answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C) Hemoglobin; the iron protein hemoglobin binds oxygen in lungs and releases it in tissues. | {
"A": "Insulin",
"B": "Keratin",
"C": "Hemoglobin",
"D": "Collagen"
} | bio_0701 | multiple_choice | en | Which protein in red blood cells binds oxygen? | [
"Eliminate hormones.",
"Eliminate skin proteins.",
"Choose hemoglobin."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Hemoglobin grips oxygen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate hormones.
2. Eliminate skin proteins.
3. Choose hemoglobin.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) Protein; amino acids from protein build and repair muscle fibers. | {
"A": "Protein",
"B": "Sugar",
"C": "Fat",
"D": "Fiber"
} | bio_0702 | multiple_choice | en | Which nutrient builds muscle? | [
"Eliminate pure fuels.",
"Spot amino acids.",
"Choose protein."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Protein builds muscle.
Steps:
1. Eliminate pure fuels.
2. Spot amino acids.
3. Choose protein.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
(D) Chloroplasts; only plant cells photosynthesize with chloroplasts among the listed parts. | {
"A": "Mitochondria",
"B": "Nucleus",
"C": "Ribosomes",
"D": "Chloroplasts"
} | bio_0703 | multiple_choice | en | Which feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells? | [
"Eliminate shared parts.",
"Spot photosynthesis site.",
"Choose chloroplasts."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Plants alone green chloroplasts.
Steps:
1. Eliminate shared parts.
2. Spot photosynthesis site.
3. Choose chloroplasts.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) X; the X and Y chromosomes determine sex, while numbered ones are autosomes. | {
"A": "Chromosome 7",
"B": "X",
"C": "Chromosome 21",
"D": "Chromosome 1"
} | bio_0704 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a human sex chromosome? | [
"Eliminate numbered autosomes.",
"Spot X and Y.",
"Choose X."
] | biology | Answer: (B) X sets sex.
Steps:
1. Eliminate numbered autosomes.
2. Spot X and Y.
3. Choose X.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(B) Před 66 miliony let; tehdy je smetla planetka a uvolnila cestu savcům. | {
"A": "Před 6 miliony let",
"B": "Před 66 miliony let",
"C": "Před 660 miliony let",
"D": "Před 6000 lety"
} | bio_0705 | multiple_choice | cs | Kdy vyhynuli dinosauři? | [
"Vylučte příliš mladé.",
"Vylučte příliš staré.",
"Zvolte 66 milionů."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Dinosauři padli před 66 miliony let.
Steps:
1. Vylučte příliš mladé.
2. Vylučte příliš staré.
3. Zvolte 66 milionů.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Timber; forests regrow within decades, unlike fossil fuels formed over eons. | {
"A": "Coal",
"B": "Oil",
"C": "Natural gas",
"D": "Timber"
} | bio_0706 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a renewable resource? | [
"Eliminate fossil fuels.",
"Spot regrowing forests.",
"Choose timber."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Timber regrows.
Steps:
1. Eliminate fossil fuels.
2. Spot regrowing forests.
3. Choose timber.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
4.8 liters can be exhaled; total capacity minus the 1.2-liter residual gives vital capacity. | null | bio_0707 | worked_example | en | Total lung capacity is 6 L and residual volume is 1.2 L. Calculate the maximum exhaled volume. | [
"Subtract 6 - 1.2 = 4.8 L.",
"Recompute: 4.8 + 1.2 = 6.",
"Report 4.8 L."
] | biology | Answer: 4.8 L.
Steps:
1. Subtract 6 - 1.2 = 4.8 L.
2. Recompute: 4.8 + 1.2 = 6.
3. Report 4.8 L. | physiology |
30 grams per liter; 15 grams in half a liter doubles to the liter rate. | null | bio_0708 | worked_example | en | A drink holds 15 g of sugar in 500 mL. Calculate the concentration in g/L. | [
"Convert 500 mL = 0.5 L.",
"Divide 15 / 0.5 = 30.",
"Recompute: 30 x 0.5 = 15."
] | biology | Answer: 30 g/L.
Steps:
1. Convert 500 mL = 0.5 L.
2. Divide 15 / 0.5 = 30.
3. Recompute: 30 x 0.5 = 15. | biochemistry |
640 cells after 2 hours; three doublings multiply the 80 founders eight-fold. | null | bio_0709 | worked_example | en | Bacteria double every 40 minutes. Starting from 80 cells, how many are present after 2 hours? | [
"Convert 2 hours = 120 minutes.",
"Count doublings: 120/40 = 3.",
"Compute 80 x 2^3 = 80 x 8 = 640.",
"Recompute: 640/80 = 8 = 2^3."
] | biology | Answer: 640 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 2 hours = 120 minutes.
2. Count doublings: 120/40 = 3.
3. Compute 80 x 2^3 = 80 x 8 = 640.
4. Recompute: 640/80 = 8 = 2^3. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/2, tedy 50 procent; křížení Hh x hh dá Hh a hh stejně často. | null | bio_0710 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Hh x hh vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem Hh. | [
"Vypište potomky: Hh nebo hh.",
"Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.",
"Převeďte na 50 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, tedy 50 procent.
Steps:
1. Vypište potomky: Hh nebo hh.
2. Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.
3. Převeďte na 50 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
q equals 0.5, p equals 0.5, and carriers equal 50 percent; the square root of 0.25 gives q. | null | bio_0711 | worked_example | en | In a flower population, 25 percent show a recessive color. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate q, p, and the carrier frequency. | [
"q = sqrt(0.25) = 0.5.",
"p = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5.",
"2pq = 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.5.",
"Recompute: 0.25+0.25+0.5=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: q=0.5, p=0.5, carriers=50%.
Steps:
1. q = sqrt(0.25) = 0.5.
2. p = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5.
3. 2pq = 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.5.
4. Recompute: 0.25+0.25+0.5=1.0. | evolution |
Grasses and scattered trees feed vast herds through wet and dry seasons, with fire renewing the plains that lions patrol. | null | bio_0712 | concept | en | Describe the savanna biome. | [
"Grow grasses with few trees.",
"Cycle wet and dry.",
"Feed herds and lions."
] | biology | Answer: Savannas grass herds and fire.
Steps:
1. Grow grasses with few trees.
2. Cycle wet and dry.
3. Feed herds and lions. | ecology |
Clear fluid cushions the brain and cord, carries nutrients in, and flushes wastes out through its circulating bath. | null | bio_0713 | concept | en | Explain the role of cerebrospinal fluid. | [
"Cushion brain and cord.",
"Feed nutrients in.",
"Flush wastes out."
] | biology | Answer: Brain fluid cushions and cleans.
Steps:
1. Cushion brain and cord.
2. Feed nutrients in.
3. Flush wastes out. | physiology |
Starch mixes straight amylose chains with branched amylopectin, packing glucose densely yet releasing it fast when enzymes clip the branches. | null | bio_0714 | concept | en | Explain starch structure: amylose versus amylopectin. | [
"Chain amylose straight.",
"Branch amylopectin wide.",
"Release glucose fast."
] | biology | Answer: Starch packs straight and branched.
Steps:
1. Chain amylose straight.
2. Branch amylopectin wide.
3. Release glucose fast. | biochemistry |
Chloroplast má dvojitou membránu a tylakoidy s chlorofylem; ve dne v něm světlo mění vodu a oxid uhličitý na cukr a kyslík. | null | bio_0715 | concept | cs | Popište chloroplast a průběh fotosyntézy. | [
"Popište membrány a tylakoidy.",
"Zachytěte světlo chlorofylem.",
"Složte cukr z vody a CO2."
] | biology | Answer: Chloroplast vaří cukr ze světla.
Steps:
1. Popište membrány a tylakoidy.
2. Zachytěte světlo chlorofylem.
3. Složte cukr z vody a CO2. | cell_biology |
An extra X in males (XXY) causes tall growth, low testosterone, and infertility, showing how sex chromosome dose shapes development. | null | bio_0716 | concept | en | Explain Klinefelter syndrome and its cause. | [
"Add an X to XY.",
"Lower testosterone.",
"Shape tall infertility."
] | biology | Answer: XXY shifts male development.
Steps:
1. Add an X to XY.
2. Lower testosterone.
3. Shape tall infertility. | genetics |
Bigger brains, descended voice boxes, and cooperative child-rearing let early humans share complex speech that other apes never evolved. | null | bio_0717 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of language in humans. | [
"Grow bigger brains.",
"Drop the voice box.",
"Share speech socially."
] | biology | Answer: Speech grew with brains and throats.
Steps:
1. Grow bigger brains.
2. Drop the voice box.
3. Share speech socially. | evolution |
Heat-stressed corals expel their algae partners and turn bone-white, starving unless cool water lets the symbionts return. | null | bio_0718 | concept | en | Explain coral bleaching and its causes. | [
"Stress corals with heat.",
"Expel algae partners.",
"Starve white skeletons."
] | biology | Answer: Hot seas bleach corals white.
Steps:
1. Stress corals with heat.
2. Expel algae partners.
3. Starve white skeletons. | ecology |
The placenta feeds the fetus oxygen and nutrients, clears its wastes, and secretes hormones that sustain the pregnancy. | null | bio_0719 | concept | en | Explain the placenta's roles in pregnancy. | [
"Feed fetus via cord.",
"Clear fetal wastes.",
"Secrete pregnancy hormones."
] | biology | Answer: The placenta feeds and guards.
Steps:
1. Feed fetus via cord.
2. Clear fetal wastes.
3. Secrete pregnancy hormones. | physiology |
Nukleové kyseliny DNA a RNA uchovávají a přenášejí dědičnou informaci; DNA archivuje geny a RNA je přepisuje do bílkovin. | null | bio_0720 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to nukleové kyseliny. | [
"Vyjmenujte DNA a RNA.",
"Uložte geny do DNA.",
"Přepište je přes RNA."
] | biology | Answer: Nukleové kyseliny nesou dědičnost.
Steps:
1. Vyjmenujte DNA a RNA.
2. Uložte geny do DNA.
3. Přepište je přes RNA. | biochemistry |
(B) 4; meiosis runs two divisions that yield four haploid cells. | {
"A": "2",
"B": "4",
"C": "1",
"D": "8"
} | bio_0721 | multiple_choice | en | How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? | [
"Eliminate mitotic two.",
"Count two divisions.",
"Choose 4."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Meiosis makes four.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mitotic two.
2. Count two divisions.
3. Choose 4.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) Aa; two different alleles make the genotype heterozygous. | {
"A": "AA",
"B": "aa",
"C": "BB",
"D": "Aa"
} | bio_0722 | multiple_choice | en | Which genotype is heterozygous? | [
"Eliminate identical pairs.",
"Spot mixed alleles.",
"Choose Aa."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Heterozygous is Aa.
Steps:
1. Eliminate identical pairs.
2. Spot mixed alleles.
3. Choose Aa.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(A) Monotremes; platypuses and echidnas lay eggs yet nurse their young with milk. | {
"A": "Monotremes",
"B": "Marsupials",
"C": "Placentals",
"D": "Reptiles"
} | bio_0723 | multiple_choice | en | Which mammals lay eggs but feed milk? | [
"Eliminate pouch bearers.",
"Eliminate live bearers.",
"Choose monotremes."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Monotremes do both.
Steps:
1. Eliminate pouch bearers.
2. Eliminate live bearers.
3. Choose monotremes.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Hawk; hawks eat frogs and rodents, feeding at the third consumer level. | {
"A": "Grass",
"B": "Rabbit",
"C": "Hawk",
"D": "Grasshopper"
} | bio_0724 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a tertiary consumer? | [
"Eliminate producers.",
"Eliminate lower consumers.",
"Choose hawk."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Hawks hunt high.
Steps:
1. Eliminate producers.
2. Eliminate lower consumers.
3. Choose hawk.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(A) Ze čtyř; dvě síně a dvě komory pumpují odděleně plicní a tělní krev. | {
"A": "Ze čtyř",
"B": "Ze dvou",
"C": "Ze tří",
"D": "Z pěti"
} | bio_0725 | multiple_choice | cs | Z kolika oddílů se skládá lidské srdce? | [
"Vylučte jednoduché pumpy.",
"Sečtěte síně a komory.",
"Zvolte čtyři."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Srdce má čtyři oddíly.
Steps:
1. Vylučte jednoduché pumpy.
2. Sečtěte síně a komory.
3. Zvolte čtyři.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Calcium; calcium phosphate mineralizes bones and teeth. | {
"A": "Iron",
"B": "Sodium",
"C": "Calcium",
"D": "Potassium"
} | bio_0726 | multiple_choice | en | Which mineral hardens bones and teeth? | [
"Eliminate blood mineral.",
"Eliminate nerve salts.",
"Choose calcium."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Calcium hardens skeletons.
Steps:
1. Eliminate blood mineral.
2. Eliminate nerve salts.
3. Choose calcium.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
20 sperm fit in one millimeter; 1000 micrometers divided by 50 gives the count. | null | bio_0727 | worked_example | en | A sperm cell is 50 µm long. How many fit end to end in 1 mm? | [
"Convert 1 mm = 1000 µm.",
"Divide 1000 / 50 = 20.",
"Recompute: 20 x 50 = 1000."
] | biology | Answer: 20 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 1 mm = 1000 µm.
2. Divide 1000 / 50 = 20.
3. Recompute: 20 x 50 = 1000. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/4, i.e. 25 percent; the Ii x Ii square yields one ii in four. | null | bio_0728 | worked_example | en | For the cross Ii x Ii, calculate the probability of ii offspring. | [
"List square: II, Ii, Ii, ii.",
"Count ii: 1 of 4.",
"Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, i.e. 25 percent.
Steps:
1. List square: II, Ii, Ii, ii.
2. Count ii: 1 of 4.
3. Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1. | genetics |
q equals 0.4, p equals 0.6, and carriers equal 48 percent; the square root of 0.16 gives q. | null | bio_0729 | worked_example | en | In a squirrel population, 16 percent show a recessive trait. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate q, p, and the carrier frequency. | [
"q = sqrt(0.16) = 0.4.",
"p = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6.",
"2pq = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48.",
"Recompute: 0.36+0.16+0.48=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: q=0.4, p=0.6, carriers=48%.
Steps:
1. q = sqrt(0.16) = 0.4.
2. p = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6.
3. 2pq = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48.
4. Recompute: 0.36+0.16+0.48=1.0. | evolution |
V parku roste asi 720 dubů; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0730 | worked_example | cs | Park má 6 hektarů a hustota je 120 dubů na hektar. Vypočítejte počet dubů. | [
"Vynásobte 6 x 120 = 720.",
"Přepočítejte: 720 / 6 = 120.",
"Uveďte asi 720 dubů."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 720 dubů.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 6 x 120 = 720.
2. Přepočítejte: 720 / 6 = 120.
3. Uveďte asi 720 dubů. | ecology |
5 billion red cells per mL; 5 million per microliter times 1000 gives the milliliter count. | null | bio_0731 | worked_example | en | Blood holds 5 million red cells per microliter. Calculate red cells per milliliter. | [
"Note 1 mL = 1000 µL.",
"Multiply 5e6 x 1000 = 5e9.",
"Report 5 billion per mL.",
"Recompute: 5e9 / 1000 = 5e6."
] | biology | Answer: 5 billion per mL.
Steps:
1. Note 1 mL = 1000 µL.
2. Multiply 5e6 x 1000 = 5e9.
3. Report 5 billion per mL.
4. Recompute: 5e9 / 1000 = 5e6. | physiology |
Iron sits at hemoglobin's core and grips oxygen in the lungs, which is why iron shortage causes pale, tiring anemia. | null | bio_0732 | concept | en | Explain the role of iron in hemoglobin. | [
"Seat iron centrally.",
"Grip oxygen with it.",
"Tire bodies without it."
] | biology | Answer: Iron grips blood oxygen.
Steps:
1. Seat iron centrally.
2. Grip oxygen with it.
3. Tire bodies without it. | biochemistry |
Homologous pairs synapse and cross over in prophase I, align as pairs in metaphase I, then part in anaphase I, halving the chromosome set. | null | bio_0733 | concept | en | Describe the phases of meiosis I. | [
"Pair and cross homologs.",
"Align pairs centrally.",
"Part them in anaphase."
] | biology | Answer: Meiosis I halves homolog pairs.
Steps:
1. Pair and cross homologs.
2. Align pairs centrally.
3. Part them in anaphase. | cell_biology |
Allele frequency counts gene copies in the pool while genotype frequency counts individuals carrying each combination, linked by Hardy-Weinberg math. | null | bio_0734 | concept | en | Distinguish allele frequency from genotype frequency. | [
"Count copies in pool.",
"Count carriers of combos.",
"Link them by Hardy-Weinberg."
] | biology | Answer: Copies differ from carriers.
Steps:
1. Count copies in pool.
2. Count carriers of combos.
3. Link them by Hardy-Weinberg. | genetics |
Divergence je rozcházení znaků příbuzných druhů: ze společného předka vznikají různé formy, například zobáky pěnkav. | null | bio_0735 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to divergence druhů. | [
"Definujte rozcházení znaků.",
"Vyjděte ze společného předka.",
"Ukažte zobáky pěnkav."
] | biology | Answer: Divergence větví příbuzné druhy.
Steps:
1. Definujte rozcházení znaků.
2. Vyjděte ze společného předka.
3. Ukažte zobáky pěnkav. | evolution |
Oaks and beeches leaf through warm summers and drop leaves for cold winters, cycling rich soils that feed deer, bears, and songbirds. | null | bio_0736 | concept | en | Describe the temperate deciduous forest biome. | [
"Leaf summers, bare winters.",
"Cycle rich soils.",
"Feed deer and songbirds."
] | biology | Answer: Deciduous forests breathe seasons.
Steps:
1. Leaf summers, bare winters.
2. Cycle rich soils.
3. Feed deer and songbirds. | ecology |
The spleen filters aging red cells, recovers their iron, and mounts immune responses, which is why its loss raises infection risk. | null | bio_0737 | concept | en | Explain the spleen's role in blood recycling. | [
"Filter aging red cells.",
"Recover iron.",
"Guard against infection."
] | biology | Answer: The spleen recycles red cells.
Steps:
1. Filter aging red cells.
2. Recover iron.
3. Guard against infection. | physiology |
Three fatty acids esterified to glycerol form triglycerides, the compact energy stores packed into fat cells. | null | bio_0738 | concept | en | Describe the structure of triglycerides. | [
"Take one glycerol.",
"Attach three fatty acids.",
"Pack into fat cells."
] | biology | Answer: Triglycerides triple fats on glycerol.
Steps:
1. Take one glycerol.
2. Attach three fatty acids.
3. Pack into fat cells. | biochemistry |
Meiosis II splits sister chromatids in two cells at once, turning the two haploid products of meiosis I into four gametes. | null | bio_0739 | concept | en | Describe the phases of meiosis II. | [
"Align chromatids doubly.",
"Split sisters apart.",
"Yield four gametes."
] | biology | Answer: Meiosis II splits sisters twice over.
Steps:
1. Align chromatids doubly.
2. Split sisters apart.
3. Yield four gametes. | cell_biology |
Alela je jedna z variant genu; každý člověk nese pro každý gen dvě alely, po jedné od každého rodiče. | null | bio_0740 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to alela. | [
"Definujte variantu genu.",
"Neste dvě kopie.",
"Zděděte po jedné."
] | biology | Answer: Alela je varianta genu.
Steps:
1. Definujte variantu genu.
2. Neste dvě kopie.
3. Zděděte po jedné. | genetics |
(D) Permian; the Permian extinction wiped out about 90 percent of marine species 250 million years ago. | {
"A": "Cretaceous",
"B": "Triassic",
"C": "Devonian",
"D": "Permian"
} | bio_0741 | multiple_choice | en | Which was the largest mass extinction? | [
"Eliminate dinosaur-ending.",
"Spot 90 percent loss.",
"Choose Permian."
] | biology | Answer: (D) The Permian died most.
Steps:
1. Eliminate dinosaur-ending.
2. Spot 90 percent loss.
3. Choose Permian.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(B) Commensalism; one species gains shelter or transport while the other is unaffected. | {
"A": "Parasitism",
"B": "Commensalism",
"C": "Mutualism",
"D": "Competition"
} | bio_0742 | multiple_choice | en | Which relationship benefits one species and harms neither? | [
"Eliminate harming pairs.",
"Eliminate double gain.",
"Choose commensalism."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Commensals ride free.
Steps:
1. Eliminate harming pairs.
2. Eliminate double gain.
3. Choose commensalism.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
(A) Right atrium; body veins empty deoxygenated blood into the right atrium. | {
"A": "Right atrium",
"B": "Left atrium",
"C": "Right ventricle",
"D": "Left ventricle"
} | bio_0743 | multiple_choice | en | Which chamber receives blood from the body? | [
"Eliminate lung side.",
"Eliminate pumping chambers.",
"Choose right atrium."
] | biology | Answer: (A) The right atrium collects body blood.
Steps:
1. Eliminate lung side.
2. Eliminate pumping chambers.
3. Choose right atrium.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(D) Iodine; iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch. | {
"A": "Benedict's",
"B": "Biuret",
"C": "Sudan III",
"D": "Iodine"
} | bio_0744 | multiple_choice | en | Which test detects starch? | [
"Eliminate sugar test.",
"Eliminate protein and fat tests.",
"Choose iodine."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Iodine blacks starch.
Steps:
1. Eliminate sugar test.
2. Eliminate protein and fat tests.
3. Choose iodine.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
(C) Dvě; mitóza rozdělí buňku na dvě stejné dceřiné buňky. | {
"A": "Jedna",
"B": "Čtyři",
"C": "Dvě",
"D": "Osm"
} | bio_0745 | multiple_choice | cs | Kolik dceřiných buněk vzniká mitózou? | [
"Vylučte meiotické čtyři.",
"Přiřaďte dvojici.",
"Zvolte dvě."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Mitózou vzniknou dvě.
Steps:
1. Vylučte meiotické čtyři.
2. Přiřaďte dvojici.
3. Zvolte dvě.
Answer: (C) | cell_biology |
(A) Two different alleles; heterozygotes pair unlike alleles such as Aa. | {
"A": "Two different alleles",
"B": "Two identical dominant alleles",
"C": "Two identical recessive alleles",
"D": "One allele only"
} | bio_0746 | multiple_choice | en | Which alleles does a heterozygote carry? | [
"Eliminate identical pairs.",
"Eliminate single copies.",
"Choose two different."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Heterozygotes mix alleles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate identical pairs.
2. Eliminate single copies.
3. Choose two different.
Answer: (A) | genetics |
About 17,190 years old; 12.5 percent remaining means three half-lives of 5730 years passed. | null | bio_0747 | worked_example | en | Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years. A bone holds 12.5 percent of its original carbon-14. Estimate its age. | [
"Note 12.5 percent = (1/2)^3.",
"Count 3 half-lives.",
"Multiply 3 x 5730 = 17190 years.",
"Recompute: (1/2)^3 = 0.125."
] | biology | Answer: About 17,190 years old.
Steps:
1. Note 12.5 percent = (1/2)^3.
2. Count 3 half-lives.
3. Multiply 3 x 5730 = 17190 years.
4. Recompute: (1/2)^3 = 0.125. | evolution |
600 chicks hatch; 300 pairs times 2 chicks each gives the brood. | null | bio_0748 | worked_example | en | A colony of 300 bird pairs raises 2 chicks per pair. Calculate the chicks. | [
"Multiply 300 x 2 = 600.",
"Recompute: 600 / 300 = 2.",
"Report 600 chicks."
] | biology | Answer: 600 chicks.
Steps:
1. Multiply 300 x 2 = 600.
2. Recompute: 600 / 300 = 2.
3. Report 600 chicks. | ecology |
72 liters pass through; 300 mL per minute over 240 minutes gives the session volume. | null | bio_0749 | worked_example | en | Dialysis runs blood at 300 mL per minute for 4 hours. Calculate the volume processed in liters. | [
"Convert 4 h = 240 min.",
"Multiply 300 x 240 = 72000 mL.",
"Convert to 72 L.",
"Recompute: 72 x 1000 / 240 = 300."
] | biology | Answer: 72 L.
Steps:
1. Convert 4 h = 240 min.
2. Multiply 300 x 240 = 72000 mL.
3. Convert to 72 L.
4. Recompute: 72 x 1000 / 240 = 300. | physiology |
60 g/L; 12 gramů ve dvou decilitrech dá šedesátinásobek na litr. | null | bio_0750 | worked_example | cs | Džus obsahuje 12 g cukru ve 200 mL. Vypočítejte koncentraci v gramech na litr. | [
"Převeďte 200 mL = 0,2 L.",
"Vydělte 12 / 0,2 = 60.",
"Uveďte 60 g/L.",
"Přepočítejte: 60 x 0,2 = 12."
] | biology | Answer: 60 g/L.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 200 mL = 0,2 L.
2. Vydělte 12 / 0,2 = 60.
3. Uveďte 60 g/L.
4. Přepočítejte: 60 x 0,2 = 12. | biochemistry |
640 cells after 2 hours; four doublings multiply the 40 founders sixteen-fold. | null | bio_0751 | worked_example | en | Bacteria double every 30 minutes. Starting from 40 cells, how many are present after 2 hours? | [
"Convert 2 hours = 120 minutes.",
"Count doublings: 120/30 = 4.",
"Compute 40 x 2^4 = 40 x 16 = 640.",
"Recompute: 640/40 = 16 = 2^4."
] | biology | Answer: 640 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 2 hours = 120 minutes.
2. Count doublings: 120/30 = 4.
3. Compute 40 x 2^4 = 40 x 16 = 640.
4. Recompute: 640/40 = 16 = 2^4. | cell_biology |
Mating relatives pairs hidden recessive mutations, so rare disorders surface far more often in inbred families and populations. | null | bio_0752 | concept | en | Explain why inbreeding increases genetic disorders. | [
"Share hidden recessives.",
"Pair them by mating.",
"Surface rare disorders."
] | biology | Answer: Inbreeding doubles hidden harm.
Steps:
1. Share hidden recessives.
2. Pair them by mating.
3. Surface rare disorders. | genetics |
Upright walking freed hands for tools, lifted eyes over grass, and cooled big brains, repaid with backaches and hard childbirths. | null | bio_0753 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of bipedalism in humans. | [
"Free hands for tools.",
"See over tall grass.",
"Pay with backs and births."
] | biology | Answer: Walking upright freed hands, cost backs.
Steps:
1. Free hands for tools.
2. See over tall grass.
3. Pay with backs and births. | evolution |
Hot dry summers and winter rains grow tough evergreen scrub that burns fiercely and resprouts fast, from California to the Mediterranean. | null | bio_0754 | concept | en | Describe the chaparral biome. | [
"Summer hot and dry.",
"Winter wet and mild.",
"Burn scrub, resprout fast."
] | biology | Answer: Chaparral burns and rebounds.
Steps:
1. Summer hot and dry.
2. Winter wet and mild.
3. Burn scrub, resprout fast. | ecology |
Při nádechu bránice klesne a žebra se zvednou, plíce se roztáhnou a vzduch vnikne dovnitř; výdech je povětšinou pasivní uvolnění. | null | bio_0755 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete mechanismus nádechu a výdechu. | [
"Stáhněte bránici dolů.",
"Roztáhněte plíce vzduchem.",
"Uvolněte výdech pasivně."
] | biology | Answer: Nádech pumpuje bránice, výdech povolí.
Steps:
1. Stáhněte bránici dolů.
2. Roztáhněte plíce vzduchem.
3. Uvolněte výdech pasivně. | physiology |
Potassium rushing out of neurons resets each impulse, so the sodium-potassium cycle keeps thoughts and heartbeats firing in rhythm. | null | bio_0756 | concept | en | Explain the role of potassium in nerve impulses. | [
"Flood sodium inward.",
"Rush potassium outward.",
"Reset nerves to fire."
] | biology | Answer: Potassium resets fired nerves.
Steps:
1. Flood sodium inward.
2. Rush potassium outward.
3. Reset nerves to fire. | biochemistry |
Pore complexes stud the nuclear envelope and ferry RNA out and proteins in, gating the genome's traffic with selective channels. | null | bio_0757 | concept | en | Explain nuclear pores and nucleocytoplasmic transport. | [
"Stud envelope with pores.",
"Ferry RNA outward.",
"Admit proteins inward."
] | biology | Answer: Nuclear pores gate genome traffic.
Steps:
1. Stud envelope with pores.
2. Ferry RNA outward.
3. Admit proteins inward. | cell_biology |
Expanding CGG repeats silence the FMR1 gene and cause intellectual disability that worsens as repeats grow across generations. | null | bio_0758 | concept | en | Explain fragile X syndrome and repeat expansion. | [
"Expand CGG repeats.",
"Silence FMR1.",
"Worsen down generations."
] | biology | Answer: Repeats swell fragile X worse.
Steps:
1. Expand CGG repeats.
2. Silence FMR1.
3. Worsen down generations. | genetics |
Internal furnaces let mammals and birds stay active in cold nights and seas, bought with appetites ten times a reptile's size. | null | bio_0759 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of endothermy. | [
"Burn food internally.",
"Stay active in cold.",
"Pay with huge appetites."
] | biology | Answer: Warm blood costs big meals.
Steps:
1. Burn food internally.
2. Stay active in cold.
3. Pay with huge appetites. | evolution |
Býložravci jedí rostliny, masožravci maso a všežravci obojí; chrup a střeva každého odpovídají jeho potravě. | null | bio_0760 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete rozdíl mezi býložravcem, masožravcem a všežravcem. | [
"Definujte tři typy potravy.",
"Přiřaďte příklady.",
"Ukažte přizpůsobení chrupu."
] | biology | Answer: Potrava dělí strávníky na tři.
Steps:
1. Definujte tři typy potravy.
2. Přiřaďte příklady.
3. Ukažte přizpůsobení chrupu. | ecology |
(A) Pulmonary vein; veins from the lungs carry freshly oxygenated blood to the left atrium. | {
"A": "Pulmonary vein",
"B": "Pulmonary artery",
"C": "Vena cava",
"D": "Coronary sinus"
} | bio_0761 | multiple_choice | en | Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs? | [
"Eliminate body veins.",
"Eliminate lung arteries.",
"Choose pulmonary vein."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Pulmonary veins return fresh blood.
Steps:
1. Eliminate body veins.
2. Eliminate lung arteries.
3. Choose pulmonary vein.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Glycosidic; glycosidic bonds chain glucose into starch, glycogen, and cellulose. | {
"A": "Peptide",
"B": "Hydrogen",
"C": "Glycosidic",
"D": "Ionic"
} | bio_0762 | multiple_choice | en | Which bonds link glucose units in starch? | [
"Eliminate protein links.",
"Eliminate weak attractions.",
"Choose glycosidic."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Glycosidic bonds chain sugars.
Steps:
1. Eliminate protein links.
2. Eliminate weak attractions.
3. Choose glycosidic.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(B) Lysosome; lysosomes stock acid hydrolases that digest debris and invaders. | {
"A": "Ribosome",
"B": "Lysosome",
"C": "Nucleolus",
"D": "Centriole"
} | bio_0763 | multiple_choice | en | Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? | [
"Eliminate builders.",
"Spot acid sacs.",
"Choose lysosome."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Lysosomes stock digesters.
Steps:
1. Eliminate builders.
2. Spot acid sacs.
3. Choose lysosome.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) 23; the haploid egg carries one set of 23 chromosomes. | {
"A": "46",
"B": "92",
"C": "44",
"D": "23"
} | bio_0764 | multiple_choice | en | How many chromosomes are in a human egg? | [
"Eliminate diploid counts.",
"Halve to haploid.",
"Choose 23."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Eggs carry 23.
Steps:
1. Eliminate diploid counts.
2. Halve to haploid.
3. Choose 23.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(D) Klokan; mláďata vačnatců dospívají ve vaku po krátké březosti. | {
"A": "Netopýr",
"B": "Ježek",
"C": "Rejsek",
"D": "Klokan"
} | bio_0765 | multiple_choice | cs | Který živočich je vačnatec? | [
"Vylučte placentály.",
"Přiřaďte vak klokanovi.",
"Zvolte klokana."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Vačnatcem je klokan.
Steps:
1. Vylučte placentály.
2. Přiřaďte vak klokanovi.
3. Zvolte klokana.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(A) Fungi; fungal hyphae digest fallen leaves into soil nutrients. | {
"A": "Fungi",
"B": "Grass",
"C": "Rabbit",
"D": "Sparrow"
} | bio_0766 | multiple_choice | en | Which organism breaks down dead leaves? | [
"Eliminate producers.",
"Eliminate consumers.",
"Choose fungi."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Fungi rot leaves.
Steps:
1. Eliminate producers.
2. Eliminate consumers.
3. Choose fungi.
Answer: (A) | ecology |
About 2.9 billion beats; 70 per minute sustained for 80 years sums a lifetime of pulses. | null | bio_0767 | worked_example | en | A heart beats 70 times per minute for 80 years. Estimate lifetime beats. | [
"Per hour: 70 x 60 = 4200.",
"Per day: 4200 x 24 = 100800.",
"Per year: 100800 x 365 = 36792000.",
"Lifetime: 36792000 x 80 = 2943360000.",
"Report about 2.9 billion."
] | biology | Answer: About 2.9 billion beats.
Steps:
1. Per hour: 70 x 60 = 4200.
2. Per day: 4200 x 24 = 100800.
3. Per year: 100800 x 365 = 36792000.
4. Lifetime: 36792000 x 80 = 2943360000.
5. Report about 2.9 billion. | physiology |
64 kcal; 20 grams at 80 percent sugar give 16 grams times 4 kcal each. | null | bio_0768 | worked_example | en | Honey is 80 percent sugar. Calculate the energy of 20 g of honey in kcal (sugar 4 kcal per gram). | [
"Sugar: 20 x 0.8 = 16 g.",
"Energy: 16 x 4 = 64 kcal.",
"Recompute: 64 / 4 / 20 = 0.8."
] | biology | Answer: 64 kcal.
Steps:
1. Sugar: 20 x 0.8 = 16 g.
2. Energy: 16 x 4 = 64 kcal.
3. Recompute: 64 / 4 / 20 = 0.8. | biochemistry |
400 cells span the petal; 2 cm holds 20,000 µm divided by 50 µm cells. | null | bio_0769 | worked_example | en | Petal cells are 50 µm wide and the petal is 2 cm wide. How many cells span it? | [
"Convert 2 cm = 20000 µm.",
"Divide 20000 / 50 = 400.",
"Recompute: 400 x 50 = 20000."
] | biology | Answer: 400 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 2 cm = 20000 µm.
2. Divide 20000 / 50 = 400.
3. Recompute: 400 x 50 = 20000. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/4, tedy 25 procent; čtverec Jj x Jj dá jedno JJ ze čtyř. | null | bio_0770 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Jj x Jj vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem JJ. | [
"Sestavte čtverec: JJ, Jj, Jj, jj.",
"Spočítejte JJ: 1 ze 4.",
"Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, tedy 25 procent.
Steps:
1. Sestavte čtverec: JJ, Jj, Jj, jj.
2. Spočítejte JJ: 1 ze 4.
3. Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1. | genetics |
The AA frequency is 0.04, i.e. 4 percent; p squared with p=0.2 gives the dominant share. | null | bio_0771 | worked_example | en | Allele frequencies are p=0.2 and q=0.8 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculate the AA genotype frequency. | [
"Square p: 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04.",
"Convert to 4 percent.",
"Recompute: 0.04+0.64+0.32=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: 0.04, i.e. 4 percent.
Steps:
1. Square p: 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04.
2. Convert to 4 percent.
3. Recompute: 0.04+0.64+0.32=1.0. | evolution |
Salt-tolerant trees root coasts in stilt arches that shelter fish nurseries and blunt storm waves. | null | bio_0772 | concept | en | Explain mangrove ecosystems and their value. | [
"Root coasts on stilts.",
"Nurse fish in arches.",
"Blunt storms with trunks."
] | biology | Answer: Mangroves nurse coasts.
Steps:
1. Root coasts on stilts.
2. Nurse fish in arches.
3. Blunt storms with trunks. | ecology |
The gut absorbs iron with vitamin C's help and rations it into hemoglobin, so shortage starves blood of oxygen carriers. | null | bio_0773 | concept | en | Explain iron absorption and why it matters. | [
"Absorb iron with vitamin C.",
"Build hemoglobin from it.",
"Starve blood when short."
] | biology | Answer: Guts mine iron for blood.
Steps:
1. Absorb iron with vitamin C.
2. Build hemoglobin from it.
3. Starve blood when short. | physiology |
Antioxidants donate electrons to roaming free radicals, defusing chain reactions that would shred DNA and membranes. | null | bio_0774 | concept | en | Explain antioxidants and free radicals. | [
"Roam radicals unpaired.",
"Donate calming electrons.",
"Defuse shredding chains."
] | biology | Answer: Antioxidants calm wild radicals.
Steps:
1. Roam radicals unpaired.
2. Donate calming electrons.
3. Defuse shredding chains. | biochemistry |
Golgiho aparát upravuje, třídí a balí bílkoviny do váčků; funguje jako pošta mezi retikulem, membránou a okolím buňky. | null | bio_0775 | concept | cs | Popište Golgiho aparát a jeho funkci. | [
"Upravte bílkoviny.",
"Roztřiďte je do váčků.",
"Rozpošlete je dál."
] | biology | Answer: Golgiho aparát je buněčná pošta.
Steps:
1. Upravte bílkoviny.
2. Roztřiďte je do váčků.
3. Rozpošlete je dál. | cell_biology |
One expanded huntingtin copy poisons brain cells in midlife, striking half the children of every affected parent. | null | bio_0776 | concept | en | Explain Huntington's disease and its inheritance. | [
"Expand one huntingtin copy.",
"Poison brain cells.",
"Strike half the children."
] | biology | Answer: Huntington's hits dominant halves.
Steps:
1. Expand one huntingtin copy.
2. Poison brain cells.
3. Strike half the children. | genetics |
Insect wings likely grew from gill flaps or body lobes, letting the first fliers escape predators and find mates 300 million years ago. | null | bio_0777 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of flight in insects. | [
"Grow wings from flaps.",
"Escape early predators.",
"Fly 300 Mya first."
] | biology | Answer: Insects flew first, from flaps.
Steps:
1. Grow wings from flaps.
2. Escape early predators.
3. Fly 300 Mya first. | evolution |
Seas absorb CO2 and turn more acidic, thinning shells and skeletons that oysters and corals struggle to build. | null | bio_0778 | concept | en | Explain ocean acidification. | [
"Absorb CO2 at sea.",
"Acidify shell waters.",
"Thin skeletons built."
] | biology | Answer: CO2 sours shell seas.
Steps:
1. Absorb CO2 at sea.
2. Acidify shell waters.
3. Thin skeletons built. | ecology |
The epiglottis flips down with each swallow to cap the windpipe, routing food to the esophagus instead of the lungs. | null | bio_0779 | concept | en | Explain the epiglottis in swallowing. | [
"Swallow food downward.",
"Flip lid on windpipe.",
"Route food to gut."
] | biology | Answer: The epiglottis lids the airway.
Steps:
1. Swallow food downward.
2. Flip lid on windpipe.
3. Route food to gut. | physiology |
Vitamíny jsou organické látky potřebné v malých dávkách; například C chrání před kurdějemi a D před křivicí. | null | bio_0780 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to vitamíny. | [
"Definujte organické pomocníky.",
"Uveďte vitamín C.",
"Uveďte vitamín D."
] | biology | Answer: Vitamíny chrání v miligramech.
Steps:
1. Definujte organické pomocníky.
2. Uveďte vitamín C.
3. Uveďte vitamín D. | biochemistry |
(C) Anaphase; spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles in anaphase. | {
"A": "Prophase",
"B": "Metaphase",
"C": "Anaphase",
"D": "Telophase"
} | bio_0781 | multiple_choice | en | Which phase of mitosis pulls chromatids apart? | [
"Eliminate condensing phase.",
"Eliminate aligning phase.",
"Choose anaphase."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Anaphase parts chromatids.
Steps:
1. Eliminate condensing phase.
2. Eliminate aligning phase.
3. Choose anaphase.
Answer: (C) | cell_biology |
(A) mRNA; messenger RNA ferries the copied code from nucleus to ribosome. | {
"A": "mRNA",
"B": "tRNA",
"C": "rRNA",
"D": "siRNA"
} | bio_0782 | multiple_choice | en | Which RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes? | [
"Eliminate amino acid carriers.",
"Eliminate ribosome builders.",
"Choose mRNA."
] | biology | Answer: (A) mRNA ferries code.
Steps:
1. Eliminate amino acid carriers.
2. Eliminate ribosome builders.
3. Choose mRNA.
Answer: (A) | genetics |
(D) Humans; only humans walk upright habitually among living primates. | {
"A": "Gorillas",
"B": "Chimpanzees",
"C": "Orangutans",
"D": "Humans"
} | bio_0783 | multiple_choice | en | Which primates walk upright habitually? | [
"Eliminate knuckle walkers.",
"Eliminate tree swingers.",
"Choose humans."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Humans stride upright.
Steps:
1. Eliminate knuckle walkers.
2. Eliminate tree swingers.
3. Choose humans.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(B) Oxygen; photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct of splitting water. | {
"A": "Carbon dioxide",
"B": "Oxygen",
"C": "Nitrogen",
"D": "Methane"
} | bio_0784 | multiple_choice | en | Which gas do plants release in photosynthesis? | [
"Eliminate absorbed gases.",
"Spot splitting byproduct.",
"Choose oxygen."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Plants exhale oxygen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate absorbed gases.
2. Spot splitting byproduct.
3. Choose oxygen.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
(B) Ledviny; filtrují odpad z krve a tvoří moč. | {
"A": "Srdce",
"B": "Ledviny",
"C": "Žaludek",
"D": "Kůže"
} | bio_0785 | multiple_choice | cs | Který orgán čistí krev od odpadních látek? | [
"Vylučte pumpu a trávení.",
"Přiřaďte filtraci ledvinám.",
"Zvolte ledviny."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Krev čistí ledviny.
Steps:
1. Vylučte pumpu a trávení.
2. Přiřaďte filtraci ledvinám.
3. Zvolte ledviny.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) Nitrogen; amino groups give proteins nitrogen that carbohydrates lack. | {
"A": "Carbon",
"B": "Hydrogen",
"C": "Oxygen",
"D": "Nitrogen"
} | bio_0786 | multiple_choice | en | Which element do proteins contain that carbohydrates lack? | [
"Eliminate shared atoms.",
"Spot amino nitrogen.",
"Choose nitrogen."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Proteins add nitrogen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate shared atoms.
2. Spot amino nitrogen.
3. Choose nitrogen.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
50 cells span 3 mm; 3000 micrometers divided by 60 gives the count. | null | bio_0787 | worked_example | en | Cheek cells are 60 µm wide. How many span 3 mm? | [
"Convert 3 mm = 3000 µm.",
"Divide 3000 / 60 = 50.",
"Recompute: 50 x 60 = 3000."
] | biology | Answer: 50 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 3 mm = 3000 µm.
2. Divide 3000 / 60 = 50.
3. Recompute: 50 x 60 = 3000. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/2, i.e. 50 percent; Kk x kk yields Kk and kk equally. | null | bio_0788 | worked_example | en | For the cross Kk x kk, calculate the probability of Kk offspring. | [
"List offspring: Kk or kk.",
"Note equal 1/2 chances.",
"Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, i.e. 50 percent.
Steps:
1. List offspring: Kk or kk.
2. Note equal 1/2 chances.
3. Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
q equals 0.7, p equals 0.3, and carriers equal 42 percent; the square root of 0.49 gives q. | null | bio_0789 | worked_example | en | In a rabbit population, 49 percent show a recessive trait. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate q, p, and the carrier frequency. | [
"q = sqrt(0.49) = 0.7.",
"p = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3.",
"2pq = 2 x 0.3 x 0.7 = 0.42.",
"Recompute: 0.09+0.49+0.42=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: q=0.7, p=0.3, carriers=42%.
Steps:
1. q = sqrt(0.49) = 0.7.
2. p = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3.
3. 2pq = 2 x 0.3 x 0.7 = 0.42.
4. Recompute: 0.09+0.49+0.42=1.0. | evolution |
V sadu roste asi 1200 jabloní; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0790 | worked_example | cs | Sad má 8 hektarů a hustota je 150 jabloní na hektar. Vypočítejte počet jabloní. | [
"Vynásobte 8 x 150 = 1200.",
"Přepočítejte: 1200 / 8 = 150.",
"Uveďte asi 1200 jabloní."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 1200 jabloní.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 8 x 150 = 1200.
2. Přepočítejte: 1200 / 8 = 150.
3. Uveďte asi 1200 jabloní. | ecology |
730 mL per year; 1 mL per eye each day over 365 days sums tear flow. | null | bio_0791 | worked_example | en | Each eye makes 1 mL of tears per day. Calculate yearly tear volume for both eyes. | [
"Daily both: 1 x 2 = 2 mL.",
"Yearly: 2 x 365 = 730 mL.",
"Recompute: 730 / 365 / 2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 730 mL per year.
Steps:
1. Daily both: 1 x 2 = 2 mL.
2. Yearly: 2 x 365 = 730 mL.
3. Recompute: 730 / 365 / 2 = 1. | physiology |
Zinc sits inside enzymes like carbonic anhydrase and DNA polymerase, steadying their shapes so CO2 and genes process fast. | null | bio_0792 | concept | en | Explain the role of zinc in enzymes. | [
"Seat zinc in enzymes.",
"Steady catalytic shapes.",
"Speed CO2 and genes."
] | biology | Answer: Zinc steadies key enzymes.
Steps:
1. Seat zinc in enzymes.
2. Steady catalytic shapes.
3. Speed CO2 and genes. | biochemistry |
Unattached kinetochores broadcast a wait signal that stalls anaphase until every chromosome grips the spindle correctly, preventing missegregation. | null | bio_0793 | concept | en | Explain the spindle assembly checkpoint. | [
"Sense loose kinetochores.",
"Broadcast wait signal.",
"Release anaphase when set."
] | biology | Answer: Cells wait for full spindle grip.
Steps:
1. Sense loose kinetochores.
2. Broadcast wait signal.
3. Release anaphase when set. | cell_biology |
When chromosome 21 fuses to another chromosome, carriers pass Down syndrome to children at high rates unlike random nondisjunction cases. | null | bio_0794 | concept | en | Explain translocation Down syndrome. | [
"Fuse 21 to another.",
"Carry three copies hidden.",
"Risk high inheritance."
] | biology | Answer: Fused chromosomes hide triple 21.
Steps:
1. Fuse 21 to another.
2. Carry three copies hidden.
3. Risk high inheritance. | genetics |
Konvergence znamená, že nepříbuzné druhy vyvinou podobné znaky, například křídla ptáků a netopýrů, protože čelí stejným výzvám. | null | bio_0795 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to konvergence v evoluci. | [
"Definujte podobnost nepříbuzných.",
"Uveďte křídla ptáků a netopýrů.",
"Vysvětlete stejné výzvy."
] | biology | Answer: Konvergence tvaruje podobné z různého.
Steps:
1. Definujte podobnost nepříbuzných.
2. Uveďte křídla ptáků a netopýrů.
3. Vysvětlete stejné výzvy. | evolution |
Above treelines cushion plants and pikas endure thin air, fierce sun, and snow most of the year in a compressed, fragile world. | null | bio_0796 | concept | en | Describe the alpine biome. | [
"Rise above treelines.",
"Cushion plants low.",
"Endure thin fierce air."
] | biology | Answer: Alpine life hugs thin heights.
Steps:
1. Rise above treelines.
2. Cushion plants low.
3. Endure thin fierce air. | ecology |
The gallbladder stores and concentrates liver bile, then squirts it into the gut when fatty food arrives for emulsification. | null | bio_0797 | concept | en | Explain the gallbladder's function. | [
"Store liver bile.",
"Concentrate it waiting.",
"Squirt it on fats."
] | biology | Answer: The gallbladder doses bile on fats.
Steps:
1. Store liver bile.
2. Concentrate it waiting.
3. Squirt it on fats. | physiology |
Humans cannot make omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, so fish, nuts, and seeds must supply these membrane and brain building blocks. | null | bio_0798 | concept | en | Explain essential fatty acids and their sources. | [
"Define unmakeable fats.",
"Build brains with omegas.",
"Eat fish, nuts, seeds."
] | biology | Answer: Bodies import omega fats.
Steps:
1. Define unmakeable fats.
2. Build brains with omegas.
3. Eat fish, nuts, seeds. | biochemistry |
Sealing proteins stitch gut cells into leakproof sheets so nutrients pass through cells, not between them, into the blood. | null | bio_0799 | concept | en | Explain tight junctions in the gut lining. | [
"Stitch cells with seals.",
"Block leaks between.",
"Route food through cells."
] | biology | Answer: Tight junctions seal gut sheets.
Steps:
1. Stitch cells with seals.
2. Block leaks between.
3. Route food through cells. | cell_biology |
Gen je úsek DNA nesoucí předpis pro bílkovinu; různé varianty genu se nazývají alely. | null | bio_0800 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to gen. | [
"Definujte úsek DNA.",
"Uveďte předpis pro bílkovinu.",
"Nazvěte varianty alelami."
] | biology | Answer: Gen je předpis zapsaný v DNA.
Steps:
1. Definujte úsek DNA.
2. Uveďte předpis pro bílkovinu.
3. Nazvěte varianty alelami. | genetics |
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