question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
|---|---|---|
How did cold dark matter get cold? | Dark matter cools - in fact, all temperatures cool over time - just because the Universe is expanding. Say I have a bunch of dark matter particles, all moving with some particular speed relative to each other. As the Universe expands, it pulls these particles apart *in addition* to the random motions they already had. The more the Universe expands, the smaller those random motions become by comparison. So on small scales where we would measure something like temperature, you effectively ignore the overall expansion and the net effect is that these random motions look like they're decreasing. Those random velocities are what give rise to temperature, so the temperature of the dark matter cools.
A looser but maybe more intuitive way to look at this is that these dark matter particles are losing energy to the Universe as it expands. | [
"Meta\"-cold dark matter, also known as m\"CDM, is a form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem. It consists of particles \"that emerge relatively late in cosmic time (z ≲ 1000) and are born non-relativistic from the decays\n",
"In cosmology and physics, cold dark matter (CDM) is a hypothet... |
how do chemical attacks work? ie. the one that recently happened in syria? | Conventional weapons typically involve explosives as their payload. They explode, the pressure wave and shrapnel cause damage, but then it's done.
Chemical weapons replace the explosive payload with one that spreads a specific chemical gas into the air. Once the chemical comes in contact with a person, it reacts in some way that causes pain and/or death. The specifics varies depending on what chemical is used. The news doesn't specify which chemical was used in today's attack in Syria, but it causes airways to close and leads to suffocation. | [
"The agreement by Syria to destroy its chemical weapons arose at a time when the United States and France headed a coalition of countries on the verge of carrying out air strikes on Syria in response to the 21 August 2013 Ghouta chemical-weapon attacks. To avoid a military intervention, on 14 September 2013, the Un... |
when i have a company and someone buys it for 2 billion, do i get all the money or does it not work that way? | As [BlazerMorte's comment](_URL_0_) points out, you'd have to be the sole owner to get the whole $2B.
The two other thing to add are that:
1. Large acquisitions like this are rarely cash-only transactions;
2. If you're a key person in the business (like the owner), the buyer will normally impose some conditions on you to stay past the sale date and help them.
The first point is that the more common way companies "buy" each other is by paying with *stock* instead of cash. For example, suppose Apple buys your company for $2B. Apple's stock is currently at $545, so instead of $2B in cash they could offer you 3,669,725 shares of Apple stock. Normally large acquisitions are a mix of cash and stock—part of the purchase is done in cash, but the bulk is in the stock of the buyer.
The second point usually works like this: since you are very important to the running the business that Apple is buying, they wouldn't want you to just go away the day they pay you for your company—they probably need you to at least explain how things work to them for a while. So as part of the offer for your company, they will put in some conditions for you to meet. For example, they may require you to stay in the company for 18 months to help them understand how things work, and they might restrict how much of your Apple stock you may sell during that period.
To give one example, a company I worked for got bought for $150 million + $40 million in escrows and conditional bonuses that we later qualified for (see below). Most of the transaction was in stock. My company's two founders each owned about 35% of the company, so that means each got $66.5 million, but it was mostly in the buyer's stock, they were required to stay for 18 months, and there were restrictions on how soon they could sell that stock.
The remaining 30% of the company was owned by a mix of outside investors and employees (including me). Most of these people just got paid in cash, but some of the executives were paid in stock and required to stay 18 months. Employee option holders were either paid in cash (for options whose vesting date had arrives) or issued equivalent options in the buyer's company (for options that were not yet exercisable).
The $40 million escrows and bonuses that I mentioned were, basically, money that the buyer said that they would pay between 6-18 months after the sale if certain conditions were met. For example, one was a sales tax escrow; if our company had not paid some state sales taxes that we were required to, it would be taken out of this escrow. There was also a performance bonus—if my company met certain sales targets after the sale, we qualified for an extra $20 million. | [
"A company owns a machine which was bought for €20,000. This machine has a useful life of five years which has just ended. The company knows that if it sells the machine now it will be able to recover 10% of the price of acquisition.\n",
"If a company is worth $100 million (pre-money) and an investor makes an inv... |
why some people have dimples and some people dont? | from wikipedia:
> Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as *zygomaticus major*. Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples.
from what i was told in anatomy class, everyone has dimples but it usually disappears over time due to the zygomaticus major muscles. genetics plays a large part into how these muscles behave over time, much like the rest of the body. | [
"Having bilateral dimples (dimples in both cheeks) is the most common form of cheek dimples. In a 2017 study of 216 people with both unilateral (one dimple) and bilateral, 120 (55.6%) had dimples in both of their cheeks. Dimples are analogous and how they form in cheeks varies from person to person. The shape of a ... |
what do neo-nazi's want to achieve? | Ask ten neo-Nazis and you'll probably get ten different answers.
Nazism is a blend of fascism and straightforward racism (in the form of white supremecism): originally, it was what happened when Hitler met Mussolini and added his hatred of Jews to the mix.
Fascism is the belief that both capitalism and communism have failed, and that democracy is weak and ineffective. A strong country is independent, so fascists believe their country should be self-sufficient and not have to trade with other countries. A free market economy is useful to improve industry, but if it fails the state should step in and take over.
Fascists also believe that every able-bodied member of society should have military training and be able to defend the country against attack at a moment's notice -- in other words, the whole citizenry forms part of the military, and is run with a military-style hierarchy (this is why you often see fascist leaders wearing military uniforms).
Conflict and war are inevitable, but they're also good because they purge society of the weak, thus strengthening society as a whole (Hitler once claimed that "democrats" who opposed the Nazi movement actually did it a favour, because that had the effect of stripping away those not fully committed to the cause, leaving a hardened core of the truly fanatical). Fascism is very big on social darwinism.
Nazism added to that a bunch of pseudo-scientific mumbo-jumbo about how the "Aryan" white race is inherently superior to everyone else, and the Germanic people are the true "Aryans" that gave birth, as it were, to European culture -- they were, in that sense, the "master race". It is the natural destiny of the Germanic people to be the leaders of western culture, and indeed the world. There's evidence that the Nazis were in the process of slowly replacing the Christian religion with a mix of old Nordic and Germanic mythologies and a personality cult around Hitler.
Whether most neo-Nazis know any of this I can't be sure. I think it's more likely that individual neo-Nazis have a range of different aims (that was, to an extent, true of the original Nazis as well). But you will usually find a few things they have in common:
* the belief that white races are superior to others
* the belief that capitalism and communism have both failed, and that it's time for a "radical new approach"
* the belief that Jews are unjustly in a powerful position, controlling all the money and the banks
* the belief that Muslims are waging war against "us" | [
"Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism. Neo-Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred and attack minorities, or in some cases to create a fascist political state. It is a global phenomenon, with organized re... |
Why is it that all electrons are exactly identical? | Well, in quantum field theory, electrons (and all other particles) are quantized excitations of underlying fields which permeate the entire universe. There's an electron field, a down quark field, a photon field (the EM field), and so on. So, asking why two electrons are identical is like asking why two waves in the same lake share certain characteristics: they're both excitations of the same underlying medium.
With a classical field (analogous to the surface of a lake), the excitations can take any mass, charge, etc. In other words, electrons don't come in "lumps" of specific size. The fact that every electron has the same mass, charge, etc. is a result of quantum theory. More specifically, if you take a classical field and apply the [canonical commutation rules](_URL_0_) to it, the result is that energy can be added or removed from the field only in discrete amounts, ie the creation and annihilation of particles. | [
"Electrons are identical particles because they cannot be distinguished from each other by their intrinsic physical properties. In quantum mechanics, this means that a pair of interacting electrons must be able to swap positions without an observable change to the state of the system. The wave function of fermions,... |
how does side by side 3d video work without glasses? | Depth perception works by your brain taking two separate pictures, one from your left eye and one from your right, then smushing them together. 3D works the same time way, by having two different pictures that look like depth when smushed together a certsin way. Glasses help focus your eyes to the new convergence point (where they smush). But if you relax or cross your eyes to refocus not on the real world but pn the picture, they can settle into the new depth perception of the image. It works like those Magic Eye pictures.
The brain is built to smush a similar image from two angles into one 3d one. So that's basically how it works. | [
"This allows the observer to view the 3D subject from different angles as they move their head, simulating the real-world depth cue of shifting parallax. It also reduces or eliminates the complication of pseudoscopic viewing zones typical of \"no glasses\" 3D displays that use only two images, making it possible fo... |
could someone explain me the d-day? (normandy landings) | At the start of WWII, Germany very quickly conquered France and much of Western and Southern Europe, all the way to the coasts (Spain was still independent but effectively neutral).
In order to drive Germany from France, the allies (primarily, in this part of the world, consisting of Great Britain, the US, and Canada) needed to first secure a section of coastline to bring in troops, equipment, and supplies from Great Britain. The Germans knew this, of course, so they had heavily fortified all of the suitable coastline.
Thus we get to D-Day: a massive land invasion conducted by the allies with the intention of breaking through the German defenses and secure a section of coast from which to launch their counter-invasion of France.
The beach at Normandy was selected for two reason:
1) It was a suitable landing point
2) The Germans weren't really expecting the invasion to come there
Normandy was fortified, but not *as* fortified as many other places. Thus, at H-Hour on D-Day (the codenames used when planning the invasion), the allies launched the largest sea-born invasion in modern military history. | [
"BULLET::::- June 6 – World War II – Battle of Normandy: \"Operation Overlord\", commonly known as D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious military operatio... |
why does school primarily focus on impractical textbook knowledge rather than teaching practical skills like fixing computers, hunting, or self defense? | Schools teach whatever skills and deemed by current society. Back in early 1900's schoolkids learned about planting cycles and climate so they would know how to farm | [
"Academic Knowledge is what students obtain in traditional language programs in traditional educational institutions. For largely historical, political and commercial reasons these traditional programs center on the course's book. This can be considered book learning because the lack of available, cost-effective te... |
what is regression analysis? | Regression analysis is a way to statistically estimate the relationship between variables. You can have one or more independent (predictor) variables, and one dependent (outcome) variable. With regression, you will estimate this relationship based on a set of observations, essentially a list of measurements for a number of cases.
Let's take a concrete simple example, of say, using people's height to predict their weight. Taller people are, in general, heavier. You measure a bunch of people and get their height and weight. Regression will fit the line that best describes the relationship between height and weight. Mathematically, what it's doing is minimizing the distance between the actual (observed) values of height and weight and the predicted values that fall on this best-fit line.
In most real-world cases, you would likely have multiple independent variables. Weight doesn't just depend on height, it might also depend on the person's gender, age, body-fat percentage, or other factors. Multivariate regression will use multiple predictors and fit them to construct a best-fit line. Again, it is minimizing the distance between observed values (along multiple dimensions) and predicted values on this best-fit line. | [
"In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (or 'pr... |
How are temperatures such as "4 Trillion degrees Celsius" possible on a machine without burning everything down? | You aren't talking about much matter getting up to that temperature in this scenario. Maybe a micro gram of gold, maybe. The inside of the collider is a vacuum which provides almost zero heat transfer to the surroundings so that helps to shield it a lot and buy a bit of time for things to cool down, but for the most part the energies involved are just too small. A microgram of gold at 4 trillion C has enough heat to bring a kilogram of material with similar specific heat up to only 4000 C, not much. Spread that out across the hundreds of kilograms of mass that would be impacted and you might see a temperature increase that you could measure.
In short, its a matter of scale.
| [
"On the empirical temperature scales that are not referenced to absolute zero, a negative temperature is one below the zero-point of the scale used. For example, dry ice has a sublimation temperature of which is equivalent to . On the absolute kelvin scale this temperature is . No body can be brought to exactly 0 K... |
adding the city and state to a us postal address when the zip code could suffice. | City and state are not required in addition to zipcode. They are there as an intentional redundancy in case you get the zipcode wrong. | [
"Modern two-letter abbreviated codes for the states and territories originated in October 1963, with the issuance of \"Publication 59: Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code\", three months after the Post Office introduced ZIP codes in July 1963. The purpose, rather than to standardize state abbreviations \"per se\", ... |
Did execution by archery squad every occur? |
[Saint Sebastian](_URL_1_
), a 3rd Century Martyr who was popularized in the middle ages as the patron of plague victims (and other epidemics), was allegedly the victim of such a "firing squad" of archers. So yes, it was indeed a used method, and you should be able to find a number of images from his martyrdom.
But the Romans were certainly not short of methods of how to put someone to death (there's literally dozens of rather descriptive Latin verbs for methods of killing). Infamously it was 6000 of rebellious gladiators and slaves around Spartacus who were crucified.
> "The body of Spartacus was not found. A large number of his men fled from the battle-field to the mountains and Crassus followed them thither. They divided themselves in four parts, and continued to fight until they all perished except 6000, who were captured and crucified along the whole road from Capua to Rome."
> [Appian, Civil War, 1.120](_URL_0_)
As for the command: It is indeed always weird when movies don't consider that. The commands "Notch!" and "Loose!" would be the more accurate (albeit I cannot point to sources that indicate this being authentic) | [
"During the Kamakura period (1192–1334), mounted archery was used as a military training exercise to keep samurai prepared for war. Those archers who did poorly might find themselves commanded to commit seppuku, or ritual suicide.\n",
"Turkish archers developed several unique techniques to aid in combat. One was ... |
why is it that the majority of reddit seems to be atheist, but /r/atheist gets so much hate. | It's because /r/atheist is not an atheist sub. It's an anti-theist sub. Most atheists are not anti-theists. Generally, anti-theists tend to be immature. This gets them a lot of hate. | [
"BULLET::::- Blogger Greta Christina, author of \"Why Are You Atheists So Angry?: 99 Things That Piss Off the Godless\", gave an abbreviated list of things she was angry about, concluding \"Atheists aren't angry because we're selfish, or bitter, or joyless. Atheists are angry because we have compassion. Atheists ar... |
How were "classic" novels critically received throughout history? | The question here is way too broad for a number of reasons. Are there specific writers--or even a period--you have in mind?
By and large, I think it's safe to hazard that the the majority of classic works enjoyed some measure of popularity or recognition in their own time--hence their survival. The long moldering masterpieces have been more the exception than the rule. Even when some gem is unearthed, it comes to light fairly quickly: think Dickinson or Hopkins or Kafka. Beowulf, which wasn't really read until 1800 or so (and wasn't widely read until the 20th C), probably holds the record for the lengthiest spell of languishing.
Of course reputations wax and wane over time, too. Shakespeare is the perfect example of someone who was taken only half seriously by the generations immediately following his own, only to be enconstellated by the "Bardolators" of the 18th C.
As for Catcher, it was an instant best seller. | [
"The term \"classic novels\", writes Andrew H. Plaks, is a \"neologism of twentieth-century scholarship\" which seems to have come into common use under the influence of C. T. Hsia's \"Classic Chinese Novel\". Paul Ropp, following Hsia's selection, notes that \"an almost universal consensus affirms six works as tru... |
why when inhaling water vapor (like in a hot shower or humidifier) is fine, but even the slightest inhalation of liquid water stings our sinuses for a period of time? | Air saturated with water vapor at 37 degrees Celsius contain 44g of water per cubic meter. A single normal breath is approximate 0.5 liter so there is 2000 breath per cubic meter of air. The result is that there is 22mg of water in a normal breath. 1ml of water have the mass of 1g So you need to breath in 1000/22=45 times to inhale 1 ml or 227 times to inhale a 5 ml tea spoon of water.
Normal breath is 10-20 times per minute so you talk about 11-22 minutes to inhale a teaspoon. In practice the water in the air you breath in will not condensate in your nose but will be exhaled back out.
& #x200B;
Human breath out a lot of water each day and we loose 300 to 500 milliliters of water by breathing it out per day. For 300 ml/day that is 12.5ml per hour or 2,5 teaspoons per hour. That is on tea spoon per 60/2.5= 24 minutes. So our normal breath out is approximate the same as berating in saturated air with water. There is a reason that you see condensation if you breath out on a cold object and fog the windows if you sit in a cold car with the engine and fans off.
& #x200B;
So the explanation is that there is not a lot of water vapor in air compared to even small amount of liquid water and that air saturated with water is what you breath normally. So the air you breath in have the same amount of moisture that the one you breath out. | [
"Even in room temperature, this makes the chemical very unstable and potentially harmful to human body - inhaling the cyclohexyl nitrite vapor could lead to headache and dangerously low blood pressure.\n",
"Breathing low-temperature steam such as from a hot shower or gargling can relieve symptoms. There is tentat... |
how could gun control work in the united states, when drug contol doesn't work at all | It's *a lot* harder to secretly mass produce guns than it is to secretly mass produce drugs. Modern firearms have lots of metal pieces that have low tolerances (which requires big, hard-to-hide machining tools). Ammunition requires gunpowder, which in turn requires chemical manufacturing.
Alternatively, they can be smuggled across borders, but that's also more difficult than smuggling drugs. | [
"Several authors believe that the United States' federal and state governments have chosen wrong methods for combatting the distribution of illicit substances. Aggressive, heavy-handed enforcement funnels individuals through courts and prisons; instead of treating the cause of the addiction, the focus of government... |
what exactly does it mean the the pentagon "can't account for" $8.5 trillion? | It means a combination of three things:
- They are really bad at accounting and overspending
- They really like to be wasteful (extravagant conferences, private flights for the higher ups for non-business, really *really* nice pens instead of plain Bics)
- There are a lot of programs going on that they don't want anyone to know about.
I think it's a lot of the last two, there are probably a lot of things going on that they don't want to mark in their budgets for the public to see. So they'd rather tell us that they don't know where the money went. Think of how people (or other countries) would react if there was a long list of black ops programs just out there for people to look through.
As for the second, there is probably a lot of pork and waste that's spent on things and they don't exactly want people to know about either. | [
"A Pentagon audit has found that the federal government overpaid Harry Sargeant III by as much as $200 million on several military contracts worth nearly $2.7 billion. The audit by the Defense Department's inspector general, which was posted on the Pentagon's Web site this week, estimated that the department paid t... |
What was Japanese cuisine like during Sengoku Jidai era Japan? How was it different to modern Japanese cuisine? | Compared to modern Japanese cuisine, cuisine of the time was very austere. Modern Japanese cuisine has inherited elements of the food of the time, but has added a lot of foreign influence (Western, Chinese, Korean), and become much more rice-centred and meat/fish heavy.
Little meat was eaten except by the upper classes. Most meat was game rather than domesticated animals.
A typical peasant meal was mixed grains (unpolished rice, millet, barley) cooked with vegetables (chopped radish roots or radish greens or various wild greens). Poorer peasants could only rarely afford to eat rice.
A typical middle-class urban meal was a bowl of rice, a bowl of soup (perhaps miso soup), pickled vegetables, and a side-dish. The side-dish was usually vegetables or tofu, sometimes fish, very rarely meat. Fish might appear as a side-dish less than weekly, depending on wealth. Vegetables were often simmered. Fish would be simmered or grilled. For breakfast, just rice, soup and pickles, with no side-dish.
A typical elite meal would be a bowl of rice, pickles, soup, fish. The fish could be preserved (pickled or dried), simmered, grilled, or sashimi, either as a standalone dish or as part of a salad. (e.g., "fish salad" (namasu) of sliced fish and vegetables with a dressing). Soups would often be fancier than those of poorer folk, and could vary from simple vegetable soups to crane soup or heron soup. For a fancy meal, there would be 2-3 soups, and a number of side-dishes (which, at least later, in the Edo Period, was often regulated by sumptuary laws to 5 or fewer).
Beef was rarely eaten. Imperial and Shogunal edicts against beef-eating were issued from the 8th century through to the Edo Period, for a variety of claimed or apparent reasons: religious, preservation of cattle for traction in agriculture, reduction of foreign influence. Horse meat was also often banned, to preserve livestock. Pigs only became significant in Japanese farming in the 17th century, in Kyushu (Chinese influence), and only spread outside Kyushu much later (but wild boar did appear on the table). Chicken was rarely eaten (mostly for medicinal purposes), and most birds that appeared on the menu were game.
Frying, baking, and sugar candies entered Japanese cuisine in the Edo Period.
For food of the time, especially elite food, see E. C. Rath, *Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Japan*, University of California Press, 2010.
For the evolution of modern Japanese cuisine (much of which occurred in the 20th century), see K. J. Cwiertka, *Modern Japanese Cuisine*, Reaktion Books, 2006.
Between the two of these, one can see both what was eaten in the Sengoku Jidai and the differences between it and modern cuisine. Cwiertka also gives relevant detail on peasant food, which remained very similar to its Sengoku Jidai ancestor into the 20th century in many parts of Japan. (If anybody can suggest other good sources, it would be much appreciated.)
You might also like to ask this question on /r/AskFoodHistorians/ | [
"In Japanese cuisine, refers to a style of Western-influenced cooking which originated during the Meiji Restoration. These are primarily Japanized forms of European dishes, often featuring Western names, and usually written in katakana. It is an example of fusion cuisine.\n",
"Among the earliest recorded \"karaku... |
Edward "Blackbeard" Teach's most notorious ship was named "Queen Anne's Revenge." Were English pirates in the Caribbean hostile to the Hanovers? Were they pro-Stuart? | This is a subject that is pretty much impossible to answer with any degree of certainty. Most of the famous pirates of the Golden Age did well to ensure that their past lives remained a mystery. So any attempt to identify their political stances would be based on nothing but speculation.
However, in the case of Blackbeard, the idea that he could have been a pro-Stuart isn't entirely without basis. While little is known about Blackbeard's life prior to becoming a pirate, what is known is that he was born in Bristol, England, and that he served as a seamen for the British Royal Navy during Queen Anne's War. It's also speculated that Blackbeard came from a well-to-do family due to his ability to read and write. It also wasn't until 1717 when Blackbeard first started becoming well known as a pirate, two years after the death of Queen Anne.
The only other instance that could point to Blackbeard possibly being a pro Stuart would be that Benjamin Hornigold, Blackbeard's captain at the time, was often criticized by his lieutenants for not attacking British ships, which would've been sailing under King George I. Whether or not Blackbeard was among those who criticized Hornigold for this is unfounded, however.
Though this can paint a picture of someone who might've been a pro-Stuart, there isn't any definitive evidence that points one way or the other, and its doubtful that there ever will be. | [
"Henry Strangways (died 1562), also sometimes known as Strangwish, was an English \"Gentleman Pirate\" who attacked Spanish and other shipping. He was repeatedly imprisoned, and pardoned by highly placed friends, during his approximately eight-year piratical career, from about 1552 to 1560. His portrait painted by ... |
how are photos chemically developed from photographic negatives? | When light hits the film it makes a little piece of silver from the chemicals on the film. The more light that hits an area the more little pieces of silver you get. The chemical used in the developing process, called developer, make those little pieces of silver grow into bigger pieces of silver. Another chemical is added after a certain amount of time that stops the developer from working, called the stop bath. This makes sure the silver doesn't get too big and is the right size to form the final image. Finally the silver is made permanent with the film by fixing with a fixer. The fixer is a chemical that dissolves the parts of film that weren't exposed to light. This stops the film from being light sensitive so the negatives can be used. | [
"Many photographic processes create negative images: the chemicals involved react when exposed to light, so that during development they produce deposits of microscopic dark silver particles or colored dyes in proportion to the amount of exposure. However, when a negative image is created from a negative image (jus... |
What was the perception of and response to the rise of atheism in the West? | Given you're in London you might want to look at the lives of [George Bernard Shaw](_URL_1_) (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950)
> In his will, Shaw stated that his "religious convictions and scientific views cannot at present be more specifically defined than as those of a believer in creative revolution." He requested that no one should imply that he accepted the beliefs of any specific religious organization, and that no memorial to him should "take the form of a cross or any other instrument of torture or symbol of blood sacrifice."
and of [Bertrand Russell](_URL_3_) (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)
> For most of his adult life Russell maintained that religion is little more than superstition and, despite any positive effects that religion might have, it is largely harmful to people. He believed religion and the religious outlook (he considered communism and other systematic ideologies to be forms of religion) serve to impede knowledge, foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of the war, oppression, and misery that have beset the world
as examples of real interaction between atheists and theists during the last century. As a point of interest I recall /r/Atheism had Russell's Teapot as part of it's logo the last time I looked.
Jonathan Miller has done some of your legwork already in his [Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief](_URL_0_) and addendum material [The Atheism Tapes](_URL_4_).
Researching the context, reception, and reactions to of [each of these quotes](_URL_2_) will take you a fair way towards your goal. | [
"In \"Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies\" (2004), Buruma and Margalit said that nationalist and nativist resistance to the West replicates Eastern-world responses against the socio-economic forces of modernization, which originated in Western culture, among utopian radicals and conservative nationa... |
How did life in the former Kingdom of the Kongo change after Portuguese conquest? (2nd try) | For clarification, are you asking about the period after first contact (circa 1450-1550)? Or do you mean the period after the disestablishment of the kingdom in the 1800s? | [
"In 1655 the Portuguese Empire established its colony in present-day Angola with the help of the Kingdom of Kongo. During this time period the relation of the Portuguese Empire with the Kingdom of Kongo would lead to conflicts that would weaken Kongo.\n",
"After the death of Dona Beatriz in 1706 and another three... |
Do solar panels produce more energy the closer they are to the sun? | Distance affects the flux of solar radiation on the surface of your panel. As the solar radiation spreads in 3D, the further away you are, the less rays\m^2 you can intercept. So yes, distance is a big factor when comparing panels orbiting earth to panels orbiting mars (for example). | [
"Solar panels need to have a lot of surface area that can be pointed towards the Sun as the spacecraft moves. More exposed surface area means more electricity can be converted from light energy from the Sun. Since spacecraft have to be small, this limits the amount of power that can be produced.\n",
"Solar panels... |
does taking antihistamines mess up our chance to create a natural resistance to allergies? | The reason why you have allergies is because you have too much immune response. The antihistamines reduce swelling by acting on the blood vessels, not the immune system. | [
"Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies include avoiding known allergens and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines. In severe reactions injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) is recommended. Allergen immunotherapy, which gradually exposes people to larger... |
in terms of computer science, what exactly happens when malware is quarantined? | It's moved out of its original directory structure and renamed, so attempts by external software to call/access that file result in failure. Also, software checks are put in place to specifically prevent that file from being executed or loaded into memory. | [
"Malwarebytes (formerly known as Malwarebytes Anti-malware) is primarily a scanner that scans and removes malicious software, including rogue security software, adware, and spyware. Malwarebytes scans in batch mode, rather than scanning all files opened, reducing interference if another on-demand anti-malware softw... |
why do cuts stop hurting after a while? | Your central nervous system gave your brain the information that something harmful was happening at the other end of your severed nerves. After a while the signals stop unless re-triggered to prevent you from going insane. | [
"When a normal wound heals, the body produces new collagen fibres at a rate which balances the breakdown of old collagen. Hypertrophic scars are red and thick and may be itchy or painful. They do not extend beyond the boundary of the original wound, but may continue to thicken for up to six months. They usually imp... |
why do car washes always have a small amount of dry time? | Drying as you drive is much more efficient then adding in a jet dryer to dry your vehicle wile you sit there. Its not like drying your hair. | [
"Washing machines perform several rinses after the main wash to remove most of the detergent. Modern washing machines use less water due to environmental concerns; however, this has led to the problem of poor rinsing on many washing machines on the market, which can be a problem to people who are sensitive to deter... |
Who was the last head of state to lead troops in combat? | It doesn't seem to be mentioned in the previous discussion, but apparently [Albert I of Belgium](_URL_1_) personally led his country's troops in the First World War as they were confined to a small piece of Belgium up against the North Sea. This is *probably* the last head of state to be personally in combat while he or she was head of state, and more recent than the Battle of Solferino* mentioned in the linked thread.
In modern times, the concept of a battle is a bit different from the sort of medieval and pre-modern clashes OP may be asking about, and even ordinary military commanders usually don't fight personally in the sense of picking up guns and shooting at the enemy, but rather coordinate from behind the lines. In that capacity, any head of state serving as commander-in-chief is leading the troops, though, like their generals and chiefs of staff, not actually in combat.
*Napoleon III was also in direct command in the [Battle of Sedan](_URL_0_) in 1870, which was more recent than Solferino. I don't know if he was at the front actually shooting, but he gave orders and it ended with him being taken prisoner, so he was certainly present and involved. | [
"Although the Earl of Stair exercised operational control, the Allies were nominally commanded by George II, accompanied by his son the Duke of Cumberland. This means it is now best remembered as the last time a reigning British monarch led troops in combat. \n",
"The Commander-in-Chief was King Albert I, with Li... |
Which is the best book for a non-historian to read about the Third Reich? | Although it's three books, Richard J. Evans's trilogy (*The Coming of the Third Reich*,*The Third Reich in Power*, and *The Third Reich at War*) are accessible narrative histories by a highly reputable scholar in the field of German history. Much of the popular understanding of the Third Reich stems from its wartime activities and occupation policies, and Mark Mazower's *Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe* matches Evans for both excellent prose and an expansive context. If you are not too intimidated by academic history, Ian Kershaw's *The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich* tackles the issue of Hitler's popularity and how it evolved over time. Similarly, Peter Fritzsche's *Life and Death in the Third Reich* is a social history of the Nazi Germany that examines how ordinary Germans acclimated themselves to the Third Reich's new order with varying degrees of success. | [
"The Third Reich Trilogy is a series of three narrative history books by the British historian Richard J. Evans covering the rise and collapse of Nazi Germany in detail, with a focus on the internal politics and the decision-making process. According to Ian Kershaw, it is \"the most comprehensive history in any lan... |
Our observable universe is expanding with every second, does that mean we discover new celestial bodies constantly? | Hi /u/alex_york,
> does that mean we discover new celestial bodies constantly?
It means that new celestial bodies are moving into our past light cone constantly so that their light is observable *in principle*. But can we detect that light *in practice*? Probably not, because these objects are incredibly faint. | [
"If the expansion of the universe continues and it stays in its present form, eventually all but the nearest galaxies will be carried away from us by the expansion of space at such a velocity that our observable universe will be limited to our own gravitationally bound local galactic cluster. In the very long term ... |
Pope Francis says the Allies "did nothing" as the Jews were being taken to Auschwitz. Is he right? Could the Allies have done more to prevent the Holocaust? | I answered this statement by Pope Francis a while back on /r/badhistory. I will repeat [that answer below](_URL_1_?). I address the difficulties of attacking rail lines specifically. I hope the slightly irreverent tone of my post will not take away from its content now that it has been transplanted into this forum.
To address your other questions, the Vatican had some knowledge of the reality of the camps, but it was fragmentary and contradicted by other reports. The Vatican opposed aerial bombardment of civilians (castigating the practice dating back to WWI and making several unsuccessful appeals to FDR on the subject), but never issued a statement regarding bombing the camps themselves. As for the Allies doing more, Normandy and Market Garden were already risky moves in the West, and the Soviets were in for a massive fight. Without drastic changes to how the war was fought it was ended as soon as possible--and making those changes takes us into "what if" territory (forbidden on this sub).
--------------------
< start of previous post >
So, Pope Francis did an interview with "La Vanguardia" recently. [The full text in English is available here](_URL_0_). During the interview the subject of Pius XII during WWII was brought up. I'll have more on that further down, but the offending bad history text is quoted below:
> Did you know that they knew the rail network of the Nazis perfectly well to take the Jews to concentration camps? They had the pictures. But they did not bomb those railroad tracks. Why? It would be best if we spoke a bit about everything.
Well, papa, I am a Catholic. I love the Church, and I take my faith seriously. I'm a student of papal history and of WWII, especially military aviation. I take *all* of that seriously. You're not the first to ask why the rail lines to the death camps weren't bombed, and you won't be the last. It seems like a great solution--just keep the Jews from being delivered to the camps!
Sadly, it wasn't that easy or simple.
Even if we disregard the immense cost of bombing operations (both in terms of economic cost and that of human lives) and the difficulties of targeting something even further east than most of the bombers' normal targets (which were already near the limits of their endurance), we would still have a major issue to deal with if we determine that attacking the rail lines leading to death camps is important enough to divert the bombers from their other targets. Further, any kind of precision bombing had to be done in daylight. That was murderously expensive at best prior to 1944, with first the British then the Americans learning the harsh lesson that bombers without fighter escorts could not sustainably bomb targets in Germany during daylight. And by "sustainably" I mean that bombers and crews were being lost at such a rate that the force would be destroyed in a handful of missions. Only after long-range fighter escorts were created in 1944 were the bombers able to keep up a daylight offensive for any length of time. So, only in 1944 and 1945 would such a sustained campaign against rail lines leading to death camps even be possible. *But that's not even the issue*.
The issue is this: WWII bombers were largely ineffective against rail lines.
There are a number of reasons for this. The first is that WWII bombers were not accurate enough to reliably *hit* a rail line. Keep in mind the very nature of a set of rails--they are a ribbon of infrastructure mere feet wide that snakes through the country. Now we add the difficulties of WWII bombing that resulted in most bombs ending up nowhere near their intended target. Specific factories were often missed by the bombers tasked to destroy them, and there were many times in which entire *cities* were missed by the bombers. The 'solution' to this difficulty was to send more bombers (again, at great expense) so that you could drop more bombs in the hope that one of those bombs would hit its target. This was somewhat effective.
There were operations undertaken against German rail lines. Most prominently, they were targeted as part of the 'Transportation Plan' prior to D-Day. As reconnaissance during the war indicated and surveys after the war confirmed, there was some success *for a time*. Rail lines, if targeted with large numbers of bombers, could be disrupted--but only for a short time. But unless a bridge or viaduct was somehow heavily damaged or destroyed (something only 'tallboy' and 'grand slam' bombs very late in the war had any real chance of accomplishing), the railroad would be repaired in short order. Basically, most of the time the trains were able to roll through the targeted area in 24 hours. This is partly due to the aforementioned difficulties in targeting rail lines, but the Germans also had dedicated forces to repairing railroad damage. In addition, these units would compel local people to assist in the reconstruction of the rail line. Further, outside of bridges and viaducts railroads are basically piles of rocks and gravel with a little wood and steel beams on top. This means that low-tech solutions were perfectly suitable to fixing the damage caused by relatively high-tech instruments such as heavy four engine bombers equipped with every modern piece of equipment. German railways only collapsed extremely late in the war, basically when every other service had also shut down and the government had effectively collapsed.
In the final analysis, rail lines could only be cut on a *tactical* basis. Within a matter of hours repairs on a damaged line could be completed, so to ensure that a rail line was not used it would have to be retargeted multiple times. This meant that the bombers could not be used to attack other targets that were also deemed worthy of their attention. So, to target the railways leading to the death camps, bombers would have to undergo great risks (at great expense both in money and men) repeatedly (because the Germans had great success in repairing rail lines within hours) to even have a *chance* at success, and other targets would have to be neglected. So, even had Allied command known every detail of the horrors of the camps, it would have had to be an immense undertaking to try to interdict travel to those camps.
So, papa, the Allies couldn't have bombed the rail lines leading to the camps. Not really. They would have had to dedicate a huge proportion of their bomber force to accomplish the task, the costs would have been very high, and forced laborers with nothing more complex than a shovel could have repaired the damage in less than a day making it necessary to repeat the dangerous operation all over again the next day. Using low-level attacks by smaller bombers would have been impossible because those bombers didn't have the range to get the job done (and would have had smaller bomb loads anyway). Even isolating the Normandy battlefield was a huge stretch for the Allied bombing force, and they still chafed at being used in such a role instead of attacking German industry.
It sounds like a great solution, but the realities of bombing in WWII didn't allow for simply isolating the death camps by cutting their rail lines. Even then, we would have had no guarantees that the Germans wouldn't have simply found another way of carrying out their murderous policies--in the same way that they found a way to increase wartime production during 1944-45 despite the increasingly devastating attacks of the same bombers in question.
Sources:
Christian Wollmar, *Engines at War*
Martin Van Creveld, *Age of Airpower*
Walter J. Boyne, *Clash of Wings*
Robert Leckie, *Delivered from Evil*
--------------------
As always, followup questions from OP and others are encouraged! | [
"Although Pope Pius XII did not publicly speak out against the murder of the Jews during the Holocaust, the Vatican did take action to save many Jews in Italy from deportation, including sheltering several hundred Jews in the catacombs of St. Peter's Basilica. In his Christmas addresses of 1941 and 1942, the pontif... |
How was the relationship between Irish-Americans and African-Americans in early USA? | Can you explain what you mean by "Early USA"?
A lot of the discussion of the parallels between black slaves and Irish indentured servants centers on people who came over in the 17th century, well before the USA was founded. Most of the descendants of today's Irish Americans actually arrived in the middle 19th century and beyond, which can't really be considered the early USA either. | [
"Coupled with their historical presence on the English stage for comic relief, and as operators and actors of the vaudeville stage, Irish Americans became interpreters of immigrant cultural images in American popular culture. New arrivals found their ethnic group status defined within the immigrant population and i... |
When did humans start enslaving each other? | hi.. it may be worth x-posting this to our sister sub /r/AskAnthopology; questions about Neolithic man (plus or minus) typically refer to prehistory so you may get more answers there | [
"In the early years of conquest, \"encomienda\" rights effectively meant rights to pillage and round up slaves, usually in the form of a group of mounted \"conquistadores\" launching a lightning slave raid upon an unsuspecting population centre. Prisoners would be branded as slaves, and taken to a port to be sold, ... |
why is gene editing in babies viewed so poorly by the public? what are the good and bad things that could happen in result of the edits? | I’m not an expert at all but I am a Stephen Hawking fan and he made some great points about the ethical issues with gene editing.
The primary issue is that this will create a world where the wealthy are genetically superior to the poor. It isn’t hard to imagine all the terrible things that could happen in that scenario. Hawking believed that this race of “superhumans” would seek to take over the world and treat the non-edited people like less than humans. | [
"Editing has been shown to decrease repressive regulation of transcription of growth promoting genes \"in vitro\" compared to the non edited protein. Although the physiological role of editing has yet to be determined, suggestions have been made that editing may play a role in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumour.\n",
... |
Did organised crime exist during the medieval era? | From the book Organized Crime: An Inside Guide to the World's Most Successful Industry, by Paul Lunde, Dk Pub, 2006: "Piracy and banditry were to the preindustrial world what organized crime is to modern society." "Barbarian conquerors, whether Vandals, Goths, Norsemen, Turks or Mongols are not normally thought of as organized crime groups, yet they share many features associated with thriving criminal organizations. They were for the most part non-ideological, predominantly ethnically based, used violence and intimidation, and adhered to their own codes of law."
Also see Spraggs, Gillian, Outlaws and Highwaymen: the Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century, Pimlico, 2001.
| [
"During medieval times, punishment of felons was sometimes exercised by such secret societies as the courts of the Vehm (cf. the medieval Sardinian \"Gamurra\" later become \"Barracelli\", the Sicilian Vendicatori and the Beati Paoli), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westp... |
how do judges put a monetary value to intangibles such as emotional damages/distress and how do they reach the ridiculous values that we see in the media? (i.e. the spilled mcdonald's coffee lawsuit) | There are a combination of factors that are specific to each individual case. If there is a demonstratable loss of income, then the damages will have to cover that. Beyond the measurable values, damages are also proportioned to cause effective loss to the defendant. In your example of the McDonalds hot coffee suit, where McDonalds served boiling coffee to a lady that gave her 3rd degree burns, the damages settlement amount had to be big enough to cause McDonalds pain. For a multi billion dollar corporation, the settlement has to be in the millions to actually cause them concern enough to not let the incident be repeated. | [
"There are also two other general principles relating to damages. Firstly, the award of damages should take place in the form of a single lump sum payment. Therefore, a defendant should not be required to make periodic payments (however some statutes give exceptions for this). Secondly, the Court is not concerned w... |
if humans go vegetarian now, is there enough agricultural produce to meet the needs of all or will there be famine ? | If it was done fairly gradually it'd be fine. Meat requires more land and effort to produce compared to the amount of food it provides than non-meat. If we no longer demanded animal meat then the demand for food for those animals would drop over time and those farmers would have to transition to more in demand products.
Of course, this would never happen, because people love their meat. | [
"BULLET::::- Agriculturalist Alfred Daniel Hall told the British Association for the Advancement of Science that in the future, humanity would be forced to become vegetarian due to a global wheat famine.\n",
"The agricultural system produced 83% of the total diet, which included crops of bananas, papayas, sweet p... |
why was the usa represented as a stereotypical black man on italian wwii propaganda posters? | I don't know exactly what poster(s) you're talking about, but I've seen similar stuff before and think I can answer.
There are a lot of black people in the US vs. Italy and there were black US army units fighting in WWII, so the association of the US with blacks would have been plausible to Italians. Taking advantage of this, the Italian propaganda sought to exploit racist fear and hatred of blacks to rally Italian morale to fight the American invaders.
The propagandist was looking to arouse this sort of racist thought process in his audience's mind:
Getting invaded by nice white guys? Sucks, but maybe we can deal. Getting invaded by black daughter-rapers? No way, we'll fight to the last bullet! | [
"The portrayal of African Americans on these movie posters was very different from that of whites. American posters had a cross-cultural view of images of African Americans. American posters tended to marginalize the black presence and limit romantic images between African Americans. However, foreign posters showca... |
Has any "modern standard" version or translation of a bible been "retconned" by newly discovered text that are older than the source documents used for the current bible? | You should consider posting this at r/AcademicBiblical | [
"To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarize the most common variants between the various manuscripts, Anglican scholars at the University of Oxford began to edit the New Testament in 1878 (completed in 1954), while the Benedictines of Rome began an edition of the Old... |
Is there any evidence that cetacean species communicate to each other (like grey whales calling and blue whales avoiding an area, etc)? Or are all of these species shouting past each other on different wavelengths? | There are a number of reports of Orcas actually assisting Austrialian whalers by tracking and hearding whales into Eden bay to be killed by the whalers who then caught and butchered the whales, leaving the meat and tongue to the Orcas. The whales were too big for the Orcas to kill on their own, so this provided a new food source for them. This would indicate that they could indeed reliably locate other whales, probably by sound. (also pretty interesting anecdote about Orca intelligence and ability to learn)
_URL_0_ | [
"These calls are all low frequency sounds that appear to have social communication functions, but what exactly those functions are is not yet known. There is no evidence that right whales' sounds are used for echolocation as is seen in dolphins and toothed whales.\n",
"It has been reported that bottlenose dolphin... |
How has the way Germans portrayed WWII in their post-war films changed over time? | **Part I**
thanks to /u/vinco_et_praevaleo for reminding me via Sunday Digest to write this answer
One of the realities of postwar German cultural history is that although the war exerts an outsized influence on German memory, cultural depictions of the war are often constrained by various taboos. This was doubly true for cinema as the prior regime’s open celebration of militarism created an unsavory connection with their postwar depictions of the war. German cinematic depictions of the war often had to navigate very loaded territory that struck a balance between maintaining the conventional tropes of a war film and contemporary politics. This was true in both Germanies, albeit the different state contexts resulted in two very different strains of war films.
As counter-intuitive as it might sound, the early postwar period in the FRG witnessed arguably the most conventional type of war film. German studios had a ready stable of actors and directors who had cut their teeth under Goebbels’s film machine. The war film was a popular one for FRG audiences, and the films were not that much different than the wartime films Goebbels’ ministry churned out during the period of German victories. Two of the more notable and successful war films of the 1950s, *U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien* and *Der Stern von Afrika*, had at their central protagonists two war heroes lionized during the war, Prien and the ace Hans-Joachim Marseille. Other films played more gingerly with thinly-fictionalized biopics of wartime figures such as 1955’s *Des Teufels General* which featured a fictional stand-in for Ernst Udet or *Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben* in which fictional protagonists interact with historical figures like Paulus or Hoth.
In terms of raw comparisons, these 1950s FRG films were often quite identical in casting and editing to their American counterparts of the same period such as *The Flying Leathernecks* or *Battleground*. These films typically had handsome leads engaging in battles with surplus war equipment punctuated by set pieces with either miniatures or stock wartime footage. These films also featured a cutting back between a domestic life on the homefront in between battle scenes, giving a love story to the film. *Der Stern von Afrika* contains a sizable love story with Marseilles’s fiancé Brigette (Marianne Koch) and the only woman in *Hunde* is a Russian played by Sonja Ziemann who helps the protagonist escape the Red Army because he had helped her earlier when she was an émigré in Germany.
But although there were stark parallels between these American and German films, the differences were important and at times quite subtle. The trajectory of a typical American war film was triumph over adversity and the love story is a domestic reward as a return to normalcy. In contrast, domesticity tends to emerge as a Cassandra in the 1950s FRG war film. In *Der Stern*’s Brigette warns her man not to go to Africa and stay and start a family, yet his boyish enthusiasm for war overrides her common sense. In a similar vein, the films also feature religious opposition to the Third Reich, often in the form of a pastor or other figure bemoaning the abandonment of Christian living. The 1950s FRG film often inverts the common narrative of a war film; the films start with victories, but end in defeat. This narrative framing allowed FRG cinema to clearly delineate between heroic protagonists and their villains. The archetypical soldier protagonist is not a Nazi, but is often a victim of their policies. Not only did this involve eventual military defeat, but it besmirched their soldierly honor. *U-47* has a notable scene in the film’s beginning in which the NSDAP liaisons with the Navy ignores the concerns of its officers over the nature of the war and the sinking of freighters with civilians. The net result is that the war films of this period often have a double-victimization, not only are the brave protagonists victims of Allied material superiority, but also the victims of a criminal regime. Prien and Marseilles thus become not just fallen heroes, but martyrs. Within this schema, soldierly honor and masculinity remain intact. Death or honorable surrender after enduring the pains of a criminally mismanaged war.
War, or more specifically, the soldiers who fought in the war thus became depoliticized in this context. This was in keeping with the Adenauer period’s general position that the responsibility for the war only fell on a few shoulders and Germans by and large had fought the war honorably. Resistance never goes into active fighting against other Germans, but rather forms of moral suasion like Prien’s pastor that fell on ears too young to take notice. Although these films enjoyed a degree of popularity, a number of critics did note the depoliticized jingoism (which is itself a type of nationalism) in these films and asked why did not German filmmakers concentrate on actual resistors or victims like Anne Frank or Bonhoeffer.
The major exception to these somewhat unreflective films was Bernard Wicki’s 1959 masterpiece *Die Brücke*. Based on a novel of the same name, the film features deep indictment of the waste and stupidity of war. But unlike films such as *Der Teufels General*, the victimizers are not some abstract Nazis, but their parents and guardians. The setup for the defense of the eponymous bridge shows a German society in which parental figures have abandoned children to their own devices. **Spoiler** Even their good-natured schoolteacher inadvertently sets up the children to be slaughtered by convincing an NCO to deploy the drafted children to defend a bridge to be demolished, but when a gendarme kills the NCO, the boys are left to their own devices, and only one survives defending a useless bridge. **End spoilers**. The uncompromising grittiness of *Die Brücke*’s last half set it apart from other war films not only in the FRG, but in the West as well and ensured it would become a classic of FRG cinema. But Wicki’s critique of adults and their society, many of whom would have been in the audiences makes it quite a different cinematic experience than depoliticized affairs like *Der Stern*.
The filmmakers of the GDR’s state-run DEFA film studios had a much more difficult time turning the war into an ideologically palatable cinema experience. Part of the problem was that the SED simply could not let the “friends,” aka the Red Army, be portrayed in a negative light. The glorification of war was also something not really possible in this environment. Unlike the FRG, the GDR film protagonists could not start off from a position of strength and high hopes. Thus the typical GDR war film often had a focus far more upon individuals who began out as disillusioned by Nazism and gradually became enlightened through their contact with socialism that allowed them to regain their humanity.
But while this topos of the redemption of Marxist-Leninism constrained GDR war films, it also allowed them to engage in Nazi crimes more directly. Konrad Wolf’s 1959 film *Sterne* was a case in point. This joint GDR-Bulgarian production dealt directly with the Holocaust as its protagonist NCO Walter (Jürgen Frohriep) is enjoying a quiet rear-line duty away from the war when he inadvertently meets Ruth (Sasha Krusharska) a Jewish inmate in a transit camp about to be deported to Auschwitz. Ruth tries to convince Walter to take a more active fight against evil and support the partisans, but he believes only in half-measures and enjoying things in the here and now. **Spoilers** Things come to a head when Ruth is deported, leaving only her Star of David for Walter, but rather than give up, he decides to actively fight against evil and help the partisans. **End spoilers** The overall message, and one Wolf in a pattern similar to other DEFA filmmakers had to shoehorn in, was that ordinary morality was not sufficient to fight something like Nazism, but rather it needed to have the discipline of an ideology behind it.
Yet the GDR war films dipped into victimization and their narratives created a clean Wehrmacht by default. Walter’s fellow soldiers are indifferent to Jewish suffering, but more apathetic than malevolent. The soldier protagonists in GDR films usually go over to the resistance or partisans, such as the main character of 1970’s *Meine Stunde Null*, who after being captured allows his experience with the Soviets to crystalize his doubts about fascism into concrete action and he agrees to cross the lines and kidnap a Wehrmacht officer. The 1978 joint Soviet-GDR production *Ich will euch sehen* likewise has a German soldier disillusioned by the war and joining the partisans. In both these films, the protagonists are reluctant at first to fight fascism’s war, but find that they are more than willing to fight in the name of socialism and humanity. The choice to fight in the latter is voluntary. Konrad Wolf would revisit the war in two more films, 1968’s *Ich war neunzehn* and 1977’s *Mama, ich lebe* also feature German protagonists working for the Soviets. To an extent, Wolf tries much harder to understand the ambivalences of German identity while wearing the uniform of a foreign power. In *Ich war neunzehn*, the film’s protagonist Gregor comes into more contact with Germany as he advances with the Red Army in April 1945, the more ashamed he is to be a German. At one point during a May Day celebration held by the Red Army for freed concentration camp survivors, Gregor’s Ukrainian friend asks one what he should tell his students about Germany, to which the survivor replies “Goethe and Auschwitz. Two German names. Two German names in every language.”
| [
"The Axis powers similarly made films during the Second World War, for propaganda and other purposes. In Germany, the army high command brought out \"Sieg im Westen\" (\"Victory in the West\", 1941). Other Nazi propaganda films had varied subjects, as with \"Kolberg\" (1945), which depicts stubborn Prussian resista... |
do clouds move around the globe because of wind currents or does gravity have anything to do with it? | Clouds move on the wind.
Gravity has *something* to do with it, but only in that it is the force that prevents everything from just drifting off into space. | [
"Tropospheric clouds exert numerous influences on Earth's troposphere and climate. First and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding cloud-free air, clouds can be associat... |
how do microservices work | Software developer here,
I write micro services! These are very tiny server apps that basically do one thing. They will often have a dedicated database, one per instance. This way, they can scale quite easily. You'll throw something like a gateway or load balancer in front that will direct traffic based on, say, a user ID, to the same instances so their data is always there. Requests that would span instance data would go to a micro service that would farm out the work across all the instances and composite the results itself. A complex request that performs multiple actions will farm that work out to micro services that perform the individual steps.
EDIT: Our apps are [RESTful](_URL_4_), which is to say, we use the HTTP protocol to interact with our micro services and pass data. HTTP does not mean websites, though that's what most people know it for. The protocol allows you to address a service like _URL_5_, include "header" information like authentication tokens that indicate who you are, and a body which contains a payload of data. When it comes to a website, the payload would be HTML, but between services, this is typically [XML](_URL_6_) or [JSON](_URL_2_). This is simply structured data that could go along some request for service, or it could be the result of some computation, transaction, or database query.
Because these apps are so small, the programming language of choice is a variable, not a constant. Our micro services were written in [Ruby](_URL_3_) until the language itself was determined to be a performance bottleneck. We were looking at [Golang](_URL_7_), and one of my colleagues accidentally rewrote a whole service in an afternoon, and his naive implementation, his first Go app, was 17x more performant. He's a seasoned Ruby developer, too. Ruby is a piece of shit language, and I'm not bitter or resentful about it at all...
We use [Cucumber](_URL_1_) to write self-documenting integration tests, independent of the services implementation language. We define use cases and it runs against a running instance of the service. With adequate coverage, any two implementations that pass the tests are equivalent. This is how we can trash a whole implementation in an afternoon. And we still write unit tests.
Check out [12 Factor Apps](_URL_8_), and [here](_URL_0_) for more on micro services.
Unlike traditional business models, we don't own our own hardware, we don't have a data center, and we don't colocate hardware in one. We host our services "in the cloud". Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, are just three companies that offer cloud services. These services are expansive and laborious to explain in appreciative detail, but needless to say, they host our services and databases, and our domain points to public IP addresses from their service. We pay for the computing power and storage we need, and rates are reasonable. | [
"Microservices are a modern interpretation of service-oriented architectures used to build distributed software systems. Services in a microservice architecture are processes that communicate with each other over the network in order to fulfill a goal. These services use technology agnostic protocols, which aid in ... |
when you watch a movie for the second time, why do you notice things you didn’t notice the first time? | Your brain can predict what’s coming because it’s familiar and this frees up more space to focus on new details. | [
"This is why it is so difficult to explain how quick the passage is between what is visible for the eye and the mind and what is not, as is revealed by the notorious fade in-fade out effect used in the movies when one picture succeeds another: as one picture gradually vanishes, the following one gets clearer and cl... |
what will happen to britain if they don't finish negotiating the brexit by the deadline? | They become "just another country" without treaties covering trade. It's the hardest of "hard BRexit" scenarios. | [
"On 11 April, EU leaders agreed to offer the UK a Brexit extension until 31 October, which May accepted, after previously saying said she would not accept an extension beyond 30 June. The new withdrawal date postponed the risk of the UK \"crashing out\" of the EU without a deal. From the Labour benches, Shadow Brex... |
Is it possible to force a change in an induced magnetic field? | If you have an electric or magnetic field due to some charge or current, then adding another charge or current will of course change that field. In fact, you don't even need a new charge or current, but just a conducting material!
If you've ever noticed squares in the road in front of a traffic light, those are induction loops. When a car passes over the loop, the conducting material (metal) in the chassis has an induced current due to the field from the loop, which creates its own fields, which changes the current in the loop, and a computer detects this and knows to change the light. | [
"No magnetic field is needed for SHE. However, if a strong enough magnetic field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the orientation of the spins at the surfaces, spins will precess around the direction of the magnetic field and the SHE will disappear. Thus in the presence of magnetic field, the combined a... |
What is voltage drop? I don't seem to get it, doesn't voltage increases if resistors value increase? | > pressure through the other side of the pipe is increased
Voltage "drop" is analogous to a pressure "drop" in the fluid system. The pipe has a higher pressure at the inlet than at the outlet. The difference between inlet pressure and outlet pressure is called a pressure "drop". In the same way, the difference between the electrical potentials (voltages) at the inlet and outlet of the resistor is known as the voltage "drop".
-
If you keep the current constant while increasing resistance, then the voltage drop across the resistor will increase (i.e., the inlet voltage will be higher, the outlet voltage will be lower, or both). | [
"Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current flowing in an electrical circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are undesirable because some of the energy supplied is dissipated. The voltage drop ac... |
Why does cheese break or crumble when it's cold, but gets long and stringy when it's warm? | Cheese that is stringy when hot (not all of them are) acts like a synthetic polymer, e.g. chewing gum. Warm chewing gum is stringy. To remove it from a carpet, rub with an ice cube and it becomes brittle and easy to remove. This difference is due to the glass transition. This occurs at a temperature where the polymer chains slow down a lot. Below it they are brittle. Above it they are stringy. | [
"Above room temperatures, most hard cheeses melt. Rennet-curdled cheeses have a gel-like protein matrix that is broken down by heat. When enough protein bonds are broken, the cheese itself turns from a solid to a viscous liquid. Soft, high-moisture cheeses will melt at around , while hard, low-moisture cheeses such... |
on a celestial body with no forms of life could a wound become infected? | Absolutely. I'm assuming that the wound is on a human body, though I'm pretty sure this applies to plenty of other animals too.
The human body is filthy, inside and out. Plenty of microbial life lives on you epidermis, and would happily infect an opening in your skin if given the chance.
On top of that, plenty of places like your mouth or gut contain other microbial life that could cause a wound to get infected if there's proper exposure. | [
"Several complications may occur. Usually, the infection slowly spreads to the surrounding tissue while still remaining localized to the area around the original wound. However, sometimes the fungi may spread through the blood vessels or lymph vessels, producing metastatic lesions at distant sites. Another possibil... |
Where did SARS go? | Quarantine for SARS was highly effective, basically if you were quarantined in the first few days, no one would catch it from you. Also, from what I understand, the public fear was so high that people wore PPE (masks etc.), and took lots of precautions (hand washing etc.) which prevented the virus from spreading easily. Luckily, because it couldn’t spread easily it died out on its own. Basically a population has to meet a certain threshold of susceptible people for an epidemic. As for why it hasn’t appeared again, who knows. - (sorry if there is a better answer, I’m just a microbio enthusiast) | [
"SARS spread around the world from the Guangdong Province of China, to multiple locations, like Hong Kong and then Toronto, Canada from 2002-2003. The spread of SARS originated from a doctor residing in a hotel in Hong Kong to other tourists staying in the same hotel, who then travelled back home to locations like ... |
How much truth is there in the idea of peasants in the middle ages going off to war with their pitchforks? If not then what did they use? | The problem starts with the idea of peasants going off to war. Firstly, the middle ages refers to a large period of time, across a huge stretch of land, so the circumstances will vary.
Generally speaking, Bill the Cabbage Farmer isn't going to war, at least, not most of the time. Peasantry in general are not trained for battle, and are generally more useful tilling the soil. Discard at once the mental image of a feudal knight rounding up every cabbage farmer with pitchforks and leading them into battle. Without armor and shield, the average human stands no chance against even the limpest of arrows. This peasant crowd would be slaughtered, and driven off in short order in a fight, and the lord would lose out on a large amount of laborers.
Now, the common folk did have obligations to serve in the levy, but they wouldn't be able to do so without some small semblance of protection and weaponry. A spear could be furnished out of whatever metal implement available, and a shield is easily made from wood and hide. With the mandatory participation of the levy in mind, Bill the Cabbage Farmer would get these things ready before going to war. By the time a 'peasant militia' gathers, they would all have actual weapons and armor.
Source: Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire
By Bernard S. Bachrach, specifically, from the pages 55 onwards. | [
"The peasants wanted concessions on various economic grievances. These included Barons harassing the peasants with vexatious services, the main reason however was the removal of hunting rights, lest a deer be killed. Medieval sources claim that the revolt was caused by demands of free hunting and fishing rights.\n"... |
What is the difference between warmth and temperature? | Warmth doesn't really have a scientific definition, but most likely the difference the author has in mind comes from the [thermal conduction](_URL_0_) of materials. For instance, if you are in 60 degree water vs 60 air, you are going to feel a lot colder in the water. Why? Because water has a much higher rate of thermal conduction than air. Thus, it wants to move you towards equilibrium (your 98 degree body heading towards the temperature of the 60 degree water) a lot quicker than the air does. Thus, it is easier to stay warm in air than in water.
Again, this is a guess- as warmth is not a scientific term. | [
"Temperature is a measure of a quality of a state of a material. The quality may be regarded as a more abstract entity than any particular temperature scale that measures it, and is called \"hotness\" by some writers. The quality of hotness refers to the state of material only in a particular locality, and in gener... |
what exactly is funny about the bombardment of stupid/offensive/off topic comments from "le reddit armie" on many youtube videos? | They are not funny. It's just trolls doing what trolls do. They do it to get attention. If probably fills some void in their otherwise sad, empty lives I suppose. | [
"Some websites like \"Literally Unbelievable post\" the genuine and shocked reactions of individuals who believe the satirical articles are real. The reactions are taken from social media websites, such as Facebook, in which users can directly comment on links to the article's source.\n",
"During the August 27, 2... |
What do we know about historical Troy? | I posted this in another thread not too long ago, but I'll repost it here:
Heinrich Schliemann (who is, simultaneously, the "father of archaeology" as well as one of the most controversial figures in the history of the science) began excavating a site in northwest Turkey in 1871, at the mound of Hisarlik. It was a joint operation with a British gentleman named Frank Calvert (who I only mention because he gets screwed out of the history books). The excavations revealed that there are 9 cities built at the site. Schliemann dug all the way down to the second-most ancient city and declared it to be the Troy of the Iliad. This caused a sensation worldwide.
Schliemann was wrong. Troy II (as it became to be called) was about a thousand years too old to be the Troy of the Trojan War (which is believed, if it actually happened, to have occurred at some point between 1250 BC and 1180 BC). The archaeologists who followed Schliemann proposed two other cities as more likely candidates: Troy VI and Troy VII.
Troy VI meets Homer's description of Troy almost perfectly -- it was a sizable, wealthy city, located in a dominant position. The walls have a very specific angle to them, which Homer attests to. However, most of the evidence suggests the city was destroyed by an earthquake rather than war (although there are those who would argue this).
Troy VII was probably destroyed by war -- as jurble says, there were bodies, weapons, ash, etc. discovered in the ruins of the city. VII is essentially the same city as Troy VI (it was destroyed about 70 years later), but it was much less wealthy and powerful. It has been described alternatively as either a shantytown built within the ruins of the previous city (which I think is a bit of an exaggeration) or as a city under siege. The destruction of this city falls within the preferred range for the Trojan War.
Now, I believe this city was Troy. Hittite records attest to a city in northwest Anatolia called "Wilusa", which is remarkable similar to the ancient Greek name for Troy, "[W]Ilios" (the "w" was dropped later). There is significant evidence to suggest that Mycenaean Greeks had a presence on the Anatolian mainland and were involved in an event known as the Assuwa Rebellion (the Wikipedia entry is less-than-perfect, but it's a start). More likely than not, the site at Hisarlik is Troy.
I took a class on Troy and the Trojan War and have read up on it in my spare time, so I'm willing to elaborate if you want.
Edit: "Mound," not "mount" | [
"The Troad, on the Biga peninsula, was the northernmost of the Aegean settlements in this period, best known for the legendary and historical city state of Troy. There were probably settlements in this region dating back to 3000 BC and the various archeological layers representing successive civilisations are refer... |
why do 5 firetrucks show up whenever my condo has a false alarm? | It's because you live in a condo. One or 2 engines may be fine for a lone house but if a fire breaks out in a condo multiple people are at risk, as well as a very large amount of property. It's better to send a ton of people to a fire at a condo because that way they can cut off the fire quicker before it spreads to other places, along with being able to extract civilians quicker and more efficiently. | [
"Eyewitnesses said that at around 16:21 a fire alarm was set off and there were announcements made that the store should be evacuated. Security personnel verified this to be related to welding construction in the basement and switched off the alarm. It was later reported that the owner of the company which had inst... |
how do aimbot hacks in battlefield and other first person shooter games work' | The program gets data where the opponents are. The program shoots at the exact coordinates of the opponent | [
"The game provides several options for players to face challenges. In addition to direct combat, the player can use plasmids to lure enemies into traps or to turn enemies against each other, or employ stealth tactics to avoid detection by hostiles including the security systems and turrets. The player can hack into... |
how do multiple studious work together to make one video game? | The simple answer is they collaborate. Much like films, you will have a primary production studio that's going to do a bulk of the work and/or act as the primary liaison for the project leadership. This studio, or producer may sub contract out pieces of the game to either the lowest bidder or to a studio with a previous collaborative or client relationship. There are a few people at the primary studio who's job now becomes checking in on the sub contracted studios and facilitating the flow of information to all necessary parties. | [
"Two main features of the game that differ from its predecessors are the \"breakout manager\" and the \"create a field\". Now the user can set which bunkers and what shooting styles his or her teammates will exhibit on the break using a screen that is displayed before the action begins. It is also now possible to p... |
Were the revolutions of 1848 a turning point in European social and political history? | Arguably, yes, though revolutions are never really as revolutionary as we like to imagine, and certainly I'd say the French revolution was the biggest turning point in this era. The legacy of 1789 had a huge influence on events in 1848 and thereafter.
A couple of points I would make:
* **The revolutions weren't a vital turning point everywhere**. Older work may dismiss 1848 as a failure in every area but France. This is not true, but in plenty of places revolutions were either crushed completely, or fell far short of what they hoped to achieve.This was particularly true in areas where aspiring nationalist movements overlapped, conflicting with and compromising one another. This can be seen well in areas to the centre and East of Europe such as in the Austrian Habsburg empire, where the Habsburgs were able to play off competing nationalist movements against one another. Linked to this was the advantage of reactionary old regimes being able to use armies which were of a different nationalism to the region they were reconquering. Again Habsburgs used this technique (as well as Prussians in other parts of Germany); if an army was sent to subdue and kill their countrymen, the loyalty of the army was not assured (this was the problem in France), but if this was avoided, old regimes had a much better chance of reasserting their power. This is seen particularly well in Italy, where General Radetzky withdrew to the Quadrilateral Fortresses (I think), removed the Italian soldiers from his army, then reconquered the peninsula.
* **In other areas, Revolution turned to Reform, and so was consequential, if not a revolutionary turning point**. This can be seen in the Netherlands and Belgium, where monarchs realised the direction events were taking, and submitted quickly (often fearing events of 1789 and thereafter in France). In such places, constitutions and other such concessions were achieved, which is significant, if not exactly a turning point.
* **In some places, 1848 set up important components for future events**. In Piedmont and Prussia, liberal havens were created in 1848 which made these states the ideal breeding ground for nationalist and liberal ideas which would contribute to each country leading the unification of Italy and Germany respectively a decade or two down the line.
* **Just because change was achieved didn't mean it would stay**. In some places, even when constitutions were granted, the liberal and democratic ideals which had spurred the revolutions was not evenly spread throughout the country, and so when rural peasants were offered a vote, they could be influenced by local nobles and clerics to vote for a reactionary representative. Thus, often revolutionary democracies elected conservative governments.
So, to answer your question, I'd essentially say no they weren't, but that does not mean they were outright failures. Looking for 'turning points' in history has always struck me as odd, since Historians are in the business of explaining how everything that happens was caused by something before, but of course some events have more consequences than others. Using this definition of a 'turning point', I'd certainly prefer to look back to the French Revolution during this era for the real 'turning point' which changed the game.
Hope this helps.
Sources: a lot of what I wrote can be found in 'Revolutionary Europe' by Sperber, but also in conversations I've had personally with Tim Blanning, one of the pre-eminent historians on this subject (he teaches me at university). Of course I wrote this late at night and without notes, so I am open to being corrected, just trying to help. Ta! | [
"The Revolution of 1848 had major consequences for all of Europe: popular democratic revolts against authoritarian regimes broke out in Austria and Hungary, in the German Confederation and Prussia, and in the Italian States of Milan, Venice, Turin and Rome. Economic downturns and bad harvests during the 1840s contr... |
why is allergy medicine so expensive? | A lot of the newer allergy drugs have a narrower focus than previous generations of allergy drugs. Benadryl is an antihistamine, but it affects the whole body system much more than more modern drugs. Drugs like Afrin can clear congestion, but at the expense of elevated blood pressure and tolerance buildup. Its effects go beyond relieving the targeted symptom. The newer medicines take a lot of research to find the specific molecules that will fit into the specific receptors in order to block an allergen from filling the receptor and causing an immune response. The newer medicines try to have a targeted approach for the symptom they are taken to alleviate. A lot of allergy treatment medicines are forms of steroids. The amount is small, but it can help the body lessen its reaction to allergens like dust and pollen. If one takes stronger steroids, it ends up causing damage. That is why many of the drugs do not go over-the counter, because there are risks that need medical monitoring, above and beyond the common drugs found on store shelves. Many allergy medicines today are truly better than the ones of 20 years ago. | [
"By 2015, industry analysts and academic researchers agreed that the high price of orphan drugs, such as eculizumab, was not related to research, development, and manufacturing costs: their price is arbitrary and they have become more profitable than traditional medicines. Sachdev Sidhu, a University of Toronto sci... |
how does bain (mitt romney's company) make money? | It's a private equity company, and private equity groups look for public companies that they feel are not being run as well as they could be. When they find such a company, they buy up all the stock and take it off the stock market, so they don't have to explain themselves to the SEC, to stock analysts, other shareholders (this is the "private" part of private equity). Then they make whatever changes they think will make the business run better, and sell the stock back into the stock market. If it works, the company emerges stronger, the stock is worth more, and they get rich when they cash out.
Private equity is controversial for two main reasons: first, one of the primary ways in which private equity groups try to make a company more profitable is by laying off any and all redundant employees. Often times these are smallish companies with a "family" environment, and the managers are too nice to fire people, even when the company could save a few bucks by doing so. So when a heartless P.E. group comes in, not only do people lose their jobs, but their sense of corporate community or family is shattered, making it all the more controversial.
The second big criticism of private equity is that they usually borrow most of the money to buy the company. Then, as soon as they are in control of the company they borrow money in the company's name to pay themselves back. This isn't a problem if their plan to turn around the company works, because the company will make plenty of money to pay back the loans, and everything is peachy. But, if their plan doesn't work out, it means that the company is almost certainly headed for bankruptcy and liquidation.
There are examples of private equity deals that have worked out well, and a stronger, more profitable company emerged when the P.E. group left. But, there are also plenty of examples where the P.E. group's plan didn't work and it left behind a company that was still not very profitable, but now had a huge amount of debt that it couldn't pay, forcing it into bankruptcy.
| [
"In 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found and lead the spin-off private equity investment firm, Bain Capital. He had initially refrained from accepting Bill Bain's offer to head the new venture, until Bain rearranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professio... |
How are drugs such as cancer drugs delivered to specific cells within the body? | This is one of the biggest challenges in drug research. Most drugs _don't_ have targeted delivery - the drug is distributed evenly throughout the body (with certain limitations, such as the blood brain barrier preventing certain compounds from crossing) - but they target specific _receptors_, so that they can only act where those receptors are present. This is a big problem for cancer drugs, which commonly act on rapidly-dividing cells without much discrimination - this is the reason for side effects of chemotherapy.
There are a number of current strategies in this area - for example, one can design a [prodrug](_URL_1_) that gets metabolized into the active ingredient by enzymes that are prevalent at the site of action. Another approach abuses the fact that cancer cells are more "leaky" - they have vasculature with bigger pores. So an example would be using a [nanoparticle](_URL_0_) of sufficient size as a carrier for drugs such that it's too big to diffuse through the capillaries of normal cells, while it's small enough to pass into cancer cells.
You can also utilize the fact that certain surface receptors are more prevalent at the site of action, so drug carriers with the ligand will localize in the site of action. An example would be using [folate receptors to target cancer cells](_URL_2_).
It's a very broad field with numerous approaches. Note that in each of these approaches, there still isn't really preferential "delivery" - that is, it's not like an UPS driver delivering a package to a single address. Drugs are still distributed throughout the body. | [
"Drugs can enter into a cell in few kinds of ways. Major routes are: diffusion across the plasma membrane, through receptor or transporter or by the endocytosis process. Cancer can develop the resistance by mutations to their cells which result in alterations in the surface of cells or in impaired endocytosis. Muta... |
why is it with all the advances in digital technology does "on-hold music" still have the broken, terrible, staticky, playback quality it did in the 1970's? | It's because of the audio fidelity of telephone networks, which is garbage. That has to do with a combination of backwards compatibility with a hundred year old system and lack of competition among telephone providers so there's no incentive to make it any better. | [
"The main advantage of any digital recording medium is that of consistent reproduction, which is why some of the first uses of digital recording were for instrumentation data and classical music. For audio, uncolored reproduction is not necessarily always desired, and the uneven reproduction equalization of analog ... |
how can both hot and cold relieve muscle soreness? | Usually you use cold (which restricts blood flow to the area) for the first 1 or 2 days to reduce swelling and inflammation, followed by heat (which increases blood flow to the area) after that to help recuperate the muscle. | [
"Delayed onset muscle soreness is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by eccentric contraction, or... |
To what extent did the hip hop artists of the 1990s influence the political and social atmosphere of the times? | Just as a reminder, because of the 20 year rule you're not going to get many responses that can fully cover the 90s influence, especially because the influence of 90s hip hop likely extends beyond just the 90s. | [
"Beginning in the 1960s, hip hop music was centered around the ideas of cultural discourse in urban communities where Latinos and African Americans resided. Through this music, the lyrics quickly became misogynistic and violent in response to the way that these marginalized cultures viewed by mainstream society. Mu... |
Do chocolate chips that are put in the fridge melt faster when taken out than ones that are simply put in a pantry? | You're not seriously asking if cold things melt faster than warm things....
Physics says no. | [
"Chocolate chips can also be melted and used in sauces and other recipes. The chips melt best at temperatures between . The melting process starts at , when the cocoa butter starts melting in the chips. The cooking temperature must never exceed for milk chocolate and white chocolate, or for dark chocolate, or the c... |
how do the time differences between planets work in interstellar? | It's a consequence of General Relativity. It's called gravitational time dilation. What it means is an object's mass (or it's ability to warp the space time fabric) will effect how that object experiences time compared to a difference reference frame. The gravitational force of that planet is so large that for anything moving through that field time slows (it doesn't mechanically move slower) it just does compared to something else that is not in that gravitational field. | [
"Interstellar travel is the term used for crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planetary systems. Interstellar travel will be much more difficult than interplanetary spaceflight; the distances between the planets in the Solar System are less than 30 astronomical units (AU)—whereas the distances between stars ... |
why does my brain seemingly freeze up when i realize in attracted to someone? | Because at that moment, you also realize that your words and actions will matter and you dont have the confidence in yourself to believe you won't screw it up. | [
"Other neuroanatomy that registered unrequited love included the cerebellum, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex. All of the areas that were activated showed decreased activity when subjects emotionally reflected about the beloved rejecter. \n",
"Sometimes, desire discrepancy may aris... |
Could anything (planets, asteroids etc.) have a stable orbit around a black hole? | Yes. If the Sun were replaced by a black hole with the same mass right now, we would orbit in exactly the same way. On larger scales, we see [S2 stars](_URL_0_) orbiting around the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. It's a common misconception that a black hole is like a vacuum. Unless you are rather close to it or inside of it, it behaves like every other object in the Newtonian, low-gravity limit. | [
"Dynamical simulations covering a period of 10 years show that a second, low-mass, planet could only orbit stably if it were no more than 0.2 AU away from the star; in the simulations, these planets show oscillations in eccentricity up to an eccentricity of 0.25. Radial velocity observations rule out any such plane... |
what determines if i bleed a little or a lot? | The size/depth of the cut and where it is.
Your blood flow and pressure.
Wether or not you have haemophilia. | [
"Bleeding is typically divided into two main types: upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Causes of upper GI bleeds include: peptic ulcer disease, esophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis and cancer, among others. Causes of lower GI bleeds include: hemorrhoids, cancer, and inflammato... |
Is Run Car on Water A Scam? Does this work? HHO? | Yes, it's a complete scam. For starters, it violates the most fundamental and well-verified laws of all of physics and chemistry, namely the first law of thermodynamics, which says that _energy is conserved.
That means you can _not_ take water, convert it into molecular hydrogen and oxygen (or any other real or fictional molecules or intermediates) and then let that react back to water without having put in as much energy as was released in that process.
Moreover, there's the second law of thermodynamics, which puts limits on efficiency when it comes to heat. A combustion engine has a theoretically limited energy efficiency (that of the ideal [Carnot cycle](_URL_0_)), and a real combustion engine has a much lower efficiency than that. A combustion engine designed for petrol will have a yet lower efficiency, to the extent that it'd work at all (not likely) on hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen has a lot of energy (per weight), and produces pure water on combustion with oxygen, which is why there's serious consideration given to using it as an _energy storage_ form. (The problem here being finding ways to efficiently and safely produce and store large amounts of hydrogen). But it's not an energy source, and water is not an energy source.
"HHO" does not exist. Brown's gas is a stoichiometric mixture (2:1 in terms of molecules, 1:8 in terms of weight) of hydrogen and oxygen gas, which explodes to form water if you ignite it. "HHO" would seem to imply a strange molecule where one hydrogen was bonded to another, which was bound to oxygen in turn. No such molecule exists. By which I mean that even if you _could_ manipulate the atoms into such positions relative each other, it wouldn't be stable, because the two hydrogen atoms would simply not bond. The hydrogen atom not already bonded to the oxygen atom would just wander over there through its ordinary thermal motion (since nothing is holding it in place) and "snap into place" around the oxygen in forming a stable water molecule.
But the important thing, is that even if such a molecule existed (or as I said, _any_ intermediate), you would never ever get more energy out of it than you put in to creating it. Because if thermodynamics is wrong, then everything else we thought we knew is probably wrong too.
(Edit: Minor correction; had written the mass ratio wrong) | [
"Philip Ball, writing in academic journal \"Nature\", characterized Meyer's claims as pseudoscience, noting that \"It's not easy to establish how Meyer's car was meant to work, except that it involved a fuel cell that was able to split water using less energy than was released by recombination of the elements ... C... |
How did rationing affect British pubs and beer/spirit production in the 1940s? | Beer was not rationed and the volume produced increased compared to pre-war levels, the average strength was reduced, but only by about 10%.
_URL_0_ | [
"In the early part of the 20th century, Kilbeggan, like many Irish whiskey distilleries at the time, entered a period of decline. This was due to the combined effects of loss and hampering of market access - due to prohibition in the United States, the trade war with the British Empire, shipping difficulties during... |
Why is Greco-Roman polytheism considered a cult by today's standards? And on that subject, what signified the decline of it as a religious practice? | I don't think it is. What you're seeing is a confusion of terms. In the context of ancient religions, a cult is just a set of ritual religious practices (cf ''cultivation''). A text discussing "the cult of Isis" is talking about the collection of practices and observances that worshippers of Isis engaged in.
Then in 1930s, a sociologist coined a new sense of the word "cult" as a small religious group advocating new ideas, as opposed to a new group that has simply branched off another established group, embracing only a modification of their ideas.
As to your question about Catholicism and Roman religion: many Roman holidays were famously made over into Christian feast days, but several practices relating to clergy were totally new and unique. First, the idea that clergy should be apart from the world was not a Roman one. Important Roman citizens would also hold positions as priests, officiating in ceremonies, but it didn't mean they had to live different lives outside of performing those duties. They still married and had children and otherwise lived the lives of prominent Roman citizens. Orthodox Christianity, on the other hand, eventually decided that priests should not marry, and that the vocation of a priest was religion. | [
"The initial decline of Greco-Roman polytheism was due in part to its syncretic nature, assimilating beliefs and practices from a variety of foreign religious traditions as the Roman Empire expanded. Graeco-Roman philosophical schools incorporated elements of Judaism and Early Christianity, and mystery religions li... |
why do i feel the effects of caffeine or alcohol when i stand up after sitting for a long time? | When sitting, you blood "pools" at the joints, or where it's pinched. When you get up, you circular system can flow freely and carry oxygen to your body and caffeine to your brain more efficiently. | [
"Caffeine, alcohol, modafinil, over the counter medicine, and other drugs are all forms of neurohacking. Every one of these substances alters or \"tricks\" the brain into desirable conditions. When ingesting caffeine, the brain is fooled into thinking the body has energy and keeps the consumer awake. The brain's ne... |
how is the bandwidth divided when multiple user are using from one source? | Most home wifi gear, if you leave it at the default config, will just let everything pass up to whatever the uplink will take. The bandwidth is consumed on a first-come-first-serve basis, which usually means that faster devices will hog more of it, just because they can reply faster.
There are things you can do to manually divide this, it's called 'shaping,' and you need gear that is able to do it and you also need to know what you are doing. | [
"In this, same time, frequency, and spreading-code resources are shared by the multiple users via allocation of power. The entire bandwidth can be exploited by each user in NOMA for entire communication time due to which latency has been reduced and users' data rates can be increased. For multiple access, the power... |
What is responsible for the evolution of a magnetic field in the superconductor during The Meissner Effect experiment? | The Meissner effect doesn't have anything to do with any magnetic fields being generated in or by the superconductor. The Meissner effect is the active expulsion of a magnetic field as the superconductor reaches its critical temperature and is a result from the London equation and Maxwells equations.
You might be mixing up the Meissner effect with superdiamagnetism, something that is quite common. Superconductors exhibits both of these phenomena. As a magnetic field flows around a superdiamagnet there will be currents induced in the surface and these currents in turn create their own magnetic fields which counteracts and cancels the external magnetic field. | [
"The Meissner effect (or Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state. The German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside sup... |
why don't ups trucks have doors? | [They do have doors](_URL_0_) but can keep them open (the door slides) to make it easier to hop in and out. | [
"Six NPCUs rebuilt for Cascades service in the Pacific Northwest do not have the roll-up side doors, because the Talgo sets on which they operate have a baggage car as part of the trainset, though #90230 was recently fitted with these doors.\n",
"If the door is hinged at the bottom it is termed a tailgate, partic... |
why is space oftenly referred to as a fabric? | If you look at [the defintion of fabric](_URL_0_) one of the meanings is "the basic underlying structure of things", such as in the phrase "the fabric of society".
Don't try to read into it too literally. | [
"The term space has commonly been used in place of cultural landscape to describe landscapes that are \"produced or mediated by human behavior to elicit certain behaviors\". Defined in this manner, archaeologists, such as Delle, have theorized space as composed of three components: the material, social, and cogniti... |
what do people mean when they say something of a certain subject matter is a 'trigger'? | From what I understand, it's something that causes a panic attack in the person seeing it. The obvious one is a rape survivor watching a movie and suddenly there's a rape scene (with no warning in the beginning about scenes of rape, sexual violence, etc). It's a chance for people who have strong reactions to that kind of material to avoid it, just like the discretion warning that pops up with most media today. | [
"Trigger warnings are warnings that a work contains writing, images, or concepts that may be distressing to some people. The term and concept originated at feminist websites that were discussing violence against women, and then spread to other areas, such as print media and university courses. Although it is widely... |
What causes the smoke from a nuclear power plant? | Nuclear engineer here. It's not smoke. It's condensation. Generally there are 2-3 sources of this condensation. Usually it's the cooling towers, where warm water and air mix together. In cold weather conditions the water becomes cloud like as it mixes with air creating the steam clouds you see. You may also see a steam or condensate discharge if the plant is running its auxiliary boilers to make steam. When a nuclear plant is shut down or starting up, it needs a reliable supply of steam to seal the turbine glands, the water processing evaporators, and eventually support start up of the steam jet air ejectors. An auxiliary boiler is usually supplied and can be used to boil water to steam and that boiler usually has some level of steam discharge to the atmosphere.
The evaporators I mentioned are another possible cause. The evaps take steam either from the reactor or from aux steam boilers and use it to boil water. The purpose of the evaps is to separate the suspended solids from the water to clean it up. It's similar to how you would boil salt water to clean it up prior to drinking. Nuclear plants need very pure water, so they will take "dirty" water like what comes in from their sumps or from outside and boil it to get the crud separated. There may be some steam emission from these as a side effect.
In all cases, the steam cloud being released is just water vapor. It does not contain any type of emissions that would be concerning. Again assuming it was actually a nuclear plant and not a fossil plant you drove by. There are fossil plants that use the same cooling towers as nuclear plants do, like the fossil plant in michigan city Indiana. | [
"Radioactive steam will vent into the atmosphere due to the water eventually evaporating. The spent fuel will eventually set fire to the building, and the steam pressure will cause the storage facilities to explode, causing a (non nuclear) explosion, emitting radiation not only in the immediate area of the plant bu... |
what is the difference between a finance and accounting degree? | The simplest way I've heard it explained is that accounting looks at the past and finance looks into the future
Edit: Thanks for the gold kind stranger, cheers! | [
"Finance, which is another specialization of business schools, is related to accounting. However, accounting scholarship focuses more strongly on distinctive bodies of knowledge such as financial reporting, financial management, auditing, information management and taxation. Finance, on the other hand, is oriented ... |
why do airport fire departments have those massive futristic looking fire trucks? | They need to be low to the ground to fit under plane's wings and to lower the center of balance for quick response (jet fuel burns so fast they only have about 3 min to respond and airports are HUGE), and have tanks full of firefighting foam instead of pumping water. | [
"The airport has its own fire department with 32 fire engines distributed over two fire stations, which are located near the runways. They are positioned in a way that the emergency vehicles can reach every point of the apron, taxiway and runway in a maximum of three minutes, as long as no adverse weather condition... |
what causes water to foam up when boiling noodles? | The starch in the noodles will absorb more and more water until the starch molecules pop which transfers the starch to the water resulting in the foam. That's not super technically but I'm pretty sure that's the gist of it. | [
"Normally, boiling water does not boil over. When fats, starches, and some other substances are present in boiling water, for example by adding milk or pasta, boiling over can occur. A film forms on the surface of the boiling liquid; for example, cream can boil over as milk fat separates from the milk. The increase... |
how did long pre-industrial ship voyages deal with drinking water? | They carried one month's worth of barrels of drinkable water onboard and refilled them every time they reach land.
EDIT: beer, wine, or brandy were often mixed with the kegs of fresh water to keep the water from developing algae and making it palatable. In the 17th century, these beverages were replaced with Rum which brought forward the existence of ['Grog'](_URL_0_). | [
"Most ocean-going vessels desalinate potable water from seawater using processes such as vacuum distillation or multi-stage flash distillation in an evaporator, or, more recently, reverse osmosis. These energy-intensive processes were not usually available during the Age of Sail. Larger sailing warships with large ... |
how can iodine strips be used to prevent infections on a wound, but at the same time iodine itself is dangerous to handle? | Like anything it's about the right amount for the right use. Without enough water we die, with too much we die. | [
"Elemental iodine is an oxidizing irritant, and direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration such as tincture of iodine are capable of causing tissue damage if use for cleaning and antisepsis is prolonged. Although ele... |
why isn't dr. oz cancelled yet? | Even among general practitioners, medical jargon is hard for most people to understand, and a lot of people can't afford to go to the doctor about everything that they have questions about.
Dr. Oz addresses both of these things and while he can be flat-out wrong, he gets people thinking about their health on a wide variety of topics, which is the important thing. Even if you ask a stupid question to your GP/etc, at least you are asking questions instead of feeling intimidated by the wealth of information you don't have. | [
"\"The Dr. Oz Show\" is an American daytime television syndicated talk series, which debuted in 2009. Over the course of its run, various episodes and segment features have been criticized for a lack of scientific credibility in reference to the medical claims on \"The Dr. Oz Show\". A study by the British Medical ... |
why are there so many "engineers" for everything? as in: what even are "social engineers?" | An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, societal and commercial problems.
A social engineer is not usually a real profession, it's a term used for applying engineering principles to social situations to build a desired outcome.
Engineering is heavily based on defining things, understanding them, modeling how they work, and making changes till they think they'll get the desired outcome, then building, testing, and tweaking it.
A social engineer will gather a lot of information about the situation/people at hand, make some theories about how the interactions work, use some widely held mostly proven theories defining social interaction to predict future outcomes of current actions, And try and figure out what actions to take to get the desired outcome, based on their model.
The term social engineering is most often used in an illicit sense, such as gaining access to places or information you shouldn't have by exploiting social interaction in specific ways, although it's not necessarily such, it can be used neutrally or in normal situations as well. | [
"Weingardt describes how the ingenuity of these engineers, many of whom were immigrants to the United States, revolutionized the world, and how people take so many things for granted which were made possible because of the genius of these engineers. The book discusses the fact that while the engineering achievement... |
WWII-era American movies, comic books, radio programs, etc. were filled with stereotypical (and often racist) propaganda about Germans and Japanese, but not, seemingly, their Italian allies. Why? | I don't think so - quite the contrary, just look at the Beano's (a British comic) wartime strips - it's simply that like most of the things regarding our country's role in the war, such a subject has been never properly researched.
To give you an example, books such as John Hersey's "A Bell for Adano" do not quite offer a... flattering portrayal of Italians, who are mostly laid out in a rather patronising fashion as incompetent buffoons, cowards/war deserters or just backward people in dire need of 'civilisation'. All is made even more curious by the fact that the main character, Victor Joppolo, happens to be Italian-American yet he doesn't share any of these traits.
I would also suggest you to look at the [Soldier's Guide to Sicily](_URL_1_) issued to Commonwealth troops at the time of the Allied invasion of the island; its description of the local Sicilians and their mores was quite disparaging (at best), not to mention borderline racist... at least by today's standards. Here's an excerpt:
*"Sicily has a long and unhappy history that has left it primitive and undeveloped, with many relics of a highly civilised past. Saint’s Day feasts with their odd mixture of operatic songs and pantomime are a feature of the Island... the Sicilian lives on pasta with tomato sauce and a little meat, sardines, tunny fish, cheese or olive oil to add a variety of flavours; oranges, lemons, almonds are plentiful; Marsala wine, is the popular drink [...]*
*[...] Crime is highly organised in all grades of society; ‘gangsterism’ in the USA had its origins in Sicilian immigration. Morals are supercially very rigid, being based on the Catholic religion and Spanish etiquette of Bourbon times; they are, in fact, of a very low standard, particularly in agricultural areas. The Sicilian is still, however, well known for his extreme jealousy in so far as his womenfolk are concerned, and in a crisis still resorts to the dagger".*
The full page can be found [here](_URL_0_). From our point of view, I believe that the British harboured far more hatred - and prejudice - towards their Italian counterparts than the Americans ever did. As to why, I don't know: I'm not an historian. Perhaps we weren't seen as enough of a threat? Given the relatively limited scope of our operations, that seems to be the case. And maybe, *maybe* the very fact that many Americans of Italian descent played a pivotal role in the war effort was reason enough for not wanting to alienate a significant portion of the troops/workforce.
| [
"The American Government carried out an intensive effort to mould the content of films made during the war. Officials of the Office of War Information (OWI), the propaganda agency, were constantly updating and releasing manuals telling all animation studios how they could help in the war effort and reviewed screenp... |
why is it considered rude to take food home you paid for from a restaurant outside of america? | Well portion sizes here are typically much smaller than in the USA, so it would be a rare occurrence to reach the end of a meal and have enough food to make it worth taking home. | [
"Many restaurants set the table with a bread plate and water glass at each seat before patrons arrive. The bread plate goes to the left of the plate, and the beverage to the right. To avoid drinking from the wrong glass or taking a bite of your neighbor's bread, use the following trick if you forget which is yours:... |
How conscious of their fate being a part of an experiment and their rights were the participants of Stanford Prison Experiment? | It wasn't to make them believe it was real so much as to make it feel more real. They knew it was an experiment and that being arrested was part of it, but it adds to the feeling that they aren't there by choice. If they'd walked in of their own free will the jail would have felt less oppressive. | [
"In the summer of 1971 a Stanford psychology professor, Philip Zimbardo, conducted a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard which is known as the Stanford prison experiment. The experiment, which was funded by the Office of Naval Research, surprised the professor by the authoritar... |
why did english evolve to have letters with multiple sounds rather than accents on letters or even extra letters? | So all languages evolve over time. This is a basic fact of language change. Words, expressions, grammar, and especially pronunciation all drift over time. [This is explained nicely in this Merriam Webster video](_URL_0_).
The way we write English is based on how it was spoken centuries ago, and without an organization to specifically update English spelling (like the RAE for Spanish), English spelling continues to stay that way. The same is true for Thai (where spelling reflects how words were pronounced thousands of years ago), [as this video explains](_URL_1_).
TLDR: Since speech changes over time, writing systems will become increasingly "out-of-sync", unless there is an organization that updates them.
| [
"English also uses to represent the voiced dental fricative , as in \"father\". This unusual extension of the digraph to represent a voiced sound is caused by the fact that, in Old English, the sounds /θ/ and /ð/ stood in allophonic relationship to each other and so did not need to be rigorously distinguished in sp... |
Do we have any records of any roman, for whatever reason, being impressed by some aspect of Carthage life? Did any mourn the loss of Carthage? | Romans didn't see Carthage as a barbarian country.
In the Aeneid, the poem by Virgil, the foundation of Rome is retold from a different point of view, trying to tie the lines between the fall of Troy and the travel of the hero Eneas that in the end gets to found Rome and find his foretold destiny.
During the middle of the travel, the goddess Juno, aided by Venus and Cupid suceed in making Eneas stray and wash ashore Carthage, where the queen Dido falls in love with him. Afterwars, as Eneas leaves Carthage to fulfill his destiny, Dido kills herself.
Just as the Homeric saga present the rapture of Helen of Troy as the reason for the war between Greeks and Troyans, Virgil present the rivalry between Rome and Carthage as being caused by Dido's suicide.
According to this interpretation, Carthage and Rome are sister cities, divided just because a love affair which in turn was caused by the gods and their trickery. | [
"In the end, however, most Punic writings that survived the destruction of Carthage \"did not escape the immense wreckage in which so many of Antiquity's literary works perished.\" Accordingly, the long and continuous interactions between Punic citizens of Carthage and the Berber communities that surrounded the cit... |
[Meta] when are you a historian? | If you do historical research from primary sources, you're a historian, whether amateur or otherwise. If you publish your findings in a reputable journal that'll bump you up a notch. If you get paid to be a historian then by definition you are a professional historian, but a paycheck is no guarantor of the veracity or quality of your work. | [
"A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events... |
What is a good piece of literature for a book review in a college level history of Japan course? | Hi, I can probably give you some suggestions, but I want to make sure I understand the question.
Is the piece of literature supposed to be a primary source - ie. written by a Japanese author during certain period of time. Are there any limits on the time period? And could it be either fiction or non-fiction? | [
"The Pleasures of Japanese Literature is a short nonfiction work by Donald Keene, which deals with Japanese aesthetics and literature; it is intended to be less academic and encyclopedic than his other works dealing with Japanese literature such as \"Seeds in the Heart\", but better as an introduction for students ... |
how come sometimes when you close your eyes to sleep and try to imagine something, your imagination takes what you imagine way out of proportion? | Because when you immagine a thing in your head you don't have the measuring and proportion that the eyes give, you in your head live in a place were isn't a real space and time, call it magic 😎 | [
"Oftentimes people experience external stimuli, such as an alarm clock or music, being distorted and incorporated into their dreams. Freud explained that this is because \"the mind is withdrawn from the external world during sleep, and it is unable to give it a correct interpretation ...\" He further explained that... |
why are wrecks so mesmerizing for drivers to look at? | I don't think it is a sense of pleasure, but more an intense curiosity. Seeing the level of damage caused is very relatable to a driver, because we could all be in an accident.
And then there are other reasons to slow down - to reduce risk from running over debris, to avoid sending high speed pebbles/stones at anyone involved in rescue work, or even to see if assistance is needed. | [
"Conversely, a location that does not look dangerous may have a high crash frequency. This is, in part, because if drivers perceive a location as hazardous, they take more care. Collisions may be more likely to happen when hazardous road or traffic conditions are not obvious at a glance, or where the conditions are... |
How do I explain the density of the observable universe in an easy to understand way? | Maybe give a term such as, "it would take this number of houses (or square feet (assuming a certain height)) to give one breath of air". | [
"Milne proposed that the universe's density changes in time because of an initial outward explosion of matter. Milne's model assumes an inhomogeneous density function which is Lorentz Invariant (around the event t=x=y=z=0). When rendered graphically Milne's density distribution shows a three-dimensional spherical L... |
what is the difference between a workstation gpu and a gaming gpu? | Workstation GPUs are a bit like tractors: the average consumer will look at it and ask why it's so expensive when their sedan is a faster car, but certain professionals will look at it and understand the sort of work it can do.
Gaming GPUs are optimized for high FPS during gaming. For the typical consumer, that is what matters.
Workstation GPUs have more advanced features, precision, firmware, and vendor support that can be important in fields like fluid simulation, architecture and engineering, CAD, video production, and so on.
The average person doesn't need a tractor. | [
"The GPU, or graphics processing unit, is the unit that allows the graphics card to function. It performs a large amount of the work given to the card. The majority of video playback on a computer is controlled by the GPU. Once again, a GPU can be either integrated or dedicated.\n",
"A graphics processing unit (G... |
Can birds control yaw? If so, how? | Not a bird expert, but I would assume they can control yaw with something similar to adverse yaw.
_URL_0_
The could probably use one of their wings to increase drag on one side of their body and use their tail to prevent then from rolling.
This probably changes quite a bit with different birds. I'm pretty sure all birds that can hover are able to yaw. | [
"In animals, yawning can serve as a warning signal. For example, Charles Darwin, in his book \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\", mentioned that baboons yawn to threaten their enemies, possibly by displaying large canine teeth. Similarly, Siamese fighting fish yawn only when they see a conspecific... |
what’s the difference between coconut milk and coconut water? | Coconut water is the fluid inside the coconut, coconut milk is made with the pulp and water, kinda like almond milk. | [
"Coconut milk can also sometimes be confused with coconut water. Coconut water is the clear fluid found within the coconut seed, while coconut milk is the extracted liquid derived from the manual or mechanical crushing of coconut pulp. Coconut cream should also not be confused with creamed coconut, which is a semi-... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.