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10.1073/pnas.1414901112 | 81,891,442 | Solar fuel generation requires the efficient capture and conversion of visible light. In both natural and artificial systems, molecular sensitizers can be tuned to capture, convert, and transfer visible light energy. We demonstrate that a series of metal-free porphyrins can drive photoelectrochemical water splitting un... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.10 | This is a report of a system of all-organic dyes that shows suitability for the water oxidation reaction, which opened up investigations into a new class of photoanode material. |
10.1002/wcc.202 | 60,180,806 | Abstract In this paper, we review the need for, use of, and demands on climate modeling to support so‐called ‘robust’ decision frameworks, in the context of improving the contribution of climate information to effective decision making. Such frameworks seek to identify policy vulnerabilities under deep uncertainty abou... | 10.1038/nclimate3393 | This paper discusses how climate modelling is used to support so-called decision-making and improve the contribution of climate information. |
10.1071/en07001 | 83,116,135 | Environmental context. Climate models are of considerable interest to scientists and the general public given the increasing awareness of global climate change. A large uncertainty in climate models is the influence of airborne particles on the amount of sunlight that clouds reflect back to space. Since oceans comprise... | 10.1038/nature10580 | This paper described an organic alternative to DMS as a source of CCN to the MBL. |
10.1029/97jd02987 | 18,405,804 | During November and December 1995 the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) was undertaken as part of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program. A key objective of the aircraft component of this experiment included the identification of source regions for new particles in the remote mari... | 10.1038/nature10580 | This paper was one of the first to provide unambiguous evidence of an upper tropospheric source of sulphur particles to the marine boundary layer. |
10.5194/acp-10-7545-2010 | 18,935,120 | Abstract. The emission of dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) gas by phytoplankton and the subsequent formation of aerosol has long been suggested as an important climate regulation mechanism. The key aerosol quantity is the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but until recently global models did not include t... | 10.1038/nature10580 | This study modelled the sensitivity of CCN to changes in the sea-to-air flux of DMS and found it to be low, such that the role of DMS in climate regulation is very weak. |
10.1073/pnas.0700843104 | 84,385,317 | The solar radiation dose in the oceanic upper mixed layer (SRD) has recently been identified as the main climatic force driving global dimethylsulfide (DMS) dynamics and seasonality. Because DMS is suggested to exert a cooling effect on the earth radiative budget through its involvement in the formation and optical pro... | 10.1038/nature10580 | This studied modelled the sensitivity of DMS seawater concentrations to a 50% increase in CO 2 and found it to be too low to be a significant offset for global warming. |
10.1126/science.1210713 | 104,407,395 | Light propagation can be controlled with plasmonic interfaces that introduce abrupt phase shifts along the optical path. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.67 | Capasso's group introduced a generalized law of refraction based on spatially varying optical ultrathin surfaces and proposed the formal concept of metasurfaces. Since then, metasurfaces have drawn dramatic attention, opening up a brand-new research field. |
10.1038/srep12219 | 79,936,239 | Abstract Transformation optics has shown great ability in designing devices with novel functionalities, such as invisibility cloaking. A recent work shows that it can also be used to design metasurfaces which usually come from the concept of phase discontinuities. However, metasurfaces from transformation optics have v... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.67 | Chen's group revealed the diffraction effect in metallic gratings with a spatially varying refractive index, which exhibit various optical phenomena. In particular, they modified the generalized law of refraction by adding an additional reciprocal term. |
10.1126/science.aaf6644 | 20,761,159 | Multifunction planar optics Specially designed two-dimensional (2D) arrays of nanometer-scale metallic antennas, or metasurfaces, may allow bulky optical components to be shrunk down to a planar device structure. Khorasaninejad et al. show that arrays of nanoscale fins of TiO can function as high-end optical lenses. At... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.67 | Capasso's group designed and fabricated metalenses made of dielectric materials working at visible wavelengths, resulting in excellent image quality. |
10.1126/science.1103966 | 41,644,611 | We found that the autophagic machinery could effectively eliminate pathogenic group A Streptococcus (GAS) within nonphagocytic cells. After escaping from endosomes into the cytoplasm, GAS became enveloped by autophagosome-like compartments and were killed upon fusion of these compartments with lysosomes. In autophagy-d... | 10.1038/nature09782 | Reference 30, together with reference 99, provides the first evidence that autophagy has a key role in bacterial infection. Atg5 is shown to be essential for controlling the replication of group A Streptococci that escape into the cytoplasm. |
10.1073/pnas.0907344106 | 83,094,146 | In addition to its cellular homeostasis function, autophagy is emerging as a central component of antimicrobial host defense against diverse infections. To counteract this mechanism, many pathogens have evolved to evade, subvert, or exploit autophagy. Here, we report that autophagy proteins (i.e., Beclin-1, Atg4B, Atg5... | 10.1038/nature09782 | This study shows that many autophagy proteins are essential for the initial stages of hepatitis C viral RNA translation, illustrating that autophagy proteins may be subverted to enhance the replication of intracellular pathogens. |
10.1126/science.1104904 | 19,037,328 | CD4 + T cells classically recognize antigens that are endocytosed and processed in lysosomes for presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Here, endogenous Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) was found to gain access to this pathway by autophagy. On inhibition of lysosomal acid... | 10.1038/nature09782 | This study provided the first evidence that the autophagy machinery can deliver endogenously synthesized antigens for presentation on MHC class II molecules to CD4 + T cells. |
10.1126/science.1208344 | 20,879,060 | The basic composition of the human gut microbiome is influenced by long-term diet: high fat and protein versus high fiber. | 10.1038/nature11550 | This study found a strong correlation between microbiota diversity and long-term diets as assessed using diet inventories. |
10.1073/pnas.1000087107 | 107,240,866 | The indigenous human microbiota is essential to the health of the host. Although the microbiota can be affected by many features of modern life, we know little about its responses to disturbance, especially repeated disturbances, and how these changes compare with baseline temporal variation. We examined the distal gut... | 10.1038/nature11550 | This paper gives insight into the resilience of the human microbiota in the face of repeated disturbances, and the degree of baseline variation. |
10.1101/gr.107987.110 | 83,539,923 | The intestinal microbiota consists of over 1000 species, which play key roles in gut physiology and homeostasis. Imbalances in the composition of this bacterial community can lead to transient intestinal dysfunctions and chronic disease states. Understanding how to manipulate this ecosystem is thus essential for treati... | 10.1038/nature11550 | This study indicates that the indigenous microbiota may be more plastic than previously thought. The observation that antibiotic pretreatment interfered with, rather than promoted, establishment of the donor community indicates that low species abundance or diversity alone cannot predict low colonization resistance. |
10.1126/science.1159610 | 41,710,195 | Strengthening materials traditionally involves the controlled creation of internal defects and boundaries so as to obstruct dislocation motion. Such strategies invariably compromise ductility, the ability of the material to deform, stretch, or change shape permanently without breaking. Here, we outline an approach to o... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19 | A concise review article on strengthening strategies using coherent internal boundaries at the nanoscale. |
10.1126/science.1092905 | 104,372,008 | Methods used to strengthen metals generally also cause a pronounced decrease in electrical conductivity, so that a tradeoff must be made between conductivity and mechanical strength. We synthesized pure copper samples with a high density of nanoscale growth twins. They showed a tensile strength about 10 times higher th... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19 | The first report on the nanotwinned materials and the nanotwin effect on strength and electrical conductivity. |
10.1126/science.1242578 | 104,297,028 | Taking the Strain When heavily deformed through compressive or torsional loading, crystalline metals will generate an increasing density of defects or dislocations that effectively strengthens the metal against further deformation. However, at some stage, the fine-grained structure that forms saturates. Liu et al. (p. ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19 | The first report on discovery of the nanolaminated structures in pure metals. |
10.1126/science.1200177 | 20,795,797 | Nanometer-sized grain copper confined by a graded substrate leads to a material with both high strength and high ductility. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19 | The first report on gradient nanograined metals with extraordinary mechanical properties. |
10.1073/pnas.1319436111 | 103,920,237 | Significance Many processing techniques, such as solid-state phase transformation, epitaxial growth, or solidification, can make nanocomposite materials with preferred crystallographic orientation relationships at internal interfaces. On the other hand, metal-working techniques can make composites in bulk quantities fo... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19 | A concise summary of formation of low-energy bimetal boundaries under extreme straining. |
10.1126/science.1178746 | 104,407,037 | Anti-HIV Antibodies One of the top priorities for an HIV vaccine is the ability to elicit a broadly neutralizing antibody response, which should provide the best protection against infection. In the 25 years since the discovery of HIV, very few broadly neutralizing antibodies have been identified, and those that do exi... | 10.1038/nature08898 | Using a high-throughput screening method, two potent and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were isolated that target a novel broadly neutralizing epitope expressed on trimeric envelope protein and spanning conserved regions of variable loops of the gp120 subunit. |
10.1126/science.1170116 | 125,255,278 | Methylation Mediation Methylation of cytosine bases, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), in DNA plays an important regulatory role in mammalian genomes. Methylation patterns are often inherited across generations, but they can also be dynamic, suggesting that active DNA demethylation pathways exist. One such pathway, best characte... | 10.1038/nature12750 | This manuscript reports on the discovery of TET enzymes and their biochemical ability to convert 5mC to 5hmC. |
10.1126/science.1210597 | 20,790,441 | 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA plays an important role in gene expression, genomic imprinting, and suppression of transposable elements. 5mC can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by the Tet (ten eleven translocation) proteins. Here, we show that, in addition to 5hmC, the Tet proteins can generate 5-formylcy... | 10.1038/nature12750 | This report describes the discovery that TET can iteratively oxidize 5mC to 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC. |
10.1126/science.1210944 | 83,432,525 | The prevalent DNA modification in higher organisms is the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (5mC), which is partially converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by the Tet (ten eleven translocation) family of dioxygenases. Despite their importance in epigenetic regulation, it is unclear how these cytosine mo... | 10.1038/nature12750 | This manuscript shows the generation of 5caC by TET and its excision by TDG. |
10.1126/science.1212483 | 123,727,422 | The oxidation product of methylated cytosine is passively lost from DNA in the zygote as cell division progresses. | 10.1038/nature12750 | This report demonstrates that 5hmC generated in zygotes is passively diluted during preimplantation development. |
10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00721.x | 82,745,811 | Summary: Systems biology is the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of biological systems over time. Systems biology involves an iterative cycle, in which emerging biological problems drive the development of new technologies and computational tools. These technolog... | 10.1038/nature10124 | This is a comprehensive introduction to systems biology and how it can be used to study a complex biological property such as innate immunity. |
10.1073/pnas.0813390106 | 60,843,079 | Immune responses to vaccination are tested in clinical trials. This process usually requires years especially when immune memory and persistence are analyzed. Markers able to quickly predict the immune response would be very useful, particularly when dealing with emerging diseases that require a rapid response, such as... | 10.1038/nature10124 | This study shows that CD4 + T cells measured at day 21 after immunization with adjuvanted and normal influenza vaccine correlate with antibody levels measured 6 months and 1 year after vaccination, showing that biomarkers measured shortly after vaccination can predict long-term vaccine outcome. |
10.1073/pnas.97.9.5003 | 62,065,133 | Cladistic analysis of cranial and dental evidence has been widely used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses about humans and their fossil relatives. However, the reliability of these hypotheses has never been subjected to external validation. To rectify this, we applied identical methods to equivalent evidence from two ... | 10.1038/nature09709 | This paper showed that when conventional metrical and non-metrical hard-tissue characters are used to generate hypotheses about the relationships among the great apes and the baboon/mangabey group the resulting cladograms are not consistent with the pattern of relationships supported by molecular evidence. |
10.1073/pnas.190252697 | 101,577,387 | Recent research has cast doubt on the reliability of bones and teeth for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among higher primate species and genera. Herein, we investigate whether this problem is confined to hard tissues by examining the utility of higher primate soft-tissue characters for reconstructing phyloge... | 10.1038/nature09709 | This paper showed that in contrast to the poor performance of hard-tissue characters when soft-tissue characters are used to generate hypotheses about the relationships among the great apes the resulting cladograms are consistent with the pattern of relationships supported by molecular evidence. |
10.1126/science.1184703 | 58,588,366 | The evolution of apes between 23 and 5 million years ago set the scene for the emergence of the first hominins in Africa. | 10.1038/nature09709 | This paper shows that there is a remarkable diversity of fossil apes from the Miocene that represents precursors of the hominins and highlights the uncertainties in interpreting the phylogenetic placement of the earliest purported hominins. |
10.1126/science.aaf3919 | 102,351,039 | Resistance is not, after all, futile The parasitic plant known as dodder attaches to its hosts and sucks the life out of them. Oddly, the common tomato stands tall when under attack. Hegenauer et al. have leveraged that difference to identify part of the molecular defense system that protects tomato plants (see the Per... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This paper shows that the perception of parasitic plants utilizes PAMP recognition in a way that is similar to the perception of microbes. |
10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120149 | 84,371,456 | Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals to communicate with potential host plants. Upon a compatible match, an intimate relation is established during which the microsymbiont is allowed to enter root (-derived) cells. Plants perceive micro... | 10.1038/nature22009 | A comprehensive review on the perception of symbiotic chitin oligosaccharides and LCOs by legumes. |
10.1105/tpc.15.00774 | 83,305,219 | Abstract MAP kinase (MPK) cascades in Arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. Much less is known of MPK functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss Physcomitrella patens. Here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in P.... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This study reveals that the perception of chitin is evolutionarily conserved in mosses. |
10.1111/nph.13753 | 38,228,086 | Summary Most plants have the ability to establish a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi, which allows better plant nutrition. A plant signaling pathway, called the common symbiosis signaling pathway ( CSSP ), is essential for the establishment of both AM and root nodule symbioses. The CSSP is activated b... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This paper demonstrates that LysM-receptor kinases are required for the association of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. |
10.1111/nph.13064 | 37,767,027 | Summary Changes in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) are an early and essential element of signalling networks activated by the perception of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns ( PAMP s), such as flg22. The flg22‐induced calcium signal has been described on whole‐plant, but not on single‐cell scale so far. Als... | 10.1038/nature22009 | Refs 104 and 105 use live single-cell imaging to reveal that PAMP perception induces cytosolic oscillatory calcium signals. |
10.1073/pnas.1302360110 | 103,334,966 | Significance Root–nodule symbiosis between leguminous plants and rhizobia requires rhizobial Nod factors (NFs) and their leguminous receptors (NFRs). Here we show that symbiosis in the soybean rhizobium Bradyrhizobium elkanii is promoted by the type III secretion system (T3SS), which delivers virulence factors via path... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This paper presents exciting evidence to show that bacterial effectors can activate nodulation signalling without the need for Nod factors. |
10.1126/science.1242736 | 38,206,166 | Stealth Nod Factor Recognition Legumes' symbiotic interaction with nitrogen fixing bacteria supplies the plant with nitrogen. Many important crop plants, however, cannot establish these symbioses and, thus, agriculture depends on externally applied fertilizers. Surprisingly, Liang et al. (p. 1384 , published online 5 S... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This paper shows that LCOs can suppress immunity signalling in a wide array of plant species. |
10.1126/science.aaa8764 | 41,759,330 | Immune signals shape root communities To thwart microbial pathogens aboveground, the plant Arabidopsis turns on defensive signaling using salicylic acid. In Arabidopsis plants with modified immune systems, Lebeis et al. show that bacterial communities change in response to salicylic acid signaling in the root zone as w... | 10.1038/nature22009 | This paper shows the importance of defence signalling for regulating bacterial associations in the plant microbiome. |
10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125018 | 41,528,245 | The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is one of the most powerful numerical methods for studying two-dimensional quantum lattice systems, despite a perception that it is only suitable for one dimension. Reviewing past applications of DMRG in 2D demonstrates its success in treating a wide variety of problems, ... | 10.1038/nature14165 | An introduction to density matrix renormalization group studies of two-dimensional materials, including tensor network generalizations. |
10.1126/science.1072640 | 62,250,980 | Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of the high- T c superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ reveals weak, incommensurate, spatial modulations in the tunneling conductance. Images of these energy-dependent modulations are Fourier analyzed to yield the dispersion of their wavevectors. Comparison of the dispersions with photoe... | 10.1038/nature14165 | First study of quasiparticle interference in copper oxides obtained from a Fourier transform of scanning tunnelling spectra. |
10.1002/chin.201247010 | 19,945,766 | Abstract Resonant soft X‐ray scattering is used to identify two‐dimensional charge fluctuations with an incommensurate periodicity of about 3.2 lattice units in the copper oxide planes of the title superconductors. | 10.1038/nature14165 | Demonstration of charge crystallization without spin order as a generic ordering phenomenon in underdoped copper oxides, using resonant X-ray scattering. |
10.1017/cbo9781139942492 | 20,566,648 | A pioneering treatise presenting how the new mathematical techniques of holographic duality unify seemingly unrelated fields of physics. This innovative development morphs quantum field theory, general relativity and the renormalisation group into a single computational framework and this book is the first to bring tog... | 10.1038/nature14165 | A comprehensive but accessible text for condensed matter applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence. |
10.1126/science.1181085 | 60,867,377 | Thermodynamic rules that link RNA sequences to secondary structure are well established, but the link between secondary structure and three-dimensional global conformation remains poorly understood. We constructed comprehensive three-dimensional maps depicting the orientation of A-form helices across RNA junctions in t... | 10.1038/nature10885 | This article reports the simple topological constraints that are governed by steric and stereochemical forces severely restrict the allowed orientation of helices across two-way junctions. |
10.1242/dev.10.4.622 | 17,715,315 | An important problem in embryology is whether the differentiation of cells depends upon a stable restriction of the genetic information contained in their nuclei. The technique of nuclear transplantation has shown to what extent the nuclei of differentiating cells can promote the formation of different cell types (e.g.... | 10.1038/nature15515 | A pioneering study that demonstrated that somatic cells can be reset to an early embryonic state via nuclear transplantation into eggs. |
10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634 | 20,693,275 | This report describes the establishment directly from normal preimplantation mouse embryos of a cell line that forms teratocarcinomas when injected into mice. The pluripotency of these embryonic stem cells was demonstrated conclusively by the observation that subclonal cultures, derived from isolated single cells, can ... | 10.1038/nature15515 | A paper establishing that pluripotent stem cells can be isolated from mouse blastocysts and be propagated in vitro as continuously growing cell lines. |
10.1126/science.282.5391.1145 | 125,319,590 | Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation in vitro for 4 to 5 m... | 10.1038/nature15515 | The landmark paper establishing that pluripotent stem cells can be isolated from human blastocysts. |
10.1242/dev.030957 | 20,451,352 | Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from pluripotent early epiblast contribute functionally differentiated progeny to all foetal lineages of chimaeras. By contrast, epistem cell (EpiSC) lines from post-implantation epithelialised epiblast are unable to colonise the embryo even though they express the core pluripote... | 10.1038/nature15515 | The first paper to convert EpiSCs to naive pluripotency, affirming the concept that the naive and primed states of pluripotency are interconvertible. |
10.1126/science.1204351 | 41,669,608 | Proliferation in situ, rather than immune cell recruitment, drives macrophage expansion in response to parasitic infection. | 10.1038/nature12034 | This paper shows that tissue macrophages can proliferate in response to IL-4, suggesting that monocyte recruitment and definitive haematopoiesis may not be required for macrophage expansion in type 2 immunity. |
10.1126/science.1219179 | 125,128,054 | Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are key components of cellular immunity and are thought to originate and renew from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, some macrophages develop in the embryo before the appearance of definitive HSCs. We thus reinvestigated macrophage development. We found that the transcript... | 10.1038/nature12034 | Together with refs 10 and 11 , this paper indicates that the mononuclear phagocytic lineage needs to be reassessed and that most resident adult macrophage populations derive from the yolk sac. |
10.1084/jem.20101688 | 81,541,294 | Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in specialized bone marrow (BM) niches regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Here, we have examined whether mononuclear phagocytes modulate the HSC niche. We defined three populations of BM mononuclear phagocytes that include Gr-1hi monocytes (MOs), Gr-1lo MOs, and ma... | 10.1038/nature12034 | This paper, together with refs 27 28 and 30 , shows that macrophages regulate various stem cell niches. |
10.1126/science.1102896 | 41,774,077 | We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar ele... | 10.1038/nature11458 | In this paper a micromechanical cleavage method was used to obtain high-quality sheets of graphene and its transport and switching properties were studied. |
10.1073/pnas.0502848102 | 83,442,468 | We report free-standing atomic crystals that are strictly 2D and can be viewed as individual atomic planes pulled out of bulk crystals or as unrolled single-wall nanotubes. By using micromechanical cleavage, we have prepared and studied a variety of 2D crystals including single layers of boron nitride, graphite, severa... | 10.1038/nature11458 | This paper demonstrates that a number of 2D atomic crystals can be obtained in a free-standing state and used in various electronic devices. |
10.1126/science.1171245 | 20,674,691 | Growing Graphene The highest quality graphene samples, single-atom-thick layers of carbon, are suspended flakes exfoliated from graphite, but these samples are very small in size (square micrometers). For many electronics applications, larger areas are needed. Li et al. (p. 1312 , published online 7 May) show that grap... | 10.1038/nature11458 | This paper indroduces CVD growth of graphene on copper, demonstrating the first large-area reproducible monolayer growth process. |
10.1126/science.1184289 | 80,844,519 | The maximum switching frequency of these devices exceeds that of silicon transistors with similar gate-electrode dimensions. | 10.1038/nature11458 | This paper discusses the use of graphene epitaxially grown on SiC for high-frequency electronics. |
10.1126/science.1218461 | 123,073,898 | Tunnel Barriers for Graphene Transistors Transistor operation for integrated circuits not only requires that the gate material has high-charge carrier mobility, but that there is also an effective way of creating a barrier to current flow so that the device can be switched off and not waste power. Graphene offers high ... | 10.1038/nature11458 | In this paper a new concept of vertical tunnelling transistors based on heterostructures assembled from 2D atomic crystals has been demonstrated. |
10.1002/anie.199605881 | 61,969,941 | Abstract The total synthesis of brevetoxin B has been achieved recently after a long search for a suitable pathway. This twelve‐year odyssey The Odyssey of Homer , translated by R. Lattimore, Harper Perenial, New York, 1975 . Homer's Odyssey , one of the western world's first two poems (the Iliad is the other), is the ... | 10.1038/nchembio.709 | In this review, Nicolaou recalls his proposal for the biosynthesis of ladder polyethers, which he included in a proposal to the National Institutes of Health in 1982. |
10.1126/science.1146421 | 101,917,244 | Selectivity rules in organic chemistry have been inferred largely from nonaqueous environments. In contrast, enzymes operate in water, and the chemical effect of the medium change remains only partially understood. Structural characterization of the “ladder” polyether marine natural products raised a puzzle that persis... | 10.1038/nchembio.709 | The first endo -selective cascade of polyepoxide openings that did not use directing groups to guide the reaction process. |
10.1002/anie.198800051 | 40,780,611 | Abstract Following the chemical synthesis of vitamin B 12 , a search was begun for a potentially biomimetic “dark” variant of the photochemical A/D‐secocorrin → corrin cycloisomerization, the central ring‐closure step in one of the two cobyric acid syntheses. Significantly, not just one but a whole family of such varia... | 10.1038/nchembio.709 | A review that describes how the total synthesis of vitamin B12 spurred investigations into its biosynthesis and the origin of the corrin substructure. |
10.1126/science.1182383 | 41,630,468 | Recent advances in mechanics and materials provide routes to integrated circuits that can offer the electrical properties of conventional, rigid wafer-based technologies but with the ability to be stretched, compressed, twisted, bent, and deformed into arbitrary shapes. Inorganic and organic electronic materials in mic... | 10.1038/nature10381 | Review of stretchable and curvilinear electronics based on shape-engineered NMs and other materials. |
10.1126/science.1206157 | 125,313,963 | Electronic systems with physical properties matched to the human epidermis can be used in clinical monitoring. | 10.1038/nature10381 | Report on NM electronics with mechanical properties matched to the epidermis, for skin-mounted devices. |
10.1126/science.1087344 | 107,281,229 | The formation of an atherosclerotic lesion is mediated by lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells), which also establish chronic inflammation associated with lesion progression. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ promotes lipid uptake and efflux in these atherogenic cells. In contrast, we found that th... | 10.1038/nature07202 | This paper describes how unliganded PPAR-δ is inflammatory: PPAR-δ sequesters the transcriptional repressor BCL-6 away from the promoters of inflammatory genes. Ligand binding to PPAR-δ releases BCL-6, resulting in the repression of inflammatory gene expression. |
10.1101/gad.1567207 | 81,903,091 | Lactation is a highly demanding lipid synthesis and transport process that is crucial for the development of newborn mammals. While PPARγ is known to promote adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, its role in the lactating mammary gland is unexplored. Here, we report that a targeted deletion of PPARγ in mice r... | 10.1038/nature07202 | This paper shows that endothelial-specific deletion of the gene encoding PPAR-γ modulates the presence of inflammatory lipids in milk produced by mammary glands. |
10.1073/pnas.0701096104 | 62,565,021 | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive cognitive impairment. The initiation and progression of AD has been linked to cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, processes that can be modulated by liver x receptors (LXRs). We show here that endogenous LXR signaling im... | 10.1038/nature07202 | This paper shows that deletion of the genes encoding LXRs exacerbates Alzheimer's disease pathology. Conversely, activation of LXRs in microglial cells attenuates amyloid-β-peptide-driven inflammation and preserves phagocytic function. |
10.1145/2699415 | 102,290,310 | The Quipper language offers a unified general-purpose programming framework for quantum computation. | 10.1038/nature23459 | This paper offers another perspective on quantum programming language design issues. |
10.1145/2786763.2694357 | 38,738,159 | Quantum computing (QC) offers huge promise to accelerate a range of computationally intensive benchmarks. Quantum computing is limited, however, by the challenges of decoherence: i.e., a quantum state can only be maintained for short windows of time before it decoheres. While quantum error correction codes can protect ... | 10.1038/nature23459 | This paper describes the use of a software toolchain to explore architectural designs and optimizations. |
10.26421/qic15.1-2-1 | 39,820,960 | We present several improvements to the standard Trotter-Suzuki based algorithms used in the simulation of quantum chemistry on a quantum computer. First, we modify how Jordan-Wigner transformations are implemented to reduce their cost from linear or logarithmic in the number of orbitals to a constant. Our modification ... | 10.1038/nature23459 | This paper describes a software toolchain that improves the efficiency 100,000-fold in their quantum chemistry application. |
10.1038/sj.bjp.0704274 | 104,149,075 | Electrophysiological methods were used to investigate the interaction of inhibitors with the human Na + /glucose (hSGLT1) and Na + /Cl − /GABA (hGAT1) cotransporters. Inhibitor constants were estimated from both inhibition of substrate‐dependent current and inhibitor‐induced changes in cotransporter conformation. The c... | 10.1038/nature08143 | This paper demonstrates a common principle for inhibition between two functionally unrelated families that hints at the underlying structural conservation. |
10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141025 | 123,000,507 | ▪ Abstract This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of how mast cells can contribute to the initiation, development, expression, and regulation of acquired immune responses, both those associated with IgE and those that are apparently expressed independently of this class of Ig. We emphasize findings... | 10.1038/nature07204 | This review discusses many aspects of mast-cell biology, including mast-cell phenotypic heterogeneity and function, and the roles of mast cells as effector and potential immunoregulatory cells in innate and adaptive immune responses. |
10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090312 | 61,430,130 | T cells are critical mediators of the allergic airway inflammation seen in asthma. Pathogenic allergen-specific T cells are generated in regional lymph nodes and are then recruited into the airway by chemoattractants produced by the asthmatic lung. These recruited effector T cells and their products then mediate the ca... | 10.1038/nature07204 | This is a comprehensive review of the molecular regulation and consequences of T-cell migration in allergic inflammation of airways. |
10.1105/tpc.108.058883 | 124,794,801 | Abstract N 6-Methyladenosine is a ubiquitous modification identified in the mRNA of numerous eukaryotes, where it is present within both coding and noncoding regions. However, this base modification does not alter the coding capacity, and its biological significance remains unclear. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana mR... | 10.1038/nchembio.2546 | The study in ref. 22 provides an analytical tool to selectively detect m 6 A in mRNA without contamination from rRNA or snRNA. This method takes advantage of the unique sequence context of m 6 A in mRNA. |
10.1101/gr.210666.116 | 83,020,946 | Cytosine-5 RNA methylation plays an important role in several biologically and pathologically relevant processes. However, owing to methodological limitations, the transcriptome-wide distribution of this mark has remained largely unknown. We previously established RNA bisulfite sequencing as a method for the analysis o... | 10.1038/nchembio.2546 | The study in ref. 32 demonstrated the importance of establishing the noise level that occurs in an epitranscriptomic mapping method. The variability can be used to establish statistical criteria to determine if putatively mapped nucleotides are simply a product of statistical noise or if the nucleotide is statistically... |
10.1261/rna.041178.113 | 20,697,460 | N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is the most abundant modification in mammalian mRNA and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Recent discoveries of two m 6 A demethylases and cell-type and cell-state-dependent m 6 A patterns indicate that m 6 A modifications are highly dynamic and likely play important biological roles for RNA aki... | 10.1038/nchembio.2546 | The study in ref. 45 provides an analytical method for biochemically detecting and quantifying modified residues at any nucleotide in any transcript of interest. Although this method was originally described for m 6 A, it can easily be adapted to validate the presence of nearly any modified nucleotide of interest. |
10.1073/pnas.0909718106 | 62,117,722 | Selective capture of CO 2 , which is essential for natural gas purification and CO 2 sequestration, has been reported in zeolites, porous membranes, and amine solutions. However, all such systems require substantial energy input for release of captured CO 2 , leading to low energy efficiency and high cost. A new class ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.45 | This publication describes the first breakthrough experiment using MOFs, which is an important method for evaluating CO2 capture under dynamic conditions. |
10.1002/anie.201403980 | 29,320,399 | Abstract Hydrophobic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) with the chabazite ( CHA ) topology are synthesized by incorporating two distinct imidazolate links. Zn(2‐mIm) 0.86 (bbIm) 1.14 (ZIF‐300), Zn(2‐mIm) 0.94 (cbIm) 1.06 (ZIF‐301), and Zn(2‐mIm) 0.67 (mbIm) 1.33 (ZIF‐302), where 2‐mIm=2‐methylimidazolate, bbIm=5(6... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.45 | This report details the synthesis of hydrophobic ZIFs for selective capture of CO2 in the presence of water. |
10.1126/science.1192160 | 41,736,584 | Network Approaches to Highly Porous Materials Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in which inorganic centers are bridged by organic linkers, can achieve very high porosity for gas absorption. However, as the materials develop larger void spaces, there is also more room for growing interpenetrating networks—filling the ope... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.45 | This report details the synthesis of ultra-highly porous MOFs, using the principles of reticular chemistry, which resulted in record-breaking CO2 uptake properties. |
10.1126/science.1243982 | 62,591,516 | Unrestricted Travel in Solar Cells In the past 2 years, organolead halide perovskites have emerged as a promising class of light-harvesting media in experimental solar cells, but the physical basis for their efficiency has been unclear (see the Perspective by Hodes ). Two studies now show, using a variety of time-resol... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.7 | Appearing simultaneously with reference 94, these papers were the first to demonstrate long carrier lifetimes, and by combining these with the diffusion coefficients that were also measured, extracted the long diffusion lengths of the electronic charge carriers in polycrystalline CH3NH3PbI3 films. |
10.1126/science.aaa2725 | 83,468,550 | Large-crystal perovskite films The performance of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite planar solar cells has steadily improved. One outstanding issue is that grain boundaries and defects in polycrystalline films degrade their output. Now, two studies report the growth of millimeter-scale single crystals. Nie et al. gre... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2015.7 | Appearing shortly before reference 97, this paper demonstrated growth of single-crystal CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br), critical to understanding the fundamental properties of these materials, and showing that long carrier lifetimes and modest mobilities are properties of high-quality crystals as well as thin films. |
10.1126/science.1165893 | 104,393,469 | For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatica... | 10.1038/nature14544 | This paper provides a forceful demonstration of the power of evolutionary methods for tasks that are thought to require highly educated scientists to perform. |
10.1162/106365601750190398 | 62,122,263 | This paper puts forward two useful methods for self-adaptation of the mutation distribution - the concepts of derandomization and cumulation. Principle shortcomings of the concept of mutative strategy parameter control and two levels of derandomization are reviewed. Basic demands on the self-adaptation of arbitrary (no... | 10.1038/nature14544 | This article introduced the CMA-ES algorithm, widely regarded as the state of the art in numerical optimization. |
10.1073/pnas.1015390108 | 4,855,239 | Most animals exhibit significant neurological and morphological change throughout their lifetime. No robots to date, however, grow new morphological structure while behaving. This is due to technological limitations but also because it is unclear that morphological change provides a benefit to the acquisition of robust... | 10.1038/nature14544 | This article demonstrated a hitherto unknown relationship between development, evolution, morphology and the neural control of behaviour, as phrased by the title. |
10.1126/science.7973629 | 125,074,660 | A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native pe... | 10.1038/ncomms5740 | This paper created the benchmark for use of native amide bond formation under protein compatible conditions (native chemical ligation) to join two synthetic peptides to produce full length protein; a prime example of protein synthesis through linear assembly |
10.1126/science.1060077 | 104,424,375 | A unique transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair has been generated that expands the number of genetically encoded amino acids in Escherichia coli . When introduced into E. coli , this pair leads to the in vivo incorporation of the synthetic amino acid O -methyl- l -tyrosine into protein in response to an am... | 10.1038/ncomms5740 | Unnatural amino acids incorporated site-selectively into proteins by amber codon reassignment and suppression has proven to be a lynchpin technique for enabling the creation of substrates for site-selective protein chemistry |
10.1126/science.1239402 | 62,586,243 | Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts of climate change on crop productivity that could have consequences for food availability. The stability of whole food systems may be at risk under climate change because... | 10.1038/nclimate2437 | This paper shows that it is likely that climate variability and change will exacerbate food insecurity in areas currently vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition, indicating the need for considerable investment in adaptation and mitigation to build climate smart agricultural systems. |
10.1126/science.1204531 | 104,314,625 | Climate change has decreased global maize and wheat production, while soybean and rice production have remained stable. | 10.1038/nclimate2437 | Models that link yields of the four largest commodity crops to weather indicate that global maize and wheat production declined by 3.8 and 5.5%, respectively, relative to a counterfactual without climate trends. |
10.1126/science.1234485 | 41,503,962 | Clearer understanding is needed of the premises underlying SI and how it relates to food-system priorities. | 10.1038/nclimate2437 | Sustainable intensification is about optimizing productivity and a range of environmental and social outcomes entailing increasing food production from existing farmland in ways that have lower environmental impact and do not undermine our capacity to continue producing food in the future. |
10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608 | 20,816,640 | Food systems contribute 19%–29% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, releasing 9,800–16,900 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO 2 e) in 2008. Agricultural production, including indirect emissions associated with land-cover change, contributes 80%–86% of total food system emissions, with sig... | 10.1038/nclimate2437 | Food systems contribute 19–29% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and are also likely to be profoundly affected by climate change, indicating the need for approaches that integrate adaptation and mitigation concerns in agriculture such as sustainable intensification and waste management. |
10.1038/ncomms9120 | 83,044,408 | Abstract Metal particles supported on oxide surfaces are used as catalysts for a wide variety of processes in the chemical and energy conversion industries. For catalytic applications, metal particles are generally formed on an oxide support by physical or chemical deposition, or less commonly by exsolution from it. Al... | 10.1038/nenergy.2015.14 | This paper compares the key structural and physicochemical properties of nickel metal particles prepared by deposition and exsolution methods, highlighting the latter as highly promising for enhancing the functionality of perovskite-supported metal particles for a range of applications including SOCs. |
10.1002/adma.200802428 | 4,730,184 | Abstract Improved cathodes are required for low‐temperature operation of solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Recent work has shown that electrode fabrication and modification by infiltration of active components into a porous scaffold can result in outstanding electrochemical performance. In this paper we review the litera... | 10.1038/nenergy.2015.14 | This paper reviews the fabrication and modification of SOC electrodes by infiltration of active components into a porous scaffold, while providing insights into the relationships between the materials properties, electrochemical performance and stability. |
10.1002/fuce.201400183 | 124,088,291 | Abstract A lanthanum and calcium co‐doped A‐site deficient strontium titanate (LSCT A– ) was used as alternative anode material in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) with an active area of 100 cm 2 . Cell performance was tested in both short (5 cell) stack configuration, as well as a full HEXIS Galileo system (nominally 1 k... | 10.1038/nenergy.2015.14 | This paper reports on the concept, fabrication and testing of the first all-oxide SOFC system at kW scale demonstrating the viability of this technology at an industrially relevant scale. |
10.1073/pnas.0908269107 | 102,206,917 | The translocation of large macromolecules through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) of eukaryotic cells is hindered by the phenylalanine-glycine (FG) nucleoporin (Nup) barrier unless molecules are chaperoned by transport receptors. The precise mechanism of facilitated translocation remains unclear due to the challenges of... | 10.1038/nature10318 | In this study, very high spatial resolution is achieved by a combination of confocal excitation with camera detection and modelling of data, supporting the existence of defined cargo transport routes within the NPC. |
10.1242/jcs.070730 | 102,210,747 | Transport across the nuclear envelope is regulated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Much is understood about the factors that shuttle and control the movement of cargos through the NPC, but less has been resolved about the translocation process itself. Various models predict how cargos move through the channel; howeve... | 10.1038/nature10318 | References 37 and 51 use ultrastructural studies and super-fast freezing of samples to capture cargo within the NPC in intact cells, demonstrating that cargo can travel along specific routes in the NPC. |
10.1073/pnas.0810692105 | 38,744,063 | Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) move randomly within nucleoplasm before they exit from the nucleus. To further understand mRNP trafficking, we have studied the intranuclear movement of a specific mRNP, the BR2 mRNP, in salivary gland cells in Chironomus tentans . Their polytene nuclei harbor giant chromos... | 10.1038/nature10318 | This careful analysis of RNP mobility within the nucleus demonstrates that different mobility distributions observed for an RNP are best explained by single molecules alternating between tethering and diffusion. |
10.1126/science.1156947 | 83,028,111 | Fluorescence light microscopy allows multicolor visualization of cellular components with high specificity, but its utility has until recently been constrained by the intrinsic limit of spatial resolution. We applied three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) to circumvent this limit and to study the... | 10.1038/nature10318 | Using fixed cells, this work gives a first glance at the possible contributions of super-resolution microscopy, providing high-resolution images of nuclear structure and showing how NPCs may be made accessible for large cargo. |
10.1126/science.aaa5760 | 125,268,970 | Balanced carrier diffusion in perovskites The efficient operation of solar cells based on inorganic-organic perovskites requires balanced transport of positive and negative charge carriers over long distances. Dong et al. used a top-seeded solution growth method to obtain millimeter-scale single crystals of the organol... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42 | This study disclosed the intrinsic property of perovskites that enabled the development of solar cell radiation detectors. |
10.1063/1.4864778 | 125,123,789 | Thin-film solar cells based on Methylammonium triiodideplumbate (CH3NH3PbI3) halide perovskites have recently shown remarkable performance. First-principle calculations show that CH3NH3PbI3 has unusual defect physics: (i) Different from common p-type thin-film solar cell absorbers, it exhibits flexible conductivity fro... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42 | Pioneering theoretical work that revealed the excellent defect tolerance of MAPbI3, which led to high-efficiency solar cells. |
10.1126/sciadv.1602164 | 18,898,150 | An anomalous photovoltaic effect with open-circuit voltage larger than bandgap is discovered in hybrid perovskite solar cells. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42 | The first observation of the anomalous photovoltaic effect in lateral OIHP solar cells, uncovering an abrupt band bending around grain boundaries caused by ion accumulation. |
10.1126/science.281.5384.1851 | 104,326,572 | Analysis of transgenic mice expressing familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)–linked mutations in the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have shown that motor neuron death arises from a mutant-mediated toxic property or properties. In testing the disease mechanism, both elimination and elevation of wild-type SOD1... | 10.1038/nature20413 | This study demonstrated that ALS-causing mutant SOD1 generates a toxicity that is independent of its dismutase activity. |
10.1126/science.1123511 | 20,833,246 | Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive paralytic disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. With the use of mice carrying a deletable mutant gene, expression within motor neurons was shown to be a primary determinant of disease onset and of an early phas... | 10.1038/nature20413 | This report showed that the expression of mutant SOD1 in microglia accelerates the progression of ALS, establishing a role for non-cell autonomous events in motor neuron degeneration in the disease. |
10.1126/science.1154584 | 20,800,157 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder characterized pathologically by ubiquitinated TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) inclusions. The function of TDP-43 in the nervous system is uncertain, and a mechanistic role in neurodegeneration remains speculative. We identified neighboring mutations ... | 10.1038/nature20413 | The first report of a germline TDP-43 mutation as a cause of familial ALS. |
10.1126/science.1165942 | 125,270,589 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is familial in 10% of cases. We have identified a missense mutation in the gene encoding fused in sarcoma (FUS) in a British kindred, linked to ALS6. In a survey of 197 familial ALS index cases, we identified two further missense mutations in... | 10.1038/nature20413 | This paper and ref. 71 were the first to identify mutations in the gene FUS that cause familial ALS. |
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