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cardiac action potentials	Are you wanting action potentials for the pacemaker cells or for the actual cardiac tissue itself? There are differences that have to do with specific electrolytes and phases. If you are just asking about action potentials then it boils down to a negative resting membrane state that is made more positive by sodium iron...	[ "The cardiac action potential is a brief change in voltage (membrane potential) across the cell membrane of heart cells. This is caused by the movement of charged atoms (called ions) between the inside and outside of the cell, through proteins called ion channels. The cardiac action potential differs from action po...
why do we have separate car brands for imported car brands in the us especially for luxury brands?	Cars are seen much more as a status symbol in the U.S. than most other places. If people are paying a lot for their cars, they don't want them to say Toyota, Honda or Nissan like every other person's car, they want Lexus, Acura, or Infiniti so everyone knows how well off they are. Also, it's not just the US. These br...	[ "Some car manufacturers market their luxury models using the same marque as the rest of their models. Other manufacturers market their luxury models separately under a different marque, for example Lexus (launched by Toyota in 1989) and Bentley (purchased by Volkswagen in 1998). Occasionally, a luxury car is initia...
What would the world look like if light travelled only a few hundred miles and hour?	This is the subject of a famous series of novels (the "Mr. Tompkins" novels) by physicist George Gammow, documenting what happens when a regular guy wakes up in a world where the speed of light has slowed to a moderate walking pace. Take a look here: _URL_0_	[ "The light took much longer than 4 billion years to reach us though it was emitted from only 4 billion light years away, and, in fact, the light emitted towards the Earth was actually moving \"away\" from the Earth when it was first emitted, in the sense that the metric distance to the Earth increased with cosmolog...
How do G+ bacteria produce ATP?	There is indeed a small periplasmic like space between the cell membrane and the peptidoglycan layer in gram positive bacteria. Some gram positives can engage in cellular respiration and possess ATP synthase. In fact, targeting this metabolic pathway is being explored as a possible treatment for drug resistant tuberc...	[ "V-ATPase is a complex situated mainly in the membrane of the vacuolar system of cells that uses ATP as an energy source to enable storage of solutes in the vacuolar system against their concentration gradient. In most living creatures, it is a necessary component for life but Nelson discovered that yeast can overc...
Do historians overfetishize the need for material accuracy when it comes to portrayals in movies and fiction over other forms?	I don't mind fiction, or loose play with the facts. What annoys me is the pretense of historical accuracy - the intentional misleading of the audience, making them believe what they see is accurate. Some examples of this phenomenon include (but are not limited to) Vikings, The Tudors, The Borgias, *Kingdom of H...	[ "Historians agree that films have largely shaped historical memories, but they debate issues of accuracy, plausibility, moralism, sensationalism, how facts are stretched in search of broader truths, and suitability for the classroom. Berlin argues that critics complain if the treatment emphasizes historical brutali...
why don't college football games aired on tv ever show the marching band?	Because the halftime shows have a greater appeal (and advertising/sponsorship revenue) than the marching band, which appeals to fewer people.	[ "BULLET::::- The college marching band version can be heard in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum during home football games of the USC Trojans. The USC Trojan Marching Band plays the song during referee time-outs for viewing replays of critical plays; it is played at least once each home and away football game. The...
Did any Europeans sympathize with indigenous peoples during the Age of Exploration?	> Did any Europeans sympathize with indigenous peoples during the Age of Exploration? Definitely. When the Spanish began to colonize and exploit the Caribbean islands, numerous disputes about the legal status broke out. On the one hand, there were land-owners of the newly colonized territories who saw the Indians as ...	[ "The steady encroachment of European explorers and pastoralists into the lands of the Aborigines met with a variety of responses, from friendly or curious to fearful or violent reactions. Very often, early European exploratory expeditions only succeeded by means of the assistance rendered by Aboriginal guides or ne...
how does a pr incident lead to the decline in value of a companies stock?	Stock price is determined by what someone is willing to pay to buy it. If a lot of people think a company is about to lose money, they might sell their stock. If there's a lot more stock for sale and you're asking for $100 for me to buy your stock, I have more options to go to other people. If a different guy will s...	[ "This combination of events contributed to a slide in the stock price to a level below the IPO price. Uncertainty about the company's future has kept the stock price below the IPO price (the stock closed on May 14, 2009 at $4.79). A number of factors have contributed to the uncertainty: weak guidance from managemen...
When did cowboys in the Wild West come to be viewed as white in the popular imagination?	The short answer is Dime Novels. Starting in the 1870s, the U.S. (and later Europe) developed a taste for what you might consider the precursor to modern comic books: Dime Novels. These were cheaply made paperback stories that related daring tales of adventure from west of the Mississippi. They began with stories about...	[ "American cowboys were drawn from multiple sources. By the late 1860s, following the American Civil War and the expansion of the cattle industry, former soldiers from both the Union and Confederacy came west, seeking work, as did large numbers of restless white men in general. A significant number of African-Americ...
When did the First Lady become a position of power/visibility/activism/politics?	It wasn't a slow transition, Eleanor Roosevelt took it on herself to be active, she campaigned for human rights, gave press conferences, wrote newspaper columns, spoke out when she disagreed with the government, even with her husband... she forged the modern role of 'first lady' for herself and advanced the roles for w...	[ "The position of First Lady, which originally consisted of being a good hostess to guests of the president, has become more politicized as women began to receive more rights and more access to power. Martha Washington, who several consider to be the first First Lady, was often referred to as Lady Washington because...
taxes and paying taxes in the us.	Adults with jobs pay income tax every time they get a paycheck. At the end of the year we add up all the taxes we've paid and add up all the things that the government says we don't have to pay taxes on and we balance them up. This is called "doing your taxes" and the deadline to submit your homework is April 15. I...	[ "Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal, state, and local government levels. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. Taxation in the United States is based on citizenship, not residency. Both non-resident citizens and Green Card hol...
do our eyes perceive a certain color as a mix of the 3 primary colors or is it just another color all together (i.e. a separate wavelength).	Yes, though you could word it the other way around just as validly. Our eyes have three types of colour sensitive cone cells, and each one responds to a range of wavelengths. They don't respond equally to the entire range though, they have kinda a bell shaped curve where they respond very well to a peak wavelength t...	[ "Young proposed that color vision is based on three primary colors: red, green, and blue. Maxwell demonstrated that any color can be matched by a mixture of three primary colors. This was interpreted by Helmholtz as proof that humans perceive colors through three types of receptors, while white and black would refl...
Why does rubber go brittle when it ages?	Dry-rot. This specifically happens to vehicle tires because they get exposed to the damaging UV rays of the sun which deteriorates the integrity of the tire rubber. If the same tire was kept indoors, out of sunlight, and kept dry, it would probably be as good as the day it was made. That's the best I got, hopefully ...	[ "Rubber and some types of plastics are decomposed by brake cleaners by removing binding components. This has the consequence that the rubber will appear unchanged at first; however, it will become brittle, and after a few weeks to months cracks and fractures appear.\n", "A material is brittle if, when subjected t...
Do we have any idea what it was about Anne of Cleves that Henry VIII claimed to find repulsive?	Her airs were allegedly foul-smelling. You may have also read that he described her as a "Flanders mare" (i.e. She looks like a horse), and that he found her so repulsive that he was physically incapable of consummating their union. It's also important to note what happened when they met. She was brought to a castle...	[ "BULLET::::- The popular rumours that Anne had several small deformities—like an extra fingernail or moles—are incorrect, since rumours of deformities only began after Anne's death and no-one who met her ever commented on them;—\"\"... the two [descriptions] cannot logically be reconciled to each other. Had there b...
What's the oldest dynasty in exile that still has living members?	[The current heir to the Hapsburg Empire was born in 1997](_URL_0_). He is an Austrian citizen but he is not allowed to use his titles there.	[ "The last Rana and ruler of Jethwa dynasty of Porbandar, Shri Natwarsinhji died in 1979. Before him in 1977, the successor to his throne the crown-prince Udaybhansinhji Natwarsinhji Jethwa died, leaving the throne of more than 2000 year old dynasty vacant and uncertain, perhaps the longest continuous ruling dynasty...
Why did Hitler help General Franco in the Spanish civil war?	Franco and his government were Fascist. Hitler was just making sure that there was another Fascist government in the world.	[ "Although Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco did not officially bring Spain into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany, he permitted volunteers to join the German Army (Wehrmacht) on the condition they would only fight against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, and not against the Western Allies or any Wester...
During the Civil War, how did Southerners react to the first-hand sight of black Union soldiers in uniform?	[This older answer of mine isn't exactly written to your question, but it deals heavily with the central issue so I expect would be of interest](_URL_0_). The short of it is, certainly, "poorly".	[ "In the early stages of the war, uniforms had not been standardized, and some Union units wore some items of clothing which were gray in color, though gray had also begun to be adopted by the Confederate Army. William Y. W. Ripley, a company commander in the 1st Vermont who later received the Medal of Honor for her...
what is nosql and how is it different from relational dbs like mysql?	NoSQL is used for massive sets of data that "traditional" relational data bases can't handle i.e. the data size is that big! It is also used on data that doesn't conform to a schema or design, therefore it does not use relational tables. It isn't queried with SQL either (surprise, surprise). I'm no expert having nev...	[ "Strozzi NoSQL is a shell-based relational database management system initialized and developed by Carlo Strozzi that runs under Unix-like operating systems, or others with compatibility layers (e.g., Cygwin under Windows). Its file name \"NoSQL\" merely reflects the fact that it does not express its queries using ...
why do we completely forget the first couple years of our life?	The brain is developing just like all other parts ot the body as well as the ability to fully use it. It takes a bit of time and development to form short-term and long-term memory. I have a 2.5yo and he is slowly forming a memory of events that happened days ago. Just a couple months prior he mixed up events from da...	[ "Failing to retrieve an event does not mean that this specific event has been forever forgotten. This could just mean the information was not encoded well. Research has shown that there are a few health behaviors that to some extent can prevent forgetting from happening so often. One of the simplest ways to keep th...
What would happen if an electron and a proton met?	At low energies they would form a hydrogen atom, under extreme pressure they would form a neutron, and if you smashed them together really fast (like in the Hera experiment at Desy), you can break up the proton and get quark jets.	[ "However, in such an association with an electron, the character of the bound proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low-energy free protons to any electrons present in normal matter (such as the electrons in normal atoms) causes free protons to stop and to form a new chemical bond with a...
Why are green, leafy vegetables a common source of human illnesses?	Based on quick reading, it would appear that viruses like norovirus and most bacteria that cause food poisoning don't cause disease in plants. In the case of viruses, they are spread by fecal contamination in water and fertilizer to the plants, and then depending on the species may be taken up into the plant, but arent...	[ "The plant is widely valued for both food and medicine throughout much of its native range. Green and ripe fruits served as an important food source in times past. Roots are the source of medicine, glue, and a fermenting agent.\n", "Nondigestible dietary fibers from plant foods, often considered as a phytochemica...
Which civilizations in the history of the world granted women the most rights?	Many Native American societies held women as equals. The group I've done some research on is the Cherokee, who were a matrilineal society. Women controlled property and all children were born into their mother's clan (as opposed to their father's clan). This meant that Cherokee men who married white women often had pro...	[ "Domination by men of women is found in the Ancient Near East as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from \"the process of representing or the construction of history\". According to some researchers, with the appearance of the Hebrews, there is also \"the excl...
How does a dog cool itself off when it pants?	AFAIK, Evaporation off the tongue. Dogs lack sweat glands and so are unable to use evaporative cooling like humans do. The evaporation of water helps dissipate heat. A veterinarian could probably give you a better answer in depth.	[ "Primarily, dogs regulate their body temperature through panting and sweating via their paws. Panting moves cooling air over the moist surfaces of the tongue and lungs, transferring heat to the atmosphere.\n", "Because of their double coat, Keeshonden need regular brushing; an hour a week will keep the dog comfor...
why do people get sneeze attacks?	There are lots of things that can cause a sneeze attack. Here are a few: 1) A foreign object in your nasal cavilty that needs to be expelled. It just takes 15 sneezes to expel it. 2) Allergies. Pollen for example can overstimulate histamine production and cause people to sneeze uncontrollably. 3) It is common for...	[ "There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an afferent nerve fiber signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to...
Which way should a fan face to get more fresh air into a room?	Keeping the vent on in your bathroom, and placing the fan infront or in your window to blow fresh air into the apartment will provide maximum fresh air replenishment. The bathroom will be venting stale air from inside your apartment to the outdoors, while the fan will be sucking fresh air from outside and blowing it in...	[ "Fans are used to move air through the computer case. The components inside the case cannot dissipate heat efficiently if the surrounding air is too hot. Case fans may be placed as \"intake fans\", drawing cooler outside air in through the front or bottom of the chassis (where it may also be drawn over the internal...
Rainbow Cloud	Looks like a [circumhorizontal arc](_URL_0_).	[ "A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the...
If something is producing a constant sound/noise, can an 'opposite' sound wave be produced to cancel it out?	Yes. Quite easily... Noise cancelling headphones work on this principle.	[ "Interference is the addition of two or more waves that results in a new wave pattern. Interference of sound waves can be observed when two loudspeakers transmit the same signal. At certain locations constructive interference occurs, doubling the local sound pressure. And at other locations destructive interference...
how is frozen the most successful animated movie of all time??	The US dollar has a rate of inflation of a few percent a year on average. This means that new movies, all else being equal, will make more than old ones.	[ "\"Frozen\" premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on November 19, 2013, had a limited release on November 22 and went into general theatrical release on November 27. It was met with positive reviews and praise for its visuals, screenplay, themes, music, and voice acting; some film critics co...
How important was the Battle of Talas River?	Individual battles shouldn't be seen as major turning points, because they can only have that sort of influence on history if other events had already led to it. Many Hungarians, for example, point to the Battle of Mohacs as being decisive in their history, and blame the loss their for the loss of their independence to...	[ "The Battle of River also known as Battle of Al Madhar took place in Mesopotamia (Iraq) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire. Muslims, under Khalid ibn al-Walid's command, defeated the numerically superior Persian army.\n", "The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr () was ...
Why doesn't our skin fall apart?	_URL_0_ There's the basement membrane: > All epithelial cells rest on a basement membrane, which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries. Epithelial tissue is innervated, but avascular. This epithelial tissue must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels ...	[ "Cells are held together by special linking proteins. When too many cross-links form between cells in a tissue, the tissue can lose its elasticity and cause problems including arteriosclerosis, presbyopia and weakened skin texture. These are chemical bonds between structures that are part of the body, but not withi...
Chirality are there any examples of right handed in organisms?	I don't believe there is any organism that uses D-amino acids in its biology. Consider that such an organism would have to: * be entirely autotrophic: Since chirality is retained throughout most metabolic processes, the hypothetical D-organism would be unable to process any amino acids or sugars obtained from other ...	[ "Homochirality refers to a geometric uniformity of some materials composed of chiral units. Chiral refers to nonsuperimposable 3D forms that are mirror images of one another, as are left and right hands. Living organisms use molecules that have the same chirality (\"handedness\"): with almost no exceptions, amino a...
why does using my fingers to make my eyes appear slanted make my vision sharper but not clearer?	You're altering the angles that light hits your eyes. That "sweetspot" is when you get just the right angle, it's similar to how glasses work.	[ "Humans have demonstrated the ability to aim eye movement toward the hand without vision, using the sense of proprioception, with only minor errors related to internal knowledge of limb position. It has been shown the proprioception of limbs, in both active and passive movement, result in eye saccade overshoots whe...
How did you become a historian/archeologist?	When I was around 8 or 9 years old I somehow came across the graphic novel Maus. It's a fantastic book, still one of my favorites, and a very intense story, particularly if you happen to be around 8 or 9 years old. It's a bit morbid, but I became obsessed with understanding how people are capable of being so terr...	[ "George Wilson Pierson (22 October 1904 – 12 October 1993) was an American academic, historian, author and Larned Professor of History at Yale University. He was the first official historian of the university.\n", "A list of foundational thinkers in archival studies could include: American archivist Theodore Sche...
how do animals pick up their children/foster children by their mouths without hurting them?	These young animals weigh fairly little, so the stress on their tissue from the weight is very little. Usually the parent grabs some loose furry skin that is sort of made for use as a handle.	[ "Children may be used to exert control by the abuser threatening to take the children or making them feel guilty about the children. It could include harassing them during visitation or using the children to relay messages. Another controlling tactic is abusing pets.\n", "Teething infants are known to bite object...
Why do we say Judeo-Christian and not Islamo-Judeo-Christian? How does Islam differ from Judaism and Christianity in a way that the latter don't?	The second half of your question is not exactly a history question, but I can give an historical answer to the first. "Judeo-Christian" does not just refer to the religious traditions in the narrow sense. This is more a question of cultural norms and assimilation. In religious studies, the term for the three is gener...	[ "Judeo-Christian is a term grouping Christianity and Judaism together, either in reference to Christianity's derivation from Judaism, both religions' common use of the Bible, or due to perceived parallels or commonalities and shared values between the two religions.\n", "BULLET::::- Judeo-Christian, groups Judais...
why exactly do labrador retrievers love water unanimously as a breed so much?	Because they have been selectively bred for many generations by humans, as an offshoot breed (from the St. John's water dog) that was also selectively bred by generations for the explicit purpose of retrieving downed waterfowl. Sure, lots of labs these days may not be purebred, but lots of those traits and instincts ar...	[ "Labradoodles often display an affinity for water and strong swimming ability from their parent breeds. Like most Labrador retrievers and poodles, Labradoodles are generally friendly, energetic, and good with families and children. Their parent breeds are both among the world's most intelligent dog breeds, in which...
why are there not any picture of the earth surronded by satellites?	The Earth is really big and those satellites are really small. Imagine a photo of Earth from high orbit. You can't distinguish whole cities (10 miles across), how would you expect to see something that is somewhere between the size of a mailbox and a car?	[ "Many pictures have been taken of the entire Earth by satellites launched by a variety of governments and private organizations. From high orbits, where half the planet can be seen at once, it is plainly spherical. The only way to piece together all the pictures taken of the ground from lower orbits so that all the...
where are all the dead pigeons?	Wild animals rarely die of natural causes. The number one cause of death in the wild is being eaten.	[ "The remains of several species of birds have been found, representing those that were killed for their flesh, bones or feathers by prehistoric Polynesians. Globally extinct species of land birds found at the site include two rails, the Huahine rail and swamphen; two doves, the great ground dove and Huahine cuckoo-...
Has Communism ever been successfully implemented in a society?	It depends on what you really consider to be 'true communism'. Countries like China and Cuba are moderately successful countries which run under what they call communist governments. That being said, both countries have many features that are fairly un-communist like. Other countries run under Socialist governments whi...	[ "By the early 20th century, myriad socialist tendencies (e.g. anarcho-syndicalism, social democracy and Bolshevism) had arisen based on different interpretations of current events. Governments also began placing restrictions on market operations and created interventionist programs, attempting to ameliorate perceiv...
how were congressional republicans able to delay and ultimately avoid hearings for merrick garland, yet democrats couldn't do the same for brett kavanaugh?	Correct me if I am wrong, but I believe the Republicans, in the past presidential term, held the majority in the Senate at the time when the confirmation vote required a 2/3 majority. The Republicans have also since changed the rules to simply need a majority vote (greater than 50 percent). The filabuster rules have c...	[ "By the beginning of April however, a total of 29 Republicans had announced that even after election, regardless of its outcome, they would not consider the Garland nomination. In April, two Republican Senators, Jerry Moran and Lisa Murkowski, after weeks earlier expressing support for proceeding with hearings as a...
Why did some ancient societies such as Ancient Egypt have two national capitals?	Originally, Egypt consisted of two separate kingdoms, Upper Egypt (in the south) and Lower Egypt (in the North). These each had their own capitals. These capitals continued in use through history. Egypt was ruled by successive family groups known as dynasties. Each dynasty had their own setup. Therefore the capital...	[ "After Rome conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC, Roman emperors took on the role of ruler and temple patron, reducing the temples' wealth and political power. Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style. Others, including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods—such as the temple to I...
why do certain rivers carve gigantic canyons while others don't? is a matter of how fast the water flows?	It's a matter of how much elevation change there is between the source and sea level, how quickly the elevation happens, the type of rocks and the way the rocks are oriented (i.e., flat-lying or turned on end). The biggest canyons will form in relatively flat-lying, soft (sedimentary) rocks when the terrain is slowly...	[ "Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called entrenched rivers, because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the Colorado River in the Southwest and the Snake River in the Northwest are two examples of tectonic uplift.\n", ...
Why does a shortage of hormons like estrogen or testosteron lead to depression?	The endocrine system is highly integrated with itself, meaning many hormones are involved in pathways and often times one hormone will signal the release or inhibition of a 2nd hormone. I can't remember off hand what the steroids may or may not initiate but most likely reduced hormones will cause reduced levels of ser...	[ "In addition to their antigonadotropic effects, high concentrations of estrogens appear to have toxic effects in the testes, and, with long-term (3 years) therapy, can possibly permanently reduce the capacity of the testes to produce testosterone. Long-lasting suppression of pituitary gland function, persisting eve...
does pain receptors stop if you are set on fire for a while?	Yes, deep burns are actually painless (the process of creating them hurt like hell though) due to the destruction of the nerves that signal pain. It's one of the warning signs of a deep burn.	[ "Pain receptors are known as nociceptors. Two main types of nociceptors exist, A-fiber nociceptors and C-fiber nociceptors. A-fiber receptors are myelinated and conduct currents rapidly. They are mainly used to conduct fast and sharp types of pain. Conversely, C-fiber receptors are unmyelinated and slowly transmit....
Will water and oil mix at high pressures?	High pressure, not so much. With that said, you can effect the miscibility of a mixture by changing the temperature. The miscibility of a two liquid mixture becomes larger at higher temperatures. Specifically for oils and water, I don't know without calculating it myself or looking it up somewhere, but you'd use so...	[ "Carbon dioxide (CO) is particularly effective in reservoirs deeper than 2,000 ft., where CO will be in a supercritical state. In high pressure applications with lighter oils, CO is miscible with the oil, with resultant swelling of the oil, and reduction in viscosity, and possibly also with a reduction in the surfa...
How does gravity affect things like fire or lightning?	Fire: Gravity affects the shape of the flame. Heated air (containing the particles that cause the flame to be visible) is lighter than the cooler surrounding air. In the presence of gravity, the lighther air will flow higher (this effect is called buoyancy). In low or zero gravity, the flame will be less upward-point...	[ "Just as heat can cause expanding air in the lungs, the explosive shock wave created by lightning (the cause of thunder) can cause concussive and auditory injury at extremely close range. Other physical injury can be caused by objects damaged or thrown by the lightning strike. For example, lightning striking a near...
why do things sometimes appear to move away from me after having stared in the same spot?	Your eyes got used to the image of the grass moving towards you, so it got tired of sending the signal to your brain that it kept seeing that motion - of the grass moving towards you. When you stop moving, now the grass is standing still. However, your "it is moving towards you" motion detection systems are still tire...	[ "When observers are presented with two immobile stimuli, that are presented in a sequential fashion at two differing locations, the stimuli will often be perceived as a solitary object that is simply moving from a starting location to another position. This apparent motion or apparent movement is of great interest ...
There are Glasses that make Colorblind People see colors. Do they work the other way around too?	The most common form of colorblindness is [to see red and green as the same color](_URL_3_). Sometimes it's because the red or green cone cells are missing, but usually it's because [they respond to almost the same color light](_URL_1_) (vs [normal vision](_URL_2_)) How the glasses work is by blocking [colors betwee...	[ "Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses).\n", "The Pacific University College of Optometry's experiment tested whether the glasses helped peop...
Why didn't the Emancipation Proclamation apply to parts of the South held by the Union Army?	Emancipation Proclamation was meant as much to deal a strategic blow to the confederacy as anything else. It gave the Union the moral high ground in the war on the international stage. If a nation such as Britain, which worked actively to outlaw slavery, wanted to assist the South, they would have to acknowledge that t...	[ "Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduc...
women of reddit. can someone explain the different "types" of orgasms women can achieve and how they feel?	That's really more of an /r/AskWomen or an /r/sex question.	[ "Human orgasms usually result from physical sexual stimulation of the penis in males (typically accompanying ejaculation) and of the clitoris in females. Sexual stimulation can be by self-practice (masturbation) or with a sex partner (penetrative sex, non-penetrative sex, or other sexual activity).\n", "General s...
why did tv shows go from 22-25 episodes per season (lost, the office) to 10 episodes (better call saul)?	Tv shows have been bouncing between 22-25 and 10-13 episode for a long time, it isn't recent. It just depends on the show and how much budget they have for that season.	[ "Series 5 is longer than any of the other series, and contains almost a third of the total number of episodes. The series was made with a view to airing the show in the US, so episodes were shortened to 25 minutes rather than 30 minutes to allow for commercial breaks; and twenty-six episodes were commissioned to ti...
why don’t super glue caps get stuck by the super glue?	The cyanoacrylate in superglue hardens on contact with water (moisture). Your skin has moisture on it, and air has humidity (moisture), so that's why the superglue acts that way when you put it on skin, or after you expose it to air. Otherwise, if you manage to put the cap on without letting any moisture to come in c...	[ "The veneer is pushed into the glue with the wide blade, and the hammer is pushed or pulled, forcing out the excess hide glue. The sheer bulk of the metal head helps to cool the glue, causing it to grab and hold the veneer in place. The glue cures as it cools. The procedure is to work from the center, out towards t...
What would happen in medieval/early modern Europe if a female ruler had a bastard child?	Let's take the example of Queen Urraca, who inherited the Kingdom of Leon-Castilla from her father Alfonso VI in 1109 and ruled as reigning queen until 1126. She had had two children with her first husband, who died in 1107, but things didn't go so well with the second, Alfonso the Battler of Aragon. They separated aft...	[ "In the 1170s, \"it was common practice for ordinary couples to cohabit before marriage and for cousins to marry one another\" and there was very little stigma around bastards at any social level in medieval England. For instance, William the Conqueror's right to succeed to the throne of Normandy was never question...
Is it possible for the big bang theory to ever become scientific fact without it happening again or the invention of time travel?	I think you've got a fundamental misconception about what "theory" means. It means that there is overwhelming evidence for something, and that it is generally accepted - this is the sense in which the word is used for "theory of gravity" and "theory of evolution." This differs from the common parlance usage of the word...	[ "In the early 1970s, there was still a strong belief among physicists that no one could speak about what came before the Big Bang and stay within the boundaries of science. It was almost universally accepted that no scientist could explain why there is something and not nothing. This was the scientific climate Tryo...
It took J Edgar Hoover just two years to go from a legal clerkship to a division head. What did he do his first two years of law enforcement to stand out?	Follow up question. Would a legal clerk have access to privy information of the previous division head?	[ "J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the governmen...
When did the modern ideas around cooking first appear, especially those regarding meat? Where did they originate?	I'm not quite certain what you're asking here, because 'modern' is something of a fuzzy term in culinary history - with the exception of the microwave, there's very little you can do in a modern kitchen that wasn't done in Babylon or Eygpt. All the processes you're asking about have been around since before anything ...	[ "The origins of culinary began with primitive humans roughly 2 million years ago. There are various theories as to how early humans used fire to cook meat. According to anthropologist Richard Wrangham, author of \"Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human\", primitive humans simply tossed a raw hunk of meat into the...
Silly helium voices	Found on Yahoo - "Helium is an inert gas that is lighter than air and can be inhaled briefly without risk of death. Sound is produced by vibration, the movement of air around our vocal chords. Because helium gas is lighter than the usual oxygen/nitrogen blend, it changes the resonant frequency of the human vocal tract,...	[ "In September 2009, Japanese publisher Shueisha issued an apology in the 42nd weekly issue of \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" over a depiction of main characters, Bossun and Himeko, inhaling helium to raise the pitch of their voices. The scene drew criticism from online forums and blogs over the danger of suffocation from b...
How was colonialism justified legally?	By the time Belgium was an active colonial power (and a country, post-1830) the papal bulls were no longer really effective. I don't know if further encyclicals were made once it was clear that Spain and Portugal weren't going to be the eternal powers the earlier statements suggested, but once you get to the Napoleoni...	[ "Settler colonialism is generally discussed in terms of the one-way flow of British values, which overtake and repudiate the culture and history of the location in question. Transnational and global studies of settler colonialism often give more importance to the histories of British emigrants rather than the indig...
what exactly happens when milk goes bad/sour? would adding fresh milk to old milk delay the process?	Because of bacteria that use lactose as a nutrient. Lactose is a sugar, commonly called milksugar. It's found in the milk of mammals and is the main source of energy for offsprings. All of us require energy to live and we get energy from another type of sugar, called glucose. Glucose + galactose = lactose Everyt...	[ "When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns \"sour\". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial c...
Question about balancing a chemical equation(combustion)	9 O2 = 18 Os (6 O2=)12 Os+6 Os=18 Os where is your confusion coming from? looks like you are miscounting H2 O, one oxygen and two waters	[ "Another set of important questions in chemistry concerns what kind of reactions can happen spontaneously and which properties are possible for a given chemical mixture. This is studied in chemical thermodynamics, which sets limits on quantities like how far a reaction can proceed, or how much energy can be convert...
why do doctors perform bypass surgeries instead of removing plaque from the patient’s arteries?	Sometimes the blockages are too large to open with a balloon or stent. Or sometimes they can’t wire the balloon or stent through a thick or complete blockage. Also if there are multiple blockages that make it too dangerous they may opt for the surgery. Or if a patient is very unstable. Occasionally the angio can become...	[ "Unlike angioplasty and stents, which push plaque into the vessel wall, atherectomy cuts plaque from the wall of the artery. While atherectomy is usually employed to treat arteries it can be used in veins and vascular bypass grafts as well.\n", "Coronary artery bypass grafting, also called revascularization, is a...
every point on the earth is accelerating upwards	> Is this "equivalence principle" just an observation that > > 'gravity looks like acceleration from a small enough point of view' You can look at this in several ways. Let's say you were in a closed box on the surface of the Earth or in a closed box not in a gravitational field but was moving at 9.8m/s^2 agains...	[ "Similarly, standing on a non-rotating planet (and on earth for practical purposes) we experience an upward proper-acceleration due to the normal force exerted by the earth on the bottom of our shoes. This cancels the downward geometric acceleration due to our choice of coordinate system (a so-called shell-frame). ...
do animals whisper? do animals communicate in a way not to be heard/understood by members of the same species?	I am positive that I read about some type of bird (chickens?) that does this. Males show they are ready to mate by pecking at food on the ground and making a specific noise. However, smaller and weaker males will do the pecking motion without making the sound, which still attracts mates without alerting the bigger,...	[ "Many animals use vocalisations to advertise their territory. These are short-term signals transmitted only when the animal is present, but can travel long distances and over varied habitats. Examples of animals which use auditory signals include birds, frogs and canids.\n", "If these animals have a language it i...
why are piano keys in sections of c d f g a b and not a b c d f g?	The original key first written down in the middle ages was A minor, which is the white notes of the piano: ABCDEFGA, with the music written in this key "centred" on the A. However musicians found that they could achieve a different effect by choosing a different note to "centre" on... The most popular being C, which g...	[ "The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude.\n", "This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity...
why do soccer players and their teammates always protest yellow/red cards, when they never get overturned, anyway?	They like to be dramatic. They also fall on the ground writhing in pain trying to get penalties called only to pop up absolutely fine 4 seconds later.	[ "In International matches, red cards are shown by the referee to players who have been ordered off the pitch, which results in the player being removed from the game without being replaced. This usually occurs when a player is guilty of serious foul play, or violent conduct or for committing two offences resulting ...
what exactly makes something a vitamin and how did they get their names (c, b6, b12, e, etc)?	Vitamins are small organic molecules that we need in tiny amounts in our diet. So for example amino acids are not vitamins because we need large amounts of them. Sodium is not a vitamin because it is inorganic. As for the name, basically they were lettered in order we realised their existence. However knowledge was i...	[ "The term \"vitamin\" is derived from the word \"vitamine\", coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. When this presumption was later determined not to be true, the \"e\" was dropped from the name. All vitami...
What are the latest scientific explanations for Near Death Experiences?	As far as I know, there isn't much of a scientific consensus. There are hypotheses regarding NDEs being related to REM intrusion, CO2 levels, epilepsy, or a DMT-like substance being released in the brain, but I don't think any of them are very appealing for different reasons. [The Lancet article](_URL_0_) from 2001 o...	[ "Other authors suggest that all components of near-death experiences can be explained in their entirety via psychological or neurophysiological mechanisms, although the authors admit that these hypotheses have to be tested by science.\n", "Bruce Greyson (psychiatrist), Kenneth Ring (psychologist), and Michael Sab...
processes and threads in computing. what exactly they do and so on.	Imagine a fairly simple math problem: a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where I give you that a = 3 and b = 5 and I want you to tell me what c is. If you were to do this yourself, you would probably square 3 first and get 9, then square 5 and get 25 and then add them together to get 34, then take the square root and get approximately ...	[ "The stopping of one process and starting (or restarting) of another process is called a context switch or context change. In many modern operating systems, processes can consist of many sub-processes. This introduces the concept of a \"thread\". A thread may be viewed as a \"sub-process\"; that is, a separate, ind...
The Founding Fathers' background for the Commerce Clause?	They were primarily concerned that the states would set up tariffs and protectionist barriers to discourage goods from other states. This had proven problematic under the Articles of Confederation. More info (despite a cheesy intro) [here.]( _URL_0_)	[ "Other scholars, such as Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy, argue that prior to 1887, the Commerce Clause was rarely invoked by Congress, and thus a broad interpretation of the word \"commerce\" was clearly never intended by the Founders. In support of this claim, they argue that the word \"commerce\", as used in t...
why do we jerk forward when we sneeze? if we're expelling mass forward, shouldn't the jerk be in the opposite direction?	You're also contracting your muscles specifically the ones near your diaphragm. Specifically, you clench your abs/core when you sneeze. The mass of air leaving your lungs is negligible.	[ "There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an afferent nerve fiber signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to...
why is someone who identifies as the gender they are born with called a cis in a derogatory manner, and where did the phrase come from?	Are you talking about the tumblr feministas who attack cisgendered? They feel victimized in ways that don't really exsist and want to take it out on someone.	[ "Cisgender (sometimes cissexual, often abbreviated to simply cis) is a term for people whose gender identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth. For example, someone who identifies as a woman and was assigned female at birth is a cisgender woman. The term \"cisgender\" is the opposite of the word \"tr...
why does a beam of light appear to stop abruptly in fog, instead of fading with distance?	I think the best way to explain this is using angles. Let's just work off of your second picture since in the first, the effect you are talking about is simply due to light reflecting off of the clouds. Consider this: if the man holding the flashlight looks straight ahead, the path from the light in his hands to hi...	[ "Fog shadows may look odd to viewers who are not used to seeing shadows in three dimensions. A thin fog is just dense enough to be illuminated by the light that passes through the gaps in a structure or in a tree. As a result, the path of an object's shadow through the fog becomes visible as a darkened volume. In a...
Can I calculate the speed of my train from the angle which rain droplets are sliding down the window?	You could, but you would be making alot of assumptions in doing so. The coefficient of friction of the glass, the humidity & density of the air outside, the temperature of the drops, the characteristics of the boundary layer flow on the surface of the train's window, the speed and direction of the wind outside, the s...	[ "The vertical speed indicator, usually next to the altitude indicator, indicates to the pilot how fast the aircraft is ascending or descending, or the rate at which the altitude changes. This is usually represented with numbers in \"thousands of feet per minute.\" For example, a measurement of \"+2\" indicates an a...
why does the us government have a vested interest in keeping a federal ban on marijuana?	Leading question. Who says they do?	[ "Following the 2012 presidential election, the Office of National Drug Control Policy under the Obama administration stated that it \"steadfastly opposes legalization of marijuana and other drugs because legalization would increase the availability and use of illicit drugs, and pose significant health and safety ri...
why hiphop artists/fans are so obsessed with the illuminati?	Hiphop is, at it's roots, the music of the disenfranchised. There's a great deal of machismo & claiming to be more powerful than one actually is. In the old days it was enough to have gold chains, a boom box & new sneakers. As things progressed, people needed to be bigger than that - this gave us rappers claimin...	[ "Founded by Adam Weishaupt in Bavaria in 1776, the Illuminati have been referred to in popular culture, in books and comics, television and movies, and games. A number of novelists, playwrights and composers are alleged to have been Illuminati members and to have reflected this in their work. Early conspiracy theor...
Why do we want to care about Hilbert spaces beyond our own three dimensions?	It doesn't really seem like you want to know why Hilbert spaces are important, but rather vector spaces. The easiest example is that it is routinely needed to solve systems of equations with hundreds of variables. This is done by linear algebra in a vector space with hundreds of dimensions.	[ "The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space i...
how do autopsies work?	Autopsies can be very lengthy and detailed operations. Even a case which seems cut-and-dry may have additional facets. For example, someone was found washed up on the shore, but was their death by drowning? The lungs may be examined to see if water was inhaled, the brain to look for other signs of trauma, and the blood...	[ "Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autops...
What is actually happening when one takes a "full" breath compared to an "incomplete" or "normal" breath?	You get two types of inward breath, known as inspiration. "Normal" (that is unconscious breathing) inspiration uses only the diaphram and the intercostal muscles. When you deliberately breath in deeply the accessory muscles are used, these include pectoralis minor, scalene and sternocliedomastoid (I probably spelt that...	[ "Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). Bef...
how come carnivorous plants know that insects actually exist?	They don't. Primitive bugs have been crawling on primitive plants for a long time. The plant doesn't know about the bug, but if the bug eats the plant, that's the end of the plant. So at various points, plants have mutated to secrete chemicals that dissolve bugs. This helps the plant, so they evolve to secrete more ch...	[ "Some plants, like the pitcher plant, the Venus fly trap and the sundew, are carnivorous and consume insects. Some carnivorous fungi catch nematodes using either active traps in the form of constricting rings, or passive traps with adhesive structures. \n", "The status of the genus as a truly carnivorous plant ha...
why am i compelled to look at or watch gory/disturbing things (such as videos, pictures, films), despite knowing that it will make me feel bad afterwards?	I'm not quite sure but it could be the face that humans are naturally curious and cannot simply forget or ignore a situation where you have the opportunity to learn or discover the "mystery".	[ "Our minds and bodies are bombarded by relevant and irrelevant knowledge and experiences every day. We will tune into salient ones (crane the ears to more fully hear enjoyable music) and tune-out non-salient ones (cover our ears from jackhammer noise). There is difference between seeing something and looking at it....
why are mexican immigrants running from the cartel not considered refugees?	To call the Mexican immigrants "refugees" would be to acknowledge that the government of Mexico is a failed democracy. The US gov't, businesses and other agencies have way too much invested in Mexico and get too much political use out of Mexico, to acknowledge that Mexico, for most purposes, is a failure as a state.	[ "In September 2007, Mexican President Calderón harshly criticized the United States government for the crackdown on illegal immigrants, saying it has led to the persecution of immigrant workers without visas. \"I have said that Mexico does not stop at its border, that wherever there is a Mexican, there is Mexico\",...
what do special police units do the whole year?	They work regular policing jobs. In addition to doing their regular police work, they have taken part in training in weapons, tactics, negotiating, etc. They regularly train together as a group but would otherwise return to their regular police roles until needed.	[ "There are 7 individual Special Police Corps, literally \"Security Police Corps\"(保安警察隊). These are mobile, rapid deployment police forces. They also execute various sentry duties and serve as a pool of reserve formations for police manpower.\n", "The Special Constabulary is the part-time volunteer section of a s...
How did people measure ingredients without having common units of measurement?	Speaking for Medieval Europe-- Often, they just didn't! (or at least didn't include measurements in recipes). For example in the [Forme of Cury](_URL_1_), recipes from Richard II's cooks, there are extremely few precise measurements. [Two more](_URL_0_) from the next century are similar: it will provide phrases like "n...	[ "It has been estimated that on the eve of the Revolution in 1789, the eight hundred, or so, units of measure in use in France had up to a quarter of a million different definitions because the quantity associated with each unit could differ from town to town, and even from trade to trade. Although certain standards...
Can you have a space with half a dimension?	You can totally generate a number according to that formula, and it will even mean something in terms of the object that you're measuring, but I'm not aware of a physically meaningful definition of the Hausdorff dimension of a space itself. Here's the problem: When I say 2D space, the "2" represents the number of *de...	[ "A four-dimensional space or 4D space is a mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional or 3D space. Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one only needs three numbers, called \"dimensions\", to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday w...
What would happen if you put a magnetic ball inside a hollow metal sphere?	As a purely theoretical question if the forces in all directions were balanced it would just float in the middle (assuming no gravity, etc.). However this is impossible to recreate and so due to imperfections in either the regularity of the objects or starting conditions it would stick to the inside of the metal ball. ...	[ "A special case is a hollow sphere of explosives, initiated evenly around its surface, with an outer tamper and inner hollow shell which is then accelerated inwards (\"imploded\") rather than outwards, is described by:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Solenoids or coils\": These are found in every modern pinball machine since ...
how can a baby scream for hours and be fine, but i yell for 30 minutes at a sporting event and lose my voice.	Some babies develop problems due to screaming. See Emma Stone, for example, she got nodules and calluses on her vocal cords.	[ "Janov believes that for babies, screaming is the only form of communication he or she can have; it is the only way a baby can express his necessities, that he needs food, he is in pain or he simply needs some love. Janov writes, “screaming is a language – a primitive one, but a human language”.\n", "I'm caught o...
Was There A Bias Against All-Female Rock & Roll Bands In The 1960s?	My apologies for taking so long to get to this - I wanted to do a bit of reading first up, but did mean to come back to it. Christine Feldman-Barrett's article 'From Beatles Fans to Beat Groups: A historiography of the 1960s all-girl rock band' is very good. Feldman-Barrett's starting point is the enormous success of t...	[ "In the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States, some people perceived that there were few \"positive women's images within popular music\" and a \"lack of opportunities for female performers\". They viewed women as having a disadvantage in the field because of their difference in gender. At the time, major...
us tv censorship	With basic cable shows, like Louie its simple. Advertisers are either unwilling or afraid to buy ad time on programs that use certain words, or show certain body parts during certain hours. In order to appease the advertisers, they hold a certain set of standards and practices. Example, Comedy Central, late at night on...	[ "In 1969 Nicholas Johnson, United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) commissioner, put forward in an article in \"TV Guide\" entitled \"The Silent Screen\" that \"Censorship is a serious problem\" in the United States, and that he agreed with the statements by various network officials that television w...
how did mormons develop their beliefs?	Someone wrote a whole new book in the US, said it was buried there by ancient Jews and was the next part of the Bible. Some people believed him and here we are.	[ "Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening. After praying about which denomination he should join, Joseph Smith, Jr. said he received a vision in the spring of 1820. Called the \"First Vision\", Smith said God the Father instruc...
is it better to be in the front or back of a train going 100mph that is about to derail?	It depends on where the derailing happens. If it starts with the first car then absolutely it is better to be in the back as the linkages between the cars and the friction generated from the derailing will slow the train down to the point where rear cars (depending on how long the train is) wont experience as strong of...	[ "Investigators speculate that the driver may have been attempting to make up this lost time by increasing the train's speed beyond customary limits. Many reports from surviving passengers indicate that the train was traveling at a faster than normal speed. Furthermore, it is speculated that Takami may have felt str...
why do so many cities share street names?	Generally, streets are named after their location (First, Second, Third, etc), their original purpose (Market, Bridge, Water, Main, etc), or people important to the city's history (Dundas, Richmond, Douglas, etc). The first two have obvious reasons for repetition. The third is because either they have the same people...	[ "Some cities also have \"lettered\" street names. For example, Washington, D.C., in addition to having numbered streets, also has streets identified as a letter followed by \"Street,\" going as high as the letter W. New York City (mostly in Brooklyn) has avenues titled \"Avenue\" followed by the respective letter o...
Is there a physical difference between “true” yellow light and a red/green mix?	You can flash red light briefly (~10ms) followed by green light (~10ms) and you'll perceive a single yellow flash. It's called "cortical yellow". It's still an open question whether or not this happens at the level of the eye or of the brain, but some neat tricks (for example, you can do it binocularly - red light to o...	[ "By convention, the three primary colors in additive mixing are red, green, and blue. In the absence of light of any color, the result is black. If all three primary colors of light are mixed in equal proportions, the result is neutral (gray or white). When the red and green lights mix, the result is yellow. When g...
why is eradicating poison ivy (and oak/etc) so difficult?	Its a hard plant to kill becasue the best removal is to pull it out, But that has the issue of touching the plant, the precautions you have to take, covering up etc etc etc. The next is weed killer but their are environmental impacts of that. So short of your local parks having goats around, its just a pain to remove...	[ "Poison oak is a native ground-cover in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The plants are most obvious during the part of the year when the leaves change color toward the red spectrum. Most of the years, the plants are only recognized by the shape of their lobed-leaves, making them more hazardous to the unaware.\n", "The ...
Royal European Family Tree?	This one here is pretty darn comprehensive, if somewhat dated. _URL_0_	[ "This is the English monarchs' family tree for England (and Wales after 1282) from Alfred the Great to Elizabeth I of England. The House of Wessex family tree precedes this family tree and the British monarchs' family tree follows it. The Scottish monarchs' family tree covers the same period in Scotland and also pr...
if the sun suddenly exploded, what exactly would happen? would we even know right away?	The sun is 149,600,000 km from Earth. If we assume it would explode at the fastest velocity it ejects stuff from it 3200 km/s. Then it would take just shy of 13 hours for the explosion to reach us. It takes 8.5 minutes for us to begin to see the explosion, so you would still have the better part of 13 hours to see t...	[ "BULLET::::- Astronomer C.T. Elvey announced from the Yerkes Observatory in Chicago that the Sun could explode any minute, and added, \"If the sun should explode, we would know of it in eight minutes and we would have 138 hours more to live. At that time the burning gases would reach the earth and we would be annih...
how do they supply hot tap water in whole country ?	I believe the term you're looking for is district heating (DH). It is used to supply a large amount of buildings with hot water by heating the water in combined heat and power (CHP) stations or thermal power stations. In some countries or especially in rural areas district heating isn't really used, but it's common in ...	[ "Tap water (\"running water\", \"city water\", \"town water\", \"municipal water\", \"sink water\", etc.) is water supplied to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. Indoor tap water is distributed through \"indoor plumbing\", which has existed since antiquity but w...
what's the difference between archiving and email and deleting it?	Its basically the difference between shredding/burning a physical piece of mail and having your secretary file it away, and in this case you don't know where your secretary puts them. that is to say deleting an email is more or less destroying it whereas archiving it gets it out of your inbox but saves it away so that...	[ "Email archiving is an automated process for preserving and protecting all inbound and outbound email messages (as well as attachments and metadata) so they can be accessed at a later date should the need arise. The benefits of email archiving include the recovery of lost or accidentally deleted emails, accelerated...
how long could a dolphin survive on land, provided it has an endless supply of food?	Dolphins are cetaceans, IE mammals and they breath air just like you or me. The problems they deal with on land would be mainly 2 things, exposure and their weight. The humidity in the air, spraying water on them is for comfort, and supporting and spreading out the force ontheir bodies is life threatening. When in ...	[ "Life expectancy of the Amazon river dolphin in the wild is unknown, but in captivity, the longevity of healthy individuals has been recorded at between ten and thirty years. However, the average longevity in captive animals is only 33 months. An individual named Apure at Duisburg Zoo, Germany, is estimated to have...
in the us, if a president dies/becomes incapable of performing his duties, does the time his vice president spent as acting president count as a term?	This is covered by the 22nd amendment. It's counted as a term if the acting president served more than two years.	[ "the president to replace him in the discharge of some of his duties. If the president can't discharge of his duties, the Vice President becomes acting president (Tôn Đức Thắng and Nguyễn Hữu Thọ were both acting presidents for a short period). In case of vacancy, the vice president will remain acting president unt...
If I were able to stand next to Voyager I where it is now in interstellar space, would I be able to see it?	You can easily estimate how well is voyeger 1 illuminated. Direct sunlight is about 50,000 lux. Illuminance falls with distace squared. Voyeger is 125 AU far. So illuminance is roughly 50,000/125**2 = 3.2 lux. So Voyager is better lit than open terain in the light of the full moon, which is about 0.5 lux. Even in the d...	[ "The image was acquired at a distance of approximately 40.11 AU from Earth and approximately 32° above the ecliptic plane. Of the two Voyager spacecraft, \"Voyager 1\" was chosen to create the mosaic because its trajectory had taken it above the plane of the Solar System, and unlike \"Voyager 2\", was in a position...

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