answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C) 2; mitosis splits one parent cell into two genetically identical daughters. | {
"A": "1",
"B": "4",
"C": "2",
"D": "8"
} | bio_0601 | multiple_choice | en | How many daughter cells does mitosis produce? | [
"Eliminate single copies.",
"Eliminate meiotic four.",
"Choose 2."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Mitosis makes two.
Steps:
1. Eliminate single copies.
2. Eliminate meiotic four.
3. Choose 2.
Answer: (C) | cell_biology |
(A) Genotype; the genotype is the allele set, while the phenotype is its visible expression. | {
"A": "Genotype",
"B": "Phenotype",
"C": "Karyotype",
"D": "Allele"
} | bio_0602 | multiple_choice | en | What is the term for the genetic makeup of an organism? | [
"Eliminate visible traits.",
"Eliminate chromosome pictures.",
"Choose genotype."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Makeup is genotype.
Steps:
1. Eliminate visible traits.
2. Eliminate chromosome pictures.
3. Choose genotype.
Answer: (A) | genetics |
(D) Reptiles; mammals evolved from synapsid reptiles over 200 million years ago. | {
"A": "Amphibians",
"B": "Dinosaurs",
"C": "Birds",
"D": "Reptiles"
} | bio_0603 | multiple_choice | en | Which group did mammals evolve from? | [
"Eliminate later branches.",
"Eliminate side branches.",
"Choose reptiles."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Mammals rose from reptiles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate later branches.
2. Eliminate side branches.
3. Choose reptiles.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(B) Tundra; permafrost underlies the frozen northern biome year-round. | {
"A": "Savanna",
"B": "Tundra",
"C": "Rainforest",
"D": "Temperate forest"
} | bio_0604 | multiple_choice | en | Which biome has permafrost? | [
"Eliminate warm biomes.",
"Spot frozen ground.",
"Choose tundra."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Permafrost grips tundra.
Steps:
1. Eliminate warm biomes.
2. Spot frozen ground.
3. Choose tundra.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
(B) Bílé krvinky; pohlcují vetřelce a tvoří protilátky. | {
"A": "Červené krvinky",
"B": "Bílé krvinky",
"C": "Krevní destičky",
"D": "Kmenové buňky"
} | bio_0605 | multiple_choice | cs | Které krvinky bojují s infekcí? | [
"Vylučte přenašeče kyslíku.",
"Přiřaďte obranu bílým.",
"Zvolte bílé krvinky."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Infekci ničí bílé krvinky.
Steps:
1. Vylučte přenašeče kyslíku.
2. Přiřaďte obranu bílým.
3. Zvolte bílé krvinky.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) Vitamin C; lack of ascorbic acid weakens collagen and causes scurvy bleeding. | {
"A": "Vitamin A",
"B": "Vitamin D",
"C": "Vitamin B12",
"D": "Vitamin C"
} | bio_0606 | multiple_choice | en | Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? | [
"Eliminate bone vitamins.",
"Recall sailor citrus cure.",
"Choose vitamin C."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Scurvy lacks vitamin C.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bone vitamins.
2. Recall sailor citrus cure.
3. Choose vitamin C.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
About 4.2 percent; 1 hour of the 24-hour cycle is spent in mitosis. | null | bio_0607 | worked_example | en | A cell cycle lasts 24 hours and mitosis takes 1 hour. Calculate the percent of time in mitosis. | [
"Divide 1 / 24 = 0.0417.",
"Convert to about 4.2 percent.",
"Recompute: 0.0417 x 24 = 1.0."
] | biology | Answer: About 4.2 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 1 / 24 = 0.0417.
2. Convert to about 4.2 percent.
3. Recompute: 0.0417 x 24 = 1.0. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/2, i.e. 50 percent; Ee x ee yields Ee and ee equally. | null | bio_0608 | worked_example | en | For the cross Ee x ee, calculate the probability of Ee offspring. | [
"List offspring: Ee or ee.",
"Note equal 1/2 chances.",
"Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, i.e. 50 percent.
Steps:
1. List offspring: Ee or ee.
2. Note equal 1/2 chances.
3. Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
360 AA individuals; p squared of 0.36 times 1000 gives the expected count. | null | bio_0609 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.6 in 1000 diploid individuals. How many AA individuals are expected? | [
"Square p: 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36.",
"Multiply 0.36 x 1000 = 360.",
"Recompute: 360/1000 = 0.36."
] | biology | Answer: 360 AA individuals.
Steps:
1. Square p: 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36.
2. Multiply 0.36 x 1000 = 360.
3. Recompute: 360/1000 = 0.36. | evolution |
Na louce žije asi 100 zajíců; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0610 | worked_example | cs | Louka má 4 hektary a hustota je 25 zajíců na hektar. Vypočítejte počet zajíců. | [
"Vynásobte 4 x 25 = 100.",
"Přepočítejte: 100 / 4 = 25.",
"Uveďte asi 100 zajíců."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 100 zajíců.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 4 x 25 = 100.
2. Přepočítejte: 100 / 4 = 25.
3. Uveďte asi 100 zajíců. | ecology |
Pulse pressure is 40 mmHg; systolic minus diastolic gives the pulse wave size. | null | bio_0611 | worked_example | en | Blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. Calculate the pulse pressure. | [
"Subtract 120 - 80 = 40.",
"Recompute: 80 + 40 = 120.",
"Report 40 mmHg."
] | biology | Answer: 40 mmHg.
Steps:
1. Subtract 120 - 80 = 40.
2. Recompute: 80 + 40 = 120.
3. Report 40 mmHg. | physiology |
Cellulose chains glucose with beta bonds into tough fibers that human enzymes cannot cut, so it passes as fiber feeding gut bacteria instead. | null | bio_0612 | concept | en | Explain cellulose structure and why humans cannot digest it. | [
"Link glucose with beta bonds.",
"Miss the cutting enzyme.",
"Feed gut bacteria instead."
] | biology | Answer: Beta bonds beat human enzymes.
Steps:
1. Link glucose with beta bonds.
2. Miss the cutting enzyme.
3. Feed gut bacteria instead. | biochemistry |
Cells can park in G0, a resting state outside the cycle; neurons and muscle cells stay there for life, which is why they rarely divide or heal. | null | bio_0613 | concept | en | Explain the G0 phase and why neurons stay in it. | [
"Park outside the cycle.",
"Rest neurons for life.",
"Heal poorly without division."
] | biology | Answer: G0 parks cells out of division.
Steps:
1. Park outside the cycle.
2. Rest neurons for life.
3. Heal poorly without division. | cell_biology |
Each cell carries hundreds of mitochondrial genomes, so the share of mutant copies varies by tissue and sets disease severity from mild to fatal. | null | bio_0614 | concept | en | Explain heteroplasmy and varying mitochondrial disease severity. | [
"Multiply genomes per cell.",
"Vary mutant shares.",
"Scale harm by share."
] | biology | Answer: Mutant load sets mitochondrial harm.
Steps:
1. Multiply genomes per cell.
2. Vary mutant shares.
3. Scale harm by share. | genetics |
Fosilie vznikají, když se zbytky organismů rychle pohřbí v sedimentech, mineralizují a uchovají tvar kostí, schránek či otisků po miliony let. | null | bio_0615 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, jak vznikají fosilie. | [
"Pohřběte zbytky rychle.",
"Mineralizujte tkáně.",
"Uchovejte tvary miliony let."
] | biology | Answer: Fosilie jsou mineralizované vzpomínky.
Steps:
1. Pohřběte zbytky rychle.
2. Mineralizujte tkáně.
3. Uchovejte tvary miliony let. | evolution |
Sulfur cycles from rocks and vents into proteins via plants, returns through decay, and rains back as acid when industry burns sulfur-rich fuels. | null | bio_0616 | concept | en | Describe the sulfur cycle. | [
"Weather sulfur from rocks.",
"Build proteins via plants.",
"Rain acid from burning."
] | biology | Answer: Sulfur loops rock to protein to rain.
Steps:
1. Weather sulfur from rocks.
2. Build proteins via plants.
3. Rain acid from burning. | ecology |
The liver makes bile that emulsifies fats, stores glycogen and vitamins, detoxifies blood, and builds plasma proteins for clotting and transport. | null | bio_0617 | concept | en | Describe the liver's roles in digestion and metabolism. | [
"Brew bile for fats.",
"Store glycogen and vitamins.",
"Detox blood, build proteins."
] | biology | Answer: The liver brews, stores, and cleans.
Steps:
1. Brew bile for fats.
2. Store glycogen and vitamins.
3. Detox blood, build proteins. | physiology |
Vitamins are organic helpers needed in milligrams, from C guarding collagen against scurvy to D mineralizing bones against rickets. | null | bio_0618 | concept | en | Explain vitamins as micronutrients with two deficiency examples. | [
"Define tiny organic helpers.",
"Cure scurvy with C.",
"Harden bones with D."
] | biology | Answer: Milligrams of vitamins guard health.
Steps:
1. Define tiny organic helpers.
2. Cure scurvy with C.
3. Harden bones with D. | biochemistry |
Cancer cells ignore growth brakes, divide without signals, dodge death, and invade tissues and vessels that orderly cells respect. | null | bio_0619 | concept | en | Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells. | [
"Ignore growth brakes.",
"Dodge death signals.",
"Invade foreign tissues."
] | biology | Answer: Cancers divide, dodge, and invade.
Steps:
1. Ignore growth brakes.
2. Dodge death signals.
3. Invade foreign tissues. | cell_biology |
Dědičnost je přenos znaků z rodičů na potomky prostřednictvím genů; každé dítě dostane jednu alelu od matky a jednu od otce. | null | bio_0620 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to dědičnost. | [
"Definujte přenos znaků.",
"Předejte geny rodičů.",
"Zkombinujte alely dítěte."
] | biology | Answer: Dědičnost míchá geny rodičů.
Steps:
1. Definujte přenos znaků.
2. Předejte geny rodičů.
3. Zkombinujte alely dítěte. | genetics |
(A) Speciation; isolated populations diverge until they can no longer interbreed. | {
"A": "Speciation",
"B": "Extinction",
"C": "Mimicry",
"D": "Migration"
} | bio_0621 | multiple_choice | en | Which process splits one species into two? | [
"Eliminate dying out.",
"Eliminate copying and moving.",
"Choose speciation."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Speciation splits species.
Steps:
1. Eliminate dying out.
2. Eliminate copying and moving.
3. Choose speciation.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Disease; pathogens spread faster in crowded populations, unlike weather disasters. | {
"A": "Earthquake",
"B": "Volcano",
"C": "Disease",
"D": "Wildfire"
} | bio_0622 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a density-dependent limiting factor? | [
"Eliminate random disasters.",
"Spot crowding spread.",
"Choose disease."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Crowds catch disease.
Steps:
1. Eliminate random disasters.
2. Spot crowding spread.
3. Choose disease.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(D) Pancreatic beta cells; islet beta cells secrete insulin when glucose rises. | {
"A": "Liver cells",
"B": "Muscle cells",
"C": "Nerve cells",
"D": "Pancreatic beta cells"
} | bio_0623 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells produce insulin? | [
"Eliminate storage tissues.",
"Spot pancreatic islets.",
"Choose beta cells."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Beta cells brew insulin.
Steps:
1. Eliminate storage tissues.
2. Spot pancreatic islets.
3. Choose beta cells.
Answer: (D) | physiology |
(B) Enzymes; biological catalysts accelerate reactions and emerge unchanged. | {
"A": "Substrates",
"B": "Enzymes",
"C": "Products",
"D": "Reactants"
} | bio_0624 | multiple_choice | en | Which molecules speed up reactions without being consumed? | [
"Eliminate used-up inputs.",
"Eliminate outputs.",
"Choose enzymes."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Enzymes hurry, unspent.
Steps:
1. Eliminate used-up inputs.
2. Eliminate outputs.
3. Choose enzymes.
Answer: (B) | biochemistry |
(D) Lyzozom; kyselé váčky rozkládají odpad a pohlcené vetřelce. | {
"A": "Ribozom",
"B": "Chloroplast",
"C": "Mitochondrie",
"D": "Lyzozom"
} | bio_0625 | multiple_choice | cs | Která organela tráví odpad v buňce? | [
"Vylučte stavitele.",
"Vylučte výrobce energie.",
"Zvolte lyzozom."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Odpad tráví lyzozomy.
Steps:
1. Vylučte stavitele.
2. Vylučte výrobce energie.
3. Zvolte lyzozom.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(C) Gametes; eggs and sperm carry the haploid set of 23. | {
"A": "Skin cells",
"B": "Muscle cells",
"C": "Gametes",
"D": "Nerve cells"
} | bio_0626 | multiple_choice | en | Which human cells carry 23 chromosomes? | [
"Eliminate diploid tissues.",
"Spot haploid sex cells.",
"Choose gametes."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Gametes halve to 23.
Steps:
1. Eliminate diploid tissues.
2. Spot haploid sex cells.
3. Choose gametes.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
About 2.5 billion years old; 25 percent remaining means two half-lives of 1.25 billion years passed. | null | bio_0627 | worked_example | en | Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.25 billion years. A rock holds 25 percent of its original potassium-40. Estimate its age. | [
"Note 25 percent = (1/2)^2.",
"Count 2 half-lives.",
"Multiply 2 x 1.25 = 2.5 billion years.",
"Recompute: (1/2)^2 = 0.25."
] | biology | Answer: About 2.5 billion years old.
Steps:
1. Note 25 percent = (1/2)^2.
2. Count 2 half-lives.
3. Multiply 2 x 1.25 = 2.5 billion years.
4. Recompute: (1/2)^2 = 0.25. | evolution |
400 tonnes of CO2 per year; 10 tonnes per hectare over 40 hectares sums the uptake. | null | bio_0628 | worked_example | en | A forest absorbs 10 tonnes of CO2 per hectare yearly and covers 40 hectares. Calculate yearly uptake. | [
"Multiply 10 x 40 = 400.",
"Recompute: 400 / 40 = 10.",
"Report 400 tonnes per year."
] | biology | Answer: 400 tonnes per year.
Steps:
1. Multiply 10 x 40 = 400.
2. Recompute: 400 / 40 = 10.
3. Report 400 tonnes per year. | ecology |
8 liters per minute; 0.5 liters times 16 breaths gives the minute volume. | null | bio_0629 | worked_example | en | Tidal volume is 0.5 L and breathing rate is 16 breaths per minute. Calculate minute ventilation. | [
"Multiply 0.5 x 16 = 8 L per min.",
"Recompute: 8 / 16 = 0.5.",
"Report 8 L per min."
] | biology | Answer: 8 L per min.
Steps:
1. Multiply 0.5 x 16 = 8 L per min.
2. Recompute: 8 / 16 = 0.5.
3. Report 8 L per min. | physiology |
Stokrát kyselejší; rozdíl 2 jednotek pH znamená 10 na druhou vodíkových iontů. | null | bio_0630 | worked_example | cs | Roztok A má pH 2 a roztok B má pH 4. Kolikrát více iontů H+ obsahuje roztok A? | [
"Odečtěte 4 - 2 = 2.",
"Umocněte 10^2 = 100.",
"Přepočítejte: log10(100) = 2."
] | biology | Answer: Stokrát více H+.
Steps:
1. Odečtěte 4 - 2 = 2.
2. Umocněte 10^2 = 100.
3. Přepočítejte: log10(100) = 2. | biochemistry |
500 cells per mL; 250 colonies from 0.5 mL scale twofold to a full milliliter. | null | bio_0631 | worked_example | en | A 0.5 mL sample grows 250 colonies on a plate. Estimate cells per mL in the original. | [
"Divide 250 / 0.5 = 500.",
"Recompute: 500 x 0.5 = 250.",
"Report 500 cells per mL."
] | biology | Answer: 500 cells per mL.
Steps:
1. Divide 250 / 0.5 = 500.
2. Recompute: 500 x 0.5 = 250.
3. Report 500 cells per mL. | cell_biology |
Imprinted genes express only the maternal or paternal copy, so losing the active side causes Prader-Willi or Angelman syndrome depending on the parent. | null | bio_0632 | concept | en | Explain genomic imprinting with the Prader-Willi example. | [
"Silence one parental copy.",
"Express the other only.",
"Break health when lost."
] | biology | Answer: Imprints mute one parent's genes.
Steps:
1. Silence one parental copy.
2. Express the other only.
3. Break health when lost. | genetics |
Hosts and parasites must keep evolving just to hold their ground, like running to stay still, which is why sex and resistance never rest. | null | bio_0633 | concept | en | Explain the Red Queen hypothesis of evolution. | [
"Race hosts with parasites.",
"Run to stay in place.",
"Renew sex and resistance."
] | biology | Answer: Evolution runs to stand still.
Steps:
1. Race hosts with parasites.
2. Run to stay in place.
3. Renew sex and resistance. | evolution |
New lava cools into sterile rock that wind seeds and seabirds fertilize, so Surtsey grew from bare stone to meadowed island within decades. | null | bio_0634 | concept | en | Explain succession on the volcanic island Surtsey. | [
"Cool lava to bare rock.",
"Seed by wind and birds.",
"Meadow within decades."
] | biology | Answer: Surtsey greened from bare lava.
Steps:
1. Cool lava to bare rock.
2. Seed by wind and birds.
3. Meadow within decades. | ecology |
Bílé krvinky a protilátky rozpoznají vetřelce, zničí je a zapamatují si je; při příštím setkání reagují rychleji a silněji. | null | bio_0635 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, jak funguje imunitní systém. | [
"Rozpoznejte vetřelce.",
"Zničte je protilátkami.",
"Zapamatujte si je."
] | biology | Answer: Imunita pozná, zničí a pamatuje.
Steps:
1. Rozpoznejte vetřelce.
2. Zničte je protilátkami.
3. Zapamatujte si je. | physiology |
Sugars and amino acids brown together in heat into hundreds of flavors, which is why seared steak and baked bread smell irresistible. | null | bio_0636 | concept | en | Explain the Maillard reaction in cooking. | [
"Heat sugars with proteins.",
"Brown into flavor webs.",
"Smell steak and bread."
] | biology | Answer: Heat browns food flavorful.
Steps:
1. Heat sugars with proteins.
2. Brown into flavor webs.
3. Smell steak and bread. | biochemistry |
Actin and microtubule networks brace the cell's shape, haul organelles, and crawl whole cells forward by extending and gripping the surface. | null | bio_0637 | concept | en | Explain the cytoskeleton in cell shape and movement. | [
"Brace shape with fibers.",
"Haul organelles along.",
"Crawl cells forward."
] | biology | Answer: The cytoskeleton braces and crawls.
Steps:
1. Brace shape with fibers.
2. Haul organelles along.
3. Crawl cells forward. | cell_biology |
Gene tests can reveal untreatable futures, risk insurance and job discrimination, and force family secrets open, so consent and counseling matter. | null | bio_0638 | concept | en | Explain ethical issues of genetic testing. | [
"Reveal untreatable futures.",
"Risk discrimination.",
"Force family secrets."
] | biology | Answer: Gene tests trade knowledge for risk.
Steps:
1. Reveal untreatable futures.
2. Risk discrimination.
3. Force family secrets. | genetics |
About 540 million years ago most animal body plans appeared in a geological blink, likely sparked by oxygen, eyes, and new predator-prey arms races. | null | bio_0639 | concept | en | Explain the Cambrian explosion. | [
"Date the burst 540 Mya.",
"Spawn most body plans.",
"Spark with oxygen and eyes."
] | biology | Answer: Animals boomed in one burst.
Steps:
1. Date the burst 540 Mya.
2. Spawn most body plans.
3. Spark with oxygen and eyes. | evolution |
Ekosystém je společenství organismů s prostředím, například rybník: producenti, konzumenti a rozkladači v něm kolují živiny a energii. | null | bio_0640 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to ekosystém, a uveďte příklad. | [
"Definujte společenství s prostředím.",
"Uveďte rybník.",
"Popište koloběh živin."
] | biology | Answer: Ekosystém koluje živiny v celku.
Steps:
1. Definujte společenství s prostředím.
2. Uveďte rybník.
3. Popište koloběh živin. | ecology |
(B) O; group O red cells carry no A or B antigens, so any recipient can receive them. | {
"A": "AB",
"B": "O",
"C": "A",
"D": "B"
} | bio_0641 | multiple_choice | en | Which blood type is the universal donor? | [
"Eliminate antigen carriers.",
"Spot antigen-free cells.",
"Choose O."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Group O gives to all.
Steps:
1. Eliminate antigen carriers.
2. Spot antigen-free cells.
3. Choose O.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) Phosphate heads; the hydrophilic heads face water while tails hide inside the bilayer. | {
"A": "Tails",
"B": "Steroids",
"C": "Cholesterol",
"D": "Phosphate heads"
} | bio_0642 | multiple_choice | en | Which part of a phospholipid faces water? | [
"Eliminate hiding tails.",
"Spot water lovers.",
"Choose phosphate heads."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Heads face water.
Steps:
1. Eliminate hiding tails.
2. Spot water lovers.
3. Choose phosphate heads.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
(A) Chloroplast; photosynthesis runs in chloroplasts where chlorophyll traps light. | {
"A": "Chloroplast",
"B": "Mitochondrion",
"C": "Nucleus",
"D": "Ribosome"
} | bio_0643 | multiple_choice | en | Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? | [
"Eliminate burners.",
"Eliminate control and builders.",
"Choose chloroplast."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Chloroplasts photosynthesize.
Steps:
1. Eliminate burners.
2. Eliminate control and builders.
3. Choose chloroplast.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(C) 1:2:1; the Aa x Aa square yields one AA, two Aa, and one aa. | {
"A": "3:1",
"B": "9:3:3:1",
"C": "1:2:1",
"D": "1:1"
} | bio_0644 | multiple_choice | en | Which genotype ratio comes from Aa x Aa? | [
"Build the Aa square.",
"Count 1 AA, 2 Aa, 1 aa.",
"Choose 1:2:1."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Genotypes split 1:2:1.
Steps:
1. Build the Aa square.
2. Count 1 AA, 2 Aa, 1 aa.
3. Choose 1:2:1.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
(A) Postupná změna druhů v čase; populace se generacemi přizpůsobují prostředí. | {
"A": "Postupná změna druhů v čase",
"B": "Růst jedince",
"C": "Stěhování zvířat",
"D": "Zánik lesů"
} | bio_0645 | multiple_choice | cs | Co je to evoluce? | [
"Vylučte růst a stěhování.",
"Přiřaďte změnu druhů.",
"Zvolte odpověď A."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Evoluce mění druhy časem.
Steps:
1. Vylučte růst a stěhování.
2. Přiřaďte změnu druhů.
3. Zvolte odpověď A.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(B) Omnivore; omnivores eat both plants and animals, unlike specialists. | {
"A": "Herbivore",
"B": "Omnivore",
"C": "Carnivore",
"D": "Decomposer"
} | bio_0646 | multiple_choice | en | Which eats both plants and animals? | [
"Eliminate plant-only.",
"Eliminate meat-only.",
"Choose omnivore."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Omnivores eat all.
Steps:
1. Eliminate plant-only.
2. Eliminate meat-only.
3. Choose omnivore.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
1.44 liters per day; 1 mL per minute over 1440 minutes gives daily urine. | null | bio_0647 | worked_example | en | A kidney produces 1 mL of urine per minute. Calculate daily urine output in liters. | [
"Note 24 h = 1440 min.",
"Multiply 1 x 1440 = 1440 mL.",
"Convert to 1.44 L.",
"Recompute: 1.44 x 1000 / 1440 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1.44 L per day.
Steps:
1. Note 24 h = 1440 min.
2. Multiply 1 x 1440 = 1440 mL.
3. Convert to 1.44 L.
4. Recompute: 1.44 x 1000 / 1440 = 1. | physiology |
The bar provides 290 kcal; protein and carbs give 4 kcal per gram and fat gives 9. | null | bio_0648 | worked_example | en | A protein bar has 20 g protein, 30 g carbohydrate, and 10 g fat. Calculate its energy in kcal (protein 4, carbohydrate 4, fat 9 kcal per gram). | [
"Protein: 20 x 4 = 80.",
"Carbs: 30 x 4 = 120.",
"Fat: 10 x 9 = 90.",
"Sum 80+120+90 = 290 kcal.",
"Recompute: 290-90-120 = 80 = 20 x 4."
] | biology | Answer: 290 kcal.
Steps:
1. Protein: 20 x 4 = 80.
2. Carbs: 30 x 4 = 120.
3. Fat: 10 x 9 = 90.
4. Sum 80+120+90 = 290 kcal.
5. Recompute: 290-90-120 = 80 = 20 x 4. | biochemistry |
320 cells after 3 hours; six doublings multiply the 5 founders sixty-four-fold. | null | bio_0649 | worked_example | en | Bacteria double every 30 minutes. Starting from 5 cells, how many are present after 3 hours? | [
"Convert 3 hours = 180 minutes.",
"Count doublings: 180/30 = 6.",
"Compute 5 x 2^6 = 5 x 64 = 320.",
"Recompute: 320/5 = 64 = 2^6."
] | biology | Answer: 320 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 3 hours = 180 minutes.
2. Count doublings: 180/30 = 6.
3. Compute 5 x 2^6 = 5 x 64 = 320.
4. Recompute: 320/5 = 64 = 2^6. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/2, tedy 50 procent; křížení Ff x ff dá Ff a ff stejně často. | null | bio_0650 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Ff x ff vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem ff. | [
"Vypište potomky: Ff nebo ff.",
"Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.",
"Převeďte na 50 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, tedy 50 procent.
Steps:
1. Vypište potomky: Ff nebo ff.
2. Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.
3. Převeďte na 50 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
The aa frequency is 0.01, i.e. 1 percent; q squared with q=0.1 gives the recessive share. | null | bio_0651 | worked_example | en | Allele frequencies are p=0.9 and q=0.1 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculate the aa genotype frequency. | [
"Square q: 0.1 x 0.1 = 0.01.",
"Convert to 1 percent.",
"Recompute: 0.81+0.01+0.18=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: 0.01, i.e. 1 percent.
Steps:
1. Square q: 0.1 x 0.1 = 0.01.
2. Convert to 1 percent.
3. Recompute: 0.81+0.01+0.18=1.0. | evolution |
Lichens die where air sours, so their presence maps clean air and their absence warns of pollution damage. | null | bio_0652 | concept | en | Explain indicator species with the lichen example. | [
"Define sensitive warners.",
"Kill lichens with smog.",
"Map clean air by return."
] | biology | Answer: Lichens meter the air.
Steps:
1. Define sensitive warners.
2. Kill lichens with smog.
3. Map clean air by return. | ecology |
The hypothalamus senses temperature, hunger, and thirst, then orders sweating, feeding, and hormones that restore balance. | null | bio_0653 | concept | en | Explain the hypothalamus in homeostasis. | [
"Sense heat, hunger, thirst.",
"Order sweat and feeding.",
"Restore balance by hormones."
] | biology | Answer: The hypothalamus balances the body.
Steps:
1. Sense heat, hunger, thirst.
2. Order sweat and feeding.
3. Restore balance by hormones. | physiology |
Surface hydrogen bonds pull water into a tight skin strong enough to float needles and stride water striders. | null | bio_0654 | concept | en | Explain water surface tension and water striders. | [
"Bond surface molecules.",
"Stretch water into skin.",
"Stride bugs on top."
] | biology | Answer: Water skins over with bonds.
Steps:
1. Bond surface molecules.
2. Stretch water into skin.
3. Stride bugs on top. | biochemistry |
Cytoskelet z aktinu a mikrotubulů drží tvar buňky, přenáší organely a umožňuje pohyb; při dělení tvoří dělící vřeténko. | null | bio_0655 | concept | cs | Popište cytoskelet a jeho funkci. | [
"Popište vlákna aktinu a mikrotubuly.",
"Uveďte držení tvaru.",
"Vysvětlete pohyb a dělení."
] | biology | Answer: Cytoskelet drží tvar a hýbe buňkou.
Steps:
1. Popište vlákna aktinu a mikrotubuly.
2. Uveďte držení tvaru.
3. Vysvětlete pohyb a dělení. | cell_biology |
Adding methyl tags to DNA coils genes shut without changing letters, letting cells lock fates and parents imprint offspring. | null | bio_0656 | concept | en | Explain how DNA methylation silences genes. | [
"Tag DNA with methyls.",
"Coil genes shut.",
"Lock cell fates."
] | biology | Answer: Methyl tags mute genes.
Steps:
1. Tag DNA with methyls.
2. Coil genes shut.
3. Lock cell fates. | genetics |
The panda's thumb is a jury-rigged wrist bone, proof that evolution remodels old parts rather than designing perfect new ones. | null | bio_0657 | concept | en | Explain why the panda's thumb evidences evolution. | [
"Spot a wrist-bone thumb.",
"Note clumsy remodeling.",
"Deny perfect design."
] | biology | Answer: Pandas grip with remodeled bone.
Steps:
1. Spot a wrist-bone thumb.
2. Note clumsy remodeling.
3. Deny perfect design. | evolution |
Camels store fat in humps, cut water loss with dry dung and cool blood, and down 100 liters at once when water returns. | null | bio_0658 | concept | en | Explain camel adaptations to deserts. | [
"Bank fat in humps.",
"Save water everywhere.",
"Drink deep when found."
] | biology | Answer: Camels bank fat, spare water.
Steps:
1. Bank fat in humps.
2. Save water everywhere.
3. Drink deep when found. | ecology |
Taste buds mix receptors for sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami across the tongue, with smell adding most of what we call flavor. | null | bio_0659 | concept | en | Explain how taste buds sense five tastes. | [
"Mix five receptors.",
"Spread them over tongue.",
"Add smell for flavor."
] | biology | Answer: Tongues taste five, noses flavor.
Steps:
1. Mix five receptors.
2. Spread them over tongue.
3. Add smell for flavor. | physiology |
Lipidy jsou tuky, oleje, fosfolipidy a steroidy; ukládají energii, staví membrány, izolují tělo a tvoří hormony. | null | bio_0660 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to lipidy a k čemu slouží. | [
"Vyjmenujte tuky a oleje.",
"Uveďte ukládání energie.",
"Popište membrány a hormony."
] | biology | Answer: Lipidy ukládají energii a staví tělo.
Steps:
1. Vyjmenujte tuky a oleje.
2. Uveďte ukládání energie.
3. Popište membrány a hormony. | biochemistry |
(D) 46; mitosis copies all chromosomes so daughters match the diploid parent. | {
"A": "23",
"B": "92",
"C": "69",
"D": "46"
} | bio_0661 | multiple_choice | en | How many chromosomes do human body cells have after mitosis? | [
"Eliminate halved sets.",
"Eliminate doubled sets.",
"Choose 46."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Mitosis keeps 46.
Steps:
1. Eliminate halved sets.
2. Eliminate doubled sets.
3. Choose 46.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) Guanine; cytosine pairs with guanine in the DNA double helix. | {
"A": "Adenine",
"B": "Guanine",
"C": "Thymine",
"D": "Uracil"
} | bio_0662 | multiple_choice | en | Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA? | [
"Pair C with G.",
"Eliminate A-T pair.",
"Choose guanine."
] | biology | Answer: (B) C meets G.
Steps:
1. Pair C with G.
2. Eliminate A-T pair.
3. Choose guanine.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(A) Galápagos; finches and tortoises there sparked Darwin's theory. | {
"A": "Galápagos",
"B": "Hawaii",
"C": "Maldives",
"D": "Canary Islands"
} | bio_0663 | multiple_choice | en | Which island group inspired Darwin's theory? | [
"Eliminate later studies.",
"Recall finch islands.",
"Choose Galápagos."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Galápagos sparked Darwin.
Steps:
1. Eliminate later studies.
2. Recall finch islands.
3. Choose Galápagos.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Frog; frogs eat grasshoppers, making them secondary consumers. | {
"A": "Grass",
"B": "Grasshopper",
"C": "Frog",
"D": "Algae"
} | bio_0664 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a secondary consumer? | [
"Eliminate producers.",
"Eliminate herbivores.",
"Choose frog."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Frogs eat herbivores.
Steps:
1. Eliminate producers.
2. Eliminate herbivores.
3. Choose frog.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(C) Mozeček; koordinuje rovnováhu a jemné pohyby. | {
"A": "Koncový mozek",
"B": "Prodloužená mícha",
"C": "Mozeček",
"D": "Mezimozek"
} | bio_0665 | multiple_choice | cs | Která část mozku řídí rovnováhu? | [
"Vylučte myšlení a dech.",
"Přiřaďte rovnováhu mozečku.",
"Zvolte mozeček."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Rovnováhu řídí mozeček.
Steps:
1. Vylučte myšlení a dech.
2. Přiřaďte rovnováhu mozečku.
3. Zvolte mozeček.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) ATP; cells spend ATP to power work and recharge it from food. | {
"A": "ATP",
"B": "Starch",
"C": "Cellulose",
"D": "Cholesterol"
} | bio_0666 | multiple_choice | en | Which molecule is the energy carrier in cells? | [
"Eliminate storage polymers.",
"Spot spendable currency.",
"Choose ATP."
] | biology | Answer: (A) ATP powers cells.
Steps:
1. Eliminate storage polymers.
2. Spot spendable currency.
3. Choose ATP.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
About 524,000 cubic micrometers; the sphere formula with radius 50 µm gives the egg volume. | null | bio_0667 | worked_example | en | A human egg is a sphere 100 µm in diameter. Calculate its volume in µm³. | [
"Radius = 100/2 = 50 µm.",
"Cube 50^3 = 125000.",
"Multiply 4/3 x 3.1416 x 125000 = 523599.",
"Report about 524000 µm³."
] | biology | Answer: About 524000 µm³.
Steps:
1. Radius = 100/2 = 50 µm.
2. Cube 50^3 = 125000.
3. Multiply 4/3 x 3.1416 x 125000 = 523599.
4. Report about 524000 µm³. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/4, i.e. 25 percent; the Gg x Gg square yields one GG in four. | null | bio_0668 | worked_example | en | For the cross Gg x Gg, calculate the probability of GG offspring. | [
"List square: GG, Gg, Gg, gg.",
"Count GG: 1 of 4.",
"Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, i.e. 25 percent.
Steps:
1. List square: GG, Gg, Gg, gg.
2. Count GG: 1 of 4.
3. Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1. | genetics |
Carriers are 48 percent; 2pq with p=0.4 and q=0.6 gives 0.48. | null | bio_0669 | worked_example | en | Allele frequencies are p=0.4 and q=0.6 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculate the carrier frequency. | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6.",
"Evaluate 2 x 0.24 = 0.48.",
"Convert to 48 percent.",
"Recompute: 0.16+0.36+0.48=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: 48 percent carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6.
2. Evaluate 2 x 0.24 = 0.48.
3. Convert to 48 percent.
4. Recompute: 0.16+0.36+0.48=1.0. | evolution |
V jezeře žije asi 400 štik; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0670 | worked_example | cs | Jezero má 10 hektarů a hustota je 40 štik na hektar. Vypočítejte počet štik. | [
"Vynásobte 10 x 40 = 400.",
"Přepočítejte: 400 / 10 = 40.",
"Uveďte asi 400 štik."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 400 štik.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 10 x 40 = 400.
2. Přepočítejte: 400 / 10 = 40.
3. Uveďte asi 400 štik. | ecology |
750 grams of hemoglobin; 150 grams per liter over 5 liters sums the total. | null | bio_0671 | worked_example | en | Blood holds 150 g of hemoglobin per liter and the body has 5 liters of blood. Calculate total hemoglobin. | [
"Multiply 150 x 5 = 750 g.",
"Recompute: 750 / 5 = 150.",
"Report 750 g."
] | biology | Answer: 750 g.
Steps:
1. Multiply 150 x 5 = 750 g.
2. Recompute: 750 / 5 = 150.
3. Report 750 g. | physiology |
Fats cannot dissolve in blood, so proteins wrap them into lipoprotein parcels that ferry cholesterol and triglycerides to tissues. | null | bio_0672 | concept | en | Explain lipoproteins and how fats travel in blood. | [
"Wrap fats in protein.",
"Float parcels in blood.",
"Deliver to tissues."
] | biology | Answer: Lipoproteins ferry blood fats.
Steps:
1. Wrap fats in protein.
2. Float parcels in blood.
3. Deliver to tissues. | biochemistry |
Telomeres cap chromosome ends and shorten with each division until cells retire, linking them to aging and to cancer's escape via telomerase. | null | bio_0673 | concept | en | Explain telomeres and why they shorten with age. | [
"Cap chromosome ends.",
"Shorten every division.",
"Retire cells, except cancers."
] | biology | Answer: Telomeres count cell divisions.
Steps:
1. Cap chromosome ends.
2. Shorten every division.
3. Retire cells, except cancers. | cell_biology |
A mutation striking one embryo cell spreads to only its descendants, leaving patchwork bodies where some tissues carry the change and others do not. | null | bio_0674 | concept | en | Explain genetic mosaicism in the body. | [
"Mutate one embryo cell.",
"Spread to its descendants.",
"Patch tissues mixed."
] | biology | Answer: Mosaics mix mutant and normal cells.
Steps:
1. Mutate one embryo cell.
2. Spread to its descendants.
3. Patch tissues mixed. | genetics |
Přírodní výběr znamená, že lépe přizpůsobení jedinci přežijí a mají více potomků, takže se jejich znaky v populaci šíří. | null | bio_0675 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to přírodní výběr. | [
"Definujte přežití nejlepších.",
"Zvyšte jejich potomstvo.",
"Šiřte výhodné znaky."
] | biology | Answer: Výběr odměňuje nejlepší potomstvem.
Steps:
1. Definujte přežití nejlepších.
2. Zvyšte jejich potomstvo.
3. Šiřte výhodné znaky. | evolution |
Permafrost, brief summers, and dwarf plants define tundra, where tire tracks scar for decades because growth and decay crawl in the cold. | null | bio_0676 | concept | en | Describe the tundra biome and its fragility. | [
"Freeze ground year-round.",
"Grow dwarf plants briefly.",
"Scar land for decades."
] | biology | Answer: Tundra heals in slow motion.
Steps:
1. Freeze ground year-round.
2. Grow dwarf plants briefly.
3. Scar land for decades. | ecology |
Millions of villi and microvilli multiply the gut surface hundreds of times, absorbing sugars, amino acids, and fats into blood and lymph. | null | bio_0677 | concept | en | Explain how villi absorb nutrients in the small intestine. | [
"Fold gut into villi.",
"Multiply surface by microvilli.",
"Absorb into blood and lymph."
] | biology | Answer: Villi unfold a vast absorber.
Steps:
1. Fold gut into villi.
2. Multiply surface by microvilli.
3. Absorb into blood and lymph. | physiology |
Digestive enzymes ship as harmless zymogens and activate only at their target, so trypsin cannot digest the pancreas that made it. | null | bio_0678 | concept | en | Explain zymogens and safe enzyme activation. | [
"Ship enzymes inactive.",
"Activate at target only.",
"Spare the maker organ."
] | biology | Answer: Zymogens arm enzymes late.
Steps:
1. Ship enzymes inactive.
2. Activate at target only.
3. Spare the maker organ. | biochemistry |
Bacteria copy their single chromosome and split in two, doubling populations in minutes without any mitotic spindle. | null | bio_0679 | concept | en | Explain binary fission in bacteria. | [
"Copy one chromosome.",
"Split cell in two.",
"Double in minutes."
] | biology | Answer: Bacteria split straight in two.
Steps:
1. Copy one chromosome.
2. Split cell in two.
3. Double in minutes. | cell_biology |
Dominantní alela se projeví i v jedné kopii, zatímco recesivní potřebuje obě kopie stejné; proto se některé znaky skrývají přes generace. | null | bio_0680 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete rozdíl mezi dominantní a recesivní alelou. | [
"Definujte projev dominantní.",
"Podmiňte recesivní dvěma kopiemi.",
"Ukažte skrývání znaků."
] | biology | Answer: Dominantní stačí jednou, recesivní dvakrát.
Steps:
1. Definujte projev dominantní.
2. Podmiňte recesivní dvěma kopiemi.
3. Ukažte skrývání znaků. | genetics |
(B) DNA similarities; shared sequences reveal kinship more precisely than bones alone. | {
"A": "Fossil layers",
"B": "DNA similarities",
"C": "Rock strata",
"D": "Footprints"
} | bio_0681 | multiple_choice | en | Which evidence of evolution comes from molecules? | [
"Eliminate rock records.",
"Spot sequence kinship.",
"Choose DNA similarities."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Molecules mirror kinship.
Steps:
1. Eliminate rock records.
2. Spot sequence kinship.
3. Choose DNA similarities.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Predation; hunting is a living interaction, unlike rain, heat, and soil chemistry. | {
"A": "Rainfall",
"B": "Temperature",
"C": "Soil pH",
"D": "Predation"
} | bio_0682 | multiple_choice | en | Which factor in an ecosystem is biotic? | [
"Eliminate weather.",
"Eliminate chemistry.",
"Choose predation."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Predation is biotic.
Steps:
1. Eliminate weather.
2. Eliminate chemistry.
3. Choose predation.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
(A) Pancreas; islet cells of the pancreas secrete insulin into the blood. | {
"A": "Pancreas",
"B": "Liver",
"C": "Kidney",
"D": "Stomach"
} | bio_0683 | multiple_choice | en | Which organ produces insulin? | [
"Eliminate filters.",
"Spot islet cells.",
"Choose pancreas."
] | biology | Answer: (A) The pancreas brews insulin.
Steps:
1. Eliminate filters.
2. Spot islet cells.
3. Choose pancreas.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Hydrogen; hydrogen bonds zip the two strands while letting them unzip for copying. | {
"A": "Covalent",
"B": "Ionic",
"C": "Hydrogen",
"D": "Peptide"
} | bio_0684 | multiple_choice | en | Which bonds hold the DNA double helix together? | [
"Eliminate backbone links.",
"Spot weak zippers.",
"Choose hydrogen."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Hydrogen zips DNA.
Steps:
1. Eliminate backbone links.
2. Spot weak zippers.
3. Choose hydrogen.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(A) Červená krvinka; při zrání ztratí jádro, aby uvezla více hemoglobinu. | {
"A": "Červená krvinka",
"B": "Svalová buňka",
"C": "Nervová buňka",
"D": "Kožní buňka"
} | bio_0685 | multiple_choice | cs | Která buňka nemá jádro? | [
"Vylučte jaderné tkáně.",
"Přiřaďte ztrátu červeným.",
"Zvolte červenou krvinku."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Jádro chybí červeným krvinkám.
Steps:
1. Vylučte jaderné tkáně.
2. Přiřaďte ztrátu červeným.
3. Zvolte červenou krvinku.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(D) Identical alleles; homozygous means two copies of the same allele. | {
"A": "Different alleles",
"B": "One allele",
"C": "Three alleles",
"D": "Identical alleles"
} | bio_0686 | multiple_choice | en | What does homozygous mean? | [
"Eliminate mixed pairs.",
"Spot same copies.",
"Choose identical alleles."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Homozygous doubles one allele.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mixed pairs.
2. Spot same copies.
3. Choose identical alleles.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
The frequency rises by 0.02 per generation on average; a 0.4 gain over 20 generations gives the rate. | null | bio_0687 | worked_example | en | An allele rises in frequency from 0.4 to 0.8 over 20 generations. Calculate the average change per generation. | [
"Subtract 0.8 - 0.4 = 0.4.",
"Divide 0.4 / 20 = 0.02.",
"Recompute: 0.4 + 20 x 0.02 = 0.8."
] | biology | Answer: 0.02 per generation.
Steps:
1. Subtract 0.8 - 0.4 = 0.4.
2. Divide 0.4 / 20 = 0.02.
3. Recompute: 0.4 + 20 x 0.02 = 0.8. | evolution |
The estimated population is 400 fish; the Lincoln-Petersen formula scales the second catch by the marked fraction. | null | bio_0688 | worked_example | en | Researchers mark 60 fish, later catch 80 fish, and find 12 marked. Estimate the total population. | [
"Multiply 60 x 80 = 4800.",
"Divide 4800 / 12 = 400.",
"Recompute: 60/400 = 12/80 = 0.15."
] | biology | Answer: About 400 fish.
Steps:
1. Multiply 60 x 80 = 4800.
2. Divide 4800 / 12 = 400.
3. Recompute: 60/400 = 12/80 = 0.15. | ecology |
400 kcal per day; 20 percent of the 2000 kcal diet powers the brain. | null | bio_0689 | worked_example | en | The brain uses 20 percent of a 2000 kcal diet. Calculate the brain's daily energy. | [
"Convert 20 percent = 0.20.",
"Multiply 2000 x 0.20 = 400.",
"Recompute: 400/2000 = 0.20."
] | biology | Answer: 400 kcal.
Steps:
1. Convert 20 percent = 0.20.
2. Multiply 2000 x 0.20 = 400.
3. Recompute: 400/2000 = 0.20. | physiology |
280 kcal; 70 gramů sacharidů krát 4 kcal na gram dá energii mouky. | null | bio_0690 | worked_example | cs | Mouka obsahuje 70 g sacharidů na 100 g. Vypočítejte energii 100 g mouky v kcal (sacharidy 4 kcal na gram). | [
"Vynásobte 70 x 4 = 280.",
"Přepočítejte: 280 / 4 = 70.",
"Uveďte 280 kcal."
] | biology | Answer: 280 kcal.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 70 x 4 = 280.
2. Přepočítejte: 280 / 4 = 70.
3. Uveďte 280 kcal. | biochemistry |
250,000 cells in the flask; 1000 cells per mL over 250 mL sums the culture. | null | bio_0691 | worked_example | en | A culture holds 1000 cells per mL in a 250 mL flask. Calculate total cells. | [
"Multiply 1000 x 250 = 250000.",
"Recompute: 250000 / 250 = 1000.",
"Report 250000 cells."
] | biology | Answer: 250000 cells.
Steps:
1. Multiply 1000 x 250 = 250000.
2. Recompute: 250000 / 250 = 1000.
3. Report 250000 cells. | cell_biology |
Pedigrees chart trait passage across generations, revealing dominant, recessive, or X-linked patterns from who shows the trait and who skips it. | null | bio_0692 | concept | en | Explain pedigree analysis and inheritance patterns. | [
"Chart traits by generation.",
"Spot skips and sexes.",
"Read dominant or recessive."
] | biology | Answer: Pedigrees map traits through families.
Steps:
1. Chart traits by generation.
2. Spot skips and sexes.
3. Read dominant or recessive. | genetics |
Sprays kill susceptible insects but spare rare resistant mutants, which then breed whole resistant populations within a few seasons. | null | bio_0693 | concept | en | Explain how pesticide resistance evolves in insects. | [
"Spray the susceptible.",
"Spare rare mutants.",
"Breed resistance fast."
] | biology | Answer: Sprays breed their own failure.
Steps:
1. Spray the susceptible.
2. Spare rare mutants.
3. Breed resistance fast. | evolution |
Vast conifer forests endure long winters and short summers, sheltering moose, lynx, and migratory birds on thin acidic soils. | null | bio_0694 | concept | en | Describe the taiga biome. | [
"Grow conifers through cold.",
"Winter long, summer brief.",
"Shelter moose and lynx."
] | biology | Answer: Taiga greens the cold north.
Steps:
1. Grow conifers through cold.
2. Winter long, summer brief.
3. Shelter moose and lynx. | ecology |
Po poranění destičky ucpou ránu a bílkoviny vytvoří fibrinovou síť, která zachytí krvinky a ránu uzavře sraženinou. | null | bio_0695 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete srážení krve po poranění. | [
"Ucpěte ránu destičkami.",
"Vytvořte fibrinovou síť.",
"Uzavřete ránu sraženinou."
] | biology | Answer: Destičky a fibrin zacelí ránu.
Steps:
1. Ucpěte ránu destičkami.
2. Vytvořte fibrinovou síť.
3. Uzavřete ránu sraženinou. | physiology |
A magnesium atom sits at chlorophyll's heart and catches light energy, which is why yellowing leaves often signal magnesium shortage. | null | bio_0696 | concept | en | Explain the role of magnesium in chlorophyll. | [
"Seat magnesium centrally.",
"Catch light with it.",
"Yellow leaves without it."
] | biology | Answer: Magnesium hearts chlorophyll.
Steps:
1. Seat magnesium centrally.
2. Catch light with it.
3. Yellow leaves without it. | biochemistry |
Plant vacuoles store water, pigments, and wastes while pressing the cell firm; flower colors and crisp lettuce both depend on them. | null | bio_0697 | concept | en | Explain the roles of vacuoles in plant cells. | [
"Store water and pigments.",
"Press cells firm.",
"Color flowers, crisp leaves."
] | biology | Answer: Vacuoles store, press, and paint.
Steps:
1. Store water and pigments.
2. Press cells firm.
3. Color flowers, crisp leaves. | cell_biology |
Moving genes across species creates crops like Bt corn, whose bacterial protein kills caterpillars from inside the leaf. | null | bio_0698 | concept | en | Explain transgenic organisms with Bt corn. | [
"Move genes across species.",
"Express bacterial protein.",
"Kill pests from within."
] | biology | Answer: Transgenes borrow defenses.
Steps:
1. Move genes across species.
2. Express bacterial protein.
3. Kill pests from within. | genetics |
Freed from dinosaur competition, small mammals diversified into bats, whales, and primates within a few million years of the asteroid. | null | bio_0699 | concept | en | Explain mammal diversification after the dinosaurs. | [
"Clear dinosaurs away.",
"Free small mammals.",
"Diversify into every niche."
] | biology | Answer: Mammals bloomed post-asteroid.
Steps:
1. Clear dinosaurs away.
2. Free small mammals.
3. Diversify into every niche. | evolution |
Potravní pyramida ukazuje úbytek energie: producenti tvoří základ, býložravci a masožravci nad nimi dostávají vždy jen asi desetinu. | null | bio_0700 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete potravní pyramidu. | [
"Postavte základ z producentů.",
"Přidejte konzumenty.",
"Ukažte úbytek na desetinu."
] | biology | Answer: Pyramida krátí energii vzhůru.
Steps:
1. Postavte základ z producentů.
2. Přidejte konzumenty.
3. Ukažte úbytek na desetinu. | ecology |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.