/nature07894 | In this paper, Schluter updates Simpson's concept of adaptive radiation and integrates it with the modern evidence for such radiations. |
10.1017/s0094837300010332 | 71,764,041 | A kill curve for Phanerozoic species is developed from an analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of 17,621 genera, as compiled by Sepkoski. The kill curve shows that a typical species' risk of extinction varies greatly, with most time intervals being characterized by very low risk. The mean extinction rate of 0.25/m.y. i... | 10.1038/nature07894 | Reference 42 presents the discovery of the most dramatic mass extinctions, whereas reference 43 presents a more general analysis of the distribution of extinction events throughout the fossil record. |
10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113638 | 17,904,374 | Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing interes... | 10.1038/nature12982 | This is a recent comprehensive review of DBS targets and effects in psychiatry. |
10.1126/science.1167093 | 83,069,052 | Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option for intractable neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and major depression. Because of the heterogeneity of brain tissues where electrodes are placed, it has been challenging to elucidate the relevant target cell types or underlying me... | 10.1038/nature12982 | This initial study of optogenetic projection control in modulating behaviour targeted afferents to the subthalamic nucleus that influence parkinsonian symptoms. |
10.1002/cssc.201403146 | 18,470,221 | Abstract Delafossite CuFeO 2 is a promising material for solar hydrogen production, but is limited by poor photocurrent. Strategies are demonstrated herein to improve the performance of CuFeO 2 electrodes prepared directly on transparent conductive substrates by using a simple sol–gel technique. Optimizing the delafoss... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.10 | This study provides insight into the limitations of and routes to improving a promising p-type oxide photocathode through the development and optimization of a simple solution-based deposition procedure. |
10.1038/ncomms9286 | 40,715,814 | Abstract Photosynthesis is nature’s route to convert intermittent solar irradiation into storable energy, while its use for an industrial energy supply is impaired by low efficiency. Artificial photosynthesis provides a promising alternative for efficient robust carbon-neutral renewable energy generation. The approach ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.10 | The current record solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 14% at standard conditions for a PEC cell is presented in this paper. |
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