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Crimean Ottoman slave trade | The Crimean Khanate was in a strategic position regarding slave trade, and was the center of the Black Sea slave trade. To the North and Northwest they had access to vast areas, to the trade and transport networks, and to the peoples to be captured and traded as slaves. Slave raids extended as far as Poland, Lithuania ... | [
"Until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate (a Muslim Tatar state) maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. The slaves were captured in southern Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Circassia by Tatar horsemen and sold in the Crimean port of Kaffa. About 2 mi... |
Is an ice cube necessarily the best structure for ice to resist melting the longest? | A sphere has the least surface area per volume | [
"Ice XVI is the least dense (0.81 g/cm) experimentally obtained crystalline form of ice. It is topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII clathrate hydrates. It was first obtained in 2014 by removing gas molecules from a neon clathrate under vacuum at temperatures below 147 K. The resulting empty water ... |
how do fingerprint scanners work? what format are the scans themselves stored in? | Not an expert, but I used to work on police in-car software services. The fingerprint scanners they used at the time identified the branches and terminations of the ridges and recorded their relative positions. Those were called "minimals". You can turn that into a map of your prints and use math/analysis techniques to... | [
"Live scan fingerprinting refers to both the technique and the technology used by law enforcement agencies and private facilities to capture fingerprints and palm prints electronically, without the need for the more traditional method of ink and paper.\n",
"There are four types of fingerprint scanner: the optical... |
if a trading partner's currency deflates, what negative impacts could that have on my country and its economy? | If their currency deflates, then it would cost them more of their currency to exchange for your currency. This would make your exports to them more expensive, which might cut your sales as the effective price to them increases. Weaker demand for your export products can hurt sales and profits, cause layoffs, and showba... | [
"All exchange rates are susceptible to political instability and anticipations about the new ruling party. Political upheaval and instability can have a negative impact on a nation's economy. For example, destabilization of coalition governments in Pakistan and Thailand can negatively affect the value of their curr... |
[Astronomy] What is the deal with all of the stars that don't appear to be part of a galaxy? | Those are either stars from our own galaxy, or other distant galaxies that are too far away to be resolved beyond a small point of light, depending on the picture you're looking at. | [
"The stars are believed to originate from outside of the Milky Way, likely from a destroyed, unusually dusty satellite galaxy. They have an extremely low metallicity, only about 3.5% that of the Sun, with unusual chemical abundances very different from those of stars formed anywhere in the galaxy. Because of this, ... |
why does traffic seem to 'bunch up' on long strings of highway? | because many people naturally slow down and maintain speed when they are near other people
people going faster catch up to people going slower and simply adjust to stay behind
its the natural inclination of people to form a group
| [
"In empirical observations, traffic congestion occurs usually at a highway bottleneck as a result of traffic breakdown in an initially free flow at the bottleneck. A highway bottleneck can result from on- and off-ramps, road curves and gradients, road works, etc.\n",
"Traffic behaves in a complex and nonlinear wa... |
why is it that when someone touches me in a certain place on my body it can send "chills" throughout my body? for example, when my so nibbles on my ear it makes my whole body tingle. why? | TL;DR: Blame your hypothalamus.
Disclaimer, I'm just a simple code monkey, not a doctor.
It all starts when someone is touched in an area with a lot of nerves and interprets that touch as a good emotion. The hypothalamus, a tiny part of your brain just above the brain stem and about the size of an almond kicks in. It... | [
"Titchener rejected the telepathic explanation. He instead suggested that when a subject experienced the feeling that they were being watched and turned to check, a second person who already had the subject in their field of vision might notice the subject starting to turn their head, and shift their gaze to the su... |
disregarding the impossible. vertically, how deep / high must i be before i am no longer within my country's boundaries? | There is no official, universally accepted standard for where a nation's airspace ends. The United States has a line at 80 km for where space begins, but it's regularly ignored even there. The general range used by nations is somewhere between 30 km to 160 km. | [
"BULLET::::- The lowest point underground is more than under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is . In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point, breaking the wo... |
how can the fbi and other government agencies not shut down deep web sites like the silk road without finding the owner? | No one here seems to have given the right answer. Not even close.
"The Deep Web" is a over used term that really just means computers you cant connect to normally. Things that arent indexed by search engines, content behind paywalls or logins, or networks blocked off from the rest of the internet in some way. Silkroa... | [
"On November 2014, the FBI, \"as part of a coordinated international law enforcement action\", seized dozens of \"dark markets\", including Silk Road II operating on the anonymous Tor network. These markets accepted payment in Bitcoins or similar crypto-currencies, and operated both domestically and internationally... |
Can any Bee larva become a queen? | There are 3 types of honeybees in a given colony:
1. More than 85% of all the bees are female workers. They do all the important tasks that keep the hive running smoothly, but cannot reproduce.
2. The remaining ~15% of bees are drones, the male bees. They can't do anything (even feed themselves) except try and mate w... | [
"Within the honey bee colony, a queen bee typically mates with 10 or more males. This extensive mating is performed in an effort to secure a great range of genetic variation in her colony to cope with diseases, as well as respond to nectar sources and a wide range of external stimuli. Apart from the queen bee, the ... |
why are we being bombarded with so many superhero movies? | Because they make god awful amounts of money. Not that I'm complaining either, I have enjoyed this run this far. | [
"Long-running superheroes such as Superman, Batman, Spider-Man and Iron Man have a \"rogues gallery\" of such enemies. One of these supervillains might be the superhero's archenemy. Superheroes will sometimes combat other threats such as aliens, magical/fantasy entities, natural disasters, political ideologies such... |
How do helicopters with coaxial rotors and no pitch control turn? (Like on some rc copters) | Yes, it does. These little helicopters are able to rotate the blades independentally, and rotates by slowing down one while speeding up the other, creating unbalanced torque.
Real coax helicopters are a little different. Their blades always rotate in sync, but by changing the collective pitch on the rotors in opposite... | [
"Coaxial rotors or \"coax rotors\" are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating). This tiltrotor configuration is a feature of helicopters produced by the Russia Kamov helicopter design bureau.\n... |
why doesn't water vapor in our air turn to liquid? | At room temperature, water exists in both liquid and vapor form. Humidity (water vapor) does turn to liquid when it touches a cool surface. It's called condensation. Notice the outside surface of a cold drink you've poured. It will become wet. This is condensation. | [
"Liquid air is air that has been cooled to very low temperatures (cryogenic temperatures), so that it has condensed into a pale blue mobile liquid. To thermally insulate it from room temperature, it is stored in specialized containers (Vacuum insulated flasks are often used). Liquid air can absorb heat rapidly and ... |
Is it possible to start a fire with superheated steam? | Sure! Superheated steam can pack a lot of thermal energy, which can then be transferred to another object like paper. If the temperature of the steam is high enough, the paper can reach a local temperature above its [autoignition temperature](_URL_2_). This temperature marks the point where a material can [spontaneousl... | [
"In a more domestic setting, steam explosions can be a result of trying to extinguish burning oil with water in a process called boilover. When oil in a pan is on fire, the natural impulse may be to extinguish it with water; however, doing so will cause the hot oil to superheat the water. The resulting steam will d... |
What would happen if 2 objects with mass going as close as possible to the speed of light collided? | Since you excluded the scenario of a head on collision, you seem to be asking what would happen if the energy in one object was transferred to the other to speed it up.
It's a good question, and as you expect, speeding one object up doesn't allow it to reach c.
The kinetic energy of one object is calculated by ((1-... | [
"The rate at which two objects in motion in a single frame of reference get closer together is called the mutual or closing speed. This may approach twice the speed of light, as in the case of two particles travelling at close to the speed of light in opposite directions with respect to the reference frame.\n",
"... |
Was there gravity before, and during, the Big Bang? | There probably wasn't gravity as we know it during the first moments after the big bang. At high energies, fundamental forces cannot be described as separate interactions -- for example, shortly after the big bang, the electroweak interaction split into the electromagnetic and weak interactions. During the [Planck epoc... | [
"\"Big Bang\" chronicles the history and development of the Big Bang model of the universe, from the ancient Greek scientists who first measured the distance to the sun to the 20th century detection of the cosmic radiation still echoing the dawn of time.\n",
"English astronomer Fred Hoyle is credited with coining... |
what causes exhausts to have that rasp-y sound people tend to associate with tuners? (civics, integras, etc) | It has a lot to do with the resonater (muffler) design. Being a resonater, the size volume and pathway makes different tones. Think of how different brass instruments make different sounds.
If you are tuning for high rpm horsepower you will likely end up raspy, if you tune towards low end power you will sound more bur... | [
"The exhaust pipes in automobile exhaust systems are designed as acoustic resonators that work with the muffler to reduce noise, by making sound waves \"cancel each other out\". The \"exhaust note\" is an important feature for some vehicle owners, so both the original manufacturers and the after-market suppliers us... |
why are revealed female breasts/nipples considered erotic? | They're [secondary sexual characteristics](_URL_0_). Essentially characteristics that appear during puberty to say that the person is able to reproduce. It's important for mate selection, as mating with one unable to reproduce is evolutionarily a bad idea.
It's interesting to me because it shows just how important bi... | [
"Men typically find female breasts attractive and this holds true for a variety of cultures. In women, stimulation of the nipple seems to result in activation of the brain's genital sensory cortex (the same region of the brain activated by stimulation of the clitoris, vagina, and cervix). This may be why many women... |
why do ceiling fans have two speeds: hurricane and is this on? | Every ceiling fan I've personally known has had 4 speeds: off, low, medium and high.
Each has their uses, such as low being good to spread heat around in the winter without causing a cooling draft (this is also why they usually have the reverse switch). High works best when you are sweating to create as much of a draf... | [
"HVLS fans work on the principle that cool moving air breaks up the moisture-saturated boundary layer surrounding the body and accelerates evaporation to produce a cooling effect. Ceiling fans produce a column of air as they turn. This column of air moves down and out along the floor. Called a horizontal floor jet,... |
phase/neutral/3-phase how does electricity work ? | Phase is the positive side of the circuit (240 volts here in the UK) and neutral is at 0 volts. Now imagine electricity as water. Water will always flow downhill, electricity will always want to flow to 0. The voltage is the difference between the low and high points of the water system, the water will be in a tank 240... | [
"In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in some areas). A wye system allows the use of tw... |
Is there a connection between Sheol (or the Jewish underworld) and the Christian concept of hell? If not, where did the Christian concept of hell come from? | Sheol in the Hebrew Bible isn't really related to hell; it is more akin to the type of afterlife more commonly depicted in Mesopotamian texts as a kind of shadowy existence. There isn't an explicitly outlined concept of eternal reward or punishment in this type of afterlife, although individuals do retain to a limited ... | [
"Hell in [[Christianity|Christian]] beliefs, is a place or a state in which the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]]s of the unsaved will suffer the consequences of [[sin]]. The Christian doctrine of Hell derives from the teaching of the [[New Testament]], where Hell is typically described using the Greek words \"[[Gehenna]]\" o... |
how to herbivores get enough nutrients from just grass? | The short answer is that they eat a shitload of grass.
Cows spend pretty much every waking moment of their lives eating and have a very complicated digestive system designed to get maximum nutrient and caloric value from grass. | [
"Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis. Transport is usually faster through the stomata, but total ab... |
how am i suppose to charge and maintain my lithium based laptop battery? | Avoid fully discharging the battery. Try not to go below about 30% on a regular basis.
Avoid heating the battery above 30C (86F).
Use the battery semi-regularly. Avoid maintaining a perpetually full charge, especially at temperatures above 30C. | [
"A laptop's battery is charged using an external power supply which is plugged into a wall outlet. The power supply outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2—24 volts. The power supply is usually external and connected to the laptop through a DC connector cable. In most cases, it can charge the battery and... |
What caused some of the early Earth's surface to become oceanic plates while other parts became continental plates of much higher elevation? Why wouldn't it form plates all of roughly the same elevation? | They're made of rocks of different density. [Oceanic crust is denser](_URL_0_), at about 2.9 g/cm^3 . [Continental crust](_URL_1_) is less dense, at about 2.7 g/cm^3 . | [
"At the end of the Proterozoic, the supercontinent Pannotia had broken apart into the smaller continents Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and Gondwana. During periods when continents move apart, more oceanic crust is formed by volcanic activity. Because young volcanic crust is relatively hotter and less dense than old o... |
why do people walk in a circle when they're in a fistfight? | I'm no professional boxer, but I spar once a week. Constantly moving is good for three things:
* It makes you harder to hit
* It makes looking for openings of your opponent easier, since people can only protect their front and not their side
* It hides your attack movements. Good power comes from low in the body, so i... | [
"During the brawl itself, men will often carry rocks in their hands to have greater force in their punches, or they will just throw them at opponents. Sometimes, especially in the town of Macha in Potosí, where the brawl gets the most violent, men will wrap strips of cloth with shards of glass stuck to them around ... |
I am wondering what is the oldest known human created artifact discovered? | This is a question better suited to /r/AskAnthropology | [
"In a number of caves (including Vogelherd, Hohlenstein-Stadel, Geißenklösterle and Hohle Fels), all just a few kilometers apart, some of the oldest signs of human artifacts were found. Best known are: a mammoth, a horse head, a water bird, and two statues of a lion man all of surprising quality and all more than 3... |
why does bread become doughy again when you squish it up? | Bread is airy because of the bubbles baked into the bread and held in place by gluten (or the gluten-free equivalent). Squish the bubbles and you're left with a dense, baked dough that feels squishy instead of pillowy. | [
"Method of twisting bread dough in one direction whereby difficult to heat portions of dough are created. During the baking process, these areas continue to ferment, thus producing fluffier, plumper bread in the folds. However, over-twisting the bread can cause the gas produced during fermentation to escape, thus c... |
why do we have capsaicin receptors on our buttholes? | > I mean I understand evolving with capsaicin receptors in our mouth because we consume food that orifice
You didn't evolve receptors to detect capsaicin. Capsaicin evolved because it irritates existing receptors in your tissues, making mammals less likely to eat the plant or its seeds. That the receptors exist in o... | [
"Like capsaicin, capsinoids activate TRPV1 receptors, although they are not hot in the mouth. Capsinoids cannot reach the TRPV1 oral cavity receptors, located slightly below the surface in the mouth, because of structural differences from capsaicin. On the other hand, both capsaicin and capsinoids activate TRPV1 re... |
Why was japan allowed to remain whole and become a democracy and not split like Korea was after WWII? | Expanded from [an earlier answer of mine](_URL_1_)
The question of why Korea was divided and Japan was not is a tricky one with a lot to untangle here.
Firstly, the seeming permanence of Korea's division and the long-term division of Germany suggests that the wartime Allied powers planned for division based on geopo... | [
"Korea was administratively partitioned in 1945, at the end of World War II. As Korea was under Japanese rule during World War II, Korea was officially a belligerent against the Allies by virtue of being Japanese territory. The unconditional surrender of Japan led to the division of Korea into two occupation zones ... |
Why, during the American Civil War, would people gather and watch battles for recreation? Wouldn't heads being blown off disturb them and their picnics? | To my knowledge, this only happened at the very beginning of the war, as everyone had their sharp new uniforms on, and people expected neat Napoleonic type warfare, with minimal civilian casualties (and people expected to watch from very far away). It was the common thought at the time that "their" side would win very ... | [
"During the Civil War, the park served as an encampment for soldiers. Men \"gathered about the park's famous old springs; here could be heard bugle-calls and sentry orders, and also presently the moans of passing wounded soldiers.\"\n",
"The clearing of the city buildings by Sumner's infantry and by artillery fir... |
How badly did the Holocaust hinder the Nazi war effort? | > The Nazis killed able-bodied Jews and others who could have instead been fighting for Germany or at least working to build materiel.
You're looking at the Second World War in a vacuum. The only time the Germans would need collaborators to fight with them/for them and Jews for their industries would be in the afte... | [
"In the book Tooze writes that having failed to defeat Britain in 1940, the economic logic of the war drove the Nazis to invade the Soviet Union. Hitler was constrained to invade the Soviet Union in 1941 to obtain the natural resources necessary to challenge the economic superpowers of the United States and the Bri... |
Marines on D Day | It was due to them all being in the Pacific. The Marine Corps only comprised of six divisions during the Second World War and by 1944 all six divisions were engaged in the Pacific Theatre. Even if it had been possible to withdraw some of these divisions and transport them to England, a difficult task even at the best o... | [
"The Amphibious Reconnaissance Company (and later Battalion) were a small group of men that conducted preliminary D-Day amphibious reconnaissance of the planned littoral beaches occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army and Special Naval Landing Forces in the Central Pacific during World War II. They were infantry Mar... |
Were any of the Founding Fathers openly opposed to slavery? | It depends what you mean by openly opposed, really. (And also on who counts as a founder, which can be...contentious.) On the level of national politics and among the most famous names, there's not much. If you mean opposed to slavery in the sense of preaching immediate, uncompensated abolition, then we're down to nobo... | [
"Many founding members used a practical approach to slavery, saying economically it did not make sense. Wright used the rhetoric of religion to elicit empathy toward African Americans, and presented slavery as a moral sin directed at those who were persecuted.\n",
"“The Founders and Slavery, A Crisis of Conscienc... |
Why is Robert F. Scott's expedition regarded higher than Amundsen's in some places? | The problem is not that it is higher, It seems to be more of a case that in the English speaking world, Robert F Scott, an English speaker of the global empire of Britain, tried, failed and died. We lap that kind of heroic failure up in Britain. As Anglo-Saxon-Norman has become the lingua franca so to has it partiall... | [
"Amundsen's expedition benefited from his careful preparation, good equipment, appropriate clothing, a simple primary task, an understanding of dogs and their handling, and the effective use of skis. In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful.\n",
"Oate... |
will social security run out in the foreseeable future? when? | Social Security was designed to run at a slight profit, because increasing numbers of workers would fund it, and (in theory) the pool of retirees would always be a smaller group. It is only the huge number of retiring Baby Boomers combined with the smaller pool of young working citizens that is throwing that out of bal... | [
"These Social Security proponents argue that the correct plan is to fix Medicare, which is the largest underfunded entitlement, repeal the 2001–2004 tax cuts, and balance the budget. They believe a growth trendline will emerge from these steps, and the government can alter the Social Security mix of taxes, benefits... |
what power to influence policy does the uk's shadow cabinet actually have? | Shadow cabinet can't directly affect government policy so it's the latter.
However as members of Parliament they can vote on acts and issues put before the house.
The government can be defeated on an issue if enough MPS vote against them. This is why any party likes to have a majority so that they can push through t... | [
"The Shadow Cabinet or Shadow Ministry is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members \"shadow\" or mirror the positions... |
How were the borders of Canada's provinces/territories finalized into their modern form? | I can't speak for the other provinces, but the border between Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec was settled by a 1927 decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (then effectively the court of final appeal for Canada and other Dominions - including Newfoundland, which didn't join Canada until 1949).
Be... | [
"The provinces and territories of Canada are sub-national governments within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederatio... |
Were the Sons of Liberty responsible for terrorism in the colonies leading up to the American Revolution? | The US Department of Defense defines terrorism as the following:
> terrorism — The unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually political
It's often har... | [
"After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enoug... |
how come places have sales and sell stuff for only $1 | Their system might not allow for a zero dollar sale. They also still have to track all tires for inventory management.
Also management can pull up sales to see how many of those deals they sold.
Edit- Grammar. I can't believe I mixed up They're and Their | [
"Land for sale is available, with a plot selling for between UShs25 million (US$6,800) and UShs50 million (US$13,600), depending on the location. A lot sells for between UShs80 million (US$22,000) and Shs200 million (US$54,500).\n",
"As a catch phrase, “Buy Local” has become generic to the point of being easily m... |
During WWII Ultra, Purple, and Bodyguard are well known large-scale successes of Allied counter-espionage. Are there examples of any Axis successes? | You may be interested in this brief note about Finnish codebreaking efforts I wrote earlier. Finnish signals intelligence provided valuable information about Soviet plans and intentions and arguably had a very important role in stopping the 1944 Soviet offensive.
[_URL_0_](_URL_1_) | [
"Glimmer, Taxable and Big Drum were World War II deception operations. They were conducted as part of Operation Bodyguard, a broad strategic military deception intended to support the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in June 1944. Bodyguard was designed to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intenti... |
can someone please explain a reciprocal in algebra? | it's a number, when multiplied by the denominator(the bottom number in a fraction), equals 1. so, 1/2 is the reciprocal of 2, because when you multiply 1/2 by 2 you get 1. so, in keeping with that the reciprocal of 837 is 1/837. | [
"where S is the sign of the permutation that reorders the sequence of and to put the ones that are paired up to make the delta-functions next to each other, with the coming right before the . Since a pair is a commuting element of the Grassmann algebra, it doesn't matter what order the pairs are in. If more than on... |
During the American revolution did Great Britain suffer a financial crisis? | Do you mean a financial crisis or an economic crisis? If you mean a financial crisis, the British debt rose considerably during the Revolution – although it was part of broader increase in indebtedness from the early 18th century to 1815. [This graph]( _URL_1_) gives you some idea of how indebted the British government... | [
"The Financial Revolution was a set of economic and financial reforms in Britain after the Glorious Revolution in 1688 when William III invaded England. The reforms were based in part on Dutch economic and financial innovations that were brought to England by William III. New institutions were created: a public deb... |
how do epoxies work on a molecular scale? | Epoxy resins form ionic bonds at an atomic level with the bonding surfaces.
Disadvantages of epoxies are that they have a high coefficient of thermal expansion and they are not that strong at elevated temperature. The high CTE becomes an issue if you are bonding low CTE materials like Titanium and then using the res... | [
"This parameter is used to calculate the mass of co-reactant (hardener) to use when curing epoxy resins. Epoxies are typically cured with stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric quantities of curative to achieve maximum physical properties.\n",
"Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl group... |
Dear historians! Do you know any good books about the area of Brandenburg before the German eastward expansion in the High Middle Ages? | If you can read academic German well enough:
*Die Entstehung der Mark Brandenburg*, by Lutz Partenheimer.
*Albrecht der Bär. Gründer der Mark Brandenburg und des Fürstentums Anhalt*, by Lutz Partenheimer.
*Die Mark Brandenburg: Band I* (you may have to pay for the entire collection) by Johannes Schultze. Band. I... | [
"When Frederick I of the House of Hohenzollern took over the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1411, he and his successors restricted the influence of the local nobles, towns and clergy, and followed a policy of territorial expansion. Since the eastern frontier with Pomerania, the Neumark, was pawned to the Teutonic Ord... |
is it better to leave my desktop running all the time or to turn it off every night? | Honestly? Now-a-days it's negligible.
Yes, there is some wear and tear on the parts, but most parts now-a-days are geared towards being power cycled on a regular basis.
The best way is to use the computers in built "sleep". This turns off power to things that don't really need it while keeping parts of the computer s... | [
"Services that alternate between high and low utilization in a daily cycle are described as being diurnal. Many websites have the most users during the day and little utilization at night, or vice versa. Operations planners can use this cycle to plan, for example, maintenance that needs to be done when there are fe... |
i give up. exactly how do resistors work? | I think your question is more how LEDs work since your changing the resistors and seeing the LED behavior change.
Since the resistance is changing the amount of current is also (the formulas you mentioned). The more resistance the less current that gets to the LED.
So your questions is why does the brightness of t... | [
"A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power res... |
Are vaccines as effective as getting the real disease? | I would say that you don't want to get hepatitis, because your liver will be left damaged even if you do survive.
I believe that some vaccines do not offer the same level of protection, but most do, and some do even better.
In any case, better 12 vaccines than 12 serious diseases, even if you might get theoretically... | [
"Vaccines are very effective on stable viruses, but are of limited use in treating a patient who has already been infected. They are also difficult to successfully deploy against rapidly mutating viruses, such as influenza (the vaccine for which is updated every year) and HIV. Antiviral drugs are particularly usefu... |
Why isn't there one test for contact lenses and glasses? | To fit contact lenses, one must determine the exact shape of the eye because the lens sits on the eye directly. Those with glasses do not have to worry about fitting the exact contour of the eye. | [
"Another important area of contact lens research deals with patient compliance. Compliance is a major issue pertaining to the use of contact lenses because patient noncompliance often leads to contamination of the lens, storage case, or both. However, careful users can extend the wear of lenses through proper handl... |
Shotguns Use in War. | Although only for WWI, these two answers might interest you:
_URL_1_
_URL_0_ | [
"Since the end of World War II, the shotgun has remained a specialty weapon for modern armies. It has been deployed for specialized tasks where its strengths were put to particularly good use. It was used to defend machine gun emplacements during the Korean War, American and French jungle patrols used shotguns duri... |
aircraft stalling | As fznsw said, when we talk about stalling in an aircraft, we're talking about the wing, not the engine.
When a wing moves through the air, the angle between the wing and the air is called the "angle of attack".
When the angle of attack becomes too big, the pattern of the airflow over the wing changes. This is shown ... | [
"Stalls in fixed-wing flight are often experienced as a sudden reduction in lift as the pilot increases the wing's angle of attack and exceeds its critical angle of attack (which may be due to slowing down below stall speed in level flight). A stall does not mean that the engine(s) have stopped working, or that the... |
Inquiry about Mithras | Roger Pearse has a site on Mithras, which he tries to keep in line with the most current reputable scholarship, [here](_URL_0_). Also, there was a recent episode of the BBC podcast In Our Time [on Mithras](_URL_1_), which was pretty decent. There are listings of further sources on both sites, which should be helpful.... | [
"The Mithraic Mysteries, colloquially also known as Mithraism, was a 1st–4th century neo-platonic mystery cult of the Roman god Mithras. The near-total lack of written descriptions or scripture necessitates a reconstruction of beliefs and practices from the archaeological evidence, such as that found in Mithraic te... |
How did Michel Ney, a competent commander his whole career, screw up so badly at Waterloo? | Michel Ney, *les brave des braves*, was a rather interesting character in the Napoleonic Wars. Being in the original class of the Marshalate, he was unique that he didn't serve directly under Napoleon nor was particularly famous in France as being a competent commander, rather he was known within the French army as a d... | [
"At the Battle of Waterloo Hill commanded the II Corps. He led the charge of Sir Frederick Adam's brigade against the Imperial Guard towards the end of the battle. For some time it was thought that he had fallen in the melee. He escaped unwounded, and after the battle wrote to his sister, \"I verily believe there n... |
how exactly does google's self-driving car know to stop for red lights, stop signs, other cars etc? | Well, it knows to stop for lights and other cars because it has a sophisticated system of sensors that look for those things and then a software system that tells it to stop when it see them. The cars don't have the ability to refuel or plug themselves in. They do know, however, if their current path will take them bey... | [
"Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied; a... |
if ebola is contracted "through contaminated bodily fluids" only, how is it that so many people, including health care workers, are getting it? do they go bashing on each other bodily fluids or something? | Ebola is incredibly infectious once you've been exposed to it; it takes far less contact to become infected than most other diseases. The disease can also cause vomiting and diarrhea, so it creates a lot of bodily fluids to be potentially touched. Finally, it remains infectious even in a dead body for a good bit of tim... | [
"It is believed that between people, Ebola disease spreads only by direct contact with the blood or other body fluids of a person who has developed symptoms of the disease. Body fluids that may contain Ebola viruses include saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine and semen. The WHO states that... |
how do people have access to winter sports like luge and skeleton at a young enough age to become olympic level good? | They live near places where those sports are practiced (usually major ski areas) and have parents who can afford to buy them lessons and equipment. | [
"Early sports specialization has long been typical among children and teenagers in gymnastics, swimming, diving and figure skating, especially if they have aspirations of being competitive at elite levels. Undeniably, the main purpose for athletes to specialize in sport is to become a better player in order to incr... |
How can ice age humans be compared with today humans? | You are asking a huge question. There are entire college courses on this.
In general, differences between 40 kya humans and modern humans may be accounted for by normal human variation. It may be like looking at living people and cultures that are different from your own, but included in “normal variation.”
There te... | [
"The identification of ice ages was important context for the antiquity of man because it was accepted that certain mammals had died out with the last of the ice ages; and the ice ages were clearly marked in the geological record. Georges Cuvier's \"Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes\" (1812) had ... |
why does slang (or more informal ways of speaking in general) form in language? is it just a natural part of the gradual change in a language over time? what makes slang stick around or fall out of use? | I'm not a linguistic major, but I am a history one so let me take a crack at it
Historically the Everyman is uneducated, and doesn't know the proper way to speak or the proper words for certain things
It's the reason we call it a bath instead of An ablution | [
"Linguists have no simple and clear definition of slang, but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide. Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity. Attempting to remedy t... |
Phlogiston was first named in 1703, but was disproven by 1800. What's the story here? What theoretical issue did phlogiston solve, how popular did phlogstonic theory become, and was in there any negative response to its introduction or replacement? | Stahl's phlogiston came, by his own account, from Johann Becher. Becher was a mid-17th century alchemist and chymist who in many ways lived up to the early modern stereotype of the alchemist-charlatan (as in Ben Johnson's play), for instance, Becher had encountered a rock which made you invisible if you held it, and tr... | [
"In 1703 Georg Ernst Stahl, professor of medicine and chemistry at Halle, proposed a variant of the theory in which he renamed Becher's \"terra pinguis\" to \"phlogiston\", and it was in this form that the theory probably had its greatest influence. The term phlogiston itself was not something that Stahl invented. ... |
A question on French military uniforms. | I believe this is the jacket and waistcoat worn by a French Divisional General during the late 18th/early 19th century. It looks identical to the uniform Napoleon wore when he crossed the Alps.
[Edit] There are some other pictures of just such a uniform [here.](_URL_0_) | [
"The battle dress of the French Armed Forces is the FÉLIN system combined with SPECTRA helmets. France has adopted a light beige dress uniform which is worn with coloured kepis, sashes, fringed epaulettes, fourragères and other traditional items on appropriate occasions. As an alternative parade dress, camouflage u... |
[Astronomy] What anti-contamination procedures do we engage in for space exploration? | 1) While space is a hostile environment to life, there are a number of extremophiles like tardigrades and certain bacterial spores that can survive for years or decades exposed to space, and space agencies absolutely take measures to prevent contamination of other solar system bodies. We do this to prevent Earth life f... | [
"Current space missions are governed by the Outer Space Treaty and the COSPAR guidelines for planetary protection. Forward contamination is prevented primarily by sterilizing the spacecraft. In the case of sample-return missions (back contamination) the aim of the mission is to return extraterrestrial samples to Ea... |
How prevalent was Chinese as a language in post-Heian Japan up until the late Edo period? | Classical Chinese was learned as a written language through all these centuries, but hardly ever as a spoken language. This was the case even in the Heian period itself. Bruce Batten writes in his account of a Chinese merchant ship arriving in Hizen (current day Nagasaki prefecture) in 945:
> Probably all communicat... | [
"Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century. During the Heian period (794–1185), Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology ... |
Were wax seals known to have been copied during history to create forgeries of letters? | You’re asking two questions here: 1) whether seals could be forged and 2) whether the recipients could tell if a seal was “the real thing” or not. My specialization is in medieval Britain, and my answers will come from that perspective, so I hope that time frame can get to what you're looking for.
In short, yes, seals... | [
"Glyptics or \"glyptic art\" covers the field of small carved stones, including cylinder seals and inscriptions, especially in an archaeological context. Though they were keenly collected in antiquity, most carved gems originally functioned as seals, often mounted in a ring; intaglio designs register most clearly w... |
the warhammer 40000 universe | At the beginning of the 29th millennium (year 28,000), the Emperor, an immortal being, perfect in nearly every way, began a project to create for himself 20 sons. These 20 sons, the Primarchs, would each embody a particular aspect of the Emperor's perfection.
The project nearly came to fruition, but for the interventi... | [
"Warhammer 40,000: Rites of War is a turn-based strategy game based on the Panzer General 2 engine by SSI. It is set in the fictional \"Warhammer 40,000\" universe. It was produced by Games Workshop in 1999, and concerns the invasion of a Tyranid Hive fleet and the Eldar and Imperial efforts to defeat it. The game ... |
why does installing some linux distribution take no time at all, while windows takes hours? | Depends on the hardware. On an ssd it takes me less than 20 minutes to install Windows. Also, most Linux distros are much smaller than a Windows os. | [
"Reasons to change from other operating systems to Linux include better system stability, better malware protection, low or no cost, that most distributions come complete with application software and hardware drivers, simplified updates for all installed software, free software licensing, availability of applicati... |
how verizon got away with not building fiber networks in nyc, despite having been paid to do so | Technically, they're not getting away with it. The city audited the implementation, and now everybody knows they've been being bad. It's just too bad that it's six years later. They'll probably have to pay some fines and finish the project. | [
"On March 13, 2017, Verizon was sued by New York City for violating its cable franchise agreement, which required the provider to pass a fiberoptic network to all households in the city by June 30, 2014. Verizon disputed the claims, citing landlords not granting permission to install the equipment on their properti... |
how were the worlds first words agreed upon and how did everyone know what they meant? | The meanings actually came first, before there was proper language.
Human ancestors would have a variety of call, not unlike modern apes. One sound might mean "Help! Danger!" while another might mean "Who is that over there?". These grunts and screams got progressively more refined to express more subtle meanings, u... | [
"Sometimes, existing words were repurposed to translate these new concepts. For example, was a Classical Chinese Buddhist term which became the modern word for \"world.\" Other words were completely new creations, such as , , and . The majority of \"wasei-kango\" were created during this period. Following the Meiji... |
(nsfw) why is it that men "get back to their senses" after ejaculation? | [This comment](_URL_0_) summarizes it relatively simply. It comes down to the limbic system, which is a set of brain structures responsible for controlling instinct and mood. Basically, when you're that horny, some areas of your brain have less blood and oxygen going to them, and as soon as you ejaculate, the limbic sy... | [
"In addition, due to the relaxation of the prostate smooth muscle, another side effect that arises in men being treated for BPH is impotence, as well as the inability to ejaculate. However, if any ejaculation activity does occur, oftentimes, it results in a phenomenon called retrograde ejaculation, in which semen f... |
why is dust so omnipresent and no matter how frequently we clean an area, it still comes back? | Dust is just tiny flakes of "stuff". As long as there's "stuff" moving around a room, you'll have dust. A lot of dust is made up of you: dead skin/hair and whatnot, but it's really just any fine particulate that settles on a surface over time. | [
"Dust can contain a number of materials including skin, mold and inorganic fragments like silica or sulfur. It is important to keep collections free of dust whenever possible because it can become bound to a surface over time, making it that significantly more difficult to remove. Dust is hygroscopic, meaning it is... |
if pink eye is super contagious, how can it infect only one eye without infecting the other? | Because most things that carry germs and touch your left eye also carry germs and touch your right eye. In the off circumstance that you only contacted one of your eyes with the fomite then it’s possible it only infects that one eye.
I had pink eye a couple times as a kid and it was always in both. Never heard of anyo... | [
"Furthermore, there is also the risk of blindness from the resulting infections, as well as styes. The difference in bacteria between the eye and mouth is why it is no longer recommended to lick contact lenses before they are inserted into one's eye.\n",
"The prognosis is better if one does not attempt to squeeze... |
why does peanut butter only stick to the roof of my mouth, and not the other surfaces i.e. my cheek? | Someone will have a much more scientific explanation, I'm sure, but do this test for me:
* Open your mouth wide. Swallow any excess saliva.
* Breathe in deeply a few times. Four or five times should do it, just until your breath starts to feel "cold" and you start getting the urge to close your mouth again.
* Now ... | [
"Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners or emulsifiers. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably the peanut butter a... |
why do dimes have the little ridges all along the side? | Back when coins were made of precious metals, some people would shave tiny bits off the sides of the coins. They would then melt down the metal and sell it. The tiny ridges allow you to verify that the entire coin is there. | [
"The usual shape for cutting cabochons is an ellipse. This is because the eye is less sensitive to small asymmetries in an ellipse, as opposed to a uniformly round shape, such as a circle, and because the elliptical shape, combined with the dome, is attractive. An exception is cabochons on some watches' crowns, whi... |
Can creatures that are small see even smaller creatures (ie bacteria) because they are closer in size? | In short, no.
Humans and other mammals have a very high resolution of sight which allows us to see things in detail. What you might call an insects 'sight' is not at all like ours. Ants for example can detect low level light and polarisation on top of this they communicate and travel based mostly on pheromones.
The w... | [
"Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, \"Thiomargarita namibiensis\" is up to half a millimetre l... |
Do rainbows make complete circles but we just don’t see them? Or is it just part of a circle? | They make complete circles.
Light forming part of the rainbow has to follow a path with makes a specific angle between the sun, the raindrop, and your eye. The circle described by the raindrops which satisfy the condition is usually partially obscured by objects in the way, or is cut off because the rain hits the gro... | [
"A circular rainbow should not be confused with the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a \"circular rainbow\" is th... |
how does focusing a lens work? | A glass lens changes the direction of light that goes through. What happens with a focusing lens is that the light rays coming from an object at a specific distance in front of the lens will focus at another specific distance behind the lens. [Like this](_URL_0_). Objects at a different distance will focus at a diffe... | [
"The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the obje... |
if condoms were invented in the 19th century, how were stds not a globally widespread issue when condoms did not exist? | The short answer is they *were* an issue. The difference is the names those diseases went by. | [
"Initially used for contraceptive purposes, condoms also came to be used to limit or prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), even after other contraceptive methods were developed. As AIDS emerged and the sexual transmission of HIV became known in the 1980s, the use of condoms to prevent infection becam... |
why can non-american actors so commonly mimic a perfect american accent, but rarely can an american actor accurately mimic a foreign accent? | In part there's a survivor bias. If you can't do an American accent, you won't land a role playing an American. So we don't get to see actors with poor American accents. | [
"While actors in theatre are traditionally trained to have a \"Standard American\" accent, actors in film are instead trained to have a General American accent. Dialect coach Robert Easton said the Standard American accent was \"too semi-British\" and opted for General American. Easton commended British actors in l... |
Alexander the Great, Fredrik the Great, Cyrus the Great... by what criterion are these men given the title "Great"? | FYI, there was brief discussion on "the Great" last month. It won't answer all your questions, but it's a start...
[How did certain historical leaders come to be known as "the Great" or "the Terrible"?](_URL_0_) | [
"Alexander the Great (356BC-323BC) was a Greek king of Macedon and the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history. He was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle and, as ruler, broke the power of Persia, overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the Persian Empire. His Macedonian Empire stretch... |
Why is the Ferrel cell not rotating like the Hadley and Polar cells? | Until somebody who knows more about atmospheric circulation answers, what I can say is that the neat schematic of atmospheric circulation that you're probably thinking of is a very big simplification. The Hadley cell, which transfers heat from the equator to the mid-latitudes _is_ a significant feature of the large-sca... | [
"Migrating cells have a polarity—a front and a back. Without it, they would move in all directions at once, i.e. spread. How this polarity is formulated at a molecular level inside a cell is unknown. In a cell that is meandering in a random way, the front can easily give way to become passive as some other region, ... |
"New Research Undermines Key Argument for Human Evolution." Does this article make sense?
| Wow.
Ok:
*note: in the following I accept some of the author's premises just for the sake of the argument.*
> 2 At the purported fusion site, there is a very small number of intact telomere sequences and very few of them are in tandem or in the proper **reading frame**.
Uh, telomeres are not transcribed. They do... | [
"Evolution is a 2017 study guide to evolution written by Steve Jones and illustrated by Rowan Clifford. The volume, according to the publisher's website, explores the extraordinary diversity of life on our planet through the complex interactions of one very simple theory, and, according to its author, goes from fox... |
how can you create a local currency that has actual value? | The problem is what is actual value? Value is only derived from someone else being willing to exchange something for it. If you made your new currency gold backed and issued say 100 fake dollars the sum of which equaled the value of one ounce of gold that you had stored in your fake central bank you and your friends co... | [
"In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area. A local currency acts as a complementary currency to a national currency, rather than replaci... |
how do insulated bottles (such as thermos brand) so effectively keep warm foods warm? | There are 2 containers, inner and outer with an effective vacuum between them. This cuts off 2 main processes of heat transfer [Conduction](_URL_1_) and [Convection](_URL_1_). The surfaces in contact with the vacuum are brightly polished which reduces the heat absorbed by [radiation](_URL_0_), by reflecting it away.
[... | [
"Insulated beverage containers, or KOOZIE branded products, are used to insulate a chilled beverage from warming by warm air or sunlight. Using an insulated beverage container, or KOOZIE branded product, can reduce the rate a drink warms in the sun by up to 50%.\n",
"Bottle warmers warm previously made and refrig... |
everything that has happened with the chris dorner situation to this point | _URL_0_
This pretty well explains everything you'd need to know about it.
| [
"At the start of season 6, the rest of the team notices how Sheldon appears distracted and insisting on working overtime a lot. In episode 606 \"It Happened to Me,\" he's staying on the couch of a friend's apartment when the man is arrested for embezzlement. Sheldon claims he was just crashing for the night but Fla... |
if only 3% of the water one earth is fresh, how is there so much drinkable water (at least in developed countries)? | 3% of all of Earths water is still a fuckton of water. | [
"The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human consumption.\n",
"Water is the world's most consumed drink, however, 97% of water on Earth is non-... |
rocket propulsion. | Newtons 3rd law: for every force applied there is a equal force applied in the opposite direction.
Ok in ELI 5 terms: Have you ever punched a wall? well you know that it is gonna hurt right? well this is because when you punch the wall the wall is actually "punching you back" with the same force you punch the wall wit... | [
"Spacecraft propulsion is a method that allows a spacecraft to travel through space by generating thrust to push it forward. However, there is not one universally used propulsion system: monopropellant, bipropellant, ion propulsion, etc. Each propulsion system generates thrust in slightly different ways with each s... |
why we think the "bloop" sound is from an animal and not a natural occurrence. | Huh.. sped up like that it sounds like an air bubble.
People think it's an animal sound because we know animals can make sounds kind of like it. There's also reason to believe it's something else because it was so loud and because we've never heard it before. | [
"According to the NOAA description, it \"rises rapidly in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard on multiple sensors, at a range of over .\" The NOAA's Dr. Christopher Fox did not believe its origin was man-made, such as a submarine or bomb, nor familiar geological events such a... |
why do we have difference suffixes for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, but all the rest* use th? | "First" or 1st comes from the word "foremost".
"Second" or 2nd comes from Latin "secundus" which means "following" or "next".
Source: My 8th grade math teacher. | [
"While the digraphs \"CH\", \"PH\", \"RH\" and \"TH\" were at one time used in many words of Greek origin, most languages have now replaced them with \"C/QU\", \"F\", \"R\" and \"T\". Only French has kept these etymological spellings, which now represent or , , and , respectively.\n",
"BULLET::::- The digraphs kh... |
how do hemispherectomy patients regain functionality in their whole bodies? | This rerouting only is possible for very young patients. I know a teen who had it done and he has incomplete use of one half of his body. So he limps and such. But a baby who has this done will likely be completely fine. Some physical therapy is likely necessary. The young have a lot of neuroplasticity. | [
"Overall, hemispherectomy is a successful procedure. A 1996 study of 52 individuals who underwent the surgery found that 96% of patients experienced reduced or completely ceased occurrence of seizures post-surgery. Studies have found no significant long-term effects on memory, personality, or humor, and minimal cha... |
What religion did Muhammad practice before founding Islam? | I'm sure there's more to say about it, but u/frogbrooks provided some great comments in [this thread](_URL_0_) a few years ago, discussing Muhammed's pre-Islamic beliefs and how they compared with other local religions. | [
"Donner's book \"Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam\", an account of the early years of the spiritual movement that would come to be known as Islam, was published by Harvard University Press in May 2010. Donner's main argument is that what came to be called Islam began as a monotheistic \"Believers... |
if eli5 suggests we search eli5 or google before asking an eli5 question, and i can find the answer to every eli5 question on google without reading any of the comments, what is the motivation or psychology behind people using eli5? | Karma, intellectual laziness, or simply lowering the barrier to entry I would think. ELI5 having been made a default subreddit reminds me of when WoW replaced their detailed talent trees... | [
"BULLET::::2. A user specifies some keywords he would like to search and the search engine answers the query immediately by looking up the indexing result and responds to the user with all the documents that contains the keywords.\n",
"answering (i.e. users could ask questions in English to the search engine apar... |
how are we still speculating about and uncovering tombs from pyramids we explored almost 100 years ago? | Not the same pyramid - Tutankhamun was not buried in a pyramid. Same tomb, though. No one noticed the "ghost" doorways because they were bricked and plastered up. It wasn't until the recent high-res scans that tiny differences and cracks in the walls were noticed. | [
"Excavations have resulted in about eight kilometers of tunnels inside the pyramid, which began with two in 1931 to prove that the hill was an archeological find. Within, altars with offerings, floors, walls and buried human remains from around 900 AD were discovered. Today, only about 800 meters of these tunnels a... |
what exactly is "missing" in the brain/mental processes when someone has above average written communication skills, yet poor/below average verbal communication skills? | When speaking your brain has to translate the words in your head, into impulses that go to your vocal cords and lungs. This is a synced process I.E your body has to send the impulse continually or you won't get the word out. This takes brain power which you could normally use to create better arguments. It also prevent... | [
"A communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and speech to engage in discourse effectively with others. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one's native language.\n",
"BUL... |
Is race really relevant for a medical diagnosis? | Many reasons why race may be relevant.
Certain genetic diseases are more prevalent in some ethnic groups than others.
For example, sickle cell anemia is more common in people of African, Hispanic, Mediterranean descent. Thalassemia affects people of Mediterranean and South/East Asian descent.
Cystic fibrosis is mor... | [
"There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research. The primary impetus for considering race in biomedical research is the possibility of improving the prevention and treatment of diseases by predicting hard-to-ascertain factors on the basis of more ea... |
why do liquids like beet juice stain so effectively? | The bonds of the compound that give beet juice (and other things that stain) their deep color are oriented in a way that make them very strong. These compounds (called chromophores) absorb visible light so you see them as colored.
It is quite difficult to break these bonds using just soap or water. However, something... | [
"A number of their juice products, designed for 'extended shelf life', are colored with the extract of cochineal beetles. As this previously embarrassed the company, they use 'Carmine' on the label which is an alternate name for the dye.\n",
"Lemon juice, containing citric acid which is the active bleaching agent... |
how do they put empty space into a flash drive? | The answer from /u/WRSaunders is almost correct. The charge isn't really stored on capacitors, it is stored on the "floating gate" of [special-purpose transistors](_URL_0_). The gate is called floating because it is not electrically connected to anything. The charges are forced onto/off the floating gate through a th... | [
"Fill flash or \"fill-in flash\" describes flash used to supplement ambient light in order to illuminate a subject close to the camera that would otherwise be in shade relative to the rest of the scene. The flash unit is set to expose the subject correctly at a given aperture, while shutter speed is calculated to c... |
Do snakes actually have tails and if so, where does it start? | Snakes do have tails, they start in the region behind the cloaca (the opening used for reproduction/waste excretion). The tails on most snakes are relatively short compared to the overall body length. Here's an image that will give you an idea
_URL_0_ | [
"Based on this definition, the tail of a snake would typically consist of a small portion of the rear end of its body, where none of its vital organs are being housed, and begin at its last rib, contrary to the commonly held assumption that the tail begins precisely at the middle of the snake's body due to its line... |
why does the united states require a census at great expense, beyond article 1 section 2, to count its citizens when there is more than ample computerized data (state id cards, passports, birth certificates, tax statements, intelligence records, etc.) on its population to complete the task? | Not everyone currently in the country has all of those things. Some people don't have state ID's, some are here illegally and don't have a passport, birth certificate, some people don't get tax statements, and most people aren't on intelligence records.
The census literally goes door to door. It's the most accurate w... | [
"The United States Constitution and federal law mandate that a census be taken every ten years in order to apportion the number of members of the United States House of Representatives among the several states. Census statistics are also used in order to apportion federal funding for many social and economic progra... |
why isn't the regrowth of nerves and other key cells using stem cells not more popular or more researched if it works so well? | The ethics of Stem Cells are a little fuzzy.
The best Stem Cells for use in Humans come from Human Fetuses. That means harvesting cells from freshly dead babies.
Any situation that leads to a researcher extracting fresh stem cells is going to stumble afoul some dark decisions by one party or the other. | [
"Stem cell technologies are always salient both in the minds of the general public and scientists because of their large potential. Recent advances in stem cell research have allowed researchers to ethically pursue studies in nearly every facet of the body, which includes the brain. Research has shown that while mo... |
Does calorie restriction inhibit healing? | Also, does calorie restriction inhibit or change brain functions? Just wondering, as I do believe that my thought patterns change when I suddenly go for a long time without eating. | [
"Studies have demonstrated that calorie restriction displays positive effects on the lifespan of organisms even though it is accompanied by increases in oxidative stress. Many studies suggest this may be due to anti-oxidative action, oxidative stress suppression, or oxidative stress resistance which occurs in calor... |
I'm an academic working in Paris in the summer of 1940; how disruptive is the German occupation to my work? Would German officials pry into my affairs, and perhaps even censor or confiscate my research? How seriously would the war disrupt my ability to read and review other international studies? | This is a small piece of the pie: in 1945, the US State Department asked [Sven S. Liljeblad](_URL_0_) (1899-2000) to assess what remained of European anthropologists, folklorists and linguists in Europe, in the wake of the war. Liljeblad had risen in the pre-war ranks with his important 1927 dissertation on the Gratefu... | [
"In his essay \"Paris under the Occupation\", Sartre wrote that the \"correct\" behaviour of the Germans had entrapped too many Parisians into complicity with the occupation, accepting what was unnatural as natural:\n",
"Matters looked grim across Axis-occupied Europe. After the surrender of France in 1940 and th... |
how is bacon made? | Bacon is made out of [pork belly](_URL_1_) that has been [cured](_URL_2_ or [smoked](_URL_0_.
It can then be sliced (as you often see in the supermarket) or left whole. | [
"Bacon is often used for a cooking technique called \"barding\" consisting of laying or wrapping strips of bacon or other fats over a roast to provide additional fat to a lean piece of meat. It is often used for roast game birds, and is a traditional method of preparing beef filet mignon, which is wrapped in strips... |
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