Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
who lived in north Africa, west of Egypt and before Carthage?	According to [UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa](_URL_0_), 1990 pp 236-245 (most of those pages available online, it was the [proto-Berbers.](_URL_1_)	[ "North Africa is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage, civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East and which influenced the ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Eventually, Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule, while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals. North Africa w...
what is the difference between city court, high court, and supreme court, and how is it decided which trials are held where?	There are different courts that hold jurisdiction over different cases. City Court holds jurisdiction over anything within the city limits. A county magistrate would hold jurisdiction over misdemeanors within that county. A general sessions court (in assuming that's what you mean by high Court) handles felonies within ...	[ "The judicial system consists of the magistrates' courts, which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the High Court, which has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court.\n", "T...
why aren't prenuptial agreements standard for marriage licenses?	The current regime is that state law functions as the default and if the parties agree they can sign a prenup to change the default assumptions. So if you're cool with the default rules (which in most states means economically combining most assets earned during the marriage), which most people are, you don't need them...	[ "Marriage law is governed by federal rather than state law and involves issuing of a marriage certificate by a notary. In May 2011, the Supreme Federal Court decided that the present marriage law already did allow for both opposite and same-sex marriages. Based on this decision, many states amended its guidances fo...
why do clouds of tiny flying insects hover in the exact same spot?	Typically there is a female gnat in the center giving of pheromones.	[ "Their flight is delicate and they have a circling flight to avoid walls when they are trapped indoors. The long streamer is conspicuous when the insects are flying and these are the elongated and spatulate hindwings.\n", "They have a fluttery motion in flight as the wing shape allows them to make slow and agile ...
where did replacement swears (heck, darn, shoot, etc.) originate?	They sound sort of like the swear words they imitate. Heck=Hell, Darn=Damn, Fudge=Fuck, etc. They're sort of "safe" swears because they imply the meaning of the word without actually saying it. On an interesting side note "Cheese and Crackers," (Jesus Christ) is banned as a term in the Jehovah's Witnesses because even...	[ "The earliest confirmed mention is in a burlesque routine performed in Haymarket Theatre in 1742. The 1785 edition of Grose's \"Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue\" held that the oath had been invented by a landlord of one of the public houses, to entertain guests and con newcomers out of some money. Accordi...
if i fuck up my sleeping schedule and start going to bed at five, what is the best way to go back to going to bed at 11?	Your easiest path is to go to bed at 5 as normal, set an alarm for 7, get up, have a horrible day where everything looks gray and you have a killer headache, and go to bed at 9 or 10 PM.	[ "I will get up each morning as the sun rise; at night, I shall sleep late. (Or just: \"In the morning I will get up early; at night I will sleep late.\" See.) When I realize that time is passing me by and cannot be turned back, and that I am getting older year by year, I will especially treasure the present moment....
How would we know if a distant star is made up of regular matter or anti-matter?	[Searched](_URL_4_) Relevant [discussion](_URL_3_) Original question by [xerwin](_URL_2_) > Hi, I'm big physics fan and the thought of anti-matter excites me, but I have few questions that I still haven't figured out/learned yet. > 1. Can anti-matter form structures in universe? Can there be a star, galaxy, galac...	[ "Exotic stars are largely theoretical – partly because it is difficult to test in detail how such forms of matter may behave, and partly because prior to the fledgling technology of gravitational-wave astronomy, there was no satisfactory means of detecting cosmic objects that do not radiate electromagnetically or t...
Is there any way to experience the rotation of the earth?	Short answer: Yes, but it won't be immediately obvious to you that what you're seeing or feeling is caused by the earth's rotation. Long answer: In some sense, there are easy experiments you can do, without fancy equipment. Obviously the motion of the sun across the sky every day isn't caused by Apollo's char...	[ "In 1908 Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments which demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture, in a paper entitled \"New physical evidence on the axis of rotation of the earth\".\n", "In popular (non-technical) usage of the term \"Coriol...
Chinese Dynasties: what's worth reading about?	This submission has been removed because it violates the [rule on poll-type questions](_URL_1_). These poll-type questions do not lend themselves to answers with a firm foundation in sources and research, and the resulting threads usually turn into monsters with enormous speculation and little focussed discussion. “Mos...	[ "One of the official Twenty-Four Histories of China, the book is frequently referred to as the New History of the Five Dynasties (Xin Wudai Shi) in order to distinguish it from the \"Old History of the Five Dynasties\" which was published in 974. Though both books follow a similar format, Ouyang's book is more conc...
why was communism a particularly hostile threat to america (to the point of squashing even infant communist regimes via the cia), and why aren't north korea and china pursued in a similar way?	China, before Mao (before and during WWII), were allies to the US, since Mao's death relations have been improve with them. The UN and the US went to war with North Korea, a significant war. At the time, Korea was supported by Moaist Chinese. 100s of million of people died as a result of communists and their conques...	[ "Anti-communism became significantly muted after the 1980s–1990s Chinese economic reform and the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc Communist governments in Europe between 1989 and 1991, the result of which being that fear of a worldwide Communist takeover was no longer a serious concern. However, remnants o...
How accurate is to suggest that post-colonial dictatorships in many African countries were the result of Colonial institutions and obstruction of native democratic developments?	There are three main theories on the failure of democracy throughout most of post-Colonial Africa. The first is that traditional African kingship before colonialism resembled dictatorship more than it resembled democracy, so Africans defaulted to historical forms of government, cloaked in the trappings of a modern, Wes...	[ "African states did not develop more responsive institutions under colonial rule or post-independence. Colonial powers had little incentive to develop state institutions to protect their colonies against invasion, having divided up Africa at the Berlin Conference. The colonizers instead focused on exploitng natural...
why does the cat in the video cease all movement when they simply put a clamp on its back?	Cat mothers (and some other animals too) tend to carry around their offpring by holding them in the neck. This is a kind of natural mechanism that ensures that the kittens do not move and hurt themselves while being carried. Apparently it also works for adult cats.	[ "Tom then puts on an Ajax Flying Belt, but it repeatedly backfires on him: It slips to his feet and drags him by the feet, and then flips over and carries him through the air as if he was being hung by the feet. Tom runs into another wall and then is shown being dragged across the ground by his ankles and then retu...
Wild beast hunts in ancient Rome	Cool question. There is no definitive answer, and no source explicitly states an answer to your question. We can, however, establish that there is no evidence whatsoever that the Romans considered the victims of the animal hunts to be off-limits due to religious consideration. The origins of the practice are obscure in...	[ "Exotic wild beasts from the far reaches of the Roman Empire were brought to Rome and hunts were held in the morning prior to the afternoon main event of gladiatorial duels. The hunts were held in the Roman Forum, the Saepta, and in the Circus Maximus, though none of these venues offered protection to the crowd fro...
Is it possible to practice typical IQ tests and improve your score? If so, can IQ can be considered a valid measurement?	Yes, exposure to IQ tests typically results in improvements in later performance, [here's](_URL_2_) just one recent paper on this topic but it's pretty well acknowledged. The majority of the evidence suggests that such practice effects are only local and not general, meaning they represent improvement in specific tasks...	[ "Although IQ testing may aid to reduce mistakes in choosing levels, research has also shown that IQ is not fixed at the age of 12 and may still improve with exposure to the proper educational stimuli, which the current Dutch system by design (early separation into levels) may fail to provide.\n", "Psychometrician...
Is all caps inherently more difficult to read, or is it simply more difficult because of the connotation, i.e. it feels like something is yelling at you because we usually use all caps to express that?	I remember hearing something about this in regards to road signs: _URL_0_ "The actual word shape was the most distinctive thing because if you had Birmingham in capitals, from a distance, it's difficult to read but in caps and lower case you have word shape," says Calvert. "That was fundamental." So, yes. All caps i...	[ "For this reason, etiquette generally discourages the use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text \"bolding\" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered \"shouting\" or irritating. Such poor netiquette has ...
why are officials burning tons of ivory in order to fight smuggling?	Because they want to kill the market for ivory entirely. If they sell the ivory then they add on to the existing ivory market and if there's an ivory market there will be a way for poachers to sell illegal ivory. If they don't sell the ivory they have to store it or dispose of it somehow. It's the same reason cops des...	[ "The destruction of ivory is a technique used by governments and conservation groups to deter the poaching of elephants for their tusks and to suppress the illegal ivory trade. , more than of ivory has been destroyed, typically by burning or crushing, in these high-profile events in 21 countries around the world. K...
why dogs within 5 seconds of meeting each other know if they are friends or enemies.	I am surprised at the number of comments that focus on the alpha dog model of behavior which is pretty debunked now. To answer the OP's question, dogs have a lot of non-verbal cues leading up to the actual contact. The rules one learns about approaching dogs (don't approach head-on, don't make forced sustained eye con...	[ "The dog will suddenly act aggressively toward anyone nearby, but minutes later will be calm and normal. The dog does not seem to remember or realize what has taken place and may act immediately friendly to the person(s) whom they attacked. Attacks such as these cannot be prevented with training because it is a pro...
why is insurance federally required? how can the government force you to conduct business with a third party?	If i remember correctly, the supreme court allowed the aca mandate on the basis that it is essentially a tax that you are exempted from if you meet a certain requirement. The government can tax and it can decide what exemptions and deductions to include, therefore it was deemed legal. It is a bit ironic that esssential...	[ "Liability insurance (also called third-party insurance) is a part of the general insurance system of risk financing to protect the purchaser (the \"insured\") from the risks of liabilities imposed by lawsuits and similar claims. It protects the insured in the event he or she is sued for claims that come within the...
how does an op amp work and is it similar to a transistor? please strictly eli5	OP amp is a complicated topic for ELI5 but I can tell you something useful, an op-amp is made from several transistors hooked up together. What you're noticing is called abstraction. It's a very powerful concept when you go to make any complicated system. You can take a complex chunk of the system and draw a box a...	[ "An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger t...
why is this fruit rotted and the others are still good?	One might have been plucked earlier, or has been in contact with something else that was already rotting.	[ "In addition to this, brown rot has been shown to be of serious economic importance even though it has been harder to estimate. Brown rot can cause detrimental losses to stone fruits in very wet seasons during flowering or immediately pre-harvest. Brown rot mostly occurs on maturing fruit close to harvest. Moreover...
why did google chrome kill unity?	It wasn't just Unity; Chrome stopped supporting everything using the NPAPI standard. The reason is that Google wants to promote the use of its own, more modern PPAPI, which is a derivative of NPAPI.	[ "Chrome was compromised twice at the 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium. Google's official response to the exploits was delivered by Jason Kersey, who congratulated the researchers, noting \"We also believe that both submissions are works of art and deserve wider sharing and recognition.\" Fixes for these vulnerabilities were ...
What would happen if someone stood in the Cern tunnel during the testing of sub atomic particles?	There was an accident similar to what you are asking that occurred in 1978 [Link](_URL_0_)	[ "It was later claimed by Eckle \"et al.\" that particle tunneling does indeed occur in zero real time. Their tests involved tunneling electrons, where the group argued a relativistic prediction for tunneling time should be 500–600 attoseconds (an attosecond is one quintillionth (10) of a second). All that could be ...
How long would the journey from Jerusalem to Rome have taken in the first century AD?	We can do one better than just simple maps these days since we've got ORBIS, free online Roman route-planning software: _URL_0_ It uses Latin spelling, so you'll find Jerusalem under "i". A quick search gives me 23-28 days depending on the season, but that's on a fast ship that goes on the open sea. This would rarely...	[ "The full journey between Milan and Rome took a little more than six hours in 1963. By 1974, when the train became a Trans-Europe Express, the trip was scheduled to take only 5 hours, 45 minutes, in both directions, and by 1977 the travel time had been reduced by another 10 minutes.\n", "The Via Francigena was an...
why does it take so long to port pc games to macs?	Bobdole3-2 is basically right. Macs are essentially irrelevant in the marketplace. The steam hardware survey for january seems to be broken, but _URL_0_ has some data from about 2 years ago. Mac's combined to 3.26% of the steam userbase. That's not a perfect reflection of mac gamer marketshare, but it's a large ...	[ "Due to the time involved in licensing and porting the product, Macintosh versions of games ported by third-party companies are usually released anywhere from three months to more than a year after their Windows-based counterparts. For example, the Windows version of \"Civilization IV\" was released on October 25, ...
Gandhi's Stance on Hitler/Nazism...?	In his letter to Hitler he asks him as the "sole person with the power to stop a war that will reduce humanity to a savage state" (I think it went something like that) to forgo his instinct to fight.	[ "Gandhi (1869–1948) has become a worldwide hero of tolerance and striving toward freedom. In his own time, he objected to the growing forces of Indian nationalism, communalism and the subaltern response. Gandhi saw religion as an uniting force, confessing the equality of all religions. He synthesized the \"Astika\"...
doctors, what difference does it make if the pain is sharp or blunt? why do you ask me this? what do different kinds of pain "mean"?	Doc here. Technical Speak coming up, TL;DR and ELI5 at the bottom of the answer. Pain is a subjective sensation that has an effect on emotion, mood, thoughts and the physical status of a person. It is subject to individual perception, and the intensity of pain varies from one individual to another based on their emot...	[ "Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as \"an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage\". In medi...
How did Benjamin Disraeli, a British Jew, manage to become prime minister in an era where Jews were still publicly frowned upon?	British tolerance of non-Anglican religions in politics in the 19th Century was fairly complicated and had a number of progressive reforms, though could hardly be considered liberal in modern times. You might find it useful to compare to 'Don't ask, don't tell' in the military. Disraeli was able to 'climb the top of th...	[ "In 1868, Disraeli became Prime Minister having earlier been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords; again Disraeli was already a member. (Though born a Jew, Disraeli's baptism as a child qualified him as eligib...
why do wi-fi and bluetooth need my location?	If I remember correctly, it's because the SSID's (The name/fingerprint) of WiFi and Bluetooth can be used to figure out your location anyway [Yeeeee](_URL_0_)	[ "Bluetooth beacons use Bluetooth low energy proximity sensing to transmit a universally unique identifier picked up by a compatible app or operating system. The identifier and several bytes sent with it can be used to determine the device's physical location, track customers, or trigger a location-based action on t...
why is the past tense of hang "hung" when talking about an object but "hanged" when talking about a person?	As far as modern British English is concerned, hung is the normal form in most general uses, e.g. they hung out the washing; but hanged is the form normally used in reference to execution by hanging: the prisoner was hanged. The reason for this distinction is a complex historical one: hanged, the earlier form, wa...	[ "The proper, traditional past tense and past participle form of the verb \"hang\", in this sense, is (to be) \"hanged\". Some dictionaries list only \"hung\", whereas others show both forms. For example, \"people are hanged; meat is hung\".\n", "\"Hangman\" is about the feelings of an innocent man condemned to be...
why does an ipad mini or hybrid laptop sell for $200-300 but new iphones cost $600?	Someone mentioned that smaller electronics are more expensive to make which is definitely true, but iPhones are so expensive for a different reason. They want to encourage people to buy the phones at a discount by creating or renewing their contracts with cell carriers (Att, Verizon, etc.). The $600 price discourages p...	[ "300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability. By May 3, 2010, Apple had sold a million iPads; this was just half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of original iPhones. After passing the one million mark, they continued selling rapidly, reaching 3 million sales after 80 days. During the f...
why are newer smartphones so much easier to break than "old" ones?	Nokia's are the beast. Although I did dropkick my iPhone 3g and drop my iphone 4 more than all my other phones combined and neither broke. Iphone 4 still in use by someone. I cringe when I drop my s3 though.	[ "older phones tend to draw more battery in the vicinity of iBeacons, while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment. In addition to the time spent by the phone scanning, number of scans and number of beacons in the vicinity are also significant factors for battery drain, as pointed out by the ...
movie profits.	Some people are given a lump sum for the job and never get paid again, others have "points", which means they keep getting paid a percentage for as long as the movie makes money.	[ "When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property, its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales. \"The Lion King\" (1994) earned over $2 billion in box-office and home video sales, but this pales in comparison to the $8 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adap...
Can I use my regular sunglasses to see the transit of Venus?	If you read the article you linked they have a big NO! section that says specifically not to use sunglasses, as they will not offer the right kind of protection from the sun.	[ "BULLET::::- Venusian visitors sometimes appeared on \"The Twilight Zone\", (including the episodes \"Mr. Dingle, the Strong\" and \"Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?\"), as a means of further twisting stories already featuring Martian visitors with similar goals. In \"Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?,\"...
Are high powered electrical towers and cables dangerous to your health?	Yes, if you get close enough to the conductor to form a path to ground, quite hazardous. For cancer, no, as has been explained by others.	[ "The mainstream scientific evidence suggests that low-power, low-frequency, electromagnetic radiation associated with household currents and high transmission power lines does not constitute a short or long term health hazard. Some studies, however, have found statistical correlations between various diseases and l...
water jets. how can the water have so much pressure that it can cut steel?	Shoot almost anything fast enough and itll go through something else. That said water jet cutters add in sand to the water to make it more abrasive and help it cut through metal. This makes it somewhat easier.	[ "There are two specialized types of hydraulic intensifier used for water jet cutting. The first and most common is the inline hydraulic intensifier. Oscillating hydraulic pistons are used to compress water to the required pressure levels. The water jet system's cutting head restricts the water flow to generate pres...
Did China's intervention in the Korean War strengthen support for Mao's regime?	Yes, I think new scholarship from China specialists generally agree that one of the primary aims for China in the Korean war was to achieve CCP domestic objectives through mass mobilization. One of my professors from undergrad studied this exact topic as his main research area and wrote a couple of books about it. R...	[ "In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the US in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the...
Is it possible to get a Pavlovian response from a known placebo?	[This article](_URL_0_) says that placebos can work even when the patient knows they're getting a placebo. So I say, why not? Note: I'm no scientist.	[ "In a clinical trial, a \"placebo response\" is the measured response of subjects to a placebo; the \"placebo effect\" is the difference between that response, and no treatment. It is also part of the recorded response to any active medical intervention.\n", "A meta-analysis, including studies with fluoxetine, pa...
Why are calories in chicken not scaled linearly as you increase weight?	As a bodybuilder who counts proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the food I eat, I can tell you that it shouldn't work that way assuming the composition of the food is the same. The only way it wouldn't scale is if the amount of fat on the meat changes the larger the animal gets for example. However, nutritional inform...	[ "According to Kleiber's rule, the larger an animal gets, the more efficient its metabolism becomes; i.e., an animal's metabolic rate scales to roughly the ¾ power of its mass. Under conditions of limited food supply, this may provide additional benefit to large size.\n", "A commonly asserted \"rule\" for weight g...
How did whaling work? I imagine whales are pretty hard to catch with just harpoons.	It was pretty hard, incredibly dangerous, but still very profitable. I can't speak for all whalers ever, but the whalers that operated around the southern parts of Australia in the 1800s basically would sail around looking for whalespout, then when they got close would launch smaller boats. These smaller boats would ...	[ "The whole process of whaling was changed drastically when Svend Foyn invented the exploding harpoon. By doing so, he removed much of the danger from whaling although it remained a very dangerous undertaking. His invention increased the efficiency by which whales could be captured and made it possible to hunt the l...
obama's power of veto.	basically, a bill is written by congress and is passed with a majority vote, which means that > 50% voted yes to it. It then goes to the president to be signed into law. However, if he disagrees with the bill, he can veto it, which sends it back to congress. Congress can either: 1. Revise the bill and make changes th...	[ "When the veto is an all-or-nothing power as it is in the United States Constitution, the executive must either accept the riders or reject the entire bill. The practical consequence of the custom of using riders is to constrain the veto power of the executive.\n", "A veto (Latin for \"I forbid\") is the power (u...
Why was chess so popular during the Cold War and why has it fallen to the wayside?	A similar question was asked only yesterday, specifically in relation to the Fischer-Spassky Match. [My answer there might interest you.](_URL_0_)	[ "\"Chess\" was a significant and powerful piece of music theater for its time as it allegorically reflected the Cold War tensions present in the 1980s. The musical has been referred to as a metaphor for the whole Cold War, with the insinuation being made that the Cold War is itself a manipulative game. Released and...
Many people say that communism has killed millions of people and use things like starvation to come up with those numbers, if that's the case than how many people have died in capitalist countries since the Soviet Revolution?	This is a challenging question to answer, as it raises questions of "what is capitalism?", and "what actually drives changes in life expectancy anyway?" What is capitalism? The term "capitalism" was first used in the 19th century, as a label for the existing economic system in the UK and other similar countries....	[ "According to Soviet historian J. Arch Getty, over half of the 100 million deaths attributed to communism were due to famine. Stéphane Courtois argues that many communist regimes caused famines in their efforts to forcibly collectivize agriculture and systematically used it as a weapon by controlling the food suppl...
Why do objects in zero gravity rotate?	The release of any object in effectively zero gravity will have a asymmetrical shift from points of contact. Unless it is perfectly timed so that all points of contact release simultaneously there will be some degree of tangential impulse, thus stimulating a rotation. If the release was perfect then the rotation always...	[ "As an example, when an object is set down on a rotating children’s roundabout, it is seen to slide away from the centre of the roundabout. In the non-rotating frame of reference, the outward motion is a consequence of the object’s \"inertial mass\" and the object's tendency to continue moving in a straight line. H...
What happened to the European lions?	While you're waiting for answers, you might find the [Lions in European Heraldry](_URL_0_) section of the FAQ to be of some help. A few of the posts there touch on the range of lions in the regions you're talking about.	[ "Heavy hunting by British colonial officers and Indian rulers caused a steady and marked decline of lion numbers in the country. Lions were exterminated in Palamau by 1814, in Baroda, Hariana and Ahmedabad district in the 1830s, in Kot Diji and Damoh in the 1840s. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, a British offi...
what is a second?	The second (symbol: s) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) and is also a unit of time in other systems of measurement (abbreviated s or sec); it is the second division of the hour by sixty, the first division by 60 being the minute. Between AD 1000 (when al-Biruni used seconds) and 1960 t...	[ "The second (symbol: s) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), commonly understood and historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each. Analog clocks and watches often have sixty t...
why do people not like calluses and how can i create them 'automatically'?	I was a gymnast and I would get calluses on my hands from doing the rings, high bar, and parallel bars. The problem with them is that they would form on certain parts of the hand, but if they were not trimmed, they would rip at the surrounding good tissue creating havoc. I ripped my hand bad many times from not keepi...	[ "Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to excess friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the middle finger of their dominant hand due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the guitar or the violin; cal...
What Happened To Any Nazi Barons After WWII?	Strictly speaking, there were no nazi barons or baronies in WW2 since both Germany and Austria abolished nobility as a legal class after WW1. So a hypothetical Klaus, Baron von Schnitzelwiener in 1945 would have the Baron as part of his name (in Germanyt) and others of his former class would probably still regard him a...	[ "When Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933, Baron Strucker joined the Nazi Party, becoming infamous in the following years. In 1936, he and Geist, one of Hitler's top men, allied themselves with the Egyptian mentalist Amahl Farouk (secretly the Shadow King) in an attempt to dispute the lineage of England's...
Is music today really more sexual than it was in the past?	I feel like I'm always evangelizing this book, but I have been reading the Oxford History of Music by Richard Taruskin (2005). Going back at least to the Renaissance, some music was intended to be heard as, and apparently was heard as, having very sensual or sexual connotations.	[ "BULLET::::- 1985 – The Ensign published an article stating that music producers have gradually added more sexual perversions to their music including, \"homosexuality, transvestism, sodomy, masturbation, sadomasochism, rape, prostitution, venereal disease, child abuse, and incest.\"\n", "Human sexuality not only...
why 2 senators represent 39 million people in california and 2 senators represent 600,000 people in wyoming?	The United States is a group of states which came together to form a union. It is not a nation divided into states. The reason Wyoming has the same number of Senators as California is because they're both states. Pretend the U.S. is negotiating with Mexico and Canada about some sort of deal or treaty. What do you thi...	[ "Due to a combination of the state's large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per state senator ratio of any state legislative house. In the United States House of Representatives, California is apportioned 53 U.S. Representatives, each representing approximatel...
what would happen if the internet "turned off" for 24-hours?	Well, there wouldn't be any internet for that day.	[ "“The Internet is a vortex,” Portland writer Tammy Strobel told the \"Oregonian\" as the reason she and her husband turn off the computer on Sundays to observe Tech Sabbath. “I can get lost in it for hours. And time is something we can never get back.”\n", "It was Friday night, 18 February 2011, that Libya experi...
What changes in my body when I exercise at the level of gene expression?	Full disclosure: Undergrad studying biology, so I don't think I can even begin addressing your question, particularly because of it's breadth. Here are just some thoughts: With single-celled organism, there tends to be a lag (60+ minutes) between the start of a treatment (say, dosing yeast with a chemical) and transcr...	[ "Some recent research has shown that the level of gene expression changes drastically in the brain at different periods throughout the life cycle. For example, during prenatal development the amount of mRNA in the brain (an indicator of gene expression) is exceptionally high, and drops to a significantly lower leve...
Did World War One start from an inability to reschedule trains?	I don't know about that... Taylor's work is a little outdated now and if I remember my classes right his theories about how and why WWI started aren't really accepted. The point he makes about not having a grievance against France is only half-true. France and Russia had been allies since 1894 and under the terms of ...	[ "It took several more years for the railways to fully recover. After the defeat, the lack of materials caused facilities to not be properly maintained. The lack of materials necessitated people buying in wholesale resulting in a rapid increase in passengers. Train services were further reduced due to the lack of co...
Why were there famous and popular black musicians in America before the civil rights movement?	They achieved popularity because their skills and talents were simply too powerful to ignore. Art cuts through our prejudices. It bypasses our cultural differences and connects directly with with our souls (or psyches, or egos, or however you define our common humanity). For example: [This is Marian Anderson](_URL_2...	[ "During the time following the Civil War, many African-American musicians began to break into the art music genre. Joseph Douglass, a concert violinist, was one of the first African-American performers to be nationally and internationally renowned. His influence came at an early age from his father and grandfather,...
what is the process for producing algae fuel?	Some strains of algae have the ability to form pockets of fat inside their cells. These lipids are, just as in humans, a food reserve. When the algae is stressed by depriving it from certain nutrients it increases lipid production. The neat thing is that the algae use sunlight as energy source for producing the lipids....	[ "Algae fuel is a biofuel which is derived from algae. During photosynthesis, algae and other photosynthetic organisms capture carbon dioxide and sunlight and convert it into oxygen and biomass. This is usually done by placing the algae between two panes of glass. The algae creates three forms of energy fuel: heat (...
What determines how fast a shower changes temperature?	The pipe distance from the water source determines this. To get the right temperature as fast as possible, you need to have the water heater right next to your faucet, and it needs to have hot water available immediately. If it is far away, you have to flush all the cool water out of the lines before the warm water get...	[ "A typical shower delivers 9.5 liters per minute (2.5 gallons per minute). Scientific studies that monitored hundreds of homes across the nation have shown that flow rates have little influence on the duration of the shower.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maintaining constant shower temperature:\" Similarly, unlike with a ta...
Was Pompey richer than Crassus?	Hi! This was discussed brilliantly here /u/Doggies_of_war _URL_1_ and here /u/joak22 _URL_0_	[ "The notoriously wealthy Marcus Crassus was around sixty-two when he embarked on the Parthian invasion. Greed is often regarded by the ancient sources, particularly his biographer Plutarch, as his major character fault and also his motive for going to war. Historian of Rome Erich Gruen believed that Crassus's purpo...
what is a headache and why loud/annoying noises cause them.	Loud or annoying noises don't cause headaches. It's the other way around: a headache makes you more sensitive to noise. A headache is pain in the head caused by adenosine, which is a chemical your body makes. Anything that makes cells in your head release adenosine will tend to give you a headache.	[ "Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth.\n", "Old headaches are usually p...
is a shadow like this possible in space?	I've spent many years working with live video of space operations for robotic vision systems, and you are exactly correct. With only solar illumination, all shadows are pitch black. This has caused some confusion early in the Shuttle program since the crews weren't used to seeing such sharp shadow lines. They were ex...	[ "For any two objects in space, a line can be extended from the first through the second. The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former, creating a region of shadow around the axis of the line. Typically these objects are moving with respect to each other and their surroundings, so th...
why do i, and a lot of people, still dream about going to school and forget about a test?	It's a fear that was never resolved, as it presumably never happened. As a result, your subconscious is stuck with trying to work out what would happen, despite your conscious knowledge that the situation will never arise again.	[ "Other jokes use the fact that many (or even most) students really study only when the exam is in the imminent future (in one or two days), otherwise spending time with more interesting activities such as parties.\n", "During a February 28, 2008 speech in Beaumont, Texas, Obama said, \"It's not good enough for yo...
How do things without muscles and nerves move?	My favorite instance of this is the case of spiders, which don't use muscles to extend their legs. Instead, they use a hydraulic-type system to pump fluid into their appendages, which allows them to walk. This is why their legs tend to curl up when they die.	[ "The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement. Nerves move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, and internal m...
elia5: why do humans want to tell each other when they've done something bad?	An innate desire to correct "mistakes", that is, perceived mistakes. You want to own up to your mistakes because it means that if they affect others, then they can correct for them, and the results of your actions are nullified. You could also say we feel guilt or are looking for sympathy, it depends on the type of mi...	[ "When events occur to us, they are much more personally important than when they happen to others. We may be upset or deeply concerned when something bad happens to one of our friends, but when it is us suffering from something the question \"why me?\" comes into play, and attribution is the means to find the answe...
What are battles that were grossly exaggerated or perhaps never took place at all but were manipulated for imperial or expansionist purposes?	The [Gulf of Tonkin Incident](_URL_0_) was a case where a battle that didn't happen led to war. Through either confusion or collusion, Congress was informed that North Vietnamese naval forces had engaged the US Navy without provocation. This led to a joint resolution from Congress, which permitted LBJ to enter the Viet...	[ "The battle is unique in that it is described in detail in \"Records of Three Kingdoms\". The arrangement of the armies and the tactics used, usually neglected by traditional Chinese histories, are reasonably clear. The battle demonstrates the ineffectiveness of even an experienced cavalry force against a disciplin...
Why are car antennas so small now, when 10 years ago they were 2-3 feet tall?	The length of the old antennas approximately matched the wave length of the band and were placed on the fender to get a good ground plane. Newer digital circuitry in the radio actively matches the impedance so the length or placement of the antenna is less crucial. The antenna can be incorporated into stripes printed o...	[ "The mobile antennas almost always required a hole to be drilled in the body of the car to mount the antenna in; until the 1970s there were no \"on-glass\" antennas - these were developed later for the cellular car-mounted telephones. These whip antennas looked much like those used for CB radios and were about 19 i...
Do all stars have some sort of planetary system?	No, not all stars have planets around them. There are Population I and Population II stars, and theoretically Population III stars (non observed yet to my knowledge). Pop I stars are like our sun. They are stars formed with heavy elements in the cloud they formed from and thus they can have planets. Pop II stars te...	[ "A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. A large number of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a \"star cluster\" or \"galaxy\", although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems. Star systems are not to be confused with pl...
Is it possible that the universe expansion speeding up is caused by gravitational pull of other universes?	> The idea that a basic force not yet discovered is pushing the universe outward at an ever-increasing rate seems unlikely to me as I would think that force would have been detected and would manifest itself in other ways. If you have any ideas, let us know! Finding other manifestations in, e.g., the solar system or ...	[ "In addition to slowing the overall expansion, gravity causes local clumping of matter into stars and galaxies. Once objects are formed and bound by gravity, they \"drop out\" of the expansion and do not subsequently expand under the influence of the cosmological metric, there being no force compelling them to do s...
Does anyone have any questions you'd like to ask to leading NASA astrobiologist Chris McKay?	Ask him about that whole arsenic based life fiasco.	[ "Charles Seaton Cockell (born 21 May 1967) is a British astrobiologist who is the current professor of astrobiology in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh and Director of the UK Centre for Astrobiology. . He was previously the Professor of Geomicrobiology with the Open University and ...
why does the tsa limit liquids to 3oz? couldn't you easily create some kind of explosive out of far less than that?	The TSA is an undertrained, undermotivated agency with little practical purpose beyond presenting the illusion that the federal government cares about your safety.	[ "In 2014 Ernst & Young reported that over 73% of the consumer market used e-liquid at 1–11 mg nicotine strength. With this vast consumer trend towards lower strength nicotine e-liquids, and as the directive only concerns itself with nicotine containing e-liquids as opposed to flavourings and other ingredients, it b...
the health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (hipaa)	Basically, it protects your medical records from anything outside of "TPO", which stands for: treatment, payment, or operations. If its not another hospital or an insurance company asking for records on a "need to know" basis, the hospital should not release your records to anyone without written consent from you.	[ "The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA or the Kennedy–Kassebaum Act) was enacted by the 104th United States Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996. It was created primarily to modernize the flow of healthcare information, stipulate how Personally Identifiable Informat...
why is government debt and spending always compared to gdp and not to government household volume.	Well, there's reasons why it's probably more relevant if one is looking at just one number to normalize government debt by GDP than by government revenues: the former reflects the fundamental state of the economy better because the latter depends on a government's particular priorities at the time and theoretically cou...	[ "Because of the multiplier effect, it is possible to change aggregate demand (Y) keeping a balanced budget. Suppose the government increases its expenditures (G), balancing the increase by an increase in taxes (T). Since only part of the income taken away from households would have actually been spent, the change i...
What is the difference between antizionism, antisemitism and antijudaism?	> I know they are all against Jews, but why? this isn't even correct. Anti-zionism is opposition to the creation or continuation to the modern state of Israel. Anti-semitism is hatred of people of Jewish descent. Anti-judaism (I've not really seen this term used) would be opposition to the religion of Judaism. ...	[ "For the purpose of the bibliography, antisemitism is defined as antagonism toward Jews and Judaism as expressed in writings (i.e. in religious texts, polemical literature, and works of fiction), in the visual arts (i.e. art, caricatures, posters, and film), and in actions (i.e. massacres and pogroms, discriminator...
why do my earphones work perfectly fine after washing, but other electronics just break?	Headphones contain: copper wires, a magnet and a small plastic wafer (among other things). Since these items can not be immediately destroyed by water, they can be dried out and used. Regular electronics have very sensitive wires, boards and other things.	[ "BULLET::::- They may cause earwax to build up and plug the outer ear, since it blocks the normal flow of earwax outwards. This can result in tinnitus, hearing loss, discharge, pain or infection. Excess earwax should be carefully removed from the ear, and earplugs should be cleaned regularly with water and mild soa...
what "babylon" means in rastafari culture?	For Rastafari the Bible is one of their central books (it is an Abrahamic religion after all). In short they see [Haile Selassie](_URL_1_) as the new Messiah. Babylon in biblical terms was always a place of sin. Remeber the story of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) and in Revelation 17 is it called the great [Babylon th...	[ "In the Rastafarian faith, the term \"Babylon\" is used for any governmental system which is either oppressive or unjust. In Jamaica, Rastafarians also use \"Babylon\" to refer to the police, often seen as a source of oppression because they arrest members for the use of marijuana (which is sacramental for Rastafar...
why do some cities not get certain restaurants? what's the decision-maker that decides what restaurant goes into a city?	Some chain resturaunts work in franchises, which means you buy the rights to build a store. The company can set very specific rules about how they want their store built, and where. They may have a limit and say that two stores must be more than 5 miles apart. Or no one is willing to buy a franchise to said store. The...	[ "This is a list of notable restaurants in New York City. A restaurant is a business which prepares and serves food and drink to customers in return for money, either paid before the meal, after the meal, or with an open account. New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New ...
tattoo copyrights & trademarks	> How is tattoo artists making profit off copyrighted/trademarked material legal without licensing? It isn't. An artist who has a reference image of a trademark or copyrighted character in their window is asking for trouble. The key is that most of them don't actively advertise the fact that they'll draw without a...	[ "The legal status of tattoos is still developing. In recent years, various lawsuits have arisen in the United States regarding the status of tattoos as a copyrightable art form. However, these cases have either been settled out of court or are currently being disputed, and therefore no legal precedent exists direct...
why doesn't the iphone turn on straight away when plugged into a charger. like the galaxy for example you can turn it on soon as it's plugged in at 0% whereas iphone needs to wait till 4%	To prevent damage to the battery or phone. It's a precaution.	[ "The handset occasionally suffers from automatic shutoff and cannot be restarted or turn on unless connected to a power source via USB cable. Sony has commented on the issues and confirmed that most of first batch of this phone that was released had issues and were faulty and that customers with affected handsets a...
How did operation Operation Barbarossa impact Soviet industry during WWII?	Soviet industry was both brutally smashed and reconfigured during and after the invasion. Before Barbarossa Stalin had already begun to dismantle and move portions of key industries (weapons, vehicles, etc.) East of the Ural mountains and away from the path of any future invasion; safeguarding them behind the relative ...	[ "During Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany's rapid offensives in Ukraine and western Russia temporarily disrupted new military projects as most Soviet factories involved with the production of armoured fighting vehicles were forced to evacuate their facilities and relocate operations east of the Ural Mountains. Gor...
why is it inappropriate to call certain ranked officers in some parts of the us military "sir/ma'am"?	Only officers are addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am". Enlisted personell are addressed by thier rank. So you'd address them as "Sergeant", Sergeant Major", etc. Officers and Enlisted are different rank structures, where officers will always outrank enlisted. So a fresh 2nd Lieutenant with 2 weeks in service technically ...	[ "The term used to refer to all ranks below officers is \"other ranks\" (abbreviated \"ORs\"). It includes warrant officers, non-commissioned officers (\"NCOs\") and ordinary soldiers with the rank of private or regimental equivalent. Officers may, in speaking, distinguish themselves from those \"\"in the ranks\"\"....
why can't cell phone antennas support all bands in the same chip?	The cell phone is trying to pick up a very weak signal. The circuit that picks up the radio wave that is used to transmit the phone call information has to be "tuned" to that particular frequency so that it will resonate with it. It's kind of like making a tuning fork; it's very hard to get one that will resonate wel...	[ "The predominant cellular network implementation is to have multiple antennas at the base station and a single antenna on the mobile device. This minimizes the cost of the mobile radio. As the costs for radio frequency (RF) components in mobile devices go down, second antennas in mobile device may become more commo...
why is disney considered an evil corporation?	One of the big reasons I'm aware of is in the [copyright extension](_URL_0_) they lobbied heavily for in the late 1990s. This raised—and continues to raise—questions regarding authorship and the value of the public domain.	[ "An evil corporation is a trope in popular culture that portrays a corporation as ignoring social responsibility in order to make money for its shareholders. According to Angela Allan writing in \"The Atlantic\", the notion is \"deeply embedded in the landscape of contemporary culture—populating films, novels, vide...
why does zyrtec make you drowsy even though its a second generation anti-histamine?	Does it? I haven't found it to make me drowsy, and there isn't a warning on the label about operating heavy machinery or whatever.	[ "The majority of people who use entecavir have little to no side effects. The most common side effects include headache, fatigue, dizziness, and nausea. Less common effects include trouble sleeping and gastrointestinal symptoms such as sour stomach, diarrhea, and vomiting.\n", "Second-generation antihistamines cr...
How true is the AK-47 history? Also, what other rifles is it related to? The sks?	One in four? The common myth is a rifle for every other soldier, spread ever so elegantly by Hollywood. As for the AK being a clone of the Stg-44, anyone with any firearms knowledge can tell you they were completely different rifles. You can read [this](_URL_0_) for a detailed breakdown. Contrary to popular belief, ...	[ "The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR, and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other assault rifles combined. As of 2004, \"...
What is the energy released during cellular respiration?	It is the breaking of molecular bonds that yields the energy. When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP + P you get energy from breaking that bond. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ΔG˚ = −30.5 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol) Wikipedia gives a pretty good explanation of it. _URL_0_	[ "Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules in...
How did women live with visicovaginal fistula's(connection between the bladdar and vaginal canal) prior to modern medicine?	Even today, among the best charities for highly effective giving (highly effective charities that get way more value for your money than others), is considered to be the [Fistula Foundation](_URL_0_). Fistula is largely eradicated in developed countries, but continues to ruin lives in the poorest parts of the world w...	[ "In the 19th century, vesicovaginal fistulas, though not fatal, were a common, socially destructive, and \"catastrophic complication of childbirth\", that affected many women. There was no effective cure or treatment. Lacking adequate birth control, women generally had a high rate of childbirth, which increased the...
How much do we know about the harm, specifically neurotoxicity of MDMA?	I wrote a 20 page paper on this last year. Here is one of the most useful review articles, from 2010: _URL_0_ Some important points that trended across most studies were the relationships between hyperthermia and high doses with increased damage. While the significance and permanence of neurological effects is still...	[ ", the long-term effects of MDMA on human brain structure and function have not been fully determined, however, there is consistent evidence of structural and functional deficits in MDMA users with a high lifetime exposure. Additionally, MDMA use at high doses, as distinct from high lifetime exposure, has been show...
beer bellies.	It's called a "Beer Belly" because it's associated with people who drink a lot of beer. Think about your drinking habit. Do you have a single beer and then go on about your day? Probably not. Adults tend to have a beer and then follow it up with 6 more. This is because drinking is super fun and beer is super delic...	[ "A beer tower, also known as a portable beer tap, a tabletop beer dispenser, a triton dispenser or a giraffe, is a beer dispensing device, usually found in bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind beer towers is that several patrons in a group can serve themselves the amount of beer they want without having to o...
Will frozen gasoline burn?	Gasoline only burns as a vapor. The term flash point means the temperature at which a substance forms a flammable vapor at its surface. Below the flash point, the material cannot be ignited. However, if you introduce a heat source, you can warm part of the material, produce a flammable vapor, and ignite it. If you've ...	[ "BULLET::::4. Gasoline Treatment: The fourth reactor provides transalkylation and hydrogenation treatment to the products coming from Reactor 3. The treatment reduces durene (tetramethylbenzene)/isodurene and trimethylbenzene components that have high freezing points and must be minimized in gasoline. As a result, ...
how come some people get rich during stock market crisis?	You can short sell stocks, which means that you borrow stock from someone who owns it, sell it on the market at the going rate, keep the cash, hope the stock falls in price, buy the stock back, and return it to the original owner. If the price does fall, then you'll be selling stock you don't own for a high price and...	[ "In reality, what is happening is mass market will continue to buy and contribute to the wealth of a few. These few will continue to reinvest and the money will continue to stay within the rich. Even if you are a well-to-do middle income now, if you continue to buy non-value items, by the time you lose your income ...
why do some people hate being in photos?	Cause they have low self-esteem / confidence and feel ugly in said photo.	[ "It's uncomfortable because I just simply took a photograph. That's all my participation was in my poster that sold over a million copies, was that I took a photograph that I thought was a dumb photograph. My husband said, \"Oh, try this thing tied up here, it'll look beautiful\". And the photographer said \"the ba...
How did Arianism become so prominent among the Germanic tribes?	A few reasons. Firstly, initial mission efforts among the Germanic tribes you are thinking of (Goths, Vandals, etc.) was conducted by non-Nicene faction during the 4th century (aka ‘Arians’). This was done during a period where the whole ‘Nicene’ question was hotly contested, so their conversion and allegiance to a no...	[ "During the time of Arianism's flowering in Constantinople, the Gothic convert and Arian bishop Ulfilas (later the subject of the letter of Auxentius cited above) was sent as a missionary to the Gothic tribes across the Danube, a mission favored for political reasons by the Emperor Constantius II. Ulfilas' translat...
why dont all movies go to the theatres? why decides they'll go right to dvd?	The distributor will make a determination on that based on the quality of the movie, and they market at the time. Many movies are destined for DVD from the outset. Some may go straight to DVD based on what that studio and others have released at that time. The movie studios have to keep the exhibitors (that is, your l...	[ "From early years of the New Wave till present day, DVD is considered a \"no go\" area, due to the prevalent copyright infringement in the country. In no time, \"New Nollywood\" became synonymous with delayed DVD release, generally taking up to three or four years before release. This is generally because filmmaker...
why do subreddits need mods? isn't the point of reddit that content is either voted up or down by all the users?	Often times a subreddit has rules that go against what the average user will vote on. Before a subreddit hits "eternal september" (a point at which there are too many new users each day for the existing users to train how to behave), it could absolutely exist without moderation. But for a subreddit like ELI5, where tho...	[ "Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. These moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and generally work to ...
Why was England's pre-decimal money system so complicated?	The reason why it would appear complicated would have to be that simply you're not used to the system. It makes sense to me in that I know how it works and I see no issue with it. So the system itself has nothing wrong with it, the people understood it, not just in the UK but throughout Europe where other countries use...	[ "As countries of the British Empire became independent, some abandoned the £sd system quickly, while others retained it almost as long as the UK itself. Australia, for example, only changed to using a decimal currency on 14 February 1966. Still others, notably Ireland, decimalised only when the UK did. The UK aband...
Was my grandfather a Nazi? Uniform photographs in post.	Well he was wearing a swastika on his uniform so he definitely served in the German forces under the Nazi regime. I don’t know the history of Latvia. Both my great grandfather and my great great uncle were Germans who fought in WW2 for Nazi Germany. Their terrible actions and choices coerced or not do not have to def...	[ "For his solo exhibition at Paul Kasmin Gallery, Mother, Hod created a series of paintings that reference the iconic photograph, taken by the Nazi photographer Franz Konrad, of Nazi soldiers clearing out the Warsaw Ghetto during the Second World War. Although most of the scholarship and speculation about this photo...
why do the back wheels of a cart go over a bump easier than the front wheels?	Leverage. When the front wheels of a cart go up, the cart turns into a lever and the front wheels want to go up and back. Whereas the back wheels go up and forward because the cart is pivoting on the front wheels. So pushing the back wheels of a cart up a bump is also pushing it forward.	[ "The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important a...
If I had a scientific hypothesis, what should I do about it?	1) If someone came up with it already, chances are you will find it. Do a thorough literature search before, so to save any embarrassment. Even if nothing exactly identical comes out, chances are that a lot of interesting stuff related to your potential solution will come out, leading you to revise your thinking. 2) A...	[ "The Duhem–Quine thesis argues that no scientific hypothesis is by itself capable of making predictions. Instead, deriving predictions from the hypothesis typically requires background assumptions that several other hypotheses are correct; for example, that an experiment works as predicted or that previous scientif...
What determines sexual maturity in animals?	I believed that is was basically down to an r/k selection strategy, which is a bio-mathematical way of saying "does the species benefit by maximizing quantity of young or quality of young?" However, r/K selection is not really current science at this point, and I've got some additional reading to do. The analysis, whe...	[ "Sexual maturity is brought about by a maturing of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes. It may also be accompanied by a growth spurt or other physical changes which distinguish the immature organism from its adult form. These are termed secondary sex characteristics, and often represent an increas...
what’s the difference between white smoke and black smoke?	White smoke can often mean material is off-gassing moisture and water vapor, meaning the fire is just starting to consume material. White smoke can also indicate light and flashy fuels such as grass or twigs. Thick, black smoke indicates heavy fuels that are not being fully consumed.	[ "The term \"black powder\" was coined in the late 19th century, primarily in the United States, to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders. Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that approximated black powder, but had significantly reduced ...
I am a young, unmarried noblewoman in the Middle Ages and just gave birth to a bastard. What will happen to me and the child?	Things do not necessarily look good for you. Chastity was an important aspect of virtue for a young English noblewoman in the later Middle Ages, as it was even as far down the social scale as the urban middle and servant classes. There are numerous examples of men being prosecuted for seriously slandering young women's...	[ "In old Poland, a nobleman could only marry a noblewoman, as intermarriage between \"castes\" could be fraught with difficulties. (wiktionary:endogamy); but, children of a legitimate marriage followed the condition of the father, never the mother, therefore, only the father transmitted his nobility to his children....
Where exactly does the LHC get protons?	From a bottle of hydrogen gas (if you Google it, there are pictures). To accelerate a beam of particles, you have to make them electrically charged. You can either create ions by stripping electrons off the atoms, or adding extra electrons to them. Both techniques are used at various accelerator facilities. For the LH...	[ "The Proton Synchrotron (PS) is a particle accelerator at CERN. It is CERN's first synchrotron, beginning its operation in 1959. For a brief period the PS was the world's highest energy particle accelerator. It has since served as a pre-accelerator for the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) and the Super Proton Synch...
When did a stigma become attached to drunkenness?	Ever since alcohol was created there was a stigma behind it, even in ancient egypt there was a stigma for it. Correct me if I'm wrong, but pharaohs didn't drink alcohol since they believed it brought out the demons from inside us. Also another example are the Aztecs, who forbade people from drinking until you were of...	[ "Given this controversy, the best one can say is that the idea that habitual alcohol drinking was a disease had become more acceptable by the middle of the nineteenth century, although many writers still argued it was a vice, a sin, and not the purview of medicine but of religion.\n", "While drunkenness was still...

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