90% (Statistics Norway, 2010))\nand the low use of antibiotics in Norway (Garcia-Rodriguez & Fresnadillo Martinez, 2002;\nNorwegian Veterinary Institute, 2014), results suggest that enrichment broth transported at\nroom temperature may be more sensitive for detection of carriage than STGG transported\nat cool temperatures. We therefore compared (1) in vitro recovery from serial dilutions in STGG and\nenrichment broth and (2) in vivo detection of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci\nfrom swabs that were transported and stored in STGG at cool temperatures or in enrichment\nbroth at room temperature. ABSTRACT (2016), In vitro and in vivo comparison of transport media for detecting nasopharyngeal carriage of\nStreptococcus pneumoniae. PeerJ 4:e2449; DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 MATERIALS AND METHODS In the in vitro component of the study, we compared recovery rates of pneumococci\nfrom serial dilutions that had been stored at different temperatures and media using (I)\nculturing, (II) a commercial latex agglutination kit and (III) quantitative real-time PCR\n(qPCR). In the in vivo component, we compared carriage using paired swabs taken from\nchildren attending day-care centres and transported in STGG or enrichment broth. In the\nsecond part, we used methods (I) and (II) for detection of pneumococci. See Fig. 1 for a\nschematic overview of the procedures. Note that we followed the recommended conditions\nfor transport and storage for each medium (wet ice/cool box for STGG and freezing (in\nvivo only), room temperature and immediate processing for enrichment broth). Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 In vitro comparison Furthermore, 100 µL of the STGG samples was added\nto 3ml fresh enrichment broth. All was done in triplicate. Plates and tubes (broth sample\nmade from the STGG samples and the initial enrichment broth samples) were incubated\novernight at 35 ◦C with 5% CO2. Pneumococci were identified by latex agglutination (Pneumotest-Latex kit; Statens\nSerum Institut, Denmark; Slotved et al., 2004) from the incubated broths. Quantification\nof the bacterial loads was performed by qPCR (see below for details) and counting of the\ncolony forming units (CFU) from the incubated plates. In vitro comparison Three strains belonging to different serotypes were used as pneumococcal samples; two\nreference strains (ATCC49619—serotype 19F, and TIGR4—serotype 4), and a strain\nbelonging to serotype 3 obtained from the 2013 sample of a previous Norwegian carriage\nstudy (Steens et al., 2015). Colonies from each serotype were suspended in Todd-Hewitt Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 2/10 Vortex\t\r and\t\r \nfreeze\t\r at\t\r \n-‐70°C\t\r \t\r \nSerial\t\r dilu6ons\t\r of\t\r \npneumococcal\t\r \nsuspensions\t\r in\t\r TH\t\r \nbroth\t\r \n100µL\t\r in\t\r 1ml\t\r STGG\t\r \non\t\r wet\t\r ice\t\r \n100µL\t\r in\t\r 3ml\t\r \nenrichment\t\r broth\t\r at\t\r \nroom\t\r temperature\t\r \nTIME\t\r \n3\t\r hours\t\r \nOvernight\t\r \nDay\t\r 2\t\r \nLatex\t\r agglu6na6on\t\r \nPlate\t\r 100µL\t\r on\t\r \nblood\t\r agar. Incubate\t\r at\t\r \t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nCount\t\r colonies\t\r \nIncubate\t\r in\t\r ini6al\t\r \n3ml\t\r enrichment\t\r \nbroth\t\r at\t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nPrepare\t\r 200µL\t\r \nsample\t\r for\t\r qPCR\t\r \nand\t\r freeze\t\r \nPlate\t\r 100µL\t\r on\t\r \nblood\t\r agar. Incubate\t\r at\t\r \t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nIncubate\t\r 100µL\t\r in\t\r \n3ml\t\r enrichment\t\r \nbroth\t\r at\t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nLatex\t\r agglu6na6on\t\r \nCount\t\r colonies\t\r \nPrepare\t\r 200µL\t\r \nsample\t\r for\t\r PCR\t\r and\t\r \nfrozen\t\r \nIn\t\r vitro\t\r \nIn\t\r vivo\t\r \nNasopharyngeal\t\r swab\t\r 2\t\r \nThaw\t\r STGG\t\r \nsample,\t\r and\t\r \nvortex\t\r \nPlace\t\r in\t\r 3ml\t\r \nenrichment\t\r broth\t\r at\t\r \nroom\t\r temperature\t\r \nTIME\t\r \nWithin\t\r 4\t\r hours\t\r \nOvernight\t\r \nDay\t\r 2\t\r \nLatex\t\r agglu6na6on\t\r \nPlate\t\r the\t\r swab\t\r on\t\r \nGBA\t\r for\t\r culturing. Incubate\t\r at\t\r \t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nQuellung\t\r reac6on\t\r \t\r \nIncubate\t\r in\t\r ini6al\t\r \n3ml\t\r enrichment\t\r \nbroth\t\r at\t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nPlate\t\r 20µL\t\r on\t\r GBA\t\r \nfor\t\r culturing,\t\r \nIncubate\t\r at\t\r \t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nIncubate\t\r 200µL\t\r in\t\r \n3ml\t\r enrichment\t\r \nbroth\t\r at\t\r 35⁰C\t\r \nLatex\t\r agglu6na6on\t\r \nQuellung\t\r reac6on\t\r \nPlace\t\r in\t\r 1ml\t\r \nSTGG\t\r in\t\r a\t\r \ncool\t\r box\t\r \nFreeze\t\r for\t\r minimal\t\r 18\t\r hours\t\r and\t\r \t\r \nmaximal\t\r 1\t\r months\t\r \nNasopharyngeal\t\r swab\t\r 1\t\r \nqPCR\t\r \nFigure 1 Schematic overview of the experimental designs. (A) in vitro. (B) in vivo. TH, Todd-Hewitt; STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and\nglycerol; GBA, gentamycin-blood-agar. Place\t\r in\t\r 3ml\t\r \nenrichment\t\r broth\t\r at\nroom\t\r temperature Latex\t\r agglu6na6on Figure 1 Schematic overview of the experimental designs. (A) in vitro. (B) in vivo. TH, Todd-Hewitt; STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and\nglycerol; GBA, gentamycin-blood-agar. (TH) broth at a concentration of 0.5 McFarland in serial 1:10 dilutions of 10−2 to 10−5\n(minimal concentration for which recovery of pneumococcal DNA was possible; see\nSupplemental Information 3). A volume of 100 µL of serotype dilution in TH broth was\nadded to each set of transport media (either 1 ml of STGG or 3 ml of enrichment broth)\nto prepare the pneumococcal samples. The samples were left for 3 h on wet ice (STGG) or\nroom temperature (enrichment broth). Subsequently, 100 µL of the samples was plated on\nColumbia horse blood agar plates. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 DNA extraction and amplification by qPCR From each sample 200 µL was boiled for 10 min and DNA was extracted by QIAamp\nDNA Mini QIAcube kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, US) according to the manufacturer’s\nrecommendations. A qPCR assay for the detection of the autolysin-encoding gene (lytA)\nwas then performed as described before by Carvalho et al. (2007). Briefly, 25 µL reaction\nvolume composed of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix 2x, 200 nM of each primer\nand probe, 10x Exo IPC-mix, 50x Exo IPC DNA and 2 µL of DNA was run at 50 ◦C for\n2 min, denaturation at 95 ◦C for 10 min, followed by 40 amplification cycles of 95 ◦C\nfor 15 s and 60 ◦C for 1 min. Samples were considered negative if cycle thresholds (Ct) Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 3/10 exceeded 40. A positive (ATCC49619) and a non-template control (sterile water) were\nincluded in each run, along with extraction controls. Data analysis For the in vitro analyses, Ct values and CFU counts (after a logarithmic transformation;\nlogCFU) from the two media were compared by linear regression. We used 11 mutually\nexclusive dummy variables identifying different dilution-serotype combinations, which\nenabled us to simultaneously run the comparison for all serotypes. Additionally, the analyses\nwere conducted separately per serotype. Agreement in the in vivo comparison was determined using the kappa statistic (Landis &\nKoch, 1977) and the exact McNemar’s probability test for paired data. Data were analysed\nin Stata 14.0 and GraphPad Prism 5. In vivo comparison This comparison was performed as part of a larger carriage study (sample taken in 2015\n(Steens et al., 2016)). The study was conducted in accordance with principles of the Decla-\nration of Helsinki, and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics,\nSouth-Eastern Norway (reference number: 2014/2046). Parents/guardians of the children\ngave written informed consent before including their child in the study. The study design\nresembles the design used in previous Norwegian carriage studies (Steens et al., 2015). Two flocked nylon nasopharyngeal swabs (E-swabsTM, Copan, Italy) taken from the\nsame nostril were collected from 100 children aged 1–6 years according to standard\nprocedures. The first swab was placed in 1 ml STGG which was subsequently stored in a\ncool box and the second swab was stored and transported in 3 ml enrichment broth at room\ntemperature. The specimens were processed within 4 h of sampling. The STGG samples\nwere vortexed at high speed and frozen at −70 ◦C , following the recommendations of\nWHO (Satzke et al., 2013). Within one month but earliest 18 h after initial freezing, the\nSTGG samples were processed further: after being thawed and vortexed, 200 µl was added\nto fresh enrichment broth and 20 µl was plated on gentamycin-blood-agar (GBA). The\nswabs from the enrichment broth samples were plated on GBA within 4 h of sampling\nand the swab was re-inserted into the enrichment broth. All broths and GBA plates were\nincubated overnight at 35 ◦C , with 5% CO2. Pneumococci were identified by latex agglutination from incubated broths. Confirma-\ntion and factor typing were performed by Quellung reaction. All morphologically different\npneumococcal colonies per plate were typed. In cases where the latex agglutination was\npositive but no colonies were found on plates after incubation overnight, samples were\nre-cultured by plating one drop of the incubated broth and incubating this for another\nnight before further analysis. In vitro results (A) serotype 19F; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * Uncountable. The quantification of DNA by Ct value is presented in Fig. 2. The Ct values overall\ndid not differ significantly between STGG and enrichment broth samples (p = 0.853),\nthough for serotype 4, the Ct values were significantly lower for STGG samples compared\nto enrichment broth samples (p = 0.007). After culturing, no clear overall difference was\nfound in the logCFU (p = 0.593) but significant differences were observed for serotype 4\n(Fig. 3B; p = 0.008; more colonies on plates incubated with STGG samples) and serotype 3\n(Fig. 3C; p = 0.001; more colonies on plates incubated with enrichment broth samples). In vitro results The latex agglutination test was positive for both media for all serotype dilutions tested,\nwith the exception of serotype 3 at a dilution of 10−5 in STGG, where no pneumococci\nwere detected. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 4/10 A \nB \nC \n* # \nEnrichment broth \nSTGG \nFigure 2\nDNA quantification (Ct values) at different dilutions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A)\nserotype 19F*; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * At a dilution of 10−5, one of the triplicates had a cycle\nthreshold (Ct) of 39.4, while the other two were above 40. This sample was therefore considered negative. # Ct above 40. ** \nA \nB \nC \nEnrichment broth \nSTGG \n** \nFigure 3\nQuantification of bacterial load (log counts of colony forming units [CFU]) at different dilu-\ntions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A) serotype 19F; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * Uncountable. A \nB \nC \n* # \nEnrichment broth \nSTGG * # \nFigure 2\nDNA quantification (Ct values) at different dilutions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A)\nserotype 19F*; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * At a dilution of 10−5, one of the triplicates had a cycle\nthreshold (Ct) of 39.4, while the other two were above 40. This sample was therefore considered negative. # Ct above 40. ** \nA \nB \nC \nEnrichment broth \nSTGG \n** \nFigure 3\nQuantification of bacterial load (log counts of colony forming units [CFU]) at different dilu-\ntions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A) serotype 19F; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * Uncountable. Figure 2\nDNA quantification (Ct values) at different dilutions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A)\nserotype 19F*; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * At a dilution of 10−5, one of the triplicates had a cycle\nthreshold (Ct) of 39.4, while the other two were above 40. This sample was therefore considered negative. # Ct above 40. Figure 2\nDNA quantification (Ct values) at different dilutions of enrichment broth and STGG. (A)\nserotype 19F*; (B) serotype 4; (C) serotype 3. * At a dilution of 10−5, one of the triplicates had a cycle\nthreshold (Ct) of 39.4, while the other two were above 40. This sample was therefore considered negative. # Ct above 40. ** \nA \nB \nC \nEnrichment broth \nSTGG \n** Figure 3\nQuantification of bacterial load (log counts of colony forming units [CFU]) at different dilu-\ntions of enrichment broth and STGG. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 In vivo results Forty-six percent of the swabs transported and stored in STGG and 51% of those transported\nin enrichment broth were positive for pneumococci. This resulted in a Kappa statistic for\ncarriage of 0.90 for the paired swabs (Table 1), indicating a trend towards higher sensitivity\nafter transportation in enrichment broth compared to STGG (p = 0.0625). If re-cultured\nsamples were excluded, carriage was 44% for the samples transported and stored in STGG\nand 48% for those transported in enrichment broth (Kappa = 0.92; p = 0.125). For each\nchild for whom both swabs were positive, the same serotype was obtained. In one child,\ncarriage of two serotypes was found in the enrichment broth sample, while one serotype\nwas found in the STGG sample. However, the plate incubated with the enrichment broth Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 5/10 Table 1\nPneumococcal carriage determined by culturing paired nasopharyngeal swabs stored in\nSTGG or enrichment broth. Enrichment broth\nPositive\nNegative\nTotal\nPositive\n46\n0\n46\nSTGG\nNegative\n5\n49\n54\nTotal\n51\n49\n100\nNotes. STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and glycerol. sample had only one colony of the serotype that was missed in the STGG sample (serotype 3)\nand the agglutination test was negative for this serotype, indicating presence at a very\nlow concentration. Table 1\nPneumococcal carriage determined by culturing paired nasopharyngeal swabs stored in\nSTGG or enrichment broth. Enrichment broth\nPositive\nNegative\nTotal\nPositive\n46\n0\n46\nSTGG\nNegative\n5\n49\n54\nTotal\n51\n49\n100\nNotes. STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and glycerol. Table 1\nPneumococcal carriage determined by culturing paired nasopharyngeal swabs stored in\nSTGG or enrichment broth. Enrichment broth\nPositive\nNegative\nTotal\nPositive\n46\n0\n46\nSTGG\nNegative\n5\n49\n54\nTotal\n51\n49\n100\nNotes. STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and glycerol. Table 1\nPneumococcal carriage determined by culturing paired nasopharyngeal swabs stored in\nSTGG or enrichment broth. STGG, skim milk, tryptone, glucose and glycerol. sample had only one colony of the serotype that was missed in the STGG sample (serotype 3)\nand the agglutination test was negative for this serotype, indicating presence at a very\nlow concentration. sample had only one colony of the serotype that was missed in the STGG sample (serotype 3)\nand the agglutination test was negative for this serotype, indicating presence at a very\nlow concentration. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 DISCUSSION Overall, no statistical differences in sensitivity were found between STGG stored and\ntransported at cool temperatures and enrichment broth transported at room temperature. Nevertheless, some serotype differences were observed as well as a trend towards higher\nsensitivity for detection of pneumococcal carriage after transportation in enrichment broth\ncompared to STGG. There are several possible reasons for these differences. In vitro, a pure dilution of one\nserotype was used in place of a nasopharyngeal swab. In vivo the swab contained different\nrespiratory bacteria and viruses, and was covered with mucus and cellular debris. The\npresence of other bacteria places pneumococci in competition for nutrients needed for\ngrowth and reproduction. These nutrients are available in higher concentration in enrich-\nment broth than in STGG, which may explain the small difference in sensitivity observed\nbetween the in vitro and in vivo settings. In addition to the difference in available nutrients\nin STGG and enrichment broth, the fact that STGG samples were kept in a cool box during\ntransport while the enrichment broth samples were kept at room temperature, may have\ncaused the small non-significant difference in carriage prevalence. The original carriage\nstudy presenting the use of enrichment broth as transport medium used cool transport\nconditions (Kaltoft et al., 2008) but three previous Norwegian carriage studies used room\ntemperature (Steens et al., 2015). The present study is not designed to differentiate between\nthe effect of media and temperature, but while pneumococci are thought to thrive better\nat warmer temperatures, we did not find an overall difference between the methods in\nbacterial load or DNA quantity in vitro. Whether the relative abundance of other respiratory\nbacteria/the microbiome may have changed and would no longer be representative of the\nnasopharyngeal tract after storage at room temperature should be investigated were room\ntemperature to be used in such studies. Still, for serotype 3, the bacterial load indicated\na higher sensitivity of enrichment broth compared to STGG. The serotype 3 isolate was\nobtained from a previous carriage study. For serotype 19F and 4, reference strains were\nused. The origin of the isolates (reference strains versus carriage isolate) may have induced\ndifferent bacterial growth characteristics. Further, the capsule structure differs between Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 6/10 serotypes (serotype 3 being very mucoid). The low number of serotypes tested and the\ndifference in origin between serotypes are limitations to the in vitro part of this study. DISCUSSION The carriage prevalence found in this study is lower than observed previously in Norway\n(Steens et al., 2015), and more similar to what has been seen in other developed countries\n(Van Hoek et al., 2014; Desai et al., 2015; Andrade et al., 2014). The methods used for swab\ncollection, transport and incubation in enrichment broth and culturing were unchanged\nfrom former studies, indicating a real difference in carriage prevalence that may have\nresulted from vaccination. Advantages of molecular based techniques compared to culture techniques include the\nfact that viable organisms are not required, the original composition of the nasopharyngeal\nspecimen is preserved, and detailed quantification and characterization of the pneumococci\nwithin a sample are possible, depending on the methods used (Satzke et al., 2013). Furthermore, the sensitivity of molecular methods for detection of multiple co-colonising\nserotypes has been shown to be higher than conventional methods (Saha et al., 2015). Nevertheless, isolation of strains enables further characterization such as antimicrobial\nsusceptibility testing and sequence typing, and should not be replaced by molecular\nmethods alone, despite its high sensitivity. The additional incubation step and use of\nlatex agglutination appears to be of value for identification and isolation of pneumococci\nfrom multiple carriage (Kaltoft et al., 2008). The PneuCarriage Project concluded that\nmicroarray with a culture amplification step has the highest sensitivity for determining\ncarriage (Satzke et al., 2015). Finally, STGG is cheap, easy to make and can be stored longer than enrichment broth,\nthus enabling comparability between studies and settings, including more resource-limited\nsettings. Furthermore, STGG transported and stored at cool temperatures enables studies to\ninvestigate the microbiome (Grijalva et al., 2014; Turner et al., 2011), whereas enrichment\nbroth may selectively stimulate growth of pneumococci. Therefore, even though STGG ap-\npeared slightly less sensitive than enrichment broth for detection of nasopharyngeal carriage\nof pneumococci by culturing, we recommend the continued use of STGG for transport\nand storage of nasopharyngeal swabs at cool temperatures in future carriage studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the children and parents for participating and day-care centres workers for\ntheir support. We also thank Anne Ramstad Alme, Gunnhild Rødal, Lene Haakensen,\nAnne Witsø and Martha Langedok Bjørnstad for the laboratory analyses, Ingvild Essén\nand Kristine Hartmark for the collection of nasopharyngeal swabs, and Richard White for\nstatistical advice. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DECLARATIONS\nFunding\nThe authors received no funding for this work. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 Funding The authors received no funding for this work. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 Competing Interests The authors declare there are no competing interests. Supplemental Information Supplemental information for this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/\npeerj.2449#supplemental-information. Supplemental information for this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/\npeerj.2449#supplemental-information. Human Ethics The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body\nand any reference numbers): The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body\nand any reference numbers): Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics, South-Eastern Norway (REK sør-øst\nB) Approval number: 2014/2046. Data Availability The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. Steens et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.2449 Author Contributions • Anneke Steens and Natacha Milhano conceived and designed the experiments, performed\nthe experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote\nthe paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. • Ingeborg S. 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Detection of respiratory viruses\nby PCR assay of nasopharyngeal swabs stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-\nglycerol transport medium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49(6):2311–2313\nDOI 10.1128/JCM.00224-11. Van Hoek AJ, Sheppard CL, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, Harrison TG, Ladhani\nSN, Miller E. 2014. Pneumococcal carriage in children and adults two years after\nintroduction of the thirteen valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England. Vaccine 32:4349–4355 DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.017. 10/10"}}},{"rowIdx":2198,"cells":{"identifier":{"kind":"string","value":"https://openalex.org/W4391904584"},"pdf_url":{"kind":"string","value":"http://catalog.liha-pres.eu/index.php/liha-pres/catalog/download/251/6969/15636-1"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"Ukrainian"},"error":{"kind":"null"},"title":{"kind":"string","value":"Національні риси китайського фортепіанного мистецтва"},"source_name":{"kind":"string","value":"ГУМАНІТАРНИЙ І ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ РАКУРС ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ МАЙСТЕРНОСТІ: ПОШУКИ МОЛОДИХ ВЧЕНИХ"},"publication_year":{"kind":"number","value":2023,"string":"2,023"},"license":{"kind":"string","value":"cc-by"},"word_count":{"kind":"number","value":1340,"string":"1,340"},"text":{"kind":"string","value":"DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72 DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72 DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72 \n \nНАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ КИТАЙСЬКОГО \nФОРТЕПІАННОГО МИСТЕЦТВА \n \nВан Яньсуй \nаспірант за спеціальністю 025 – Музичне мистецтво \nНауковий керівник: Гончаренко О. В. кандидат мистецтвознавства, \nстарший викладач кафедри музикознавства та культурології \nСумський державний педагогічний університет імені А. С. Макаренка \nм. Суми, Україна \n \nФортепіанне мистецтво Китаю становить самобутній пласт світової \nкультури. Його \nсвоєрідність \nвизначається \nне \nлише \nзагальнонаціональним \nестетичними \nконстантами, \nа \nй \nвпливом – інноваційні методики навчання – запровадження розробок нових \nтехнологій навчання для системи неперервної освіти; – інноваційні методики навчання – запровадження розробок нових \nтехнологій навчання для системи неперервної освіти; – інноваційні методики навчання – запровадження розробок нових \nтехнологій навчання для системи неперервної освіти; – принципово нова система оцінки здобутої освіти – докорінна зміна \nпідходів до розуміння і визнання навчальної діяльності та її результатів, \nособливо у сфері освіти; – принципово нова система оцінки здобутої освіти – докорінна зміна \nпідходів до розуміння і визнання навчальної діяльності та її результатів, \nособливо у сфері освіти; – розвиток наставництва і консультування – забезпечення кожному \nвільного доступу до освітньої інформації та необхідних консультацій і \nрекомендацій; – розвиток наставництва і консультування – забезпечення кожному \nвільного доступу до освітньої інформації та необхідних консультацій і \nрекомендацій; – наближення освіти до місця проживання – використання мережі \nнавчальних і консультаційних пунктів, сучасних інформаційних та \nкомунікаційних технологій. – наближення освіти до місця проживання – використання мережі \nнавчальних і консультаційних пунктів, сучасних інформаційних та \nкомунікаційних технологій. Література: р\nур\n1. Національна \nдоктрина \nрозвитку \nосвіти. Книга \nкерівника \nнавчально-виховного закладу. Нормативні та інструктивно-методичні \nдокументи Міністерства освіти і науки України. Харків: ПП «Торг сін \nплюс», 2006. С. 82–96. 1. Національна \nдоктрина \nрозвитку \nосвіти. Книга \nкерівника \nнавчально-виховного закладу. Нормативні та інструктивно-методичні \nдокументи Міністерства освіти і науки України. Харків: ПП «Торг сін \nплюс», 2006. С. 82–96. 2. О.В. Вознюк. Неперервна освіта як провідна тенденція сучасного \nсвіту. Андрагогічний вісник. 2012. Вип. 1. С. 50–57. 2. О.В. Вознюк. Неперервна освіта як провідна тенденція сучасного \nсвіту. Андрагогічний вісник. 2012. Вип. 1. С. 50–57. 3. Меморандум неперервного процесу освіти Європейського Союзу. Адукатар. 2006. № 2 (8). С. 25. URL: http://adukatar.net/wpcontent/ \nuploads/2009/12/Adu_8_Pages_24-27.pdf 4. 3. Меморандум неперервного процесу освіти Європейського Союзу. Адукатар. 2006. № 2 (8). С. 25. URL: http://adukatar.net/wpcontent/ \nuploads/2009/12/Adu_8_Pages_24-27.pdf 4. НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ КИТАЙСЬКОГО \nФОРТЕПІАННОГО МИСТЕЦТВА Ван Яньсуй \nаспірант за спеціальністю 025 – Музичне мистецтво \nНауковий керівник: Гончаренко О. В. кандидат мистецтвознавства, \nстарший викладач кафедри музикознавства та культурології \nСумський державний педагогічний університет імені А. С. Макаренка \nм. Суми, Україна Фортепіанне мистецтво Китаю становить самобутній пласт світової \nкультури. Його \nсвоєрідність \nвизначається \nне \nлише \nзагальнонаціональним \nестетичними \nконстантами, \nа \nй \nвпливом 250 фольклорних традицій, зокрема використанням ангемітонних музичних \nладів, імітуванням гри на народних інструментах. Вагомого значення \nнабуває звернення композиторів до національної народнопісенної \nскарбниці: автентичні фольклорні мелодії становлять інтонаційну \nоснову переважної більшості творів для фортепіано. Символізм, традиційно притаманний китайському світогляду, \nзалишив свій відбиток на різних елементах музичної мови, зокрема \nкожен тон китайської пентатоніки має символічне значення пов’язане з \nприродними явищами: перший тон «гун» – означає гуркіт грому, \nдругий – «шан» – шум вітру, третій – «цзює» – вогняну стихію, \nчетвертий – «чжі» і п’ятий – «юй» – пов’язані з образами води. Ця \nобразна символіка й до сьогодні використовується композиторами у \nстворенні фортепіанної музики. р\nф р\nу\nУ сучасних творах для фортепіано часто застосовується символіка \nспецифічних \nтембрових \nхарактеристик \nкитайських \nстародавніх \nмузичних інструментів. Композитори переважно використовують \nімітування музичних інструментів, що асоціативно пов’язані з голосами \nприроди, або музикуванням просто неба. Здебільшого імітуються: сона \n( 嗩吶 – китайська труба) – дерев’яний духовий інструмент, що має \nширокий діапазон і пронизливий звук, який нагадує спів птахів, \nпереважно використовується для гри на відкритому повітрі; шен (笙– \nкитайський губний орган) – багатоголосний духовий язичковий \nінструмент з співучим плавним звучанням на кшталт волинки \n(характерні квінтові та кварто-квінтові звучання), за легендою, тембр \nшена нагадує голос птаха Фенікс; сяо (簫) – традиційна китайська \nпродольна бамбукова флейта, що має м’яке, заворожуюче звучання, \nпов’язане з ліричною образністю; ді (笛) – традиційна китайська \nпоперечна флейта, має дзвінкий і чистий тембр, що асоціюється з \nнебесною височінню; пайсяо (排箫 – китайська флейта) – стародавній \nдуховий інструмент, що складається з 12 бамбукових трубочок і за \nзвучанням нагадує флейту Пана; ґуцінь, гучжен (古琴, 古箏 – китайська \nцитра), або піпа (琵琶 – китайська лютня) – струнні інструменти з \nщипковим звуковидобуванням, деякі дослідники вважають, що їх \nзвучання нагадує китайську мову; ерху і баньху (二胡, 板胡 – різновиди \nхуціня) – струнно-смичкові інструменти, що мають специфічне тихе й \nніжне звучання, яке дозволяє відтворювати приховані почуття, а також \nвикористовують такий прийом гри, як перебір струн, пов’язаний з \nзображенням водної стихії. НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ КИТАЙСЬКОГО \nФОРТЕПІАННОГО МИСТЕЦТВА ЛНМА \nімені М. В. Лисенка, 2017. 187 с. DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-73 НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ КИТАЙСЬКОГО \nФОРТЕПІАННОГО МИСТЕЦТВА Автори китайської фортепіанної музики \nтакож широко використовують імітування ударних інструментів – \nбарабанів, \nгонгів, \nякі \nпосідають \nзначне \nмісце \nв \nкитайській 251 інструментальній традиції і асоціативно пов’язані з дзвонами, або \nобразами несамовитих ударів шаленої стихії. Специфічною \nрисою \nкитайських \nфортепіанних \nтворів \nє \nпрограмність, зокрема вельми поширеним є «звукозображальний тип \nпрограмності». На відміну від європейської музики, в творчості \nкитайських авторів вона не трактується як «допоміжна», «первинна», \n«необов’язкова», – зазначає Лу Цзе: «Навпаки, для митця, вихованого в \nдусі \nнастанов \nконфуціанства, \nвслуховування, \nсприйняття \nі \nтрансформація звуків природи (особливо в такому незвичному для \nкитайського вуха тембрі як звучання фортепіано), стає однією із \nнайвищих художніх цілей, в естетиці гілозоїзму, проявом вищої \nмудрості, здатності злитись з природою, відчути її божественний голос» \n[1, с. 120]. Виявляючи концептосфери китайської фортепіанної музики \nдослідниця відзначає, що кожна з програмних назв «спрямована на \nсимволічне означення тієї чи іншої універсальної ціннісної сутності, \nвираз гармонійного ідеалу «людини – світу» (концепт природи), \n«людини – людини, людської спільноти» (концепт обрядів і ритуалів) \nабо ж «людини – непізнаваного Всесвіту, вищих сил» (міфологічний \nконцепт)» [1, c. 164]. Фортепіанним творам багатьох китайських композиторів притаманні \nриси музичного імпресіонізму і це є закономірним, адже специфіка \nтрадиційної народної музики має певні ознаки імпресіоністичної \nестетики: \nспоглядальність, \nшироке \nвикористання \nорнаментики, \nімпровізаційність, витонченість динамічних градацій, ритмічна свобода, \nгармонічна барвистість тощо. Імпресіоністична образність часто \nвідображається в програмних назвах мініатюр для фортепіано, які \nвідтворюють \nпейзаж, \nабо \nпов’язані \nз \nзображенням \nприроди: \n«Відображення місяця в джерелі Ерцуань» Чу Ванхуа; «Пейзаж Баньна» \nСя Ляна, «Пісня рибалки в ночі», «Сріблясті хмари наздоганяють \nмісяць» Ван Цзяньчжуна», «Нічна пісня гори Емий» Хуан Хувея, \n«Туман» Лі Мейцзя; «Крик восени на горі» Лю Лі; «Блукаючі тіні» Гао \nПіна, «Осінній місяць відображається в спокійному озері» Чень \nПейсюна тощо. Водночас фортепіанні твори китайських композиторів \nпоєднують національні риси письма з європейською імпресіоністичною \nстилістикою, утворюючи особливий вид китайського імпресіонізму. Отже, китайська фортепіанна музика відзначається національним \nколоритом. Її специфічними рисами є звукозображальний тип \nпрограмності, імпресіоністичний звукопис, звернення до пейзажної \nобразності, наслідування звучання народних інструментів. Саме ці \nконстанти становлять фортепіанну парадигму китайського музичного \nмистецтва. 252 Література: \n1. Лу Цзє. Концептосфери китайської програмної фортепіанної \nмузики ХХ – початку ХХ ст. : дис. … канд. мист. 17.00.03. ЛНМА \nімені М. В. Лисенка, 2017. 187 с. Література: \n1. Лу Цзє. Концептосфери китайської програмної фортепіанної \nмузики ХХ – початку ХХ ст. : дис. … канд. мист. 17.00.03. ЛНМА \nімені М. В. Лисенка, 2017. 187 с. Література: \n1. Лу Цзє. Концептосфери китайської програмної фортепіанної \nмузики ХХ – початку ХХ ст. : дис. … канд. мист. 17.00.03. ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЯВИЩА САМОІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ \nСЕРЕД СТУДЕНТІВ ЗВО Васильченко-Деружко К. А. здобувачка вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня \nза спеціальністю 053 – Психологія \nУманський державний педагогічний університет імені Павла Тичини \nНауковий керівник: Гуртовенко Н. В. кандидат психологічних наук, \nдоцент кафедри психології \nУманський державний педагогічний університет імені Павла Тичини \nм. Умань, Київська область, Україна Явище самоідентифікації особистості широке, багатопоглинаюче, \nмає багатофункціональне об’єднуюче значення різних факторів, а все \nтому, що природа явища є динамічною і особистість має закономірність \nз певною періодичністю поринати в самовизначення, намагаючись \nзнайти або ж підтвердити свою значимість, особливо значення \nсамоідентифікації проявляється під час ситуативних чи вікових криз. Питанням вивчення ідентичності особистості займалися такі відомі \nзарубіжні теоретики, як А.Адлер, Г. Блумер, Е. Еріксон, С. Кіркегор, \nДж. Мід, Ж.-П. Сартр, М.Хайдеггер, Е. Фромм, К. Ясперс та ін. За \nрозмаїттям підходів, запропонованих цими й деякими іншими авторами, \nзагалом проглядається філософсько-психологічне бачення ідентичності \nяк: однієї з основних людських потреб, що складає сутність людського \nбуття і виявляється у бажанні уникнути самоти, налагодити \nвзаємозв’язок із зовнішнім світом (З. Фройд, Е. Фромм); як \nзакономірність життєвого процесу (М. Хайдеггер, Ж.-П. Сартр, \nК. Ясперс); як «егоідентичність» та групова та психосоціальна \nідентичність (Є. Еріксон). Як зазначають вчені, ідентичність охоплює \nвсе, що дає людині усвідомлення значущості в межах конкретного \nсоціуму. 253"}}},{"rowIdx":2199,"cells":{"identifier":{"kind":"string","value":"https://openalex.org/W2088735807"},"pdf_url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2695694?pdf=render"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"English"},"error":{"kind":"null"},"title":{"kind":"string","value":"A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition, diabetes, and prostate cancer risk"},"source_name":{"kind":"string","value":"British journal of cancer"},"publication_year":{"kind":"number","value":2009,"string":"2,009"},"license":{"kind":"string","value":"cc-by"},"word_count":{"kind":"number","value":8310,"string":"8,310"},"text":{"kind":"string","value":"British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805\n& 2009 Cancer Research UK\nAll rights reserved 0007 – 0920/09\n$32.00 British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805\n& 2009 Cancer Research UK\nAll rights reserved 0007 – 0920/09\n$32.00 British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805\n& 2009 Cancer Research UK\nAll rights reserved 0007 – 0920/09\n$32.00\nwww.bjcancer.com British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805 www.bjcancer.com A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition,\ndiabetes, and prostate cancer risk A A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition,\ndiabetes, and prostate cancer risk Most studies have used body mass index (BMI) as a marker of\ngeneral obesity, but it has certain limitations, particularly in men,\nbecause it does not differentiate muscle from fat mass (Willett,\n1998). One solution might be to calculate fat mass and fat-free\nmass\nfrom\nbioelectrical\nimpedance\n(BIA)\nmeasurements\n(Anonymous, 1996; MacInnis et al, 2003). Tallness has also been associated with PCa risk (Engeland et al,\n2003; MacInnis and English, 2006); perhaps reflecting an influence\nof nutritional factors. *Correspondence: Dr P Wallstro¨m, Nutrition Epidemiology Research\nGroup, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Malmo¨\nUniversity Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmo¨, Sweden; Epidemiology We investigated total, aggressive, and non-aggressive PCa in\nrelation to current obesity, body composition, height, and\nprevalence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort,\nincluding a sub-cohort of younger men. 4 Department of Urology, Malmo¨ University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmo¨,\nSweden\n5 5 Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85, Lund,\nSweden Received 9 December 2008; revised 25 March 2009; accepted 8 April\n2009; published online 12 May 2009\n*Correspondence: Dr P Wallstro¨m, Nutrition Epidemiology Research\nGroup, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Malmo¨\nUniversity Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmo¨, Sweden;\nE-mail: peter.wallstrom@med.lu.se\n4 Department of Urology, Malmo¨ University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmo¨,\nSweden\n5 Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85, Lund,\nSweden A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition,\ndiabetes, and prostate cancer risk doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605077\nwww.bjcancer.com\nM\n2009 prostatic neoplasms; cohort studies; body composition; body fat distribution; body height (or diabetes mellitus) There is less support for the hypothesis that central adiposity\n(measured as waist circumference or waist—hip ratio, WHR) is a\nrisk marker for PCa (MacInnis and English, 2006). Only a few\nprospective studies have examined this association (Giovannucci\net al, 1997; Lee et al, 2001; MacInnis et al, 2003; Hubbard et al,\n2004). Furthermore, central adiposity is a clinically established risk\nfactor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)\n(Vazquez et al, 2007; Gastaldelli, 2008), and NIDDM has been\nassociated with lower risk of PCa (Bonovas et al, 2004), both low\ngrade and high grade (Gong et al, 2006). High insulin levels, as in\ninsulin resistance, which often precedes NIDDM, was recently\nassociated with lower risk of non-aggressive PCa (Stocks et al,\n2007), although there was also a non-significant positive associa-\ntion with aggressive cancer. Obesity has long been associated with increased risk of prostate\ncancer (PCa), although studies have been inconsistent (MacInnis\nand English, 2006). Risk has been suggested to differ according to\ntumour grade: obesity lowering the risk of indolent, less aggressive\ntumours, whereas increasing that of aggressive cancer (Freedland\net al, 2006), a view supported by a meta-analysis (MacInnis and\nEnglish, 2006), and, to some extent, by other work (Gong et al,\n2006; Littman et al, 2007; Rodriguez et al, 2007; Wright et al, 2007). Most studies have used body mass index (BMI) as a marker of\ngeneral obesity, but it has certain limitations, particularly in men,\nbecause it does not differentiate muscle from fat mass (Willett,\n1998). One solution might be to calculate fat mass and fat-free\nmass\nfrom\nbioelectrical\nimpedance\n(BIA)\nmeasurements\n(Anonymous, 1996; MacInnis et al, 2003). Obesity has long been associated with increased risk of prostate\ncancer (PCa), although studies have been inconsistent (MacInnis\nand English, 2006). Risk has been suggested to differ according to\ntumour grade: obesity lowering the risk of indolent, less aggressive\ntumours, whereas increasing that of aggressive cancer (Freedland\net al, 2006), a view supported by a meta-analysis (MacInnis and\nEnglish, 2006), and, to some extent, by other work (Gong et al,\n2006; Littman et al, 2007; Rodriguez et al, 2007; Wright et al, 2007). A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition,\ndiabetes, and prostate cancer risk P Wallstro¨m*,1, A Bjartell2,4, B Gullberg1, H Olsson3,5 and E Wirfa¨lt1 P Wallstro¨m*,1, A Bjartell2,4, B Gullberg1, H Olsson3,5 and E Wirfa¨lt1\n1Nutrition Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo¨, Sweden; 2Division of Urological Cancers, Department\nof Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo¨, Sweden; 3Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Section V, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund,\nSweden j\ng\n1Nutrition Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo¨, Sweden; 2Division of Urological Cancers, Department\nof Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo¨, Sweden; 3Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Section V, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund,\nSweden Obesity may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa). According to one hypothesis, obesity could lower the risk of\nnon-aggressive tumours, while simultaneously increasing the risk of aggressive cancer. Furthermore, central adiposity may be\nindependently associated with PCa risk; it is also associated with diabetes, which itself may influence risk of PCa. We studied the\nassociations between height, body composition, and fat distribution, diabetes prevalence and risk of total, aggressive, and non-\naggressive PCa in 10 564 initially cancer-free men (aged 45–73 years) of the population-based Malmo¨ Diet and Cancer cohort. Anthropometric and body composition measurements, including bioelectrical impedance for estimation of fat mass, were performed\nby study nurses. Diabetes prevalence was self-reported. Cancer cases and clinical characteristics were ascertained through national\nand regional registry data. Dietary and other background data were obtained through a modified diet history method and an\nextensive questionnaire. During a mean follow-up of 11.0 years, 817 incidental PCa cases were diagnosed. Of these, 281 were\nclassified as aggressive. There were 202 cases occurring before 65 years of age. Height was positively associated with total and non-\naggressive PCa risk. Waist–hip ratio (WHR), a measure of central adiposity, was positively associated with PCa before age 65, and\nless strongly, with total PCa. This association was independent of body mass index (BMI) and other potential confounders. General\nadiposity, expressed as BMI or body fat percentage, and prevalent diabetes were not associated with PCa risk. In this study, WHR and\nbody height were stronger PCa predictors than general adiposity. y\ng\ng\np\ng\np\ny\ntish Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799–1805. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605077\nwww.bjcancer.com\nbli h d\nli\n12 M\n2009 g\np\ng\np\ny\ncer (2009) 100, 1799–1805. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mean follow-up time for non-cases\nwas 7.7 years. y\nWaist circumference was measured midway between the lowest\nrib margin and iliac crest; hip circumference horizontally at the\nlevel of the greatest lateral extension of the hips. Bioelectrical\nimpedance was used for estimating body composition according to\nmanufacturer’s procedures (BIA 103, RJL-systems, Detroit, MI,\nUSA; single-frequency analyser). An algorithm (Sun et al, 2003)\nwas used to estimate body fat (BF) from impedance. The results\nwere highly correlated to results obtained by another algorithm,\ndeveloped in a similar population (Heitmann, 1990). Estimated BF\nwas used to calculate BF%. y\nWe examined the associations between total, aggressive, and\nnon-aggressive PCa incidence and height, waist circumference,\nwaist-hip ratio (WHR), BMI, BF%, and prevalence of diabetes. All\ncontinuous variables were divided into quintile groups. The hazard\nratios (HR) of each distribution quintile (compared with the\nlowest), and trends across the quintiles were assessed with Cox\nproportional hazards regression with adjustment for age at\nbaseline. The time variable was number of days of follow-up after\nbaseline. Additionally, in a separate Cox analysis, BMI was divided\ninto pre-defined categories (World Health Organization, 2000)\nwith tests for overall differences between categories. We also\nperformed analyses of waist circumference and WHR with\nadjustment for BMI, to assess risk associated with abdominal,\nirrespective of general, adiposity. All analyses were age-adjusted\nand were also performed in the o65 sub-cohort (202 cases). We\nthen repeated the above analyses with adjustment for a number of\npotential confounders, selected from a survey of the current\nscientific literature: co-habitation status, socioeconomic index,\nalcohol habits, BF%, smoking history, birth country (Sweden/\nother), total calcium intake, dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid\nand docosahexaenoic acid, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and\nred meat. The dietary variables were adjusted for total energy\nintake (residual method) (Willett and Stampfer, 1998). A structured multiple-choice questionnaire was used in the\nMDC study to collect information on sociodemographic factors,\nsmoking status, alcohol habits, health status, use of pharmaceutical\ndrugs, and several other factors. The agreement between baseline\nquestionnaire and its repeat after 3 weeks was high for most\nvariables (k values 40.75) (Manjer et al, 2002). The diabetes items\nread: ‘Have you ever been treated for diabetes? Since what year?’\nPersons who reported using oral anti-diabetic drugs were also\nclassified as diabetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The background population of the Malmo¨ Diet and Cancer (MDC)\nstudy, in Sweden’s third largest city (Berglund et al, 1993), consists Received 9 December 2008; revised 25 March 2009; accepted 8 April\n2009; published online 12 May 2009 Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al Body size and prostate cancer P Wallstro¨m et al 1800 of all men born in 1923–1945 and all women born in 1923–1950\nwho were living in Malmo¨ during the screening period 1991–1996\n(n ¼ 74 138). This population was identified through national\npopulation\nregistries,\nthe\nfinal\ncohort\nconsisting\nof\n28 098\nindividuals (participation rate 40.8%). Participants were recruited\nthrough advertisements in local media and through invitation by\nmail. The only exclusion criteria were inadequate Swedish\nlanguage skills and mental incapacity (Manjer et al, 2001, 2002);\nthe Ethics Committee at Lund University approved the design of\nthe MDC study (LU 51–90). of all men born in 1923–1945 and all women born in 1923–1950\nwho were living in Malmo¨ during the screening period 1991–1996\n(n ¼ 74 138). This population was identified through national\npopulation\nregistries,\nthe\nfinal\ncohort\nconsisting\nof\n28 098\nindividuals (participation rate 40.8%). Participants were recruited\nthrough advertisements in local media and through invitation by\nmail. The only exclusion criteria were inadequate Swedish\nlanguage skills and mental incapacity (Manjer et al, 2001, 2002);\nthe Ethics Committee at Lund University approved the design of\nthe MDC study (LU 51–90). aggressive (total 281) if the WHO grade was 3, and Gleason score\nwas unavailable (n ¼ 6). In cases in which at least two of T stadium,\nGleason score, or PSA serum value were reported, and if none of\nthese factors indicated an aggressive tumour, the tumour was\nclassified as non-aggressive (n ¼ 530). Staging data were unavail-\nable or insufficient for 6 of the incident cases that with 530 cases of\nnon-aggressive cancers were excluded from analyses comparing\nmen with aggressive tumours with others. Details on stage and\ngrade have been reported earlier (Wallstro¨m et al, 2007). For PCa in younger people, we repeated all analyses in a sub-\ncohort, the o65 sub-cohort, the end of follow-up being either at\ndate of death, date of PCa diagnosis, 31 December 2005, or the\nman’s 65th birthday, whichever came first. This younger sub-\ncohort consisted of 8194 men, among whom 202 incident PCa\ncases (54 aggressive) occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS The diet assessment, reported earlier (Wirfa¨lt et al, 2002),\ncombines quantitative and semi-quantitative approaches to the\nentire diet, including cooking methods (Callmer et al, 1993). It\nconsists of two parts: a ‘menu book’ for description of cooked meals\nand registration of cold (including juices and alcoholic) beverages\nand dietary supplements during seven consecutive days; and a 168-\nitem food questionnaire on regularly consumed foods during the\npast year. Data on validity (Elmsta˚hl et al, 1996b; Riboli et al, 1997)\nand reproducibility (Elmsta˚hl et al, 1996a) have been reported. Cancer cases were ascertained by record linkage with the\nNational Cancer Register. Cancer cases from the year 2005,\nadditional data on tumour stage and grade, pre-diagnostic serum\nprostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, and reason for diagnosis\n(symptoms, health examination, or other) were obtained from the\nNational Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) (South Region). In the\nSouth Region, to which Malmo¨ belongs, registration was started in\n1996 and is at least 95% complete. For cases diagnosed in 1991–\n1995, the same data were manually extracted from medical records\nusing standard routines. The National Cancer Register is known to\nbe at least 98% complete. A validation of the NPCR data from\nanother region showed high validity for all variables, including one\nused to classify non-aggressive and aggressive tumours (Sandblom\net al, 2003). To further evaluate the consistency of our results, we repeated all\nanalyses (including subgroups) in three separate sessions. In the\nfirst, we excluded asymptomatic cases (478 cases remaining in the\ntotal group). In the second, we excluded persons not born in Sweden\n(748 cases), and in the third, we excluded cases occurring within two\nyears of the beginning of follow-up (691 remaining cases). British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 RESULTS Epidemiology An aggressive case (‘aggressive Pca’) was defined as a tumour\nwith a clinical T stage of 3 or higher or tumour-positive lymph\nnodes (N1) or one or more distant metastases (M1) or a Gleason\nscore of 8 or higher or a pre-treatment serum PSA value of at least\n50 ng ml\u00021 (Stocks et al, 2007); tumours were also classified as British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 & 2009 Cancer Research UK Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al 1801 Table 1\nAge-adjusted hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and diabetes prevalence and\ntotal, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancera\n18 ower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and diabetes prevalence and\n prostate cancera Table 1\nAge-adjusted hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and diabetes prevalence and\ntotal, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancera total, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancera\nIncident prostate cancer, entire cohort (n ¼ 10 564)b\nNon-cases\n(n ¼ 9747)\nAll cases (n ¼ 817)\nAggressive cases (n ¼ 281)\nNon-aggressive cases (n ¼ 530)\nMedian\nRange\nN\nN\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nN\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nN\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHeight (cm)\nQuintile 1\n168\np170\n1798\n144\n1.00\n50\n1.00\n93\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n173\n171 –174\n2011\n182\n1.20\n0.97\n1.49\n71\n1.40\n0.97\n2.01\n109\n1.10\n0.84\n1.46\nQuintile 3\n177\n175 –178\n2263\n182\n1.11\n0.89\n1.38\n65\n1.20\n0.83\n1.74\n115\n1.06\n0.81\n1.39\nQuintile 4\n180\n179 –181\n1536\n116\n1.09\n0.85\n1.39\n36\n1.06\n0.69\n1.63\n80\n1.12\n0.83\n1.51\nQuintile 5\n184\nX182\n2123\n193\n1.40\n1.13\n1.74\n59\n1.38\n0.95\n2.02\n133\n1.42\n1.09\n1.86\n0.016\n0.37\n0.014\nBMI\nUnderweight\nn/a\np18.49\n48\n8\n2.09\n1.03\n4.22\n4\n2.88\n1.06\n7.82\n4\n0.60\n0.22\n1.61\nNormal\nn/a\n18.50–24.99\n3627\n287\n1.00\n102\n1.00\n183\n1.00\nOverweight\nn/a\n25.00–29.99\n4803\n417\n1.04\n0.90\n1.21\n140\n0.97\n0.75\n1.25\n274\n0.65\n0.24\n1.75\nObese\nn/a\nX30.00\n1253\n105\n1.04\n0.84\n1.30\n35\n0.95\n0.65\n1.40\n69\n0.65\n0.24\n1.78\nNon-linear P\n0.24c\n0.20d\n0.65e\nBMI\nQuintile 1\n22.2\np23.4\n1949\n158\n1.00\n61\n1.00\n96\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n24.4\n23.5 –25.2\n1957\n164\n0.97\n0.78\n1.20\n53\n0.80\n0.55\n1.15\n110\n1.07\n0.82\n1.41\nQuintile 3\n26.0\n25.2 –26.8\n1928\n168\n0.98\n0.79\n1.22\n59\n0.87\n0.61\n1.25\n107\n1.04\n0.79\n1.38\nQuintile 4\n27.7\n26.8 –28.7\n1940\n175\n1.03\n0.83\n1.28\n57\n0.85\n0.59\n1.22\n117\n1.15\n0.88\n1.51\nQuintile 5\n30.6\nX28.7\n1957\n152\n0.91\n0.73\n1.14\n51\n0.77\n0.53\n1.12\n100\n1.00\n0.76\n1.33\n0.67\n0.27\n0.80\nBody fat %\nQuintile 1\n15.7\np18.3\n1952\n146\n1.00\n53\n1.00\n93\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n19.9\n18.3 –21.3\n1915\n184\n1.23\n0.99\n1.52\n72\n1.33\n0.93\n1.89\n108\n1.14\n0.86\n1.50\nQuintile 3\n22.6\n21.3 –23.8\n1941\n157\n1.04\n0.83\n1.31\n54\n0.99\n0.68\n1.44\n102\n1.06\n0.80\n1.41\nQuintile 4\n25.1\n23.8 –26.6\n1933\n166\n1.07\n0.86\n1.33\n46\n0.81\n0.55\n1.21\n120\n1.22\n0.93\n1.60\nQuintile 5\n28.8\nX26.6\n1937\n161\n1.08\n0.86\n1.35\n55\n1.01\n0.69\n1.48\n105\n1.11\n0.84\n1.47\n0.98\n0.25\n0.37\nWaist (cm)\nQuintile 1\n82\np85\n1960\n152\n1.00\n58\n1.00\n94\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n88\n86– 90\n1947\n146\n0.92\n0.74\n1.16\n49\n0.81\n0.55\n1.19\n96\n0.99\n0.74\n1.31\nQuintile 3\n93\n91– 95\n2013\n183\n1.10\n0.89\n1.37\n60\n0.94\n0.65\n1.35\n120\n1.18\n0.90\n1.54\nQuintile 4\n98\n96–101\n1893\n171\n1.09\n0.87\n1.35\n54\n0.89\n0.61\n1.29\n116\n1.20\n0.92\n1.58\nQuintile 5\n107\nX102\n1912\n165\n1.04\n0.83\n1.30\n60\n0.96\n0.67\n1.38\n104\n1.08\n0.82\n1.43\n0.35\n0.99\n0.26\nWHR\nQuintile 1\n0.87\np0.90\n1945\n161\n1.00\n58\n1.00\n96\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n0.91\n0.90 –0.93\n1949\n161\n1.02\n0.82\n1.27\n53\n0.96\n0.66\n1.39\n110\n1.04\n0.79\n1.36\nQuintile 3\n0.94\n0.93 –0.96\n1958\n152\n0.97\n0.78\n1.21\n56\n1.01\n0.70\n1.46\n107\n0.95\n0.72\n1.25\nQuintile 4\n0.97\n0.96 –0.99\n1913\n187\n1.21\n0.98\n1.50\n67\n1.23\n0.87\n1.75\n117\n1.20\n0.92\n1.56\nQuintile 5\n1.02\nX0.99\n1959\n156\n1.08\n0.87\n1.35\n47\n0.94\n0.64\n1.39\n100\n1.13\n0.86\n1.48\n0.17\n0.67\n0.21\nDiabetes? RESULTS No\nn/a\nn/a\n9336\n790\n1.00\n273\n1.00\n511\n1.00\nYes\nn/a\nn/a\n411\n27\n0.78\n0.53\n1.14\n8\n0.62\n0.31\n1.26\n19\n0.87\n0.55\n1.37\n0.20\n0.19\n0.55\nWaist, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\nn/a\nn/a\n1963\n145\n1.00\n50\n1.00\n94\n1.00\nQuintile 2\nn/a\nn/a\n1943\n165\n1.19\n0.95\n1.49\n50\n1.10\n0.74\n1.62\n114\n1.25\n0.95\n1.64\nQuintile 3\nn/a\nn/a\n1963\n146\n1.01\n0.80\n1.27\n49\n1.01\n0.68\n1.50\n97\n1.02\n0.77\n1.35\nQuintile 4\nn/a\nn/a\n1930\n178\n1.26\n1.01\n1.57\n65\n1.37\n0.95\n1.98\n111\n1.20\n0.92\n1.59\nQuintile 5\nn/a\nn/a\n1925\n183\n1.21\n0.97\n1.51\n67\n1.28\n0.89\n1.85\n114\n1.17\n0.89\n1.54\n0.078\n0.083\n0.37\nWHR, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\nn/a\nn/a\n1937\n169\n1.00\n57\n1.00\n112\n1.00\nQuintile 2\nn/a\nn/a\n1968\n139\n0.89\n0.71\n1.12\n48\n0.95\n0.65\n1.39\n90\n0.85\n0.64\n1.12\nQuintile 3\nn/a\nn/a\n1926\n181\n1.20\n0.97\n1.49\n65\n1.36\n0.95\n1.95\n115\n1.12\n0.86\n1.46\nQuintile 4\nn/a\nn/a\n1940\n166\n1.11\n0.90\n1.38\n56\n1.18\n0.82\n1.71\n109\n1.07\n0.82\n1.39\nQuintile 5\nn/a\nn/a\n1945\n162\n1.15\n0.93\n1.43\n55\n1.25\n0.86\n1.81\n104\n1.07\n0.82\n1.40\n0.049\n0.12\n0.24\nBMI ¼ body mass index; WHR ¼ waist–hip ratio; HR ¼ hazard ratios. P-values in italics. aAll P-values are for linear trends (categorical variables), except where noted. bNumbers\nd\nt l\ndd t\n10 564\ni\nt\ni i\nl\ni\nt\ni\ncLi\nP\nl\n0 92 dLi\nP\nl\n0 49 eLi\nP\nl\n0 55 Incident prostate cancer, entire cohort (n ¼ 10 564)b BMI ¼ body mass index; WHR ¼ waist–hip ratio; HR ¼ hazard ratios. P-values in italics. aAll P-values are for linear trends (categorical variables), except where noted. bNumbers\ndo not always add to 10 564 owing to missing values in some categories. cLinear P-value ¼ 0.92. dLinear P-value ¼ 0.49. eLinear P-value ¼ 0.55. Epidemiology o65 sub-cohort, were somewhat stronger after multivariate\nadjustment (Tables 2 and 3). The associations with being\nunderweight were also slightly stronger after adjustment (Table 2);\notherwise, the results were similar. Inspection of the data revealed o65 sub-cohort, were somewhat stronger after multivariate\nadjustment (Tables 2 and 3). The associations with being\nunderweight were also slightly stronger after adjustment (Table 2);\notherwise, the results were similar. & 2009 Cancer Research UK RESULTS Height was associated with increased risk of total PCa, although the\neffect was limited to the highest quintile (range 182–203 cm), and\nwas most evident among non-aggressive tumours (Table 1). No\nother measures of body composition or fat distribution were\nsignificantly associated with PCa risk, although being underweight\n(BMI o18.5) was associated with higher risks than normal weight\nacross all PCa categories except the non-aggressive category; an\nassociation\nwith BMI-adjusted\nWHR\nwas suggested. Neither\nprevalent diabetes was significantly associated with PCa risk nor\nheight in the o65 sub-cohort (Table 2, age-adjusted analyses), there\nwas a weak, positive association with WHR. After adjustment for\nBMI, the association was slightly stronger (HR per quintile 1.14,\n95% CI 1.03–1.26). Similarly, waist circumference (adjusted for\nBMI) was positively associated with risk in the o65 sub-cohort. After adjustment for a number of possible confounders, the\nincreased risk of total PCa associated with greater height was\nweakened (P for trend ¼ 0.08, Table 3). However, the highest\nquintile was still significantly different from the lowest (P ¼ 0.018). The associations between WHR and PCa, both in total and in the Of the 11 063 men in the MDC cohort, 485 were already\ndiagnosed with cancer (excluding basal cell carcinomas) at study\nentry, and were therefore excluded; 14 others were excluded\nbecause of PCa diagnosis at autopsy, leaving 10 564 men for\nanalysis. They were followed until date of death, date of PCa\ndiagnosis, or 31 December 2005, whichever came first. No\nparticipants were lost to follow-up of vital status. Among them,\n817 incident cases of PCa (‘total PCa’; ICD-9 code 185) occurred\nbetween baseline examination and end of follow-up. The average\nfollow-up time in participants free of PCa at death (n ¼ 1321) or at\nthe end of follow-up (n ¼ 8426) was 11.0 years. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 RESULTS Inspection of the data revealed no suggestion of any significant interactions between any body\nmeasure and aggressive vs non-aggressive tumours. RESULTS gg\ngg\nThe association between high stature (tallest quintile) and\nrisk of total PCa was a robust finding in most models (exclusion British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 & 2009 Cancer Research UK Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al Body size and prostate cancer\nP W ll t ¨\nl 1802 1802 Table 2\nAge-adjusted and multivariatea hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and\ndiabetes prevalence and cases of prostate cancer occurring before age 65b\n2 Table 2\nAge-adjusted and multivariatea hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence interv\ndiabetes prevalence and cases of prostate cancer occurring before age 65b\n2 Table 2\nAge-adjusted and multivariatea hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and\ndiabetes prevalence and cases of prostate cancer occurring before age 65b Table 2\nAge adjusted and multivariate hazard ratios (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and\ndiabetes prevalence and cases of prostate cancer occurring before age 65b\nAge-adjusted analysis (n ¼ 8194)c\nMultivariate analysis (n ¼ 8103)d\nNon-cases (n ¼ 7992)\nIncident cases (n ¼ 202)\nN\nN\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHeight\nQuintile 1\n1308\n32\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1596\n31\n0.77\n0.47\n1.27\n0.75\n0.46\n1.23\nQuintile 3\n1841\n50\n1.06\n0.68\n1.65\n1.00\n0.64\n1.58\nQuintile 4\n1330\n22\n0.62\n0.36\n1.07\n0.59\n0.34\n1.02\nQuintile 5\n1903\n67\n1.30\n0.85\n1.98\n1.22\n0.79\n1.89\n0.17\n0.28\nBMI\nUnderweight\n36\n3\n3.81\n1.20\n12.08\n4.38\n1.35\n14.17\nNormal\n3019\n78\n1.00\n1.00\nOverweight\n3896\n94\n0.97\n0.72\n1.31\n0.95\n0.70\n1.29\nObese\n1027\n27\n1.09\n0.71\n1.69\n1.09\n0.70\n1.71\nNon-linear P\n0.13e\n0.081f\nBMI\nQuintile 1\n1640\n46\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1608\n40\n0.89\n0.58\n1.36\n0.84\n0.55\n1.29\nQuintile 3\n1572\n32\n0.75\n0.48\n1.17\n0.71\n0.45\n1.11\nQuintile 4\n1569\n46\n1.11\n0.74\n1.67\n1.05\n0.69\n1.60\nQuintile 5\n1589\n38\n0.91\n0.59\n1.40\n0.88\n0.56\n1.36\n0.96\n0.93\nBody fat %\nQuintile 1\n1603\n36\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1597\n44\n1.20\n0.78\n1.87\n1.20\n0.77\n1.86\nQuintile 3\n1607\n45\n1.27\n0.82\n1.97\n1.28\n0.82\n1.99\nQuintile 4\n1558\n36\n1.08\n0.68\n1.72\n1.05\n0.66\n1.68\nQuintile 5\n1576\n39\n1.19\n0.75\n1.87\n1.20\n0.77\n1.86\n0.65\n0.69\nWaist\nQuintile 1\n1626\n40\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1613\n33\n0.89\n0.56\n1.41\n0.85\n0.53\n1.35\nQuintile 3\n1641\n45\n1.15\n0.75\n1.75\n1.09\n0.71\n1.69\nQuintile 4\n1553\n41\n1.17\n0.76\n1.82\n1.11\n0.71\n1.73\nQuintile 5\n1540\n43\n1.29\n0.84\n1.99\n1.24\n0.79\n1.95\n0.12\n0.19\nWHR\nQuintile 1\n1543\n34\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1587\n30\n0.87\n0.53\n1.42\n0.85\n0.52\n1.40\nQuintile 3\n1607\n39\n1.12\n0.71\n1.78\n1.13\n0.71\n1.80\nQuintile 4\n1580\n52\n1.52\n0.98\n2.34\n1.56\n1.01\n2.43\nQuintile 5\n1655\n47\n1.34\n0.86\n2.09\n1.40\n0.89\n2.21\n0.023\n0.012\nDiabetes? RESULTS No\n1523\n198\n1.00\n1.00\nYes\n6279\n4\n0.66\n0.24\n1.77\n0.65\n0.24\n1.75\n0.41\n0.39\nWaist, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\n1562\n35\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1626\n39\n1.05\n0.67\n1.66\n1.05\n0.66\n1.67\nQuintile 3\n1625\n36\n1.04\n0.65\n1.65\n1.03\n0.64\n1.66\nQuintile 4\n1609\n44\n1.28\n0.82\n2.00\n1.29\n0.81\n2.07\nQuintile 5\n1551\n48\n1.57\n1.01\n2.43\n1.59\n0.98\n2.58\n0.025\n0.038\nWHR, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\n1472\n26\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1594\n28\n0.96\n0.56\n1.64\n0.98\n0.57\n1.67\nQuintile 3\n1612\n51\n1.75\n1.09\n2.81\n1.82\n1.13\n2.92\nQuintile 4\n1627\n52\n1.78\n1.11\n2.85\n1.85\n1.15\n2.98\nQuintile 5\n1662\n45\n1.50\n0.93\n2.44\n1.64\n1.00\n2.68\n0.011\n0.004\nBMI ¼ body mass index; WHR ¼ waist–hip ratio; HR ¼ hazard ratios. P-values in italics. aAdjusted for age, height, co-habitation status, socioeconomic status, alcohol habits,\nsmoking habits, prevalent diabetes, total physical activity, birth country, and total intake of EPA, DHA, red meat, and calcium. Height and prevalent diabetes were further adjusted\nfor BMI category. bAll P-values are for linear trends (categorical variables), except where noted. cNumbers do not always add to 8194 owing to missing values in some categories. dSome persons excluded from the analyses because of missing values, which also affect the number of cases (n ¼ 200). eLinear P-value ¼ 0.86. fLinear P ¼ 0.80. RESULTS Height and prevalent diabetes were further adjusted\nical variables) except where noted cNumbers do not always add to 8194 owing to missing values in some categories Age-adjusted analysis (n ¼ 8194)c Multivariate analysis (n ¼ 8103)d Epidemiology British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 & 2009 Cancer Research UK Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al 1803 Table 3\nMultivariate adjusted hazard ratiosa (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and diabetes\nprevalence and total, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancerb\n1 Table 3\nMultivariate adjusted hazard ratiosa (with lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals) for measures of height, obesity, and diabetes\nprevalence and total, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancerb\n8 Table 3\nl j\n(\npp\n)\ng\ny\nprevalence and total, aggressive, and non-aggressive cases of prostate cancerb\nIncident prostate cancer, entire cohort (n ¼ 10 434)c\nAll cases (n ¼ 809)\nAggressive cases (n ¼ 278)\nNon-aggressive cases (n ¼ 525)\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHeight\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1.18\n0.95\n1.47\n1.38\n0.96\n1.98\n1.08\n0.82\n1.43\nQuintile 3\n1.08\n0.86\n1.34\n1.14\n0.79\n1.66\n1.04\n0.79\n1.37\nQuintile 4\n1.04\n0.81\n1.34\n1.01\n0.65\n1.56\n1.08\n0.79\n1.46\nQuintile 5\n1.31\n1.05\n1.64\n1.29\n0.87\n1.91\n1.33\n1.01\n1.76\n0.081\n0.64\n0.055\nBMI\nUnderweight\n2.29\n1.13\n4.63\n3.15\n1.15\n8.62\n0.84\n0.63\n1.11\nNormal\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nOverweight\n1.02\n0.88\n1.19\n0.99\n0.76\n1.29\n1.16\n0.89\n1.50\nObese\n1.06\n0.84\n1.33\n1.02\n0.69\n1.52\n1.11\n0.85\n1.44\nNon-linear P\n0.15d\n0.16e\n0.65f\nBMI\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n0.94\n0.76\n1.17\n0.83\n0.57\n1.20\n1.01\n0.76\n1.33\nQuintile 3\n0.96\n0.77\n1.20\n0.89\n0.62\n1.29\n0.99\n0.75\n1.31\nQuintile 4\n0.99\n0.80\n1.24\n0.89\n0.61\n1.28\n1.06\n0.81\n1.40\nQuintile 5\n0.90\n0.72\n1.13\n0.83\n0.57\n1.22\n0.94\n0.71\n1.26\n0.58\n0.49\n0.86\nBody fat %\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1.22\n0.98\n1.52\n1.33\n0.94\n1.91\n1.13\n0.85\n1.49\nQuintile 3\n1.03\n0.82\n1.30\n0.99\n0.67\n1.45\n1.05\n0.79\n1.39\nQuintile 4\n1.06\n0.84\n1.32\n0.83\n0.56\n1.23\n1.19\n0.90\n1.56\nQuintile 5\n1.10\n0.87\n1.38\n1.05\n0.71\n1.55\n1.12\n0.84\n1.49\n0.94\n0.35\n0.38\nWaist\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n0.90\n0.71\n1.13\n0.80\n0.55\n1.18\n0.94\n0.70\n1.25\nQuintile 3\n1.05\n0.84\n1.30\n0.93\n0.64\n1.34\n1.10\n0.83\n1.44\nQuintile 4\n1.04\n0.83\n1.29\n0.89\n0.61\n1.30\n1.12\n0.84\n1.47\nQuintile 5\n1.00\n0.80\n1.26\n0.99\n0.68\n1.45\n1.00\n0.75\n1.34\n0.55\n0.84\n0.58\nWHR\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n0.99\n0.79\n1.23\n0.94\n0.65\n1.37\n1.00\n0.76\n1.31\nQuintile 3\n0.96\n0.77\n1.21\n1.03\n0.71\n1.49\n0.93\n0.70\n1.23\nQuintile 4\n1.23\n0.99\n1.52\n1.27\n0.89\n1.82\n1.21\n0.92\n1.58\nQuintile 5\n1.12\n0.89\n1.41\n0.99\n0.66\n1.47\n1.16\n0.88\n1.53\n0.073\n0.46\n0.12\nDiabetes? RESULTS ccurring before age 65b\nAge-adjusted analysis (n ¼ 8194)c\nMultivariate analysis (n ¼ 8103)d\nnt cases (n ¼ 202)\nN\nHR\nLower\nUpper\nHR\nLower\nUpper\n32\n1.00\n1.00\n31\n0.77\n0.47\n1.27\n0.75\n0.46\n1.23\n50\n1.06\n0.68\n1.65\n1.00\n0.64\n1.58\n22\n0.62\n0.36\n1.07\n0.59\n0.34\n1.02\n67\n1.30\n0.85\n1.98\n1.22\n0.79\n1.89\n0.17\n0.28\n3\n3.81\n1.20\n12.08\n4.38\n1.35\n14.17\n78\n1.00\n1.00\n94\n0.97\n0.72\n1.31\n0.95\n0.70\n1.29\n27\n1.09\n0.71\n1.69\n1.09\n0.70\n1.71\n0.13e\n0.081f\n46\n1.00\n1.00\n40\n0.89\n0.58\n1.36\n0.84\n0.55\n1.29\n32\n0.75\n0.48\n1.17\n0.71\n0.45\n1.11\n46\n1.11\n0.74\n1.67\n1.05\n0.69\n1.60\n38\n0.91\n0.59\n1.40\n0.88\n0.56\n1.36\n0.96\n0.93\n36\n1.00\n1.00\n44\n1.20\n0.78\n1.87\n1.20\n0.77\n1.86\n45\n1.27\n0.82\n1.97\n1.28\n0.82\n1.99\n36\n1.08\n0.68\n1.72\n1.05\n0.66\n1.68\n39\n1.19\n0.75\n1.87\n1.20\n0.77\n1.86\n0.65\n0.69\n40\n1.00\n1.00\n33\n0.89\n0.56\n1.41\n0.85\n0.53\n1.35\n45\n1.15\n0.75\n1.75\n1.09\n0.71\n1.69\n41\n1.17\n0.76\n1.82\n1.11\n0.71\n1.73\n43\n1.29\n0.84\n1.99\n1.24\n0.79\n1.95\n0.12\n0.19\n34\n1.00\n1.00\n30\n0.87\n0.53\n1.42\n0.85\n0.52\n1.40\n39\n1.12\n0.71\n1.78\n1.13\n0.71\n1.80\n52\n1.52\n0.98\n2.34\n1.56\n1.01\n2.43\n47\n1.34\n0.86\n2.09\n1.40\n0.89\n2.21\n0.023\n0.012\n198\n1.00\n1.00\n4\n0.66\n0.24\n1.77\n0.65\n0.24\n1.75\n0.41\n0.39\n35\n1.00\n1.00\n39\n1.05\n0.67\n1.66\n1.05\n0.66\n1.67\n36\n1.04\n0.65\n1.65\n1.03\n0.64\n1.66\n44\n1.28\n0.82\n2.00\n1.29\n0.81\n2.07\n48\n1.57\n1.01\n2.43\n1.59\n0.98\n2.58\n0.025\n0.038\n26\n1.00\n1.00\n28\n0.96\n0.56\n1.64\n0.98\n0.57\n1.67\n51\n1.75\n1.09\n2.81\n1.82\n1.13\n2.92\n52\n1.78\n1.11\n2.85\n1.85\n1.15\n2.98\n45\n1.50\n0.93\n2.44\n1.64\n1.00\n2.68\n0.011\n0.004\nazard ratios. P-values in italics. aAdjusted for age, height, co-habitation status, socioeconomic status, alcohol habits,\nth country, and total intake of EPA, DHA, red meat, and calcium. & 2009 Cancer Research UK DISCUSSION This study showed a weak association between tallness and risk of\ntotal PCa, also shown (but not significantly) by aggressive PCa or\nPCa in the o65 sub-cohort. The role of height in PCa, if any, is\ncontroversial (Gunnell et al, 2001). A similar finding was reported\nin the largest study to date, examining 950 000 Norwegian men, in\nwhich the tallest men (X190 cm) had an RR of 1.72 (95% CI 1.46–\n2.04) compared with the shortest (Engeland et al, 2003). Although\nan RR greater than 1.00 for the tallest men has been reported\nseveral times, this was not usually significant at a 0.05 level\n(Gunnell et al, 2001). A recent study from the EPIC cohort found\nno association between height and risk, neither for aggressive nor\nfor non-aggressive tumours (Pischon et al, 2008). Furthermore,\nheight was recently associated with increased PCa mortality\n(Giovannucci et al, 2007). p\nUnderweight (BMI o18.5) was associated with all categories\nof PCa. This may represent weight loss owing to pre-clinical\ncancer,\nparticularly\nsince\nthe\nassociations\ndisappeared\nafter exclusion of cases occurring within the first 2 years after\nscreening. g\nDiabetes was not significantly associated with incidence of PCa\nin this study. Several studies linking NIDDM and/or insulin\nresistance with lower risk of PCa have been published in recent\nyears (Bonovas et al, 2004; Gong et al, 2006; Stocks et al, 2007). As\nnoted above, we used self-reported data on diabetes prevalence. However, because we also defined diabetics by their oral anti-\ndiabetic drug use, only diabetics without oral therapy (or who\nfailed to record it) and who did not answer the diabetes item\ncorrectly should be misclassified. This predominantly NIDDM\ngroup\nmay\nbe\nmixed\nwith\ntype\n1\ndiabetes,\nbecause\nthe\nquestionnaire did not differ between diabetes types. However,\nfew persons reported age at start of diabetes treatment o36 years\n(n ¼ 30, 12% of cases). Finally, it should be noted that our power to\ndetect an association was rather low, because of the relatively small\nnumber of diabetics. To our knowledge, height in itself has not been regarded as\na causal factor for PCa, but rather associations have been\nattributed to genetic, hormonal, and nutritional factors related\nto growth until adulthood, both before and after birth (Gunnell\net al, 2001). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We\nthank\nUlla\nLindstro¨m,\nRN,\nDepartment\nof\nUrology,\nMalmo¨ University Hospital, for retrieval of clinical data. We also\nthank the staff and participants of the Malmo¨ Diet and Cancer\nStudy. Financial support has been received from the Swedish Cancer\nSociety, the Swedish Medical Research Council, Region Ska˚ne, The\nSwedish Nutrition Foundation, and the Ernhold Lundstro¨m\nResearch Foundation. y\np\nIt is not clear why the association between WHR and PCa risk\nwas most pronounced in the o65 sub-cohort, or why height was\nnot associated with aggressive PCa. Chance findings can never be\nentirely ruled out; although the number of factors examined in this\nstudy was limited and well defined, the actual number of statistical\ntests was large. On the other hand, our findings might reflect that\nunmeasured factors associated with high WHR/waist circum-\nference become relatively less important to PCa development as Epidemiology Disclaimer: Parts of the data presented in this study are also\nincluded in a recent report from the EPIC collaboration (Pischon\net al, 2008). DISCUSSION As there is evidence of a positive association between\nbody height and socioeconomic class, perhaps reflecting factors\nsuch as a greater abundance of food during growth or lower\nincidence of infections, one could imagine socioeconomic class\nconfounding the association between height and PCa (Batty et al,\n2006). In this study, however, this was only marginally affected\nby adjustment for socioeconomic index and other potential\nconfounders. Many researchers use a Gleason score of 7 þ instead of 8 þ for\ndefining more aggressive tumours. Changing our definition of\naggressive to include Gleason 7 meant resulted in another 99 cases\namong the aggressive, with unchanged null results and weaker\npositive results (data not shown). This could be interpreted as an\neffect of diluting the aggressive group of cases by adding a large\nnumber of less malignant tumours. Few studies have reported associations between waist/WHR and\nPCa; a recent meta-analysis judged the evidence to be weak\n(MacInnis and English, 2006). In our study, WHR (and, to a\nsmaller extent, waist) was associated with PCa, particularly before\nage 65 and after adjustment for BMI. Detection bias is possible:\npersons with higher WHR may be more likely to have other health\nproblems and therefore visit a doctor, which could increase the\nchance of diagnosis. However, the sensitivity analysis showed, if\nanything, stronger associations when asymptomatic cases were\nexcluded (data not shown). Although usually highly correlated\nwith BMI, there are data to suggest that waist circumference and/or\nWHR may predict health problems independently of BMI, as in\ndiabetes mellitus (Gastaldelli, 2008) and CVD (Yusuf et al, 2005). Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for a role of waist\ncircumference (Visscher et al, 2001; Koster et al, 2008) and WHR\n(Lahmann et al, 2002; Price et al, 2006) in predicting mortality\nindependently of BMI in men. A post hoc analysis of total PCa in\nthe present cohort shows that the increased PCa risk associated\nwith large waist circumference seemed to be greatest at low BMI\n(data not shown), a finding that was not explained by prevalent\nasymptomatic cancer. In this population-based cohort study, we noted positive\nassociations between risk of PCa and adult height, WHR, and\nwaist circumference. No other measures of obesity or body size,\nor prevalent diabetes were significantly associated with PCa\nrisk. There were no suggestions\nof significant interactions\nbetween measures of obesity and degree of aggressiveness of the\ntumours. RESULTS This was true of\nthe waist/WHR models, both univariate and multivariate. How-\never, the association between being underweight according to BMI\nclassification and increased risk of total PCa was greatly weakened\nafter removal of cases occurring within the first 2 years or\nasymptomatic cases. Apart from these, the sensitivity analyses\nyielded no consistent results. General adiposity was not associated with PCa in this study. The\nHR estimates for BF% were slightly different from those for BMI,\nbut not convincingly so. As the use of BF% as a marker of general\nadiposity has recently been criticised (Cole et al, 2008), we\nrepeated our main analyses with BF% replaced by BF mass\nadjusted for lean body mass, but with broadly similar results (data\nnot shown). One obvious explanation is that there may be no effect\nor a very small effect of general adiposity on PCa risk (MacInnis\nand English, 2006; Renehan et al, 2008), or that BF% is not\ndifferent enough from BMI to capture any differences in this\nrespect. RESULTS No\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nYes\n0.76\n0.51\n1.11\n0.61\n0.30\n1.25\n0.84\n0.53\n1.33\n0.15\n0.18\n0.45\nWaist, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n1.17\n0.93\n1.47\n1.11\n0.75\n1.64\n1.21\n0.92\n1.60\nQuintile 3\n1.00\n0.79\n1.27\n1.04\n0.69\n1.55\n1.00\n0.75\n1.33\nQuintile 4\n1.23\n0.98\n1.55\n1.40\n0.95\n2.06\n1.16\n0.87\n1.54\nQuintile 5\n1.17\n0.92\n1.49\n1.29\n0.86\n1.93\n1.11\n0.82\n1.50\n0.18\n0.11\n0.67\nWHR, adjusted for BMI\nQuintile 1\n1.00\n1.00\n1.00\nQuintile 2\n0.89\n0.71\n1.11\n0.96\n0.65\n1.40\n0.84\n0.63\n1.11\nQuintile 3\n1.22\n0.99\n1.51\n1.34\n0.94\n1.93\n1.16\n0.89\n1.50\nQuintile 4\n1.14\n0.92\n1.42\n1.21\n0.83\n1.75\n1.11\n0.85\n1.44\nQuintile 5\n1.22\n0.98\n1.52\n1.27\n0.87\n1.86\n1.17\n0.89\n1.53\n0.012\n0.10\n0.072\nBMI ¼ body mass index; WHR ¼ waist–hip ratio; HR ¼ hazard ratios. P-values are in italics. aAdjusted for age, height, co-habitation status, socioeconomic status, alcohol habits,\nsmoking habits, prevalent diabetes, total physical activity, birth country, and total intake of EPA, DHA, red meat, and calcium. Height and prevalent diabetes were further adjusted\nfor BMI category. bAll P-values are for linear trends (categorical variables), except where noted. cSome persons excluded from the analyses because of missing values, which also\naffect the number of cases. dLinear P ¼ 0.95. eLinear P ¼ 0.72. fLinear P ¼ 0.95. Incident prostate cancer, entire cohort (n ¼ 10 434)c Epidemiology BMI ¼ body mass index; WHR ¼ waist–hip ratio; HR ¼ hazard ratios. P-values are in italics. aAdjusted for age, height, co-habitation status, socioeconomic status, alcohol habits,\nsmoking habits, prevalent diabetes, total physical activity, birth country, and total intake of EPA, DHA, red meat, and calcium. Height and prevalent diabetes were further adjusted\nfor BMI category. bAll P-values are for linear trends (categorical variables), except where noted. cSome persons excluded from the analyses because of missing values, which also\naffect the number of cases. dLinear P ¼ 0.95. eLinear P ¼ 0.72. fLinear P ¼ 0.95. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 & 2009 Cancer Research UK Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al Body size and prostate cancer p\nP Wallstro¨m et al 1804 age increases. Similarly, height may be a marker of biological\nprocesses leading to less aggressive PCa. of persons born outside of Sweden, asymptomatic cases, and cases\noccurring within 2 year of screening, respectively). British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 REFERENCES J Intern Med\n233: 53–57 d nutrition. 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Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. & 2009 Cancer Research UK & 2009 Cancer Research UK British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 Body size and prostate cancer\nP Wallstro¨m et al Body size and prostate cancer\nP W ll\n¨\nl 1805 REFERENCES Int J Cancer\n120: 2678–2686 Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (2007) Risk\nfactors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health\nprofessionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 121: 1571–1578 Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski HC, Schoeller D, Friedl K,\nKuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL, Hubbard VS (2003) Develop-\nment of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body\ncomposition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in\nepidemiologic surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 331–340 Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC (1997)\nHeight, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. 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Epidemiol\nRev 23: 313–342 Heitmann BL (1990) Prediction of body water and fat in adult Danes from\nmeasurement of electrical impedance. A validation study. Int J Obes 14:\n789–802 Wallstro¨m P, Bjartell A, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Wirfa¨lt E (2007) A\nprospective study on dietary fat and incidence of prostate cancer\n(Malmo¨, Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 18: 1107–1121 Hubbard JS, Rohrmann S, Landis PK, Metter EJ, Muller DC, Andres R,\nCarter HB, Platz EA (2004) Association of prostate cancer risk with\ninsulin, glucose, and anthropometry in the Baltimore longitudinal study\nof aging. Urology 63: 253–258 Willett WC (1998) Anthropometric measures and body composition. In\nNutritional Epidemiology, Willett WC (ed), pp 244–272. Oxford\nUniversity Press: New York Willett WC (1998) Anthropometric measures and body composition. In\nNutritional Epidemiology, Willett WC (ed), pp 244–272. REFERENCES Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers\nPrev 12: 1417–1421 Manjer J, Carlsson S, Elmsta˚hl S, Gullberg B, Janzon L, Lindstro¨m M,\nMattisson I, Berglund G (2001) The Malmo¨ Diet and Cancer Study: British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100(11), 1799 – 1805 & 2009 Cancer Research UK"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":true},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":21,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":93470,"offset":2100,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3ODk2NTA1Nywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL0xMTURIL09wZW5TY2llbmNlIiwiZXhwIjoxNzc4OTY4NjU3LCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.TTWdgEd6440UwboRD8kmimxfUh5ewNhZOucSRLGhjexVUmKXckNNTFpWbV5ZWPxhPzOeirvLS8btxX7kpYzIDA","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":93470,"numBytesParquet":2772077973}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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https://openalex.org/W4316618279 | http://meijournals.com/ara/index.php/mejhcs/article/download/138/146 | Arabic | null | أثر إستخدام التعلم المتمازج على تحصيل طلاب الصف العاشر الأساسي في مادة التربية المهنية وإتجاهاتهم نحوها | Mağallaẗ al-šarq al-awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-insāniyyaẗ wa-al-ṯaqāfiyyaẗ | 2,021 | cc-by | 11,415 | Middle East Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies
Homepage: http://meijournals.com/ar/index.php/mejljs/index
ISSN: 2710-2238 (Print)
ISSN: 2788-4686 (Online)
أثر إستخدام التعلم المتمازج على تحصيل طالب الصف العاشر األساسي في مادة
التربية المهنية وإتجاهاتهم نحوها
أحمد عيد محمد الشراري
أ.د عيد حسن الصبحيين
ك... |
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Lab. for System Dynamics & Signal Processing
Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CIFASIS, CONICET
Rosario, Argentina
gomez@cifasis-conicet.gov.ar Keywords: Online Signature Verification, Feature Combination, Score Level Fusion. Keywords: Online Signature Verification, Feature Combination, Score Level Fusi... |
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viruses
ISSN 1999-4915
www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses
Article
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Plant-Produced Recombinant
Hemagglutinin-Based Influenza Vaccine (HAI-05) Derived from
A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) Influenza Virus: A Phase 1
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DFD was associated with longer axial length (P<0.001; standardized correlation coefficient
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used up in the world followed by that of goat, camel, and
donkey (Cissé et al., 2019). In Ethiopia, cows contribute
around 95% of the total annual milk produced in the
country (CSA, 2021). Ethiopia possess the largest livestock population in
Afr... |
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Ope n Pe e r Re v ie w on Qe ios
Q-Value
National Cancer Institute
Source
National Cancer Institute. Q-Value. NCI T hesaurus. Code C64217.
T he minimum False Discovery Rate (FDR) value required for a test to be considered
significant.
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Ushbu
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their
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topics of general conversational interest. Freedom
from anxiety, business, domestic and personal, is
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VISION,
greater for blue than for green, and for green than for red. In the
absence of initial determinations, it is impossible to state the total
amount of increase, but Loeser conjectures that in the optimal stage of
dark-adaptation, color-sensitivity is 500 or 600 times greater than in
light-adaptation. Loeser... | |
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iz devetnaestoga u dvadeseto stoljeće Drača, Vinko Vinko Drača
Psihijatrijski diskurs u hrvatskom društvu na
prijelazu iz devetnaestoga u dvadeseto
stoljeće Vinko Drača DOKTORSKI RAD University of Zagreb
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zag... |
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1Instituto de Ciˆencias Exatas, Departamento de Matem´atica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora,
MG, Brazil – E-mail: nzmonteiro@ice.ufjf.br https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-2462
2Instituto de Ciˆencias Exatas,... |
https://openalex.org/W4362550443 | https://aacr.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Supplementary_Figure_Legends_from_A_Novel_Therapeutic_Strategy_Targeting_the_Mesenchymal_Phenotype_of_Malignant_Pleural_Mesothelioma_by_Suppressing_LSD1/22526165/1/files/39989036.pdf | English | null | Supplementary Figure Legends from A Novel Therapeutic Strategy Targeting the Mesenchymal Phenotype of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Suppressing LSD1 | null | 2,023 | cc-by | 894 | Supplementary Figure Legends Supplementary Figure S1. TGFβ1 treatment in MPM cells. (A) Microscopic images
of ACC-MESO-4 cells following TGFβ1 treatment for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Scale bar = 20
μm. (B) E-cadherin, Zo-1, vimentin, and actin (loading control) protein expression in
ACC-MESO-4 cells incubated with or wit... |
https://openalex.org/W2054620820 | http://pei-pusat.org/jurnal/index.php/jei/article/download/59/pdf1 | English | null | The effect of DMSO on ITS2 amplification in the molecular identification of Anopheles farauti Laveran (Diptera: Culicidae), from a colony established in the laboratory | Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia | 2,013 | cc-by | 3,041 | *Penulis korespondensi: Ign. Joko Suyono. Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam,
Universitas Cenderawasih, Jalan Kamp Walker Waena, Jayapura 99358
Tel: +6281328886652, Faks: 0967-571115, Email: ignetds@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Sibling species identification is very important in the underst... |
https://openalex.org/W3087997050 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-020-00189-6.pdf | English | null | A comparative study of social group optimization with a few recent optimization algorithms | Complex & intelligent systems | 2,020 | cc-by | 27,346 | Complex & Intelligent Systems (2021) 7:249–295
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00189-6 Complex & Intelligent Systems (2021) 7:249–295
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-020-00189-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ORIGINAL ARTICLE Abstract From the past few decades, the popularity of meta-heuristic optimization algorithms is growing co... |
https://openalex.org/W2663746340 | https://hipatiapress.com/hpjournals/index.php/hse/article/download/2663/pdf, https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3170/317051453004.pdf, https://research.rug.nl/files/49082246/Promoting_school_efficiency.pdf, https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/49082246/Promoting_school_efficiency.pdf, https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/607... | es | Promoting school efficiency: Dutch school doctors and the meaning of child health (1930-1970) | Historia social y de la educación | 2,017 | cc-by | 8,488 | Instructions for authors, subscriptions and further details:
http://hse.hipatiapress.com
Promoting school efficiency: Dutch school doctors and the
meaning of child health (1930-1970)
Nelleke Bakker1
1) University of Groningen (Netherlands)
Date of publication: June 23rd, 2017
Edition period: June 2017 – October 2017... | |
https://openalex.org/W2073750827 | http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=52106 | English | null | The Jeans Equation Generalization for the Rotating Universe | International journal of astronomy and astrophysics | 2,014 | cc-by | 3,899 | Keywords Keywords Jeans Equations, Rotating Universe Jeans Equations, Rotating Universe The Jeans Equation Generalization for the
Rotating Universe Leonid M. Chechin, Aigerim T. Ibraimova
Astrophysical Institute Named After V.G. Fessenkov, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Email: chechin-lm@mail.ru, b_e_n_t_o_s@mail.ru How to cite... |
https://openalex.org/W4361876272 | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Figure_S3_from_TRPM2_Mediates_Neutrophil_Killing_of_Disseminated_Tumor_Cells/22419333/1/files/39865473.pdf | Latin | null | Figure S1 from TRPM2 Mediates Neutrophil Killing of Disseminated Tumor Cells | null | 2,023 | cc-by | 909 | 0
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https://openalex.org/W4395463185 | https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jisc/article/download/1825/1581 | Indonesian | null | Pengaruh Mobile Banking Service dan Customer Perceived Value Melalui Customer Satisfaction Terhadap Customer Loyality | Journal of Management, Economic and Accounting | 2,024 | cc-by-sa | 3,310 | Pengaruh Mobile Banking Service dan Customer Perceived Value Melalui
Customer Satisfaction Terhadap Customer Loyality (Bank Syariah Mandiri
Kantor Cabang Pembantu Krian) Pengaruh Mobile Banking Service dan Customer Perceived Value Melalui
Customer Satisfaction Terhadap Customer Loyality (Bank Syariah Mandiri
Kantor... |
https://openalex.org/W3137973845 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP06(2021)003.pdf | English | null | Measurements of W+W−+ ≥ 1 jet production cross-sections in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | The Journal of high energy physics/The journal of high energy physics | 2,021 | cc-by | 40,667 | Received: March 19, 2021
Accepted: May 12, 2021
Published: June 1, 2021 Received: March 19, 2021
Accepted: May 12, 2021
Published: June 1, 2021 Measurements of W +W −+ ≥1 jet production
cross-sections in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with
the ATLAS detector JHEP06(2021)003 The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: atlas.publicati... |
https://openalex.org/W2947436003 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc6509857?pdf=render | English | null | Colorectal cancer screening in newly insured Medicaid members: a review of concurrent federal and state policies | BMC health services research | 2,019 | cc-by | 6,142 | O’Leary et al. BMC Health Services Research (2019) 19:298
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4113-2 O’Leary et al. BMC Health Services Research (2019) 19:298
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4113-2 (2019) 19:298 O’Leary et al. BMC Health Services Research
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4113-... |
https://openalex.org/W3180948935 | https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12933-021-01338-y | English | null | Improving statin treatment strategies to reduce LDL-cholesterol: factors associated with targets’ attainment in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes | Cardiovascular diabetology | 2,021 | cc-by | 10,481 | Morieri et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol (2021) 20:144
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01338-y Morieri et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol (2021) 20:144
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01338-y Cardiovascular Diabetology ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Improving statin treatment strategies
to reduce LDL‑cholesterol... |
https://openalex.org/W4390707227 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44326-4.pdf | English | null | Temperature and quantum anharmonic lattice effects on stability and superconductivity in lutetium trihydride | Nature communications | 2,024 | cc-by | 7,247 | Temperature and quantum anharmonic
lattice effects on stability and
superconductivity in lutetium trihydride Roman Lucrezi
1, Pedro P. Ferreira
1,2, Markus Aichhorn
1 &
Christoph Heil
1 Received: 13 June 2023
Accepted: 8 December 2023
Check for updates In this work, we resolve conflicting experimental and theoretical fin... |
https://openalex.org/W4309183682 | https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/351526/3/PaG2022.pdf | English | null | Is Protest Only Negative? Examining the Effect of Emotions and Affective Polarization on Protest Behaviour | Politics and governance | 2,022 | cc-by | 10,595 | Issue This article is part of the issue “Negative Politics: Leader Personality, Negative Campaigning, and the Oppositional
Dynamics of Contemporary Politics” edited by Alessandro Nai (University of Amsterdam), Diego Garzia (University of
Lausanne), Loes Aaldering (Free University Amsterdam), Frederico Ferreira da Silva... |
https://openalex.org/W4220758769 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-022-10141-6.pdf | English | null | Correction to: Uniform and scalable sampling of highly configurable systems | Empirical software engineering | 2,022 | cc-by | 502 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-022-10141-6
Empirical Software Engineering (2022) 27: 57 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-022-10141-6
Empirical Software Engineering (2022) 27: 57 AUTHOR CORRECTION The online version of the original article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10102-5 2
University of Seville,... |
https://openalex.org/W3112550329 | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1364190 | English | null | Effect of BMI on Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency Among 9 to 10 years-old Turkish Children | Uluslararası spor egzersiz ve antrenman bilimi dergisi | 2,020 | cc-by | 4,672 | Vol 6, Issue 4, 110–116 (2020)
Original Article
http://dergipark.gov.tr/useeabd
Effect of BMI on Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency Among 9 to 10
years-old Turkish Children
Fatma lker KERKEZ1, Varol TUTAL2
Abstract
Keywords
Aim: To examine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on Fundamental Motor Skill ... |
https://openalex.org/W4240110663 | http://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/komunika/article/download/108/82 | Indonesian | null | Semiotika: Sebuah Pendekatan dalam Studi Agama | Komunika | 1,970 | cc-by-sa | 4,236 | PENDAHULUAN Suatu komunikasi akan terjadi atau berlangsung jika ada pemahaman makna dalam bahasa yang diungkapkan. Kesamaan bahasa yang dipergunakan itu belum menjamin terjadinya kesamaan makna. Dengan lain perkataan, mengerti
bahasanya saja belum tentu mengerti makna yang dibawakan oleh bahasa itu. Dalam hal ini sebu... |
https://openalex.org/W2046374046 | https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 | English | null | Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation | BMC evolutionary biology | 2,007 | cc-by | 9,432 | BioMed Central BioMed Central BioMed Central BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:198
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:198
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/198 s article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/147 © 2007... |
https://openalex.org/W2956656114 | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10078034/1/Fraioli2019_Article_SynergisticApplicationOfPulmon.pdf | English | null | Synergistic application of pulmonary 18F-FDG PET/HRCT and computer-based CT analysis with conventional severity measures to refine current risk stratification in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging | 2,019 | cc-by | 8,402 | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04386-5 European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04386-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Abstract Abstract
Introduction To investigate the combined performance of quantitative CT (qCT) fol... |
https://openalex.org/W4283818311 | http://revista.letras.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/le/article/download/2103/2153, https://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/revistaLetras/article/download/20847/18313 | es | Translingüismo como una perspectiva que permite desarrollar literacidad académica en una lengua extranjera en educación superior: una revisión de literatura | Letras | 2,022 | cc-by | 8,242 | ERROR: type should be string, got "https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nTranslingualism as an Insight to Develop Academic\nLiteracy in Foreign Language in Tertiary Education:\nA Literature Review\nTranslingüismo como una perspectiva que permite\ndesarrollar literacidad académica en una lengua extranjera\nen educación superior: una revisión de literatura\nAntonio Esquicha Medina\nUniversidad de Talca, Campus Santiago LBI, Santiago de Chile, Chile\nContacto: jesquicha@utalca.cl\nhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-5799\n\nRESUMEN\n\nABSTRACT\n\nLa literacidad académica en una lengua extranjera es una competencia a desarrollarse hoy en día.\nSin embargo, los enfoques hacia la escritura en una\nsegunda lengua se rigen tradicionalmente por perspectivas monolingües, reforzando la idea de una\ndeseada homogeneidad lingüística que sitúa al hablante nativo como referente. El translingüismo reconoce la variedad de contextos propios del ámbito\neducativo, desafiando el dominio del inglés como\nlengua vehicular en comunidades académicas. El\ntranslingüismo ofrece una comprensión amplia de\ncómo ocurren las prácticas letradas, entendiendo\nel cambio entre una lengua hacia otra como una\nevidencia de un repertorio lingüístico, en lugar de\ninterferencia lingüística. Esta revisión de literatura\npretende describir la contribución del translingüismo en el desarrollo de la literacidad académica en\nel ámbito universitario. Los principales resultados\nobservados en los estudios empíricos revisados\naquí hacen referencia a la importancia de la lengua\nmaterna en el desarrollo de la identidad del escritor,\na las implicancias del translingüismo en los procesos de escritura en segunda lengua, y a las prácticas letradas multimodales y digitales. Se concluye\nque se requieren perspectivas alternativas respecto\na los procesos de literacidad académica para comprender las prácticas letradas en contextos universitarios actuales al escribir en una lengua extranjera.\n\nAcademic literacy in a foreign language is a competence to be developed nowadays. However,\napproaches towards second language writing have\ntraditionally been informed by monolingual perspectives, which reinforce the idea of a desired linguistic homogeneity with the native speaker as a\nreferent. Translanguaging acknowledges the variety of backgrounds in current educational contexts,\nchallenging the dominance of English as a target\nlanguage within academic communities. Translingualism provides an ample comprehension of literacy practices occurring worldwide, where shuttling between codes is considered as evidence of\nlinguistic repertoire instead of language interference. This literature review aims at describing contributions of translingualism to the development of\nacademic literacy at tertiary level. Importance of L1\nin the development of the writer’s identity, implications of translingualism in second language writing\nand multimodality and digital translingual practices are described as the main results reported in\nempirical research. To conclude, alternative insights towards academic literacy seem necessary to\nunderstand current literacy practices at university\nlevel when writing in a foreign language.\n\nPalabras clave: Escritura académica; Prácticas letradas; Translingüismo; Translenguaje; Revisión de\nliteratura.\nRecibido: 28.05.21\n\n86\n\nRevisado: 14.02.22\n\nKeywords: Academic Writing; Literacy Practices;\nTranslingualism; Translanguaging; Literature Review.\n\nAceptado: 07.04.22\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\n1. Introduction\nWriting has traditionally been considered in academic contexts for gatekeeping or evaluation purposes,\nas passing or failing university courses frequently\ndepends on reading and writing academic and disciplinary texts (Lillis, 2001; Thaiss & Myers-Zawacki,\n2006). However, it is also considered as an element\nthat promotes graduation in tertiary education (Fernandez Lamarra & Costa de Paula, 2011). In that context, many universities have incorporated academic\nwriting and foreign language courses to their curricula\nto prepare students for the challenges of this heterogeneous society. However, foreign language learners\npresent difficulty in achieving academic standards\nand a formal register while writing under traditional\nteaching methods (Hyland, 2006). This eclecticism in\nacademic writing makes it necessary to describe literacy practices as they occur these days (Mcgrath &\nKaufhold, 2016).\nWriting in academic genres at university represents a challenge for these students as they were exposed to other literacy practices during their schooling,\nnot related to the disciplinary communities (De Silva,\n2015). In a longitudinal study, Zavala (2017) reported\ncases of two writers who feel their voice was not represented in the tasks assigned by teachers and curriculum. Both describe academic writing as a threat to\ntheir identity as this discourse does not convey natural\ncommunication. Street (2010) also described cases of\nalternative literacy practices in southern Asia that do\nnot align with the formal, clear, precise, concrete and\ntransparent features of academic discourse. Nevertheless, some initiatives have been conducted in tertiary\neducation to integrate academic literacy to communicative approaches in foreign language instruction;\nwhich might have been perceived as epistemologically incompatible in academic writing contexts.\nAn informal style has never been considered\nas appropriate in academic contexts as it enhanced a\nmore subjective interpretation of the writer towards a\ntopic; risking its objectivity, sophistication and intelligibility. Notwithstanding situated approaches aiming to\nfoster academic standards in second-language writers,\ncurrent literacy practices are still regarded as informal\nas they do not fit the impersonal and sophisticated\nlanguage of formal writing (Hyland & Jiang, 2017).\nHowever, an alternative notion of a continuum between formal and informal styles in academic writing\n87\n\nis required (Hyland, 2007). In fact, Hyland and Jiang\n(2017) recognize that informality has entered oral and\nwritten discourse in recent years, following academic\nwriting this tendency and becoming less formal.\nIn this regard, an informal use of a language\nattempts to build a more intimate relationship with\nreaders, where assumptions about a shared context\nand more thorough background knowledge make\ncommunication possible. Therefore, texts that include\nan informal register as a first-person pronoun, colloquial language, verbal phrases, etc., should not be any\nmore now considered as invalid samples of literacies.\nThe following features of writing need to be considered to foster this skill: (1) writing as a collaborative\nactivity, (2) the influence of the learning environment\nand the languages involved, and (3) the need of interaction and activities within a disciplinary discourse\nwhere the learners get familiarized with the genres\nand their purposes (McGrath & Kaufhold, 2016).\nMcGrath and Kaufhold (2016) describe that a\ncommitment towards a ‘bottom-up approach’ is now\nobserved at universities, allowing more pluralistic\npedagogical choices. Strauss (2017) claims that traditional academic writing requirements do not serve the\ninterests of the disciplines or of the students anymore,\nas they cannot make changes to promote proficient\nliteracy in each vocational area. Kaufhold (2015) emphasizes the relevance of students’ involvement in\nthe academic work as voluntary participation of them\nin her study provided evidence of their willingness\nand commitment towards the acquisition of academic writing, being active participants by incorporating\ntheir previous knowledge and learning experiences,\nin order to gain confidence as writers. Therefore, a\nmore thorough insight towards literacy and academic\nwriting is required to comprehend current practices\noccurring in the field of second language writing in\nuniversity contexts.\nThe movement of Academic Literacies emerges\nas a response to legitimize actual literacy practices in\nthe academic community (Lillis & Scott, 2015), trying to offer an alternative and comprehensive understanding of academic writing as a situated social practice, in which communication is the main target. Park\n(2013, p. 344) describes writing as “situated, social\nand political practice offering new writers in English\nan opportunity to find power and legitimacy in a new\nlanguage,” in line with the movement of Academic\nLiteracies, which describes actual written practices\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\noccurring worldwide. The main contribution of this\napproach towards writing is of a legitimating tool that\nwriters and authors, independently of their cultural\nor linguistic background, use in academia to nurture\nthemselves continuously to become part of such communities.\nOne of the major problems reported in foreign\nlanguage instruction is to communicate accurately\nin the target language (L2). No full-immersion programmes are possible in non-native contexts, where\nlearners rely on their mother tongue (L1) to communicate later in the target language. Doiz, Lasagabaster\nand Sierra (2013, p. 24) describe this linguistic phenomenon as translingualism, defining it as “the adoption of bilingual supportive scaffolding practices”\ntowards language learning. From a Bakhtinian perspective, it refers to a strategy available to writers from\ndiverse linguistic backgrounds that challenges limiting\nand oppressive discourses (Canagarajah, 2018). These\npractices occur more frequently when two or more\ndifferent languages, varieties or people from different\nlinguistic backgrounds interact with each other across\ntime and space (Coronel-Molina & Samuelson, 2016).\nTranslingualism tensions teaching and learning traditions which originate from a monolingual perspective.\nTranslingualism also recognizes the multicultural and\nmultilingual background of L2 learners and writers,\nchallenging the desired linguistic homogeneity in L2\ninstruction (Matsuda, 2006).\nUnder the premise of writing as a means of\nnew knowledge making throughout social interaction,\nideas are never generated in isolation (Park, 2013).\nThis implies a connection of the learners’ world\nknowledge, mostly represented in the L1, with the\nideas and topics presented in the target language (L2)\nin the classroom. Despite the criticism to the use of\nL1 in the foreign language class, mainly by terms of\nL1 interference (May, 2013); some studies have been\nrecently conducted to provide the benefits of traslanguaging, using different languages in pedagogical\ncontexts (Blackledge & Creese, 2010; Canagarajah,\n2013; Garcia & Wei, 2014). Furthermore, incorporating both languages in the classroom can increase\nlearners’ willingness to use their entire linguistic repertoire more actively (Fu & Matuosh, 2015). Thus, using different languages to communicate reflects the\nreality of heterogeneous and multicultural societies,\ncontributing to the integration of language practices\nworldwide (Garcia & Wei, 2014).\n88\n\nConsidering the multilingual and multicultural\nbackgrounds of today’s society, alternative approaches towards academic literacy are required to understand this phenomenon occurring both in first and\nsecond language writing in tertiary education. The\nlatter is of utmost importance as student mobility has\nreshaped university contexts, allowing different languages to coexist. Nevertheless, academic literacy is\nstill governed by monolingual paradigms under the\nhegemony of Written Standard English (Canagarajah, 2011). Translingualism emerges as an approach\nthat challenges monoglossic language ideologies, informing second language writing. This perspective\ncan also contribute to moving beyond the fallacy of\nthe native speaker as the error-free language expert,\nempowering the non-native writer as an effective user\n(Phillipson, 1992).\nThis reconceptualization of academic literacy, however, leads to criticism in foreign language\ninstruction and second language writing. Therefore,\nthis literature review becomes relevant to support and\nframe alternative insights towards academic literacy\nwith empirical evidence, empowering language teachers to make informed pedagogical decisions. Under\ntranslingual perspectives, writing might not anymore\nbe considered a technology that restructures thought\n(Canagarajah, 2018) but also as developing alternate\nmodels in one language. The purpose of this revision\nis to inform the use of different languages, a concept\nknown as translingualism, in academic writing preparation at tertiary level, reported in empirical research\narticles and organized systematically. Therefore, the\nfollowing revision question guides this literature review:\n What translingual practices are reported in empirical research articles as a contribution to the\ndevelopment of academic literacy at tertiary level?\n\nOn that account, a revision of empirical studies was conducted and is described in the methodology section, considering three main aspects found\nthroughout these articles: theoretical foundations towards translingualism, translingual spaces in second\nlanguage writing, pedagogical implications of translingualism and multimodality in translingual practices.\nThe results of the revision and analysis of these articles are included in the third section of this assignment, followed by the discussion.\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\n2. Methodology\nBibliographical research of articles in indexed journals was conducted in Web of Science and Scopus,\nconsidering the ten recent years, from 2010 to 2020,\nand data-driven sources. Although the topics partially\nrelate to each other, keywords were essential to narrow the search process towards translanguaging in\nsecond language writing and academic literacy. Table\n1 depicts the search criteria and the keywords used in\nthis literature review.\nTable 1. Keywords used in this literature review\nSearch\t\t\t\t\norder\n\nKeywords\n\n1\n\n“translingualism” OR “translanguaging”\n\n2\n\n“academic literacies” AND “translingualism” OR\n“translanguaging”\n\n3\n\n“academic writing” AND “translingualism” OR\n“translinguaging”\n\n4\n\n“second language writing” AND “translingual writing”\n\n5\n\n“academic literacies” AND “translingual writing”\n\n6\n\n“second language writing” AND “higher education”\n\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this literature review.\n\nInitially, 23.792 empirical articles were found.\nTherefore, a systematic revision of both titles and abstracts of each of the articles that refer specifically to\n\ntranslingual practices in academic writing in multilingual contexts was conducted, obtaining 622 papers.\nThe inclusion criteria for the articles used in this literature review were: (1) open access, (2) publication\ndate within the ten recent years, (3) written in English,\n(4) findings obtained through empirical research, and\n(5) papers referring to translingual practices informing\nforeign language instruction and academic literacies.\nAll articles referring to multilingualism, bilingualism, second language acquisition, genre pedagogies, as well as book reviews published in indexed\njournals, were excluded as their scope is not closely\nrelated to translingualism. Papers describing academic literacies and translingual practices at school level,\nregarding primary or secondary education; or to specific areas as translation, linguistics, sociology, were\nnot considered in this literature review. Following\nthese criteria, 26 articles informing translanguaging\ntowards academic literacy practices resulted in the\nfinal revision.\nTable 2 describes the 26 articles selected as the\ndata-driven source for this literature review, organized\nupon the contribution of translingualism towards academic writing: Importance of L1 in the development\nof the writer’s identity, implications of translingualism\nin second language writing instruction and multimodality and digital translingual practices into writing.\nThis classification was obtained after a brief revision\nof each article focusing on the empirical results reported and the authors cited in the discussion and\nbibliography; under the scope of the aforementioned\nrevision question.\n\nTable 2. Articles considered in the literature review\nArticle\nMethods\nSample\nAspect of \t\t\n\t\t\t contribution\n\n89\n\n1. Adamson, J. & Coulson, D. (2015). Translanguaging\nin English academic writing preparation. International\nJournal of Pedagogies and Learning, 10(1), 24-37.\n\nQualitative –\ncase study\n\n475 Japanese university Importance of\nL1 – identity\nstudents: questionnaire\ndevelopment\n271 students’ reports\n\n2. Albawardi, A. (2018). The translingual digital practices\nof Saudi females on WhatsApp. Discourse, Context and\nMedia, 25, 68-77.\n\nQualitative\n\n220 WhatsApp chats of 130 Multimodality and\nSaudi university students digital translingual\npractices\nstudying English\n\n3. Anderson, J. (2017). Reimagining English language\nlearners from a translingual perspective. ELT Journal,\n72(1), 26-37.\n\nQuantitative\n\n116 General English, Exam Implications of\nTL in L2 writing\nEnglish and ESP learners\ninstruction\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\n4. Ashraf, H. (2018). Translingual practices and\nmonoglot policy aspirations: a case study of Pakistan’s\nplurilingual classrooms. Current Issues in Language\nPlanning, 19(1), 1-21.\n\nQuantitative\n\nImportance of\n324 students’ responses\nrecorded and transcribed L1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\n5. Canagarajah, S. (2011). Codemeshing in Academic\nWriting: Identifying Teachable Strategies of\nTranslanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3),\n401-417.\n\nQualitative ethnography\n\n1 graduate student in\na teaching of secondlanguage writing course\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\n6. Canagarajah, S. (2018). Translingual Practice as\nSpatial Repertoires: Expanding the Paradigm beyond\nStructuralist Orientations. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 31-54.\n\nQualitative\n\n24 Chinese scholars,\n1 Korean and Turkish\ncommunicative practices\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\n7. Caruso, E. (2018). Translanguaging in higher\neducation: Using several languages for the analysis\nof academic content in the teaching and learning\nprocess. CercleS, 8(1), 65-90.\n\nQualitative –\nCase study\n\n15 participants in a\nmultilingual classroom\nat a university course in\nPortugal\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\n8. Cavazos, A. (2017). Translingual oral and written\npractices: Rhetorical resources in multilingual\nwriters’ discourse. International Journal of Bilingualism,\n21(4), 385-401.\n\nQualitative\n\nLanguage practices of\n3 scholars in academic\ngenres.\n\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\n9. De Costa, P., Singh, J., Milu, E., Wang, X., Fraiberg, S.\n& Canagarajah, S. (2017). Pedagogizing Translingual\nPractice: Prospects and Possibilities. Research in the\nTeaching of English, 51(4), 464-473.\n\nQualitative\n\nAutoethnography of\nteaching practices of six\nscholars in translingual\npedagogy\n\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\n10. Flores, N. & Aneja, G. (2017). “Why Needs Hiding?”\nTranslingual (Re) Orientations in TESOL Teacher\nEducation. Research in the Teaching of English, 51(4),\n441-463.\n\nQualitative\n\n36 university TESOL\nstudents’ projects (1st\nphase)\n\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\n11. Gevers, J. (2018). Translingualism revisited:\nLanguage difference and hybridity in L2 writing.\nJournal of Second Language Writing, 40, 73-83.\n\nQualitative\n\n12. Holdway, J. & Hitchcock, C. (2018). Exploring\nideological becoming in professional development\nfor teachers of multilingual learners: Perspectives on\ntranslanguaging in the classroom. Teaching and Teacher\nEducation, 75, 60-70.\n\n90\n\n10 students: focus groups\nand interviews (2nd phase)\n2 first-year students of\nwriting courses taught by\nthe author\n114 teachers participating\nQualitative –\nAction Research in a professional\ndevelopment programme\nCase study\nthrough an online\nplatform: 114 discussions\nand 114 summaries\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\n13. Hopkins, S., Zoghbor, W. & Hassall, PJ. (2020). The\nuse of English and linguistic hybridity among Emirati\nmillennials. World Englishes, 1-15.\n\nMixed-methods\n– Questionnaire,\nobservations and\nclassroom notes\n\n100 Emirati students\nstudying an English\nwriting course in Abu\nDhabi university\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\n14. Kaufhold, K. (2018). Creating translanguaging spaces\nin students’ academic writing practices. Linguistics and\nEducation, 45, 1-9.\n\nQualitative –\ncase study\n\n2 participants in\nlongitudinal case studies\nin Sweden\n\n15. Kiernan, J., Meier, J., & Wang, X. (2017). Translingual\napproaches to reading and writing. International\nAssociation for Research in L1 Education, 17, 1-18.\n\nQualitative\n\n9 students’ reflective\nmemos\n\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\n16. Kim, S. (2018). “It was kind of a given that we were Qualitative – case\nall multilingual”: Transnational youth identity work study\nin digital translanguaging. Linguistics and Education, 43,\n39-52.\n\n1 participant: 3\ninterviews, 11 recorded\ninformal conversations,\n16 videos, identity map,\nliteracy checklist and\nsocial media activities\n9 compositions of 4th\ngraders and 1 case study\n\n17. Kiramba, L. (2017). Translanguaging in the Writing\nof Emergent Multilinguals. International Multilingual Qualitative\nResearch Journal, 11(2), 115-130.\n\n5 students in an EMI\nprogramme in Business\nStudies at Swedish\nuniversity\n\nMultimodality and\ndigital translingual\npractices\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\n18. Kuteeva, M. (2019). Revisiting the ‘E’ in EMI\nstudents’ perceptions of standard English, lingua Qualitative\nfranca and translingual practices. International Journal\nof Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 287-300.\n\n3 Chinese youths at\nUniversity of London:\ninterviews, observations\nand recordings of social\ninteraction\n\n19. Wei, L. (2011). Moment Analysis and translanguaging\nspace: Discursive construction of identities by Qualitative\nmultilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of\nPragmatics, 43, 1222-1235.\n\nCorpus of ordinary\nMultimodality and\nEnglish utterances\nbetween Chinese users of digital translingual\npractices\nEnglish\n\n20. Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory\nQualitative\nof Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30.\n\n21. Wei, L. & Ho, W. (2018). Learning Language Sans Qualitative\nFrontiers: A Translanguaging View. Annual Review of\nApplied Linguistics, 38, 33-59.\n22. McIntosh, K., Connor, U. & Gokpinar-Shelton, E.\n(2017). What intercultural rhetoric can bring to EAP/\nESP writing studies in an English as a lingua franca Qualitative – case\nworld. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 29(1), study\n12-20.\n23. Mori, J. & Sanuth, K. (2018). Navigating between\na monolingual utopia and translingual realities:\nExperiences of American learners of Yorùbá as an Qualitative\nAdditional Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 78-98.\n\nImportance of\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\n\nExchange between a\nChinese-Singaporean\nand a friend, 11\nlearners of Chinese\nTranscript of screen\nImportance of\nrecording of 2 learners\nL1 – identity\ndevelopment\nPost-graduate science and\nImportance of\nengineering students\nL1 – identity\nin a grant proposaldevelopment\nwriting module\n\n6 graduate and 5\nundergraduate\nNigerian students:\nfieldnotes and\ninterviews\n\nImplications of\nTL in L2 writing\ninstruction\n\nMultimodality and\ndigital translingual\n8 first-year students of the practices\nCurriculum Design\nModel at a urban\nuniversity in S. Africa\n\nQualitative - case\n24. Motlhaka, H. & Makalela, L. (2016). Translanguaging study\nin an academic writing class: Implications for a\ndialogic pedagogy. Southern African Linguistics and Qualitative –\nApplied Language Studies, 34(3), 251-260.\nEthnomethodology\n25. Wagner, J. (2018). Multilingual and Multimodal and Conversation Conversation between\n3 non-native English\nAnalysis\nInteractions. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 99-107.\nspeakers using English\n26. Yanguas, I. (2019). L1 vs L2 synchronous text-based\nto communicate\nQuantitative\ninteraction in computer-mediated L2 writing. System,\n85 intermediate students Implications of\n88, 1-11.\nof Spanish in four\nTL in L2 writing\ndyadic writing groups instruction\nat a US college\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this literature review\n\n91\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\norganizes the geographical distribution in terms of the\n3. Results\nTo begin with, a synthesis of bibliometric de- country where the research was conducted.\nscriptors is provided, considering year and country of\npublication, the journal publishing the articles and the\nmethodological design described. The main findings Figure 2. Geographical distribution of the countries\nwhere research was conducted\nof the research articles part of this literature review follow, suggesting translingual practices as an evidence\nof developing academic literacies in second language\ncontexts, specifically regarding writing instruction at\nuniversity level.\nRegarding the year of publication, empirical\narticles conducted between the years 2010 and 2020\nwere considered in the initial stage of this literature\nreview. However, the first research reporting translingual practices in second language writing at tertiary\nlevel was published in 2011. A total of 26 papers were\nidentified within this period, outnumbering years\n2017 and 2018, with seven (27%) and twelve (46%)\npublished articles respectively. Figure 1 illustrates the Source: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this literature\nreview.\nnumber of articles in each year of publication.\nFigure 1. Number of articles published in each year\n(period 2010-2020)\n\nOn the other hand, British indexed journals concentrate two-thirds of the research articles (65%). US journals published 12% of these papers (N=3), followed by\nthe Netherlands with 8% (N=2). Belgian, South-African, Spanish and Australian journals had each 4% of\nthe articles each (N=1). Figure 3 depicts the geographical distribution in terms of the country of publication,\nwhereas the journals where these research articles\nwere published are described in Table 3.\nFigure 3. Geographical distribution of the countries\nof publication\n\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this\nliterature review.\n\nReferring to the geographical distribution of these\nresearch articles, two variables were considered: the\ncountry where the research was conducted and the\ncountry of the publishing journal. Regarding the former, a democratic geographic distribution is observed\nworldwide. Eight articles (32%) report research conducted in Asia, eight (32%) in America, five (20%) in\nEurope and four (16%) in African countries. Besides\nthe US, South Africa, Sweden, China, England and\nSaudi Arabia outline with two articles each. Figure 2\n\n92\n\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this\nliterature review.\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nTable 3. Journals and countries of publication of articles of this literature review\nJournal\n\nCountry of\npublication\n\nN° articles\n\nAfrican Linguistics and Applied Language Studies\n\nSouth Africa\n\n1\n\nAnnual Review of Applied Linguistics\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nApplied Linguistics\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n4\n\nCercles\n\nSpain\n\n1\n\nCurrent Issues in Language Planning\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nDiscourse, Context and Media\n\nNetherlands\n\n1\n\nELT Journal\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nInternational Association for Research in L1 Education\n\nBelgium\n\n1\n\nInternational Journal of Bilingual Education and\nBilingualism\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nInternational Journal of Bilingualism\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nInternational Journal of Pedagogies and Learning\n\nAustralia\n\n1\n\nInternational Multilingual Research Journal\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nJournal of English for Academic Purposes\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nJournal of Pragmatics\n\nNetherlands\n\n1\n\nJournal of Second Language Writing\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nLinguistics and Education\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n2\n\nResearch in the Teaching of English\n\nUnited States\n\n2\n\nSystem\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nTeaching and Teacher Education\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nThe Modern Language Journal\n\nUnited States\n\n1\n\nWorld Englishes\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1\n\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this literature review.\n\nRegarding research methods involved in each\nof the articles part of this revision, 88% (N=23) informed qualitative procedures in their methodological sections, whereas two articles (8%) were conducted under quantitative methods. Only one paper (4%)\nreported mixed-methods research, combining both\nqualitative and quantitative approaches. Figure 4 provides an overview of the research methods considered in this literature review.\n\nFigure 4. Overview of research methods reported\nin this literature review\n\nSource: Own elaboration based on the articles revised for this\nliterature review.\n\n93\n\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nFinally, from the 26 articles considered in this\nliterature revision, one referred to ontological and\ntheoretical reflections towards translingualism, from\na poststructuralist perspective (Canagarajah, 2018).\n46% of the articles (12) focused on the importance of\nL1 in the development of the writer’s identity in academic contexts whereas 38% of them (10) discussed\nthe implications of translingualism in second language\nwriting instruction. Finally, four papers (16%) incorporated multimodality and digital translingual practices\ninto writing. This section describes the findings from\nthis literature review to describe translingual writing\nas an insight to comprehend writers’ entire linguistic\nrepertoire.\n3.1. Importance of L1 in the development of\nthe writer’s identity\nTranslingual practices might tension the boundaries\nand conventions of academic literacy, as it challenges\nand resists the hegemony of Written Standard English\n(WSE). Their relation to literacy has led controversy,\nmostly in academic contexts, as they are still informed\nby a monolingual paradigm that emerged from a\ndominant native-speaker ideology that values efficiency in communication, as well as focuses on form and\ngrammar over social practices (Gevers, 2018). Under\nmultilingual and translingual perspectives, writing\nmight not anymore be understood as a technology\nthat restructures thought (Canagarajah, 2018) but as\ndeveloping alternate models in one language. This\nreconceptualization of writing, however, leads to criticism in foreign language instruction and in second\nlanguage writing.\nAccording to Canagarajah (2011), writing implies the active involvement of the author and the target readers in the process itself. Kiernan, Meier and\nWang (2017) argue that writing is an essential skill\nto practice in order to engage in deeper and more\nmeaningful learning, since it “stabilises discourse\nand practice, developing agency.” Kaufhold (2018,\np. 7) describes the simultaneous use of L1 and L2\nas a means to develop fluency in writing. “Not only\ndoes a multilingual orientation more accurately reflect\nthe linguistic reality within the academic community,\nit is also consistent with ‘connected’ online culture”\n(Adamson & Coulson, 2015, p. 27). In fact, Kuteeva\n(2019) describes a case of a US student in a Swedish\nuniversity switching to British linguistic variety only\n94\n\nin academic writing contexts. Multilingual students\ncould benefit from their knowledge and experience\nof academic writing across language codes, focusing both on the construction of the writer’s identity\nand socio-political constraints to multilingual writing\n(Canagarajah, 2011).\nAlthough traditional foreign language instruction promotes communication exclusively in the target language, some pedagogical practices allow the\nuse of L1 in academic writing. For instance, Mori and\nSanuth (2018) report US participants having difficulty\nin learning Yorùbá as a second language in Africa.\nThe desired monolingual utopia, despite being in a\ncountry where Yorùbá was spoken by majority of\npeople, was not possible due to translingual realities.\nAshraf (2018) reports a continuum between English and\nUrdu in Pakistan, recognizing the presence of more\nthan one language in communication and raising language awareness in formal educational settings. Emirati university students use both Arabic and English\nwhen performing university tasks, with predominance\nof the latter due to its academic status in the UAE context (Hopkyns, Zoghbor & Hassall, 2020). Kiramba\n(2017) considers that translingual practices transgress\nmonolingual habitus, especially in countries where\nthe mother tongue is neglected in favour of the colonization language, as the cases previously described.\nTranslingual practices do not only occur in\nenvironments where people cannot communicate in\ntheir mother tongue. Translingualism is also reported\nin developed countries as England, where Wei (2011)\ndescribes the experience of three Chinese students\nin London. They communicated both in English and\nChinese depicting confidence in their own multilingualism, despite the monolingual ideologies predominant in today’s London. Kaufhold (2018) reports experiences with language, Spracherleben, of two Swedish\nstudents writing their dissertations in English. Despite\nstudying in their home country, they declared negotiating and developing their repertoires in academic\nwriting in both languages. Interestingly, one participant claims ownership of the foreign language as English assists her in developing her identity as a scholar.\nAdamson and Coulson (2015) narrate the experience\nof 495 Japanese students in bilingual university contexts. Despite the predominance of English as having\nmore prestige for business and academic purposes,\nthese students declare using their L1 for in-class and\nwriting purposes.\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nTo conclude, translanguaging as a creative,\ntransformational and collaborative space can be a\nfruitful pedagogical metaphor for students to explore;\nassisting them to develop a metalanguage and an\nawareness of multicultural repertoire instead of cultural assimilation of the target language. The latter can\nassist them in developing their identities as writers in\nacademic contexts, either in L1 or L2, contributing\nto the meaning-making goal. However, second language writers need to feel confident to negotiate ideologies, meaning and language perspectives in order\nto achieve their communicative purpose. Therefore,\nL1 should not be considered a detriment anymore in\nforeign language learning as it is a mirror of language\nuse in a multicultural society.\n3.2. Implications of translingualism in second-language writing instruction\nMonolingual perspectives based on colonialism and\nmonoglossic language beliefs remain as the guiding\nframework in foreign language instruction (Kiernan,\nMeier & Wang, 2017). Native speaker ideologies continue influencing language teaching marginalising\nnon-native speakers as language teachers and maintaining the privileges of the former in job positions,\ncurricular resources and language assessments (Holdway & Hitchcock, 2018). However, translingualism\nprovides a framework to challenge these ideologies\nand a new understanding of language in multicultural and multilinguistic contexts (Caruso, 2018). Under\na translingual approach, language development is no\nlonger described as attainment of “native-like” proficiency, but as choosing strategies for communication\nin ways that reflect bi/multilingual identities and accommodate their interlocutors, informing their repertoire (Anderson, 2017).\nHowever, translingual practices are not homogeneous as they might vary depending on the language\nuser profile. Anderson (2017) suggests a translingual\ncontinuum to understand language practices in the multicultural classroom settings, providing practical suggestions for language teachers, going from monolingual to highly translingual. In his research, 19.8% of\nthe participants considered to be mainly monolingual,\nas they might be speaking English only in their future professional context; for instance, in Hong Kong\nor the United Kingdom. Regarding translingualism,\n47.4% referred to themselves as partly translingual as\n95\n\nsome might be using English, sometimes monolingually and sometimes more translingually; whereas\n20.7% identified as highly translingual. These results\ndepict that nowadays, more language users identify as\ntranslingual, instead of monolingual.\nNon-native language teachers can find in translingual practices support to develop more positive conceptualisations of their identities. Translingualism can\nalso provide a framework to develop pedagogical approaches for students from multilingual backgrounds\n(Flores & Aneja, 2017; Holdway & Hitchcock, 2018).\nMotlhaka and Makalela (2016), for instance, reported\nlearners using both English and Sesotho to move strategically between different rhetorical conventions in their\nacademic writing stages. Translingual practices also reshape the content of teacher education, breaking down\nthe binary oppositions that characterize this field. This\nmeans reimagining the language classroom as a translingual community, as in Anderson’s study (2017)\nwhere the participants identified themselves as translingual practitioners, avoiding dichotomies between native and non-native speakers. The latter redefines the\nauthenticity of a language speaker (Gevers, 2018).\nTranslingualism does not entail doing and saying whatever speakers want, but a negotiation of all\ncommunicative interactions and shifts of language\nthat students must acquire by following correct rules\nof grammar, and towards treating language as a malleable tool to develop unique rhetoric styles (Caruso, 2018). For instance, her students had the freedom\nof communicating in English, French, Portuguese,\nItalian or Spanish, but using an appropriate register\nand accurately. Translanguaging broadens the understanding of codeswitching as it refers to a more flexible use of resources from more than one language\nwithin a single system, transcending traditional understandings of separate languages. The notion of languages as separate, largely immutable entities is then\nchallenged, including multimodal resources to communicate. Translingual practices involve negotiating\ncode-choice where communication moves along this\ncontinuum, depending on activity, outcome and interlocutors (Caruso, 2018).\nCommunicative competence comes from monolingual perspectives, whereas translingual competence\nrecognizes that code choice might be negotiable and\nfluid, when appropriate; adjusting to the multilingual\nmultimodal terrain of the communicative act (Garcia\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\ny Klelfgen, 2009). The latter is evidenced nowadays in\nonline and virtual communities, becoming necessary\nto integrate the concept of “semiotic competence”\nwithin translingualism. Technology has restructured\nacademic genres within scholar communities, where\nemails replaced formal letters and instant messaging\nmemorandums. For that reason, the role multimodality plays in academic writing nowadays and how translingualism mediates literacy practices is described in\nthe last section.\n3.3. Multimodality and digital translingual\npractices in writing\nTranslanguaging, as a theory of language, has reshaped academic literacy incorporating the use of\ntechnology and digital media into writing practices.\nWei and Ho (2018), as well as Wagner (2018), describe this phenomenon as a transdisciplinary research\nperspective. Human communication has always been\nmultimodal as people interact through textual, aural,\nlinguistic, spatial and visual resources. Interconnections between language and other cognitive systems\nmake communication a multimodal phenomenon\n(Kim, 2018). Albawardi (2018) reports Saudi women\ncommunicating using multimodal codes in ‘Arabish,’\nan Arabicized English, through WhatsApp. Such digital practices are considered by the author as translingual, where participants engage in fluid language\ninteraction.\nAlthough languaging might be considered multimodal, our understanding of language as a semiotic system is based on Indo-European languages and\nlanguage studied as speech or text (Wagner, 2018).\nTherefore, language was initially described, and\nis understood until now, as an arbitrary of symbols\nand rules, where the resemblance between form and\nmeaning is the norm. However, gesture does influence thinking and speaking, converting languaging\ninto a multimodal phenomenon (Albawardi, 2018).\nImage, writing, layout, speech and moving images\nare examples of different modes, described by Wei\nand Ho (2018) as a “socially and culturally shaped\nresource for meaning-making.” Moreover, Kim (2018)\npresents how language and images converge as one\ncode when communicating is the purpose. Albawardi\n(2018) also suggests that both codes seem necessary\nas an attempt not to give up cultural identities in a\nglobalized community.\n96\n\nTranslanguaging instinct fosters to go beyond\nthe linguistic norms to achieve effective communication, including the multisensory and multimodal\nprocess of language learning and language use (Albawardi, 2018; Kim, 2018). Translanguaging instinct\nhas also implications for language learning, as the acquisition of first and second language in early childhood and adulthood differ in cognitive, semiotic\nsystems that affect linguistic semiosis. Therefore, as\npeople become more involved in complex communicative tasks and demanding environments, they tend\nto combine and exploit a variety of resources to foster\nsocial interactions. This innate capacity of exploiting\nresources is enhanced with experience, becoming\nmore developed through metalinguistic awareness\nin adult learners. The multisensory, multimodal and\nmultilingual nature of human learning and interaction\nis at the centre of translanguaging Instinct.\n4. Discussion\nAs previously suggested, translingual practices could\nbe described as instances where users can integrate\nsocial spaces and linguistic codes that have been\ntraditionally separated through practices in different\nplaces due to monolingual paradigms informing academic literacy (Wei, 2011). These instances make the\nlanguage user go beyond linguistic structures, cognitive and semiotic systems and modalities, as well as\nbringing together different dimensions of the learners’ personal history, experience and environment,\ntheir attitude, belief and ideology, and their cognitive\nand physical capacity (p. 1223). Furthermore, variety\nand continuity of interactions of people from diverse\nbackgrounds using current technology enhance the\nconstruction and reconstruction of social identities,\nconstantly modified through language. However, Wei\n(2018, p. 106) avoids generalizing translingualism as\na theory, reporting it as “a resource to be chosen. In\nfact, he suggests participants’ responsibility for the language used for communication.\nFrom a translingual perspective, not only can\nlearners integrate their knowledge from L1 to L2 easily, like anxiety and lack of confidence in the target\nlanguage decrease, but these literacy practices, of a language course exercise, can be transferred to real situations and the curriculum (Adamson & Coulson, 2015).\nThis aspect is crucial while developing literacy skills at\ntertiary level, where autonomous and long-life learning\nLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nis required. Regarding the use of different languages\nin writing, this reflects our current multicultural society where we might rely on our mother tongue in the\nbrainstorming, planning, organization or editing stages (Motlhaka & Makalela, 2016). Canagarajah (2011)\ndescribes four strategies that multilingual learners use\nwhile translanguaging in academic writing tasks: (1)\nrecontextualization, (2) voice, (3) interactional and (4)\ntextualization. In general terms, translanguaging prioritizes the communicative nature of language over focusing on form. Both the background and learning experience of these learners influence their writing process.\nHowever, they also take ownership of the target language and invite the reader to renegotiate the meaning\nand how the messages are being delivered.\nTranslanguaging also brings a variety of linguistic resources to academic writing in terms of meaning-making in academia (Cavazos, 2017). Switching\nlanguages occurs naturally and is a strategy that multilingual students employ intuitively (Canagarajah, 2018;\nCavazos, 2017; Cumming, 2006; Kiramba, 2017). In\nthis case, learners can display their knowledge about\na specific genre and transfer it to similar genres in different language codes, provided lexico-grammatical\nresources are available. To achieve this, the register\nand the written genre need to be familiar to the audience or readers in the different languages, and accepted by these communities. For instance, research\narticles and thesis are regarded by Kaufhold (2018)\nas a pedagogic genre (Johns & Swales, 2002), whose\nconventions are carefully observed by the academic\ncommunity, independently of language codes. Not\nonly does translingualism make silent voices heard\nthrough writing, but it questions the role of local languages promoting permeability across languages for\nmultilinguals.\nNevertheless, whereas advanced L2 writers\nmay have a proficient level in L2 that allows them\nto experiment with translingual practices without major problems, low-level students might require more\nopportunities to develop proficiency in the target language (Gevers, 2018). Transference of orality-based\ndiscourse to writing could assist learners in expanding their expressive range and challenge restrictive\nconventions through creative innovation. However,\nit can also hinder their developing of proficiency in\nthe target language and a formal register, especially\nin environments where the latter plays a crucial role.\n97\n\nTherefore, L2 writing teachers need to consider the\nliteracies expected of multilingual students in academic and professional communities in order to evaluate\nto what degree L2 students might benefit from incorporating non-standard language patterns into their\nwriting (Gevers, 2018; Kiramba, 2017).\nDeveloping multilingual awareness in language\nteachers might provide them with tools to address\ntheir students’ multilingualism in the L2 classroom;\nlegitimizing both language proficiency and cultural\nbackgrounds of non-native teachers (Flores & Aneja,\n2017). Language diversity should then be seen as a\nresource that can facilitate more effective communication (Mori & Sanuth, 2018). Canagarajah (2013) identified for translingual macrostrategies in second-language writing: (1) invoicing, (2) recontextualization,\n(3) interactional strategies, and (4) entextualization;\nwhich provided these learners with opportunities\nto negotiate meanings by challenging the dominant\nmonoglossic language ideologies. Translingualism require moving alongside this continuum described in order to promote interaction among speakers; adapting\nto the context involved, by means of activity, outcome\nand interlocutors. This insight is referred to as a starting point to empower non-native English-speaking\nteachers in foreign language instruction.\n5. Conclusions\nThe articles revised for this systematic literature review\nlead to conclude that there is limited research informing translingual practices in academic or professional\nwriting contexts, even though different projects have\nbeen conducted in translingualism at school level and\nin teacher training programmes. In fact, 0,96% of the\n23.792 papers describing translingual practices published in indexed journals refer to academic literacy\nat university level. Most articles referring to translanguaging describe classroom experiences where different linguistic codes coexist, mostly based on class\nobservation in secondary education. However, this\nliterature review suggests that more research needs to\nbe conducted for a thorough comprehension of this\nlinguistic phenomenon, occurring worldwide due to\nglobalization and technology.\nCurrent academic contexts privilege native-like\nmonolingual paradigms, which is evidenced in foreign\nlanguage instruction where teachers require learners\nto imitate native speakers of the target language. BeLETRAS (Li ma), 93(137), 2022\n\n\fhttps://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7\n\nsides influencing L2 teaching and learning processes,\nthis notion excludes actual social practices where different languages interact in different media like social\nnetworking. Not only does this monoglossic ideology\nexclude multilingual practices among speakers, who\nare described as non-proficient users of the target language; but it hinders language development of people aiming to communicate in a variety of codes as\nacademic literacy. The experiences reported in the\nresearch articles reviewed in this study suggest that\ntranslingual literacy practices promote creative and\ncollaborative writing, as well as provide an opportunity to develop written production integrating their linguistic repertoire, which is often constructed in more\nthan one language.\nMoreover, translingualism contributes to developing transversal strategies that enhance interaction among speakers from a diversity of multicultural\nbackgrounds. The latter has an impact on the communicative competences of language learners, who\nuse a variety of linguistic resources available in different languages, not due to incomplete development of\nthe target language but to informed choices between\ndifferent codes. Translanguaging, therefore, has a\npositive impact on the development of the identities\nof language learners, who recognize themselves as\ntranslingual writers with voice in the L2, claiming its\nownership. The idea of a continuum proposed in this literature review challenges academic writing tradition,\n\nrequiring a reconceptualization of literacy practices in\nterms of style, register, use of language, genres and\nmedia; where translingualism aims to describe actual\ncommunication patterns.\nFinally, some limitations emerge from this literature review if considering writing as a process instead of a final product, mostly regarding the drafts\nwhere translingual practices occur. Most studies in\nsecond language writing either focus on the linguistic\ndescription of finished written assignments or suggest\npedagogic models based on monolingual paradigms,\nwhere the learner needs to master a skill using unfamiliar linguistic codes. A translingual insight might\nalso lead to rethink pedagogic and teacher-training practices, as learners might be able to use their\nwhole linguistic repertoire without being labelled as\nnon-proficient users, especially in a globalized society\nwhere a variety of cultures coexist and interact. Future research needs to address writing as a process to\nevidence translingual practices in written communication, mostly as temporary drafts in pre-writing stages.\nTechnology also tensions the traditional notion of L2\nacademic literacy, where multimodal texts outline informed choices of using different codes once multilingual awareness is achieved. This multimodality could\nportray translingual literacies in second language writing, providing a new insight that reflects current academic practices where different languages coexist for\nmeaning-making and communication.\n\nBibliographic references\nAdamson, J., & Coulson, D. (2014). Pathways towards success for novice academic writers\nin a CLIL setting: A study in an Asian EFL context. In R. Al-Mahrooqi, A. Roscoe,\n& V.S. Thakur (Eds.), Teaching writing in EFL/ESL: A fresh look. Hershey, PA: IGI\nGlobal.\nAdamson, J., & Coulson, D. (2015). Translanguaging in English academic writing preparation. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 10(1), 24-37. https://doi.or\ng/10.1080/22040552.2015.1084674\nAlbawardi, A. (2018). The translingual digital practices of Saudi females on Whatsapp. Discourse, Context and Media, 25, 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.03.009\nAnderson, J. (2017). Reimagining English language learners from a translingual perspective. 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https://openalex.org/W2613123695 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5441637?pdf=render | English | null | The mitochondrial SIR2 related protein 2 (SIR2RP2) impacts Leishmania donovani growth and infectivity | PLoS neglected tropical diseases | 2,017 | cc-by | 14,884 | Conclusion Our data suggests that LdSIR2RP2 possesses NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosyltransferase
activity. However, NAD+-dependent deacetylase and desuccinylase activities were not
detected. The protein localises to the mitochondrion of the promastigotes. Gene deletion
studies showed that ΔLdSIR2RP2 null mutants had restric... |
https://openalex.org/W2590848542 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5322348?pdf=render | English | null | Epitope Addition and Ablation via Manipulation of a Dengue Virus Serotype 1 Infectious Clone | MSphere | 2,017 | cc-by | 7,821 | Epitope Addition and Ablation via
Manipulation of a Dengue Virus
Serotype 1 Infectious Clone Emily N. Gallichotte,a Vineet D. Menachery,b Boyd L. Yount, Jr.,b
Douglas G. Widman,b Kenneth H. Dinnon III,a Steven Hartman,b
Aravinda M. de Silva,a Ralph S. Barica,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of No... |
https://openalex.org/W4240929404 | https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/15877/1/s12936-020-03443-x.pdf | English | null | A cohort study to identify risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkinabe children: implications for other high burden high impact countries | Research Square (Research Square) | 2,020 | cc-by | 9,744 | Yaro et al. Malar J (2020) 19:371
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03443-x Yaro et al. Malar J (2020) 19:371
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03443-x Malaria Journal RESEARCH
A cohort study to identify risk factors
for Plasmodium falciparum infection
in Burkinabe children: implications for o... |
https://openalex.org/W3092129528 | https://hal.science/hal-03183902/file/bg-18-1407-2021.pdf | English | null | Technical note: Interpreting pH changes | Biogeosciences | 2,021 | cc-by | 8,382 | 1
Introduction In 1909, Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen
proposed using a logarithmic scale to display the wide range
of natural hydrogen ion concentrations (CH, expressed in
mol L−1) in a more compact numerical form (Sørensen,
1909). (1) Correspondence: Andrea J. Fassbender (andrea.j.fassbender@noaa.gov)... |
https://openalex.org/W2109353512 | https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1745-6215-9-42 | English | null | Design paper: The CapOpus trial: A randomized, parallel-group, observer-blinded clinical trial of specialized addiction treatment versus treatment as usual for young patients with cannabis abuse and psychosis | Trials | 2,008 | cc-by | 6,978 | Received: 30 April 2008
Accepted: 11 July 2008 Received: 30 April 2008
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https://openalex.org/W3035684270 | https://www.detstom.ru/jour/article/download/209/210 | Russian | null | Assessment of pain and pain relief in children at a dental appointment | Stomatologiâ detskogo vozrasta i profilaktika | 2,020 | cc-by | 3,280 | Оригинальная статья Оригинальная статья DOI: 10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-2-101-104 Резюме Резюме Актуальность. Субъективная оценка боли у детей традиционно определяется при помощи визуально-ана-
логовых шкал. Необходимость обеспечить комфортное стоматологическое лечение у детей очевидна, поэто-
му для получения максимал... |
https://openalex.org/W3031539088 | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/46/4/10.12891/ceog4781.2019/pdf | English | null | Pregnancy outcome of recurrent spontaneous abortion in Wilson’s disease after decoppering therapy | Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology | 2,019 | cc-by | 3,121 | CEOG
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https://openalex.org/W52621466 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4341153?pdf=render | English | null | Monitoring LFCN damage during scoliosis surgery | Scoliosis | 2,015 | cc-by | 989 | Behzadi Fard et al. Scoliosis 2015, 10(Suppl 1):P28
http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/10/S1/P28 Open Access Open Access Results The continuous monitoring was interrupted during elec-
trocautery. The changes in pressure on the chest pads
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https://openalex.org/W3203657367 | https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/78XKdZ3fpffGNLyTfCmxrnR/?lang=en&format=pdf | English | null | Interaction between the body condition score, gait, hindlimb conformation, and claw conformation in dairy cows in Aydin, Turkey | Ciência rural | 2,022 | cc-by | 7,642 | Ibrahim Akin1* Husnu Erbay Bardakcioglu2 Elvan Hayat3
Yalcin Alper Ozturan1 Omer Kurt1 1Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Isikli, ADU Veteriner Fakultesi, 09016, Efeler,
Aydin, Turkey. E-mail: ibraak@adu.edu.tr. *Corresponding author. 2D... |
https://openalex.org/W3039424313 | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02919709/file/fnins-14-00696.pdf | English | null | Short-Term Sensorimotor Deprivation Impacts Feedforward and Feedback Processes of Motor Control | Frontiers in neuroscience | 2,020 | cc-by | 7,176 | Edited by:
Giulia Cappagli,
Neurological Institute Foundation
Casimiro Mondino (IRCCS), Italy Reviewed by:
Jacopo Zenzeri,
Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Italy
Dalia De Santis,
Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Italy
*Correspondence:
Cécile R. Scotto
cecile.scotto@univ-poitiers.fr
†ORCID:
Cécile R. Scotto
... |
https://openalex.org/W4300593359 | https://zenodo.org/record/7135241/files/NeutrosophicSuperHyperBiTopological3.pdf | Latin | null | Neutrosophic SuperHyper Bi-Topological Spaces: Original Notions and New Insights | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,022 | cc-by | 5,351 | Abstract. This manuscript comes as first attempt in building a new type of neutrosophic topological
spaces, the aim is to shed the light on a new structure known as the 𝑛𝑡ℎ-power set 𝑃𝑛(𝑋) of a set,
this new kind of sets enables authors to create and built new topology spaces called Neutrosophic
SuperHyper Topo... |
https://openalex.org/W2114061213 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3116496?pdf=render | English | null | Respondent-driven sampling on the Thailand-Cambodia border. I. Can malaria cases be contained in mobile migrant workers? | Malaria journal | 2,011 | cc-by | 8,178 | Khamsiriwatchara et al. Malaria Journal 2011, 10:120
http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/120 Open Access © 2011 Khamsiriwatchara et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),... |
https://openalex.org/W2089441359 | http://pdf.blucher.com.br/designproceedings/11ped/01294.pdf | Portuguese | null | ADIÇÃO DE RESÍDUO INDUSTRIAL NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MASSAS CERÂMICAS PARA O ARTESANATO DO CABO DE SANTO AGOSTINHO - PERNAMBUCO | null | 2,014 | cc-by | 4,133 | Gramado
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https://openalex.org/W3200220624 | https://publications.goettingen-research-online.de/bitstream/2/89901/1/document.pdf | English | null | Olivine-rich achondrites from Vesta and the missing mantle problem | Nature communications | 2,021 | cc-by | 8,993 | ARTICLE 1 Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, NM, USA. 3 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 4 Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Un... |
https://openalex.org/W3172944631 | https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=276985/D47FFF6A-861A-49C0-9C57-CFD2245DC152.pdf&pub_id=276985 | English | null | Derivation and Validation of a 10-Year Risk Score for Symptomatic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Cohort Study of Nearly 500 000 Individuals | Circulation | 2,021 | cc-by | 9,796 | Circulation is available at www.ahajournals.org/journal/circ
Correspondence to: Paul Welsh, PhD, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular
Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Email paul.welsh@glasgow.ac.uk
This manuscript was sent to ... |
https://openalex.org/W2460427056 | https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/16/epjconf-RICAP-14_05011.pdf | English | null | Potential of KM3NeT to observe galactic neutrino point-like sources | EPJ web of conferences | 2,016 | cc-by | 3,253 | Potential of KM3NeT to observe galactic
neutrino point-like sources Abstract. KM3NeT (http://www.km3net.org) will be the next-
generation cubic-kilometre-scale neutrino telescope to be installed in the
depths of the Mediterranean Sea. This location will allow for surveying the
Galactic Centre, most of the Galactic Plan... |
https://openalex.org/W2060955024 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2794533?pdf=render | English | null | Neuropeptide Y Knockout Mice Reveal a Central Role of NPY in the Coordination of Bone Mass to Body Weight | PloS one | 2,009 | cc-by | 7,675 | Abstract The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: h.herzog@garvan.org.au Neuropeptide Y Knockout Mice Reveal a Central Role of
NPY in the Coord... |
https://openalex.org/W4390747741 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42154-023-00272-x.pdf | English | null | Driver Steering Behaviour Modelling Based on Neuromuscular Dynamics and Multi-Task Time-Series Transformer | Automotive innovation | 2,024 | cc-by | 10,951 | Driver Steering Behaviour Modelling Based on Neuromuscular
Dynamics and Multi‑Task Time‑Series Transformer Yang Xing1 · Zhongxu Hu2 · Xiaoyu Mo2 · Peng Hang3 · Shujing Li4 · Yahui Liu5 · Yifan Zhao Received: 13 October 2022 / Accepted: 1 September 2023 / Published online: 11 January 2024
© The Author(s) 2024 Receiv... |
https://openalex.org/W4310772015 | https://ejournal.akprind.ac.id/index.php/snast/article/download/4157/2957 | Indonesian | null | UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA JEPANG (CNIDOSCOLUS ACONITIFOLIUS) | Prosiding Seminar Nasional Aplikasi dan Teknologi (SNATS) | 2,022 | cc-by | 2,850 | P-ISSN: 1979-911X
E-ISSN: 2541-528X P-ISSN: 1979-911X
E-ISSN: 2541-528X Prosiding Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Sains & Teknologi (SNAST) 2022
Yogyakarta, 12 November 2022 INTISARI Radikal bebas adalah atom atau gugus yang memiliki satu atau lebih elektron yang tidak berpasangan. Radikal bebas dapat masuk ke dalam t... |
https://openalex.org/W4313491779 | https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2349093/latest.pdf | English | null | Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals NOS2 as a Novel Ferroptosis-related Biomarker for Pre-eclampsia | Research Square (Research Square) | 2,023 | cc-by | 5,745 | Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals NOS2 as
a Novel Ferroptosis-related Biomarker for Pre-
eclampsia Shuangming Cai
Guangdong Women and Children Hospital
Shan Huang
Guangdong Women and Children Hospital
Wenni Zhang
Guangdong Women and Children Hospital
Huanshun Xiao
Guangdong Women and Children Hospital
Danfe... |
https://openalex.org/W1057725506 | http://telesnakultura.upol.cz/doi/10.5507/tk.2015.001.pdf | Czech | null | Seasonal variation in isokinetic strength of knee flexors and extensors in soccer players | Tělesná kultura | 2,015 | cc-by | 7,535 | Lidská motorika/Tělesná výkonnost Lidská motorika/Tělesná výkonnost Michal Lehnert, Petr Chvojka, Rudolf Psotta Michal Lehnert, Petr Chvojka, Rudolf Psotta Fakulta tělesné kultury, Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc, Česká republika Fakulta tělesné kultury, Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc, Česká republika Předloženo v srpnu 2... |
https://openalex.org/W2400439336 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4882840?pdf=render | English | null | Research protocol for an epidemiological study on estimating disease burden of pediatric HIV in Belgaum district, India | BMC public health | 2,016 | cc-by | 5,082 | © 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original au... |
https://openalex.org/W4292640246 | https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/crh/article/download/18956/12314 | Portuguese | null | REPRESENTAÇÃO, PARTIDOS E SOCIEDADE CIVIL NA ARGENTINA E NO BRASIL | Caderno CRH | 2,008 | cc-by | 13,405 | * Professora de Ciências Políticas na Universidade do Novo
México. Research Fellow in Politics, Centre for Brazilian Studies.
MSC05 3070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
87131. hochstet@unm.edu. REPRESENTAÇÃO, PARTIDOS E SOCIEDADE CIVIL NA
ARGENTINA E NO BRASIL1 Kathryn Hochstetler*
Elisabeth Jay Friedman** ... |
https://openalex.org/W2125160951 | https://www.scielo.br/j/rbccv/a/VTb5StjdZQMS3DvsyrpcDYj/?lang=pt&format=pdf | Portuguese | null | Fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de insuficiência renal aguda após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com CEC | Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery | 2,007 | cc-by | 5,066 | 1.
Doutorado. Chefe do Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica e Chefe
do Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Hospital Universitário –
Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Trabalho realizado na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul,
Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica Disciplina de Cirurgia
Cardiotorácica,... |
https://openalex.org/W2901327188 | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207724&type=printable | English | null | High-density multi-population consensus genetic linkage map for peach | PloS one | 2,018 | cc-by | 8,919 | RESEARCH ARTICLE Cassia da Silva Linge1, Laima Antanaviciute1, Asma AbdelghafarID1, Pere Aru´s2,
Daniele Bassi3, Laura RossiniID3, Stephen Ficklin4, Ksenija GasicID1* 1 Clemson University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC, United States of
America, 2 Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalime... |
https://openalex.org/W3014778059 | https://hal.science/hal-02904004/document | English | null | Coronavirus – Scientific insights and societal aspects | Mathematical modelling of natural phenomena | 2,020 | cc-by | 5,844 | Coronavirus – Scientific insights and societal aspects
Vitaly Volpert, Malay Banerjee, Alberto D’onofrio, Tomasz Lipniacki, Sergei
Petrovskii, Viet Chi Tran Coronavirus – Scientific insights and societal aspects
Vitaly Volpert, Malay Banerjee, Alberto D’onofrio, Tomasz Lipniacki, Sergei
Petrovskii, Viet Chi Tran To cit... |
https://openalex.org/W2783550374 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5989895?pdf=render | English | null | Safety and immunogenicity of a meningococcal B recombinant vaccine when administered with routine vaccines to healthy infants in Taiwan: A phase 3, open-label, randomized study | Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics | 2,018 | cc-by | 7,183 | ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 23 October 2017
Revised 13 December 2017
Accepted 5 January 2018 ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 23 October 2017
Revised 13 December 2017
Accepted 5 January 2018 Neisseria meningitidis is associated with high mortality and morbidity in infants and children worldwide. This
phase 3 study (NCT02... |
https://openalex.org/W4321015339 | https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/jko/article/download/31027/pdf_1 | Indonesian | null | INDUSTRI BUDAYA DAN KOMODITAS (STUDI KASUS TENUN TRADISIONAL NUSA TENGGARA BARAT SEBAGAI KOMODITAS DAN SENI DALAM KERANGKA BUDAYA DAN RELIGI) | Jurnal Kummunity Online | 2,023 | cc-by-sa | 7,689 | Abstract Woven or woven fabrics are the result of human technology that has a long history. Producing woven
fabrics has been done by almost all human beings on earth. Textiles produced from weaving activities
go through various processes which are not only physical processes but also the experiences of the
weavers b... |
https://openalex.org/W4239207946 | https://www.qeios.com/read/V7CTM8/pdf | English | null | Tasisulam Sodium | Definitions | 2,020 | cc-by | 93 | Qeios · Definition, February 7, 2020 Open Peer Review on Qeios Open Peer Review on Qeios Tasisulam Sodium National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute Qeios ID: V7CTM8 · https://doi.org/10.32388/V7CTM8 Source National Cancer Institute. Tasisulam Sodium. NCI Thesaurus. Code C88304. The sodium salt of an a... |
https://openalex.org/W2005311136 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3741144?pdf=render | English | null | cAMP Level Modulates Scleral Collagen Remodeling, a Critical Step in the Development of Myopia | PloS one | 2,013 | cc-by | 9,194 | Introduction sclera [9–12]. Thus, scleral fibroblasts that synthesize collagen and
matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in the mainte-
nance of the extracellular matrix and refractive development. Myopia is the most common visual disorder in the world, with a
prevalence estimated to be 25% in the US and Eur... |
https://openalex.org/W4360615346 | https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/308022/1/agronomy-13-00950-v2.pdf | English | null | Sustainable Management of Anaerobic Digestate: From Biogas Plant to Full-Scale Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus | Agronomy | 2,023 | cc-by | 14,162 | Citation: Zuffi, V.; Puliga, F.;
Zambonelli, A.; Trincone, L.;
Sanchez-Cortes, S.; Francioso, O. Sustainable Management of
Anaerobic Digestate: From Biogas
Plant to Full-Scale Cultivation of
Pleurotus ostreatus. Agronomy 2023, 13,
950. https://doi.org/10.3390/
agronomy13040950 Keywords: by-products; agro-waste; biomass ... |
https://openalex.org/W2737501727 | https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0117.pdf | English | null | 4. The Troubadours and Fin’amor: Love, Choice, and the Individual | Open Book Publishers | 2,017 | cc-by | 251,383 | Love and its Critics Love and its Critics From the Song of Songs to From the Song of Songs to
Shakespeare and Milton’s Eden Shakespeare and Milton’s Eden MICHAEL BRYSON AND ARPI MOVSESIAN
Shakespeare and Milton s Eden https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2017 Michael Bryson and Arpi Movsesian This work is licensed un... |
https://openalex.org/W4288906331 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16018-4.pdf | English | null | Comparison of the efficacies of 1.0 and 1.5 mm silicone tubes for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction | Research Square (Research Square) | 2,022 | cc-by | 8,370 | Jutaro Nakamura1,2*, Tomoyuki Kamao1, Arisa Mitani1, Nobuhisa Mizuki2 &
Atsushi Shiraishi1 This retrospective observational study analyzed the postoperative outcomes of bicanalicular
intubation using different diameters of tube stents for treating postsaccal nasolacrimal duct
obstruction. A total of 130 patients dia... |
https://openalex.org/W2156666223 | https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/1603/1517 | English | null | Causal Attribution and its Conceptions by Non-English Major Postgraduates in China: A Case Study | Asian social science | 2,009 | cc-by | 3,347 | Non-English Major Postgraduates in China: A Case Study Hui Yan
School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
E-mail: magyan@sohu.com
Xiaohua Li
School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
E-mail: ydlxh16@sohu.co... |
https://openalex.org/W3130707432 | http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/download/1218/1018 | English | null | AI based Vector Control Method for BLDC Motor with Multi Switch Three-Phase Topology | Psychology | 2,021 | cc-by | 6,846 | PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 3132-3141 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 3132-3141 ISSN: 00333077 AI based Vector Control Method for BLDC Motor with Multi Switch
Three-Phase Topology Ch. Vinay Kumar1, G MadhusudhanaRao2*, A Raghu Ram3
1 Asst.Professor-MGIT, 2Professor-BuleHora Univesity,Ethiopia, 3Pr... |
https://openalex.org/W4280546003 | https://zenodo.org/record/6325076/files/D1E_1_HyDelta_Eerste_Tranche_Impact_of%20high_speed_hydrogen_flow_EN.pdf | English | null | D1E.1 Impact of high speed hydrogen flow on system integrity and noise | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,022 | cc-by | 26,276 | WP1E – Impact of high speed hydrogen flow on system
integrity and noise D1E.1 – WP1E Report Status: final Dit project is medegefinancierd door TKI Nieuw Gas | Topsector Energie uit de PPS-toeslag
onder referentienummer TKI2020-HyDelta. WP1E – Impact of high speed hydrogen
flow on system integrity and noise
D1E.1 – ... |
https://openalex.org/W3111582363 | https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/10852/81788/2/NilssonHydrologyBMCEcology2020gull.pdf | English | null | Hydrology influences breeding time in the white-throated dipper | BMC ecology | 2,020 | cc-by | 10,895 | Nilsson et al. BMC Ecol (2020) 20:70
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00338-y Nilsson et al. BMC Ecol (2020) 20:70
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00338-y BMC Ecology © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits... |
https://openalex.org/W2593620457 | https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/download/706/933 | English | null | Workers of the World Have Nothing, and Everything, to Lose | Journal of world-systems research | 2,017 | cc-by | 3,466 | JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH
ISSN: 1076-156X | Vol. 23 Issue 1 Pages 205-212 |
DOI 10.5195/JWSR.2017.706 | jwsr.org Review Symposium on Jamie McCallum’s Global Unions, Local Power: The
New Spirit of Transnational Labor Organizing
Vol. 1 | DOI 10.5195/JWSR.1 Stephanie Luce I... |
https://openalex.org/W3152291016 | https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/3910343/IJHPM41321631043000.pdf | English | null | Prohibit, protect, or adapt? The changing role of volunteers in palliative and hospice care services during the COVID-19 pandemic. A multinational survey (CovPall) | medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) | 2,021 | cc-by | 8,106 | Article History:
Received: 12 April 2021
Accepted: 6 September 2021
ePublished: 8 September 2021 #Membership of the CovPall
Study Team is provided in
the Acknowledgments. Abstract This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licen... |
https://openalex.org/W2091972325 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3019375?pdf=render | English | null | Antiulcer and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aerial Parts Enicostemma littorale Blume | Journal of young pharmacists | 2,010 | cc-by | 3,432 | ABSTRACT The antiulcer and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the aerial parts of Enicostemma littorale against aspirin,
ethanol, and pyloric ligation-induced ulcers in rats and bovine serum albumin denaturation were studied. The
extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg po) was administered to the overnight fasted rats... |
https://openalex.org/W4389488822 | https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/veritas/article/download/44191/28300 | Portuguese | null | Desumanização e a banalidade do mal | Veritas | 2,023 | cc-by | 18,642 | OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS VERITAS (PORTO ALEGRE)
Revista de Filosofia da PUCRS
Veritas, Porto Alegre, v. 68, n. 1, p. 1-21, jan.-dez. 2023
e-ISSN: 1984-6746 | ISSN-L: 0042-3955 Recebido em: 2 jan. 2023.
Aprovado em: 23 ago. 2023.
Publicado em: 08 dez. 2023. Leonardo Delatorre
Leite1 Leite
orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-2436... |
https://openalex.org/W4247538279 | https://zenodo.org/records/7674094/files/her2020-12-002.pdf | English | null | Folk art as a phenomenon of philosophical understanding | European Scientific e-Journal | 2,017 | cc-by | 7,915 | Folk art as a phenomenon of philosophical understanding Abstract: Folk art is fundamentally based on the cultural and traditional heritage of previous generations. Traditional applied art cannot exist without relying on the cultural heritage of society. The article is
devoted to the philosophical understanding of the ... |
https://openalex.org/W2807827328 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27446-6.pdf | English | null | Acceptability of placebo multiparticulate formulations in children and adults | Scientific reports | 2,018 | cc-by | 8,144 | Acceptability of placebo
multiparticulate formulations in
children and adults Felipe L. Lopez1, Punam Mistry2, Hannah K. Batchelor2, Joanne Bennett3, Alastair Coupe3,
Terry B. Ernest4, Mine Orlu1 & Catherine Tuleu1 Received: 28 February 2018
Accepted: 29 May 2018
Published: xx xx xxxx Patient acceptability is an imp... |
https://openalex.org/W2415259147 | https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/814909/2/DelPozzo_814909.pdf | English | null | Improved Analysis of GW150914 Using a Fully Spin-Precessing Waveform Model | Physical review. X | 2,016 | cc-by | 15,712 | I. INTRODUCTION right ascension and declination), the polarization angle of
the GW, the luminosity distance of the binary, and the
time of arrival of the GW at the detector (all of which are
known as extrinsic parameters). The task of extracting all
15 parameters from interferometric detector data relies on
efficient B... |
https://openalex.org/W3205532724 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.726484/pdf | English | null | Knowledge Gaps in the Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada | Frontiers in public health | 2,021 | cc-by | 12,226 | REVIEW
published: 20 October 2021
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.726484 Knowledge Gaps in the
Understanding of Antimicrobial
Resistance in Canada Kayley D. McCubbin 1,2, R. Michele Anholt 2, Ellen de Jong 1,2, Jennifer A. Ida 1,
Diego B. Nóbrega 1, John P. Kastelic 1, John M. Conly 2,3,4,5,6,7,8, Matthias Götte 9,
Tim A. McAl... |
https://openalex.org/W3181432130 | https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/190219184/Multi_Band_Photonic_Integrated_Wavelength_Selective_Switch.pdf | English | null | Multi-Band Photonic Integrated Wavelength Selective Switch | Journal of lightwave technology | 2,021 | cc-by | 8,295 | Document status and date:
Published: 01/10/2021 ocument Version:
ublisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume number Document Version:
Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Multi-Band Photonic Integrated Wavelength Sele... |
https://openalex.org/W4311265253 | https://zenodo.org/records/7429632/files/XEBERLER_70_3_2015-56-59.pdf | Kirghiz, Kyrgyz | null | The Morphology of Sprouts of Some Rare Trees and Shrups of Azerbaijan | Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) | 2,015 | cc-by | 2,012 | GİRİŞ təşkil etmişdir. Cücərtilərin böyümə və inkişafı
И.Т.Васильченко (1960), V.V.Smirnov (1964),
А.А.Молчанов və В.В.Смирнов (1967), fenoloji
müşahidələr isə Г.Н.Зайцев metodundan (1981)
istifadə edilmişdir. Tədqiq olunan bitkilərin təsni-
fatı, Lyman Benson (1967), Classification USDA
Plants (2007), APG III (... |
https://openalex.org/W3216328280 | https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1117510/latest.pdf | English | null | Does Predicted Age At Peak Height Velocity Explain Physical Performance In U13-15 Basketball Female Players? | Research Square (Research Square) | 2,021 | cc-by | 10,970 | Does Predicted Age At Peak Height Velocity Explain Physical Performance
In U13-15 Basketball Female Players? Does Predicted Age At Peak Height Velocity Explain Physical Performance
In U13-15 Basketball Female Players? Does Predicted Age At Peak Height Velocity Explain Physical Performance
In U13-15 Basketball Female Pl... |
https://openalex.org/W2943862965 | http://www.diagnostyka.net.pl/pdf-109223-39742?filename=Complex Morlet wavelet.pdf | English | null | Complex Morlet wavelet design with global parameter optimization for diagnosis of industrial manufacturing faults of tapered roller bearing in noisycondition | Diagnostyka | 2,019 | cc-by | 7,452 | Abstract Detecting manufacturing defects of bearings are difficult because of their unique topography. To find
adequate methods for diagnosis is important because they could be responsible for serious problems. Wavelet
transform is an efficient tool for analyzing the transients in the vibration signal. In this articl... |
https://openalex.org/W2950043157 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc6493776?pdf=render | English | null | Stability of working memory in continuous attractor networks under the control of short-term plasticity | PLOS computational biology/PLoS computational biology | 2,019 | cc-by | 30,594 | RESEARCH ARTICLE Alexander SeeholzerID1, Moritz DegerID1,2, Wulfram Gerstner1* Alexander SeeholzerID1, Moritz DegerID1,2, Wulfram Gerstner1* 1 School of Computer and Communication Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, E´ cole
Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2 Institute... |
https://openalex.org/W2160258147 | https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/152377/1/152377.pdf | English | null | Integrative Genomics-Based Discovery of Novel Regulators of the Innate Antiviral Response | PLOS computational biology/PLoS computational biology | 2,015 | cc-by | 24,481 | Integrative Genomics-Based Discovery of Novel Regulators of the Innate Antiviral Response
Lee, R. van der; Feng, Q.; Langereis, M.A.; Horst, R. ter; Szklarczyk, R.J.; Netea, M.G.; Andeweg,
A.C.; Kuppeveld, F.J.M. van; Huynen, M.A. 2015, Article / Letter to editor (Plos Computational Biology, 11, 10, (2015), pp. e100455... |
https://openalex.org/W2886997418 | https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153534/7/153534.pdf | English | null | Persistence of Infarct Zone T2 Hyperintensity at 6 Months After Acute ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction | Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging | 2,017 | cc-by | 13,010 | Received April 19, 2017; accepted November 1, 2017.
From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (J.C., D.C., N.A., I.M., M.M., M.C.P., H.E.,
S.H., S.W., M.L., A.D., A.M., N.S., P.W., A.R., K.G.O., C.B.) and Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (C.H., I.F.), Unive... |
https://openalex.org/W3005483820 | https://vuir.vu.edu.au/43135/1/Exploring%20the%20facilitators%20and%20barriers%20to%20using%20an%20online%20infertility%20risk%20prediction%20tool%20%28FoRECAsT%29%20for%20young%20women%20with%20.pdf | English | null | Exploring the facilitators and barriers to using an online infertility risk prediction tool (FoRECAsT) for young women with breast cancer: a qualitative study protocol | BMJ open | 2,020 | cc-by | 6,598 | Exploring the facilitators and barriers to using an
online infertility risk prediction tool (FoRECAsT) for
young women with breast cancer: A qualitative study
protocol Exploring the facilitators and barriers to using an
online infertility risk prediction tool (FoRECAsT) for
young women with breast cancer: A qualit... |
https://openalex.org/W2523202475 | https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/10852/53432/1/Steens_2016_In.pdf | English | null | In vitroandin vivocomparison of transport media for detecting nasopharyngeal carriage ofStreptococcus pneumoniae | PeerJ | 2,016 | cc-by | 4,805 | In vitro and in vivo comparison of
transport media for detecting
nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus
pneumoniae Anneke Steens1,2, Natacha Milhano1,3, Ingeborg S. Aaberge1 and
Didrik F. Vestrheim1 1 Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
2 Faculty of Medicine,... |
https://openalex.org/W4391904584 | http://catalog.liha-pres.eu/index.php/liha-pres/catalog/download/251/6969/15636-1 | Ukrainian | null | Національні риси китайського фортепіанного мистецтва | ГУМАНІТАРНИЙ І ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ РАКУРС ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ МАЙСТЕРНОСТІ: ПОШУКИ МОЛОДИХ ВЧЕНИХ | 2,023 | cc-by | 1,340 | DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72 DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72 DOI https://doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-357-9-72
НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ РИСИ КИТАЙСЬКОГО
ФОРТЕПІАННОГО МИСТЕЦТВА
Ван Яньсуй
аспірант за спеціальністю 025 – Музичне мистецтво
Науковий керівник: Гончаренко О. В. кандидат м... |
https://openalex.org/W2088735807 | https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2695694?pdf=render | English | null | A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition, diabetes, and prostate cancer risk | British journal of cancer | 2,009 | cc-by | 8,310 | British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805
& 2009 Cancer Research UK
All rights reserved 0007 – 0920/09
$32.00 British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805
& 2009 Cancer Research UK
All rights reserved 0007 – 0920/09
$32.00 British Journal of Cancer (2009) 100, 1799 – 1805
& 2009 Cancer Research UK
All righ... |
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