answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(B) Centrosome; centrosomes organize the microtubules of spindle fibers. | {
"A": "Nucleolus",
"B": "Centrosome",
"C": "Lysosome",
"D": "Vacuole"
} | bio_0901 | multiple_choice | en | Which structure produces spindle fibers? | [
"Eliminate makers.",
"Spot microtubule organizers.",
"Choose centrosome."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Centrosomes spin spindles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate makers.
2. Spot microtubule organizers.
3. Choose centrosome.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) Meiosis; meiosis halves the chromosome set to form gametes. | {
"A": "Mitosis",
"B": "Binary fission",
"C": "Budding",
"D": "Meiosis"
} | bio_0902 | multiple_choice | en | Which process makes gametes? | [
"Eliminate identical copying.",
"Spot halving division.",
"Choose meiosis."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Meiosis makes gametes.
Steps:
1. Eliminate identical copying.
2. Spot halving division.
3. Choose meiosis.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(A) Primates; humans, apes, and monkeys belong to the primate order. | {
"A": "Primates",
"B": "Rodents",
"C": "Carnivores",
"D": "Marsupials"
} | bio_0903 | multiple_choice | en | Which group includes humans and apes? | [
"Eliminate gnawers.",
"Eliminate hunters and pouches.",
"Choose primates."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Humans are primates.
Steps:
1. Eliminate gnawers.
2. Eliminate hunters and pouches.
3. Choose primates.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Primary; primary succession colonizes lifeless rock from scratch. | {
"A": "Secondary",
"B": "Aquatic",
"C": "Primary",
"D": "Artificial"
} | bio_0904 | multiple_choice | en | Which succession starts on bare rock? | [
"Eliminate regrowth types.",
"Spot from-scratch start.",
"Choose primary."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Rock starts primary.
Steps:
1. Eliminate regrowth types.
2. Spot from-scratch start.
3. Choose primary.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(A) Čočka; mění tvar a zaostřuje paprsky na sítnici. | {
"A": "Čočka",
"B": "Sítnice",
"C": "Duhovka",
"D": "Zornice"
} | bio_0905 | multiple_choice | cs | Která část oka zaostřuje obraz? | [
"Vylučte čidlo a clonu.",
"Přiřaďte zaostření čočce.",
"Zvolte čočku."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Obraz ostří čočka.
Steps:
1. Vylučte čidlo a clonu.
2. Přiřaďte zaostření čočce.
3. Zvolte čočku.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Protein; enzymes are protein catalysts folded into precise shapes. | {
"A": "Carbohydrate",
"B": "Lipid",
"C": "Protein",
"D": "Nucleic acid"
} | bio_0906 | multiple_choice | en | Which macromolecule is an enzyme made of? | [
"Eliminate fuels.",
"Spot folded catalysts.",
"Choose protein."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Enzymes are protein.
Steps:
1. Eliminate fuels.
2. Spot folded catalysts.
3. Choose protein.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
100 pollen grains span 3 mm; 3000 micrometers divided by 30 gives the count. | null | bio_0907 | worked_example | en | Pollen grains are 30 µm wide. How many span 3 mm? | [
"Convert 3 mm = 3000 µm.",
"Divide 3000 / 30 = 100.",
"Recompute: 100 x 30 = 3000."
] | biology | Answer: 100 grains.
Steps:
1. Convert 3 mm = 3000 µm.
2. Divide 3000 / 30 = 100.
3. Recompute: 100 x 30 = 3000. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/4, i.e. 25 percent; the Oo x Oo square yields one OO in four. | null | bio_0908 | worked_example | en | For the cross Oo x Oo, calculate the probability of OO offspring. | [
"List square: OO, Oo, Oo, oo.",
"Count OO: 1 of 4.",
"Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, i.e. 25 percent.
Steps:
1. List square: OO, Oo, Oo, oo.
2. Count OO: 1 of 4.
3. Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1. | genetics |
q equals 0.1, p equals 0.9, and carriers equal 18 percent; the square root of 0.01 gives q. | null | bio_0909 | worked_example | en | In a deer population, 1 percent show a recessive trait. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate q, p, and the carrier frequency. | [
"q = sqrt(0.01) = 0.1.",
"p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9.",
"2pq = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18.",
"Recompute: 0.81+0.01+0.18=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: q=0.1, p=0.9, carriers=18%.
Steps:
1. q = sqrt(0.01) = 0.1.
2. p = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9.
3. 2pq = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18.
4. Recompute: 0.81+0.01+0.18=1.0. | evolution |
V lese žije asi 100 jelenů; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0910 | worked_example | cs | Les má 20 hektarů a hustota je 5 jelenů na hektar. Vypočítejte počet jelenů. | [
"Vynásobte 20 x 5 = 100.",
"Přepočítejte: 100 / 20 = 5.",
"Uveďte asi 100 jelenů."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 100 jelenů.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 20 x 5 = 100.
2. Přepočítejte: 100 / 20 = 5.
3. Uveďte asi 100 jelenů. | ecology |
350 mL reaches the alveoli per breath; tidal volume minus 150 mL dead space gives fresh air. | null | bio_0911 | worked_example | en | Tidal volume is 500 mL and dead space is 150 mL. Calculate alveolar air per breath. | [
"Subtract 500 - 150 = 350 mL.",
"Recompute: 350 + 150 = 500.",
"Report 350 mL."
] | biology | Answer: 350 mL.
Steps:
1. Subtract 500 - 150 = 350 mL.
2. Recompute: 350 + 150 = 500.
3. Report 350 mL. | physiology |
The thyroid builds hormones from iodine, so deficiency swells the gland into a goiter and slows metabolism. | null | bio_0912 | concept | en | Explain the role of iodine in thyroid hormones. | [
"Build hormones with iodine.",
"Swell gland without it.",
"Slow metabolism down."
] | biology | Answer: Iodine fuels thyroid hormones.
Steps:
1. Build hormones with iodine.
2. Swell gland without it.
3. Slow metabolism down. | biochemistry |
The APC tags securin and cyclins for destruction, unleashing separase to split chromatids and drive anaphase onward. | null | bio_0913 | concept | en | Explain the anaphase-promoting complex. | [
"Tag securin for death.",
"Unleash separase.",
"Split chromatids onward."
] | biology | Answer: The APC unlocks anaphase.
Steps:
1. Tag securin for death.
2. Unleash separase.
3. Split chromatids onward. | cell_biology |
A chromosome with two identical arms doubles some genes and deletes others, causing Turner-like or Pallister-Killian syndromes. | null | bio_0914 | concept | en | Explain isochromosomes. | [
"Mirror one arm twice.",
"Double some genes.",
"Delete the other arm."
] | biology | Answer: Isochromosomes mirror one arm.
Steps:
1. Mirror one arm twice.
2. Double some genes.
3. Delete the other arm. | genetics |
Před 66 miliony let planetka zatemněla oblohu, ochladila planetu a s ní padli všichni neptačí dinosauři. | null | bio_0915 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete vymírání dinosaurů. | [
"Popište dopad planetky.",
"Zatemněte a ochlaďte planetu.",
"Vyhubte neptačí dinosaury."
] | biology | Answer: Planetka ukončila éru dinosaurů.
Steps:
1. Popište dopad planetky.
2. Zatemněte a ochlaďte planetu.
3. Vyhubte neptačí dinosaury. | evolution |
Treeless grass seas feed saiga and horses through scorching summers and frozen winters on the Eurasian plains. | null | bio_0916 | concept | en | Describe the steppe biome. | [
"Grow grass seas treeless.",
"Scorch summers, freeze winters.",
"Feed saiga and horses."
] | biology | Answer: Steppes grass continental extremes.
Steps:
1. Grow grass seas treeless.
2. Scorch summers, freeze winters.
3. Feed saiga and horses. | ecology |
The pineal gland secretes melatonin after dark, timing sleep and seasonal rhythms to the light cycle. | null | bio_0917 | concept | en | Explain the pineal gland and melatonin. | [
"Sense darkness falling.",
"Secrete melatonin.",
"Time sleep and seasons."
] | biology | Answer: The pineal times night.
Steps:
1. Sense darkness falling.
2. Secrete melatonin.
3. Time sleep and seasons. | physiology |
Three protein chains twist into collagen's triple helix, the rope-like fiber strengthening skin, tendon, and bone. | null | bio_0918 | concept | en | Describe the structure of collagen. | [
"Twist three chains.",
"Wind triple helix.",
"Rope skin and tendon."
] | biology | Answer: Collagen ropes bodies strong.
Steps:
1. Twist three chains.
2. Wind triple helix.
3. Rope skin and tendon. | biochemistry |
Kinetochores grip spindle microtubules at each centromere and signal attachment, tugging chromosomes apart only when both sides hold. | null | bio_0919 | concept | en | Explain kinetochores and microtubule attachment. | [
"Grip microtubules centrally.",
"Signal attachment status.",
"Tug sisters apart."
] | biology | Answer: Kinetochores hitch chromosomes to spindles.
Steps:
1. Grip microtubules centrally.
2. Signal attachment status.
3. Tug sisters apart. | cell_biology |
Genotyp je soubor alel jedince, například Aa; spolu s prostředím určuje fenotyp. | null | bio_0920 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to genotyp. | [
"Definujte soubor alel.",
"Uveďte příklad Aa.",
"Spojte s fenotypem."
] | biology | Answer: Genotyp je sada alel.
Steps:
1. Definujte soubor alel.
2. Uveďte příklad Aa.
3. Spojte s fenotypem. | genetics |
(D) Asteroid impact; a 10 km asteroid struck 66 million years ago and ended the dinosaur reign. | {
"A": "Volcano alone",
"B": "Ice age",
"C": "Disease",
"D": "Asteroid impact"
} | bio_0921 | multiple_choice | en | Which event ended the dinosaurs? | [
"Eliminate slow causes.",
"Spot sudden impact.",
"Choose asteroid impact."
] | biology | Answer: (D) An asteroid ended dinosaurs.
Steps:
1. Eliminate slow causes.
2. Spot sudden impact.
3. Choose asteroid impact.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(B) Water; plants transpire water vapor as part of the water cycle. | {
"A": "Carbon",
"B": "Water",
"C": "Nitrogen",
"D": "Phosphorus"
} | bio_0922 | multiple_choice | en | Which cycle involves transpiration? | [
"Eliminate nutrient cycles.",
"Spot plant water loss.",
"Choose water."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Transpiration waters the air.
Steps:
1. Eliminate nutrient cycles.
2. Spot plant water loss.
3. Choose water.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
(A) White blood cells; white cells engulf germs and make antibodies. | {
"A": "White blood cells",
"B": "Red blood cells",
"C": "Platelets",
"D": "Stem cells"
} | bio_0923 | multiple_choice | en | Which blood cells fight infection? | [
"Eliminate oxygen carriers.",
"Spot germ eaters.",
"Choose white blood cells."
] | biology | Answer: (A) White cells defend blood.
Steps:
1. Eliminate oxygen carriers.
2. Spot germ eaters.
3. Choose white blood cells.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(D) A; vitamin A maintains retinal pigments for night vision. | {
"A": "C",
"B": "K",
"C": "B12",
"D": "A"
} | bio_0924 | multiple_choice | en | Which vitamin keeps eyes healthy? | [
"Eliminate clotting vitamin.",
"Spot retinal helper.",
"Choose D."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Vitamin A guards sight.
Steps:
1. Eliminate clotting vitamin.
2. Spot retinal helper.
3. Choose A.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
(C) Metafáze; chromozomy se seřadí do rovníkové roviny buňky. | {
"A": "Profáze",
"B": "Anafáze",
"C": "Metafáze",
"D": "Telofáze"
} | bio_0925 | multiple_choice | cs | Která fáze mitózy řadí chromozomy doprostřed? | [
"Vylučte rozchod a balení.",
"Přiřaďte řazení metafázi.",
"Zvolte metafázi."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Chromozomy řadí metafáze.
Steps:
1. Vylučte rozchod a balení.
2. Přiřaďte řazení metafázi.
3. Zvolte metafázi.
Answer: (C) | cell_biology |
(A) aa; homozygous recessive genotypes make only a gametes. | {
"A": "aa",
"B": "Aa",
"C": "AA",
"D": "AaBb"
} | bio_0926 | multiple_choice | en | Which genotype produces only a gametes? | [
"Eliminate mixed genotypes.",
"Spot pure aa.",
"Choose aa."
] | biology | Answer: (A) aa breeds only a.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mixed genotypes.
2. Spot pure aa.
3. Choose aa.
Answer: (A) | genetics |
Heritability is 0.5; the 1 mm response over the 2 mm selection difference gives the ratio. | null | bio_0927 | worked_example | en | Beaks average 10 mm. Selected parents average 12 mm and their offspring average 11 mm. Estimate heritability. | [
"Selection S = 12 - 10 = 2.",
"Response R = 11 - 10 = 1.",
"Divide h² = 1 / 2 = 0.5.",
"Recompute: 10 + 0.5 x 2 = 11."
] | biology | Answer: Heritability 0.5.
Steps:
1. Selection S = 12 - 10 = 2.
2. Response R = 11 - 10 = 1.
3. Divide h² = 1 / 2 = 0.5.
4. Recompute: 10 + 0.5 x 2 = 11. | evolution |
10,000 flowers bloom; 2 hectares times 5000 flowers each gives the meadow. | null | bio_0928 | worked_example | en | A meadow covers 2 hectares with 5000 flowers per hectare. Calculate the flowers. | [
"Multiply 2 x 5000 = 10000.",
"Recompute: 10000 / 2 = 5000.",
"Report 10000 flowers."
] | biology | Answer: 10000 flowers.
Steps:
1. Multiply 2 x 5000 = 10000.
2. Recompute: 10000 / 2 = 5000.
3. Report 10000 flowers. | ecology |
3.2 liters of oxygen per minute; 40 mL per kg over 80 kg gives maximal uptake. | null | bio_0929 | worked_example | en | VO2 max is 40 mL/kg/min for an 80 kg athlete. Calculate oxygen uptake per minute. | [
"Multiply 40 x 80 = 3200 mL.",
"Convert to 3.2 L.",
"Recompute: 3.2 x 1000 / 80 = 40."
] | biology | Answer: 3.2 L per min.
Steps:
1. Multiply 40 x 80 = 3200 mL.
2. Convert to 3.2 L.
3. Recompute: 3.2 x 1000 / 80 = 40. | physiology |
12,5 mL kyseliny; 5 procent z 250 mL dá kyselou část octa. | null | bio_0930 | worked_example | cs | Ocet obsahuje 5 procent kyseliny octové. Kolik mL kyseliny je ve 250 mL octa? | [
"Převeďte 5 procent = 0,05.",
"Vynásobte 250 x 0,05 = 12,5.",
"Přepočítejte: 12,5 / 250 = 0,05."
] | biology | Answer: 12,5 mL kyseliny.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 5 procent = 0,05.
2. Vynásobte 250 x 0,05 = 12,5.
3. Přepočítejte: 12,5 / 250 = 0,05. | biochemistry |
About 1/30, i.e. 3.3 percent; 3 mm of the 90 mm plate gives the share. | null | bio_0931 | worked_example | en | A plate is 9 cm wide and a colony is 3 mm wide. What fraction of the plate width is the colony? | [
"Convert 9 cm = 90 mm.",
"Divide 3 / 90 = 1/30.",
"Convert to about 3.3 percent.",
"Recompute: 90 / 30 = 3."
] | biology | Answer: 1/30, about 3.3 percent.
Steps:
1. Convert 9 cm = 90 mm.
2. Divide 3 / 90 = 1/30.
3. Convert to about 3.3 percent.
4. Recompute: 90 / 30 = 3. | cell_biology |
Aneuploidy gains or loses single chromosomes while polyploidy multiplies whole sets, tolerated in plants but fatal in most human embryos. | null | bio_0932 | concept | en | Distinguish aneuploidy from polyploidy. | [
"Gain single chromosomes.",
"Multiply whole sets.",
"Tolerate in plants only."
] | biology | Answer: Aneuploidy singles, polyploidy sets.
Steps:
1. Gain single chromosomes.
2. Multiply whole sets.
3. Tolerate in plants only. | genetics |
Bright poisons advertise their cost, teaching predators to avoid the pattern after one sickening taste. | null | bio_0933 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of warning coloration. | [
"Poison bright bodies.",
"Advertise with color.",
"Teach predators once."
] | biology | Answer: Brightness warns of poison.
Steps:
1. Poison bright bodies.
2. Advertise with color.
3. Teach predators once. | evolution |
Waterlogged mosses decay too slowly to release carbon, locking millennia of peat that drainage and fire unleash. | null | bio_0934 | concept | en | Explain peat bogs and carbon storage. | [
"Waterlog dead mosses.",
"Stall decay for millennia.",
"Lock carbon in peat."
] | biology | Answer: Bogs bank ancient carbon.
Steps:
1. Waterlog dead mosses.
2. Stall decay for millennia.
3. Lock carbon in peat. | ecology |
Šišinka vylučuje po setmění melatonin a řídí spánek a sezónní rytmy podle světla. | null | bio_0935 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci šišinky. | [
"Zachytěte tmu.",
"Vylučte melatonin.",
"Řiďte spánek a rytmy."
] | biology | Answer: Šišinka řídí noc melatoninem.
Steps:
1. Zachytěte tmu.
2. Vylučte melatonin.
3. Řiďte spánek a rytmy. | physiology |
Each oxygen loaded eases the next one's binding, so hemoglobin snaps from empty to full across the lung's narrow range. | null | bio_0936 | concept | en | Explain cooperative binding in hemoglobin. | [
"Load first oxygen.",
"Ease later bindings.",
"Snap full in lungs."
] | biology | Answer: Hemoglobin loads cooperatively.
Steps:
1. Load first oxygen.
2. Ease later bindings.
3. Snap full in lungs. | biochemistry |
Separase cleaves the cohesin rings binding sisters, freeing chromatids to part only when the APC permits. | null | bio_0937 | concept | en | Explain separase in anaphase. | [
"Guard sisters with cohesin.",
"Cleave rings on signal.",
"Free chromatids apart."
] | biology | Answer: Separase cuts sisters free.
Steps:
1. Guard sisters with cohesin.
2. Cleave rings on signal.
3. Free chromatids apart. | cell_biology |
Centromeres sit middle in metacentrics, off-center in submetacentrics, near ends in acrocentrics, and at tips in telocentrics. | null | bio_0938 | concept | en | Explain centromere position types. | [
"Center metacentrics.",
"Shift submetacentrics.",
"Tip acro- and telocentrics."
] | biology | Answer: Centromeres place chromosomes four ways.
Steps:
1. Center metacentrics.
2. Shift submetacentrics.
3. Tip acro- and telocentrics. | genetics |
Dropping temperature and heart rate burns stored fat slowly, letting bears and bats sleep through foodless winters. | null | bio_0939 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of hibernation. | [
"Drop heat and heartbeat.",
"Burn fat slowly.",
"Sleep winters foodless."
] | biology | Answer: Hibernation idles through winter.
Steps:
1. Drop heat and heartbeat.
2. Burn fat slowly.
3. Sleep winters foodless. | evolution |
Ochrana přírody zachovává druhy a stanoviště rezervacemi, zákony a obnovou krajiny před vymizením. | null | bio_0940 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to ochrana přírody. | [
"Definujte záchranu druhů.",
"Uveďte rezervace a zákony.",
"Obnovte krajinu."
] | biology | Answer: Ochrana brání vymírání.
Steps:
1. Definujte záchranu druhů.
2. Uveďte rezervace a zákony.
3. Obnovte krajinu. | ecology |
(A) Liver; liver cells secrete bile that the gallbladder stores. | {
"A": "Liver",
"B": "Gallbladder",
"C": "Pancreas",
"D": "Stomach"
} | bio_0941 | multiple_choice | en | Which organ makes bile? | [
"Eliminate storage sac.",
"Spot secreting cells.",
"Choose liver."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Livers brew bile.
Steps:
1. Eliminate storage sac.
2. Spot secreting cells.
3. Choose liver.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Protein; Biuret reagent turns violet with peptide bonds. | {
"A": "Starch",
"B": "Sugar",
"C": "Protein",
"D": "Fat"
} | bio_0942 | multiple_choice | en | Which food test uses Biuret solution? | [
"Eliminate starch test.",
"Spot violet peptides.",
"Choose protein."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Biuret violets protein.
Steps:
1. Eliminate starch test.
2. Spot violet peptides.
3. Choose protein.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(B) Red blood cells; mature red cells eject mitochondria to carry more hemoglobin. | {
"A": "Liver cells",
"B": "Red blood cells",
"C": "Muscle cells",
"D": "Nerve cells"
} | bio_0943 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells lack mitochondria? | [
"Eliminate hungry tissues.",
"Spot ejected organelles.",
"Choose red blood cells."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Red cells drop mitochondria.
Steps:
1. Eliminate hungry tissues.
2. Spot ejected organelles.
3. Choose red blood cells.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) AUG; AUG starts translation and codes methionine. | {
"A": "UAA",
"B": "UAG",
"C": "UGA",
"D": "AUG"
} | bio_0944 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a start codon? | [
"Eliminate stop codons.",
"Spot translation start.",
"Choose AUG."
] | biology | Answer: (D) AUG starts proteins.
Steps:
1. Eliminate stop codons.
2. Spot translation start.
3. Choose AUG.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(D) Homo erectus; ohniště a spálené kosti dokládají oheň před milionem let. | {
"A": "Neandrtálec",
"B": "Homo habilis",
"C": "Australopitékus",
"D": "Homo erectus"
} | bio_0945 | multiple_choice | cs | Který hominid první pravidelně používal oheň? | [
"Vylučte pozdní lidi.",
"Vylučte předohnivé.",
"Zvolte erecta."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Oheň zkrotil erectus.
Steps:
1. Vylučte pozdní lidi.
2. Vylučte předohnivé.
3. Zvolte erecta.
Answer: (D) | evolution |
(B) Transpiration; leaves release water vapor that rises into the air. | {
"A": "Precipitation",
"B": "Transpiration",
"C": "Condensation",
"D": "Runoff"
} | bio_0946 | multiple_choice | en | Which process returns water to air from plants? | [
"Eliminate falling water.",
"Spot leaf vapor.",
"Choose transpiration."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Leaves transpire skyward.
Steps:
1. Eliminate falling water.
2. Spot leaf vapor.
3. Choose transpiration.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
5000 newtons total; 100 fibers times 50 newtons each sum the muscle force. | null | bio_0947 | worked_example | en | A muscle has 100 fibers pulling 50 N each. Calculate total force. | [
"Multiply 100 x 50 = 5000 N.",
"Recompute: 5000 / 100 = 50.",
"Report 5000 N."
] | biology | Answer: 5000 N.
Steps:
1. Multiply 100 x 50 = 5000 N.
2. Recompute: 5000 / 100 = 50.
3. Report 5000 N. | physiology |
9 grams of protein; 150 grams at 6 percent protein gives the content. | null | bio_0948 | worked_example | en | Yogurt weighs 150 g with 6 g protein per 100 g. Calculate protein grams. | [
"Rate: 6/100 = 0.06.",
"Multiply 150 x 0.06 = 9.",
"Recompute: 9/150 = 0.06."
] | biology | Answer: 9 g of protein.
Steps:
1. Rate: 6/100 = 0.06.
2. Multiply 150 x 0.06 = 9.
3. Recompute: 9/150 = 0.06. | biochemistry |
500 million chloroplasts; 50 per cell over 10 million cells sums the green. | null | bio_0949 | worked_example | en | A leaf has 10 million cells with 50 chloroplasts each. Calculate total chloroplasts. | [
"Multiply 1e7 x 50 = 5e8.",
"Report 500 million.",
"Recompute: 5e8 / 1e7 = 50."
] | biology | Answer: 500 million.
Steps:
1. Multiply 1e7 x 50 = 5e8.
2. Report 500 million.
3. Recompute: 5e8 / 1e7 = 50. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/2, tedy 50 procent; křížení Pp x pp dá Pp a pp stejně často. | null | bio_0950 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Pp x pp vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem Pp. | [
"Vypište potomky: Pp nebo pp.",
"Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.",
"Převeďte na 50 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, tedy 50 procent.
Steps:
1. Vypište potomky: Pp nebo pp.
2. Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.
3. Převeďte na 50 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
810 aa individuals; q squared of 0.81 times 1000 gives the expected count. | null | bio_0951 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium q=0.9 in 1000 diploid individuals. How many aa individuals are expected? | [
"Square q: 0.9 x 0.9 = 0.81.",
"Multiply 0.81 x 1000 = 810.",
"Recompute: 810/1000 = 0.81."
] | biology | Answer: 810 aa individuals.
Steps:
1. Square q: 0.9 x 0.9 = 0.81.
2. Multiply 0.81 x 1000 = 810.
3. Recompute: 810/1000 = 0.81. | evolution |
Underwater grasses shelter seahorses and feed dugongs while burying carbon faster than rainforests. | null | bio_0952 | concept | en | Explain seagrass meadows and their grazers. | [
"Meadow shallows green.",
"Shelter seahorses.",
"Feed dugongs, bury carbon."
] | biology | Answer: Seagrass feeds and buries.
Steps:
1. Meadow shallows green.
2. Shelter seahorses.
3. Feed dugongs, bury carbon. | ecology |
Surfactant lowers water's grip inside alveoli so they inflate easily and never collapse shut. | null | bio_0953 | concept | en | Explain lung surfactant. | [
"Wet alveoli inside.",
"Lower water tension.",
"Hold airways open."
] | biology | Answer: Surfactant keeps lungs open.
Steps:
1. Wet alveoli inside.
2. Lower water tension.
3. Hold airways open. | physiology |
Crosslinked elastin coils like rubber bands, letting arteries and lungs stretch and snap back millions of times. | null | bio_0954 | concept | en | Describe the structure of elastin. | [
"Coil proteins elastic.",
"Crosslink rubber bands.",
"Stretch arteries, snap back."
] | biology | Answer: Elastin springs bodies back.
Steps:
1. Coil proteins elastic.
2. Crosslink rubber bands.
3. Stretch arteries, snap back. | biochemistry |
Ribozom čte mRNA a spojuje aminokyseliny do bílkovin; volné vyrábějí pro buňku, vázané na export. | null | bio_0955 | concept | cs | Popište ribozom a syntézu bílkovin. | [
"Přečtěte mRNA.",
"Spojujte aminokyseliny.",
"Rozlište volné a vázané."
] | biology | Answer: Ribozom skládá bílkoviny z mRNA.
Steps:
1. Přečtěte mRNA.
2. Spojujte aminokyseliny.
3. Rozlište volné a vázané. | cell_biology |
Broken ends fuse into rings that lose genes each division, causing severe developmental syndromes. | null | bio_0956 | concept | en | Explain ring chromosomes. | [
"Break both ends.",
"Fuse into rings.",
"Lose genes dividing."
] | biology | Answer: Rings shed genes each round.
Steps:
1. Break both ends.
2. Fuse into rings.
3. Lose genes dividing. | genetics |
Shouting into darkness and reading echoes lets bats hunt moths midair, sparking an arms race of jamming clicks. | null | bio_0957 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of bat echolocation. | [
"Shout into darkness.",
"Read returning echoes.",
"Race moths jamming."
] | biology | Answer: Bats hear their prey.
Steps:
1. Shout into darkness.
2. Read returning echoes.
3. Race moths jamming. | evolution |
Bacteria oxidize vent sulfides into food that feeds giant tubeworms and crabs in sunless depths. | null | bio_0958 | concept | en | Explain hydrothermal vent communities. | [
"Vent sulfides upward.",
"Oxidize them bacterial.",
"Feed tubeworm giants."
] | biology | Answer: Vents feed dark oases.
Steps:
1. Vent sulfides upward.
2. Oxidize them bacterial.
3. Feed tubeworm giants. | ecology |
Sequential squeezes push chyme through meters of intestine, mixing it with enzymes and pressing it past absorbing villi. | null | bio_0959 | concept | en | Explain peristalsis in the intestines. | [
"Squeeze in sequence.",
"Mix chyme with enzymes.",
"Press past villi."
] | biology | Answer: Guts knead food onward.
Steps:
1. Squeeze in sequence.
2. Mix chyme with enzymes.
3. Press past villi. | physiology |
Tuky jsou estery glycerolu a mastných kyselin; ukládají energii, izolují a chrání orgány. | null | bio_0960 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to tuky. | [
"Definujte estery glycerolu.",
"Uveďte ukládání energie.",
"Popište izolaci a ochranu."
] | biology | Answer: Tuky ukládají a chrání.
Steps:
1. Definujte estery glycerolu.
2. Uveďte ukládání energie.
3. Popište izolaci a ochranu. | biochemistry |
(C) Meiosis; meiosis reduces diploid cells to haploid gametes. | {
"A": "Mitosis",
"B": "Binary fission",
"C": "Meiosis",
"D": "Budding"
} | bio_0961 | multiple_choice | en | Which division halves chromosome number? | [
"Eliminate identical copying.",
"Spot reducing division.",
"Choose meiosis."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Meiosis halves sets.
Steps:
1. Eliminate identical copying.
2. Spot reducing division.
3. Choose meiosis.
Answer: (C) | cell_biology |
(A) Uracil; RNA uses uracil where DNA uses thymine. | {
"A": "Uracil",
"B": "Thymine",
"C": "Guanine",
"D": "Cytosine"
} | bio_0962 | multiple_choice | en | Which base is found in RNA but not DNA? | [
"Eliminate shared bases.",
"Spot U for T swap.",
"Choose uracil."
] | biology | Answer: (A) RNA swaps in uracil.
Steps:
1. Eliminate shared bases.
2. Spot U for T swap.
3. Choose uracil.
Answer: (A) | genetics |
(A) Linnaeus; Linnaeus created binomial naming and biological classification. | {
"A": "Linnaeus",
"B": "Darwin",
"C": "Mendel",
"D": "Pasteur"
} | bio_0963 | multiple_choice | en | Which scientist classified living things? | [
"Eliminate evolution author.",
"Spot naming system.",
"Choose Linnaeus."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Linnaeus named life.
Steps:
1. Eliminate evolution author.
2. Spot naming system.
3. Choose Linnaeus.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(B) Photosynthesis; photosynthesis splits water and releases oxygen into the air. | {
"A": "Respiration",
"B": "Photosynthesis",
"C": "Decay",
"D": "Burning"
} | bio_0964 | multiple_choice | en | Which process adds oxygen to air? | [
"Eliminate oxygen users.",
"Spot water splitter.",
"Choose photosynthesis."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Photosynthesis airs oxygen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate oxygen users.
2. Spot water splitter.
3. Choose photosynthesis.
Answer: (B) | ecology |
(B) Tepna; tepny vedou okysličenou krev ze srdce do těla. | {
"A": "Žíla",
"B": "Tepna",
"C": "Vlásečnice",
"D": "Chlopeň"
} | bio_0965 | multiple_choice | cs | Která céva vede krev ze srdce? | [
"Vylučte návratové žíly.",
"Přiřaďte vývod tepně.",
"Zvolte tepnu."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Ze srdce vedou tepny.
Steps:
1. Vylučte návratové žíly.
2. Přiřaďte vývod tepně.
3. Zvolte tepnu.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) Eggs and meat; animal foods supply all essential amino acids together. | {
"A": "Rice only",
"B": "Beans only",
"C": "Corn only",
"D": "Eggs and meat"
} | bio_0966 | multiple_choice | en | Which foods provide complete protein? | [
"Eliminate single plants.",
"Spot full amino sets.",
"Choose eggs and meat."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Animal foods complete protein.
Steps:
1. Eliminate single plants.
2. Spot full amino sets.
3. Choose eggs and meat.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
2500 stomata span 5 cm; 50,000 micrometers divided by 20 gives the count. | null | bio_0967 | worked_example | en | Stomata are 20 µm wide. How many span a 5 cm leaf? | [
"Convert 5 cm = 50000 µm.",
"Divide 50000 / 20 = 2500.",
"Recompute: 2500 x 20 = 50000."
] | biology | Answer: 2500 stomata.
Steps:
1. Convert 5 cm = 50000 µm.
2. Divide 50000 / 20 = 2500.
3. Recompute: 2500 x 20 = 50000. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/2, i.e. 50 percent; Qq x qq yields Qq and qq equally. | null | bio_0968 | worked_example | en | For the cross Qq x qq, calculate the probability of Qq offspring. | [
"List offspring: Qq or qq.",
"Note equal 1/2 chances.",
"Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, i.e. 50 percent.
Steps:
1. List offspring: Qq or qq.
2. Note equal 1/2 chances.
3. Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
40 AA individuals; p squared of 0.16 times 250 gives the expected count. | null | bio_0969 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.4 in 250 diploid individuals. How many AA individuals are expected? | [
"Square p: 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16.",
"Multiply 0.16 x 250 = 40.",
"Recompute: 40/250 = 0.16."
] | biology | Answer: 40 AA individuals.
Steps:
1. Square p: 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16.
2. Multiply 0.16 x 250 = 40.
3. Recompute: 40/250 = 0.16. | evolution |
V rybníce žije asi 300 línů; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0970 | worked_example | cs | Rybník má 5 hektarů a hustota je 60 línů na hektar. Vypočítejte počet línů. | [
"Vynásobte 5 x 60 = 300.",
"Přepočítejte: 300 / 5 = 60.",
"Uveďte asi 300 línů."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 300 línů.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 5 x 60 = 300.
2. Přepočítejte: 300 / 5 = 60.
3. Uveďte asi 300 línů. | ecology |
14,400 blinks per day; 15 per minute over 960 waking minutes gives the total. | null | bio_0971 | worked_example | en | Eyes blink 15 times per minute over 16 waking hours. Calculate daily blinks. | [
"Convert 16 h = 960 min.",
"Multiply 15 x 960 = 14400.",
"Recompute: 14400 / 960 = 15."
] | biology | Answer: 14400 blinks.
Steps:
1. Convert 16 h = 960 min.
2. Multiply 15 x 960 = 14400.
3. Recompute: 14400 / 960 = 15. | physiology |
Copper centers drive cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase, moving electrons in respiration and defusing radicals. | null | bio_0972 | concept | en | Explain the role of copper in enzymes. | [
"Center copper in oxidase.",
"Move electrons along.",
"Defuse radicals made."
] | biology | Answer: Copper moves electron traffic.
Steps:
1. Center copper in oxidase.
2. Move electrons along.
3. Defuse radicals made. | biochemistry |
Past the G1 restriction point cells commit to division regardless of later signals, a gate that cancer mutations force open. | null | bio_0973 | concept | en | Explain the restriction point in G1. | [
"Weigh G1 signals.",
"Commit past the point.",
"Force it in cancers."
] | biology | Answer: G1 commits past no return.
Steps:
1. Weigh G1 signals.
2. Commit past the point.
3. Force it in cancers. | cell_biology |
Fused chromosomes with two centromeres tear at division, shattering genomes in cancer cells and breakage syndromes. | null | bio_0974 | concept | en | Explain dicentric chromosomes. | [
"Fuse two centromeres.",
"Tear them at division.",
"Shatter cancer genomes."
] | biology | Answer: Dicentrics tear themselves apart.
Steps:
1. Fuse two centromeres.
2. Tear them at division.
3. Shatter cancer genomes. | genetics |
Velryby se vyvinuly ze suchozemských sudokopytníků: nohy se změnily v ploutve, nozdry v dýchací otvor na temeni. | null | bio_0975 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete evoluci velryb. | [
"Vyjděte ze sudokopytníků.",
"Změňte nohy v ploutve.",
"Přesuňte nozdry na temeno."
] | biology | Answer: Velryby se vrátily do moře.
Steps:
1. Vyjděte ze sudokopytníků.
2. Změňte nohy v ploutve.
3. Přesuňte nozdry na temeno. | evolution |
Giant saguaros nurse desert life through scorching days, storing tons of water behind accordion ribs. | null | bio_0976 | concept | en | Describe the Sonoran Desert and saguaros. | [
"Scorch days, freeze nights.",
"Store tons accordion-style.",
"Nurse desert life."
] | biology | Answer: Saguaros tank desert water.
Steps:
1. Scorch days, freeze nights.
2. Store tons accordion-style.
3. Nurse desert life. | ecology |
Lymph nodes filter passing lymph through immune cell gauntlets that trap germs and trigger swelling defenses. | null | bio_0977 | concept | en | Explain lymph nodes and immune filtering. | [
"Drain lymph inward.",
"Trap germs in gauntlets.",
"Swell defenses up."
] | biology | Answer: Nodes filter lymph for germs.
Steps:
1. Drain lymph inward.
2. Trap germs in gauntlets.
3. Swell defenses up. | physiology |
Coiled keratin cables crosslinked by sulfur bonds harden hair, nails, and feathers against wear. | null | bio_0978 | concept | en | Describe the structure of keratin. | [
"Coil proteins in cables.",
"Crosslink with sulfur.",
"Harden hair and nails."
] | biology | Answer: Keratin cables armor skin.
Steps:
1. Coil proteins in cables.
2. Crosslink with sulfur.
3. Harden hair and nails. | biochemistry |
Cohesin rings clamp sisters from replication until anaphase, when separase cuts them to release each chromatid. | null | bio_0979 | concept | en | Explain cohesin in sister chromatid holding. | [
"Clamp sisters in rings.",
"Hold until anaphase.",
"Cut rings to release."
] | biology | Answer: Cohesin handcuffs sisters.
Steps:
1. Clamp sisters in rings.
2. Hold until anaphase.
3. Cut rings to release. | cell_biology |
Fenotyp je pozorovatelný projev genů, například barva očí; určují ho genotyp a prostředí. | null | bio_0980 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to fenotyp. | [
"Definujte pozorovatelný projev.",
"Uveďte barvu očí.",
"Spojte genotyp s prostředím."
] | biology | Answer: Fenotyp je tvář genů.
Steps:
1. Definujte pozorovatelný projev.
2. Uveďte barvu očí.
3. Spojte genotyp s prostředím. | genetics |
(A) Neanderthals; Neanderthals inhabited Europe and Asia before modern humans arrived. | {
"A": "Neanderthals",
"B": "Denisovans",
"C": "Homo habilis",
"D": "Australopithecus"
} | bio_0981 | multiple_choice | en | Which humans lived in Europe before sapiens? | [
"Eliminate African apes.",
"Spot European archaics.",
"Choose Neanderthals."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Neanderthals predated sapiens.
Steps:
1. Eliminate African apes.
2. Spot European archaics.
3. Choose Neanderthals.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Photosynthesis; leaves fix airborne CO2 into sugars. | {
"A": "Burning",
"B": "Respiration",
"C": "Photosynthesis",
"D": "Decay"
} | bio_0982 | multiple_choice | en | Which process removes CO2 from air? | [
"Eliminate CO2 makers.",
"Spot carbon fixer.",
"Choose photosynthesis."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Leaves drink CO2.
Steps:
1. Eliminate CO2 makers.
2. Spot carbon fixer.
3. Choose photosynthesis.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(D) Pituitary; the pituitary directs other glands with its hormones. | {
"A": "Thyroid",
"B": "Adrenal",
"C": "Pineal",
"D": "Pituitary"
} | bio_0983 | multiple_choice | en | Which gland is the master gland? | [
"Eliminate follower glands.",
"Spot hormone director.",
"Choose pituitary."
] | biology | Answer: (D) The pituitary leads glands.
Steps:
1. Eliminate follower glands.
2. Spot hormone director.
3. Choose pituitary.
Answer: (D) | physiology |
(B) Amino acid; amino acids chain into proteins. | {
"A": "Glucose",
"B": "Amino acid",
"C": "Fatty acid",
"D": "Nucleotide"
} | bio_0984 | multiple_choice | en | Which monomer builds proteins? | [
"Eliminate sugar units.",
"Spot chaining units.",
"Choose amino acid."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Proteins chain amino acids.
Steps:
1. Eliminate sugar units.
2. Spot chaining units.
3. Choose amino acid.
Answer: (B) | biochemistry |
(D) V mitochondriích; tam dýchání mění glukózu na ATP. | {
"A": "V jádře",
"B": "V ribozomech",
"C": "Ve vakuole",
"D": "V mitochondriích"
} | bio_0985 | multiple_choice | cs | Kde se v buňce tvoří energie? | [
"Vylučte syntézu a sklady.",
"Přiřaďte dýchání mitochondriím.",
"Zvolte mitochondrie."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Energii tvoří mitochondrie.
Steps:
1. Vylučte syntézu a sklady.
2. Přiřaďte dýchání mitochondriím.
3. Zvolte mitochondrie.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(C) 23; sperm carry the haploid set of 23 chromosomes. | {
"A": "46",
"B": "92",
"C": "23",
"D": "44"
} | bio_0986 | multiple_choice | en | How many chromosomes are in a human sperm? | [
"Eliminate diploid counts.",
"Halve to haploid.",
"Choose 23."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Sperm carry 23.
Steps:
1. Eliminate diploid counts.
2. Halve to haploid.
3. Choose 23.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
800 individuals after 15 years; three doublings multiply the 100 founders eight-fold. | null | bio_0987 | worked_example | en | A population doubles every 5 years from 100 individuals. How many after 15 years? | [
"Count doublings: 15/5 = 3.",
"Compute 100 x 2^3 = 800.",
"Recompute: 800/100 = 8 = 2^3."
] | biology | Answer: 800 individuals.
Steps:
1. Count doublings: 15/5 = 3.
2. Compute 100 x 2^3 = 800.
3. Recompute: 800/100 = 8 = 2^3. | evolution |
432 million liters flow daily; 5 cubic meters per second over 86,400 seconds gives the total. | null | bio_0988 | worked_example | en | A river flows 5 m³ per second. Calculate daily flow in liters. | [
"Note 1 day = 86400 s.",
"Multiply 5 x 86400 = 432000 m³.",
"Convert to 432000000 L.",
"Recompute: 432000000/1000/86400 = 5."
] | biology | Answer: 432000000 L per day.
Steps:
1. Note 1 day = 86400 s.
2. Multiply 5 x 86400 = 432000 m³.
3. Convert to 432000000 L.
4. Recompute: 432000000/1000/86400 = 5. | ecology |
100 bones stand elsewhere; 206 total minus 106 in hands and feet gives the rest. | null | bio_0989 | worked_example | en | The skeleton has 206 bones with 106 in hands and feet. How many are elsewhere? | [
"Subtract 206 - 106 = 100.",
"Recompute: 100 + 106 = 206.",
"Report 100 bones."
] | biology | Answer: 100 bones.
Steps:
1. Subtract 206 - 106 = 100.
2. Recompute: 100 + 106 = 206.
3. Report 100 bones. | physiology |
450 kcal; 50 gramů tuku krát 9 kcal na gram dá tukovou energii. | null | bio_0990 | worked_example | cs | Čokoláda obsahuje 50 g tuku na 100 g. Vypočítejte energii tuku ve 100 g v kcal (tuk 9 kcal na gram). | [
"Vynásobte 50 x 9 = 450.",
"Přepočítejte: 450 / 9 = 50.",
"Uveďte 450 kcal."
] | biology | Answer: 450 kcal.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 50 x 9 = 450.
2. Přepočítejte: 450 / 9 = 50.
3. Uveďte 450 kcal. | biochemistry |
The cell is 5 times wider than its nucleus; 30 µm divided by 6 µm gives the ratio. | null | bio_0991 | worked_example | en | A cell is 30 µm wide with a 6 µm nucleus. Calculate the diameter ratio. | [
"Divide 30 / 6 = 5.",
"Report ratio 5:1.",
"Recompute: 5 x 6 = 30."
] | biology | Answer: 5:1.
Steps:
1. Divide 30 / 6 = 5.
2. Report ratio 5:1.
3. Recompute: 5 x 6 = 30. | cell_biology |
Fragments lacking centromeres cannot attach to the spindle and vanish within divisions, deleting their genes. | null | bio_0992 | concept | en | Explain acentric chromosome fragments. | [
"Lose the centromere.",
"Miss spindle grip.",
"Vanish with genes."
] | biology | Answer: Acentrics drift and vanish.
Steps:
1. Lose the centromere.
2. Miss spindle grip.
3. Vanish with genes. | genetics |
Seasonal journeys trade travel danger for rich summer food and safe winter refuge, guided by stars, sun, and magnetic maps. | null | bio_0993 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of migration in birds. | [
"Chase summer food.",
"Flee winter hunger.",
"Navigate by stars."
] | biology | Answer: Birds commute with seasons.
Steps:
1. Chase summer food.
2. Flee winter hunger.
3. Navigate by stars. | evolution |
Mist-soaked mountain forests drip with orchids and mosses riding branches, harvesting clouds where rain never stops. | null | bio_0994 | concept | en | Explain cloud forests and epiphytes. | [
"Soak mountains in mist.",
"Ride branches with orchids.",
"Harvest clouds for water."
] | biology | Answer: Cloud forests farm fog.
Steps:
1. Soak mountains in mist.
2. Ride branches with orchids.
3. Harvest clouds for water. | ecology |
Slinivka vyrábí trávicí enzymy a hormony inzulin a glukagon řídící cukr v krvi. | null | bio_0995 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci slinivky břišní. | [
"Vyrábějte trávicí enzymy.",
"Uvolňujte inzulin.",
"Vyrovnejte glukagonem."
] | biology | Answer: Slinivka tráví a řídí cukr.
Steps:
1. Vyrábějte trávicí enzymy.
2. Uvolňujte inzulin.
3. Vyrovnejte glukagonem. | physiology |
Twin heads on a coiled tail let myosin row along actin, each stroke powered by one ATP. | null | bio_0996 | concept | en | Describe the structure of myosin. | [
"Coil two tails.",
"Crown with twin heads.",
"Row actin per ATP."
] | biology | Answer: Myosin rows on twin heads.
Steps:
1. Coil two tails.
2. Crown with twin heads.
3. Row actin per ATP. | biochemistry |
Condensin rings loop DNA into tight coils that shorten chromosomes a thousand-fold for safe segregation. | null | bio_0997 | concept | en | Explain condensin and chromosome packing. | [
"Ring DNA in loops.",
"Coil chromosomes tight.",
"Segregate safely packed."
] | biology | Answer: Condensin packs chromosomes tight.
Steps:
1. Ring DNA in loops.
2. Coil chromosomes tight.
3. Segregate safely packed. | cell_biology |
Genes parked near telomeres flicker silent as heterochromatin spreads inward, variegating eyes in flies. | null | bio_0998 | concept | en | Explain the telomere position effect. | [
"Park genes near ends.",
"Spread silence inward.",
"Variegate fly eyes."
] | biology | Answer: Ends mute neighboring genes.
Steps:
1. Park genes near ends.
2. Spread silence inward.
3. Variegate fly eyes. | genetics |
Duplicated saliva proteins turned toxic and delivery fangs evolved, letting snakes subdue prey bigger than their heads. | null | bio_0999 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of venom in snakes. | [
"Duplicate saliva genes.",
"Turn proteins toxic.",
"Deliver them by fangs."
] | biology | Answer: Spit turned venomous.
Steps:
1. Duplicate saliva genes.
2. Turn proteins toxic.
3. Deliver them by fangs. | evolution |
Uhlík koluje ze vzduchu do rostlin fotosyntézou, potravními řetězci a rozkladem a dýcháním a spalováním se vrací. | null | bio_1000 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete koloběh uhlíku. | [
"Zafixujte uhlík v rostlinách.",
"Projděte potravou a rozkladem.",
"Vraťte dýcháním a spalováním."
] | biology | Answer: Uhlík si život půjčuje v kruhu.
Steps:
1. Zafixujte uhlík v rostlinách.
2. Projděte potravou a rozkladem.
3. Vraťte dýcháním a spalováním. | ecology |
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