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train · 226k rows

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what's the point of a hov lane? why not just let everyone use it to prevent traffic backups?	It's to provide an incentive for people to carpool. If more people had 2-3 passengers in their cars, that would make the regular lanes less congested.	[ "HOV lanes are also an effective way to manage traffic after natural disasters, as seen in New York City after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. At the time Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from entering Manhattan. The restriction affected all bridges and tunnels entering the cit...
How much current USD would five shillings in 1659 Massachusetts Colony be worth?	At the time, they were using the 62 shillings per pound, and a penny weighed 7 23/31 grains. A shilling was 12 pence. 5 shilling = 60 pence. 60p = about 464.52 grains. 464.62 grains = 1.061989oz Current silver price is $16.35 an ounce, so that would make 5 shillings worth about $17.36. Isnt there some odd stor...	[ "In 1788 Massachusetts sold its rights to the entire six million acres (24,000 km²) to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham for $1,000,000, payable in specie or in certain Massachusetts securities then trading at about 20 cents on the dollar, the money used to repay some of the state's debt from the Revolutionary War...
How can I determine the frequency of a ray of colored light?	Depending on the accuracy you require, you could also have a linear sensor and a prism. The prism will bend the light by an amount predictably related to the wavelength, meaning that different frequencies will be deflected to a different spot on the sensor. [Here](_URL_0_) is a very inaccurate but helpful diagram.	[ "Most light sources emit light at many different wavelengths; a source's \"spectrum\" is a distribution giving its intensity at each wavelength. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color [[Wikt:sensation\|sensation]] in that direction, there are many more possible...
How and why exactly was the technology of the Roman Empire lost to the rest of the world in the period of the Late Antiquity	What you're referring to is the Dark Age theory, which doesn't really hold much sway anymore. I'm sure if you dig around the popular question section you'll find some other in depth posts about this issue, but I'll sum some of it up here: Basically, when the Western Roman Empire "fell" (this is also up for discussion,...	[ "Roman technology supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years. The Roman Empire had an advanced set of technology for their time. Some of the Roman technology in Europe may have been lost during the turbulent eras of Late Antiquity a...
what does goldman sachs have to do with the eurozone and why do they seem to be such a big player in it?	Basically, Goldman Sachs helped to mask greeces debt. _URL_0_	[ "Goldman Sachs and other banks faced an inquiry by the Federal Reserve over their derivatives arrangements with Greece. The \"Guardian\" reported that \"Goldman was reportedly the most heavily involved of a dozen or so Wall Street banks\" that assisted the Greek government in the early 2000s \"to structure complex ...
why does putting a spoon in the top of a bottle champagne, bear ect. keep the fiz in the bottle even over night	It doesn't. Sparkling wine keeps its fizz for longer than most people realise so the spoon trick appears to work even though it has no effect b	[ "A champagne bottle holds a considerable amount of pressure. With early designs, bottles tended to explode and the manufacturers kept making them thicker until they could contain the pressure caused by the release of carbon dioxide during the secondary fermentation. The inside pressure of a typical champagne bottle...
are there accounting and investor-related benefits to hiring contractors instead of employees?	Depending how contractors are paid, there could be a cash flow benefit. Most employees expect regular payments. Many contacts are set up in such a way that much of the payment is deferred to the completion date.	[ "A weakness in this method is that a company can simply hire outside firms to keep low wage employees off their payroll, while only having the top earning employees on the company's payroll, effectively bypassing the limits. However, the hiring of external employees will come at a higher total cost and will reduce ...
can blind people see light?	It depends on how blind they are (there are degrees of blindness). Some people can see light/dark or shadows, some can see certain areas of their vision but not others, some can't see anything at all, so the answer is both yes and no.	[ "Approximately fifteen percent of those deemed legally blind, by any measure, have no light or form perception. The rest have some vision, from light perception alone to relatively good acuity. Low vision is sometimes used to describe visual acuities from 20/70 to 20/200.\n", "In mammals, the eye is the main phot...
AskHistorians Episode 140 - The International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War	Thanks u/Bernardito! If anyone has any questions or comments about the topics covered, I'm happy to address them here! Or, you know, you can ask a question on the main sub.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Land and Freedom\", by Ken Loach. Although the subject of the film is not the International Brigades, it portrays international volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. The actual International Brigades are featured.\n", "Memorial to the International Brigades is a memorial structure, located in the ca...
Why doesn't a moving massive object within a black hole's event horizon affect the gravitational force of the black hole (including said object) felt by observers outside the event horizon?	Hi, so, I hate to say it, but the other answers here are wrong, and so is your assumption: you absolutely would continue to detect the modified field as an object plummets to the singularity. Before we dive in, let me ask you three questions: 1. In the famous LIGO initial detection of gravitational waves from two coll...	[ "In the case of the horizon around a black hole, observers stationary with respect to a distant object will all agree on where the horizon is. While this seems to allow an observer lowered towards the hole on a rope (or rod) to contact the horizon, in practice this cannot be done. The proper distance to the horizon...
Recommended Reading For the Dutch Golden Age?	Are there any particular areas you're interested in? For a hefty general text, Jonathan Israel's 'The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall' is worth a read. A good politically-focused book is Maarten Prak's 'The Dutch Republic in the 17th Century'. For the Dutch economy, Jan de Vries is particularly good, as...	[ "In his attempt to make a systematic overview of the Dutch Golden Age culture, Schama cites an eclectic list of period source materials from all over the world, including emblem books, period histories and novels, cookbooks, scientific discoveries, bankruptcy files, religious works, and period art including prints,...
how can a cable possibly be stretched across the entire atlantic ocean?	Very long cables, carried out on large vessels. They lay on the ocean floor where they dont see too much marine life. Even so, they have a thick casing to guard against animal curiousity.	[ "The company used cable ships to lay its undersea cable across the Pacific Ocean from America's west coast. The cables extended a length of and the project cost about $12 million. Before this, messages had to travel across the Atlantic to the Far East via Cape Town and the Indian Ocean, or \"via\" London to Russia,...
Why do many Gaulish Names end in -ix?	/u/Astrogator answered this [here](_URL_0_).	[ "Oium or Aujum was a name for an area in Scythia (modern Ukraine), where the Goths, under King Filimer, arguably settled after leaving Gothiscandza, according to the \"Getica\" by Jordanes, written around 551. Jordanes does not give an etymology, but many scholars interpret this word as a dative plural to the wides...
the uk investigatory powers bill	It's a bill to allow the government to retain the browsing history of everybody in the UK for at least a year, without suspicion or probable cause. It's being championed by Theresa May, someone who is demonstrably incompetent and also the queen mother of godawful, totalitarian-sounding legislation. The sweeping powers...	[ "The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIP or RIPA) is a significant piece of legislation that granted and regulated the powers of public bodies to carry out surveillance and investigation. In 2002 the UK government announced plans to extend the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act so that at least 28 ...
What is the difference between blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance?	Blood pressure (mean) = cardiac output (amount of blood pumped over time) x peripheral vascular resistance. Cardiac output = stroke volume of each heart beat * heart rate. So BP will increase with PVR but PVR isn't the only factor.	[ "Cardiac output and peripheral resistance are the two determinants of arterial pressure and so blood pressure is normally dependent on the balance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate; stroke volume is related to myocardial contractility and ...
Was the "Southern Strategy" during the U.S. civil rights movement a real thing or a myth?	Not to discourage conversation here, but the FAQ has several good [threads](_URL_1_) on this topic, including several great answers from /u/Samuel_Gompers [here](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_0_).	[ "The \"Southern Strategy\" refers primarily to \"top down\" narratives of the political realignment of the South which suggest that Republican leaders consciously appealed to many white Southerners' racial grievances in order to gain their support. This top-down narrative of the Southern Strategy is generally belie...
why do we consider electric cars "green" if we need fossil fuel to produce electricity ?	There are other ways to produce electricity - solar, wind, hydro, nuclear. Additionally, even fossil-fuel power plants are more efficient than an internal combustion engine, and they also produce less polluting gasses (relative to the amount of energy they produce).	[ "Green vehicles are intended to have less environmental impact than equivalent standard vehicles, although when the environmental impact of a vehicle is assessed over the whole of its life cycle this may not be the case. Electric vehicle technology has the potential to reduce transport CO emissions, depending on th...
why the prices of milk are like this (pic inside)	That's some cheap fucking milk	[ "In the US, the price of milk is based on the protein and fat content, so the FCR is often calculated to take that into account. Using an FCR calculated just on the weight of protein and fat, an FCR of 13 was poor, and an FCR of 8 was very good.\n", "BULLET::::- 8 May - A debate on milk prices ensued in Parliamen...
Why does a cigarette's paper burn through fast when its empty but slow when there's tobacco inside?	Increased airflow. When it is filled with tobacco, there is not a lot of air (and so oxygen) inside the cigarette (because its stuffed with tobacco). Less oxygen results in a slower burn. When there is no tobacco whats there instead is air. This means a fast burn. The reason a cigarette burns faster when you take ...	[ "The burn rate of cigarette paper is regulated through the application of different forms of microcrystalline cellulose to the paper. Cigarette paper has been specially engineered by creating bands of different porosity to create \"fire-safe\" cigarettes. These cigarettes have a reduced idle burning speed which all...
"Every star you see in the night sky is bigger and brighter than our sun." Is this true?	No, Epsilon eridani has 82% the mass and a third the luminosity of the sun. Tau ceti has 78% the mass and half the luminosity of the sun. Both of them are visible to the naked eye. I'm sure there are many more examples, but those are the only two I know about off the top of my head.	[ "Due to their great distance from the Earth, all stars except the Sun appear to the unaided eye as shining points in the night sky that twinkle because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is also a star, but it is close enough to the Earth to appear as a disk instead, and to provide daylight. Other tha...
Did the Nazis ever release English-language propaganda, or attempt to appeal to English-language media as it became obvious a greater rift was growing between them and UK/USA/Canada/etc?	There were a couple English-language propagandists. William Joyce, aka Lord Haw Haw, is likely the most well-known. He would broadcast English-language propaganda from Berlin to London airwaves from 1939 until his capture in 1945. [The BBC actually has several of his broadcasts available online](_URL_2_) Reference: ...	[ "The position of Nazi propaganda towards the United Kingdom and its inhabitants changed over time. Prior to 1938, while Hitler tried to court Britain into an alliance, his propaganda praised the British as proficient Aryan imperialists. Later, as the Nazis realized that they would have to fight the United Kingdom, ...
what does "safely remove hardware and eject media" do to make it "safe"?	It prevents the computer from trying to write to the media while it is being physically removed. If it's removed while the computer it trying to write to it, it can damage all the data on the disc.	[ "The use of removable media creates a risk of data loss in the event that the media is lost or stolen. This can lead to the compromise of large amounts of sensitive data, which can result in significant damage to the reputation of a business, as well as possible financial penalties. This risk can be minimised by co...
what is end-to-end encryption that everybody is talking about with regards to the uk and how does passing that bill to end it effectively be a bad thing?	End to end encryption means that the data get encrypted before it is ever transmitted, and not decrypted until after it is received on the other end. This is the only way to guarantee that it's protected from somebody listening in somewhere in between. The UK government would very much like to listen in to peoples' c...	[ "The UK encryption ban is a pledge by former British prime minister David Cameron to ban online messaging applications that offer end-to-end encryption, such as WhatsApp, iMessage, and Snapchat, under a nationwide surveillance plan. This is in response to these services allowing users to communicate without providi...
How do I know if what I'm looking at is a star or a galaxy?	There are only a few galaxies you can see with your naked eye. Andromeda (M31) and the Magellanic Clouds being the only ones a typical untrained observer will ever see or notice. All three are fuzzy blobs of varying size. It is possible to confuse a galaxy with a nebula like the Orion Nebula (M42) or globular cluster l...	[ "The apparent magnitude of an astronomical object is generally given as an integrated value—if a galaxy is quoted as having a magnitude of 12.5, it means we see the same total amount of light from the galaxy as we would from a star with magnitude 12.5. However, a star is so small it is effectively a point source in...
if transubstantiation means the body of christ is being eaten, doesn't that mean it's cannibalism?	Not exactly. Denominations that believe in transubstantiation also don't think that Christ was merely human, but in fact the son of God. This includes the belief that he is consubstantial, that is, made of the same essence, as God the father. The typical idea of cannibalism doesn't really apply to that situation.	[ "Catholics, Lutherans, and Orthodox Christians do not view themselves as engaging in cannibalism when taking communion, although the bread and wine are believed to become \"of the same substance\" as the body and blood of Christ before being consumed, they remain bread and wine in all ways to the senses. Catholics ...
why, in todays high tech age, do we still use film stock and lenses for movies and pictures, when it could all be done on a computer?	Despite the standard of digital sensors, film still has the advantage in some areas. You can massively over-expose film and still see some details, where digital will just give you solid whites. It's the other way around at the dark end. Some people still prefer film. But you talk about lenses too! Those are used ...	[ "Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s...
why doesn't one horse equal one horsepower?	Because horses are not mass-produced at standardized specifications. It's the same reason your foot isn't one foot long.	[ "This theory was also used to determine horse power (hp), which was defined as the amount of work a horse could do with a given load over time. The wheel that the horse turned in Watt's original experiment put a certain load on the horse's muscles, and the horse could do a certain amount of work with this load in a...
outside of academia, who employs modern philosophers and what is their role in modern society?	I'm sure some more will come to mind soon, but the first one I thought of: Ethicists. When a company or corporation needs to go through an ethics committee, those people are philosophers. Similarly, before doing any experiments (e.g. in science) you also need to get ethics clearance. Ethics is a big domain of philosoph...	[ "Some of those who study philosophy become professional philosophers, typically by working as professors who teach, research and write in academic institutions. However, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics, business, or various arts. For example, pu...
how does companies like steam get away with not charging sales tax?	Depending on where you live, they do charge sales tax. Here's what that looks like from a purchase in Illinois: _URL_0_	[ "Sole traders and partnerships have to pay tax even if they do not take money out of the organisation. This can be overcome by becoming a limited company however the paperwork is more extensive; limited companies are able to do this because corporation tax rates are much lower than income tax rates.\n", "On annou...
Would bees in flight add to the weight of an enclosed box?	Yes, but to clarify why, lets break down the bee's flight into some very critical moments in time. We have a perfectly accurate scale that updates instantly. We have a box that weights 1 ounce and a bee that weighs 1 ounce. Moment #1: The bee is at rest inside the box. Our scale reads 2 ounces, 1 for the box and...	[ "Ormond told me that he would count the bees in each hive by placing about 5 narrow sticks on the landing board and counting the bees as they returned to the hive. He told me that their wings were smaller than what they should be because of the weight of pollen and nectar they would carry in flight. He said they wo...
why is the hydrogen car not getting more attention?	There are a couple of really big drawbacks to the hydrogen car with current technology. The first is hydrogen storage. Although hydrogen has a terrific energy density for it's weight (1 pound of hydrogen has ~3x the energy of 1 pound of gasoline) It turns out that as a gas and not a liquid, storing it is difficult an...	[ "At the hearings, the automakers also presented the hydrogen vehicle as a better alternative to the gasoline car, bolstered by a recent federal earmark for hydrogen research. Many, including members of the CARB hearing committee, were concerned that this was a bait-and-switch on the automakers' part, in order to ma...
How accurate is this post on the Japanese nuclear radiation issue?	There's truth that there are radically different impacts from different types of radiation (alpha,beta,gamma) and where they're coming from, and what tissue is being irradiated, and so on. But he's talking about [Sieverts](_URL_0_), which is a unit of "equivalent dose", which is meant to take into account exactly those...	[ "These findings were consistent with studies of the effects of previous radioactivity releases. In 1945, millions of Japanese were exposed to radiation from nuclear weapons, and the effects can still be measured. Today, nearly half (44.8%) the survivors of Nagasaki studied have identifiable thyroid disease, with th...
how exactly do trees get sick and how do plant related sicknesses spread?	There is various ways, via pathogens or insects such as earwigs,apheids, mealy bugs that eat the leaves and the bark, spreading from tree to tree. Dead rotten tissue spreads. They can spread if not contained. They are contained using a range of methods such pesticides. Chemicals that kills pests. Or pruning where t...	[ "This disease is relatively new so the disease cycle is mostly unknown, although it is thought that insect vectors are used as the mode of transmission. The disease is difficult to diagnose because some symptoms match those of stressed environmental conditions such as drought, flooding, or shallow soil. When trees ...
why is over penetration from a bullet a bad thing?	If a bullet goes into the target and comes out the other side, it is dangerous to anyone nearby. It might go straight through or ricochet in unpredictable ways. When dealing with firearms, you want the result when you pull the trigger to be as predictable as possible.	[ "BULLET::::- fear of pain associated with penetration, particularly the popular misconception of \"breaking\" the hymen upon the first attempt at penetration, or the idea that vaginal penetration will inevitably hurt the first time it occurs\n", "Over-penetration is detrimental to stopping power in regards to ene...
why is rope so strong?	Imagine you have to try and lift a giant cube of iron by some handles on top. Likely, it'll be too heavy for one arm. However, use your other arm as well, and get a friend to help - it will be much easier, because you're splitting the weight among every arm, and each will have a small load, instead of one with a large ...	[ "A rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, string, and twine.\n", "Rope may be constructed of any ...
Writing first dissertation: guidance on research and writing	Read as much as you can. Don't come up with a question/focus until you've exhausted your reading. I used the bibliography of good overview books to get deeper reading. Local university libraries often let you in for free but don't let you borrow books. I referenced books/journals/articles as I researched to save time ...	[ "BULLET::::- Writing a final dissertation: The students write a thesis in any field of knowledge of the humanities. Dissertations are held to a high academic standard, and are written under the instruction of M.A.s and PhD.s from academic institutes and from the school's staff. Students often participate and win in...
Would it ever be possible for the sky to be anything but blue?	Yes. If the Sun was a red giant, our sky would be more red than it is now. This will actually happen in about 4 billion years. Even though Earth has a longer life expectancy (tectonic activity) than the Sun, the Sun will engulf the Earth and vaporize it as it expands and consumes the rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Eart...	[ "The sky is really nothing more than the denser gaseous zone of the earth’s atmosphere. Sky can be depicted as many different colors, such as a pale blue or the lack of any color at all, such as the night sky, which has the appearance of blackness, albeit with a scattering of stars on a clear night. During the day,...
Is there a physiological (or maybe psychological) explanation for "Crazy Eyes"?	There has been some interesting research about increased activation of the amygdala in response to a large amount of sclera being visible. Fearful eyes tend to show much more white, and the idea is that the amygdala has evolved to interpret this accordingly and alert us to potential danger. Most of the pictures you po...	[ "Physiological illusions, such as the afterimages following bright lights, or adapting stimuli of excessively longer alternating patterns (contingent perceptual aftereffect), are presumed to be the effects on the eyes or brain of excessive stimulation or interaction with contextual or competing stimuli of a specifi...
How do germs/bacteria travel exactly?	It all depends, most pathogenic bacteria live in a water environment so they'd have to some kind of direct contact to that to spread. This is why the CDC always preaches to clean up raw chicken juice while cooking and to properly wash your hands after using the toilet. Other bacteria can float in the air, like botulis...	[ "The pathogen enters its host with assistance from the Scolytid beetle, and will colonize the tunnels, or breeding galleries, made by the insect. The greatest impact of this disease is seen in urban settings and in trees that have previously been impaired by drought or insects.\n", "The bacterium is typically spr...
Why do plants seem to be more likely than animals to survive with mutations that duplicate entire sets of chromosomes?	It is true that plants can generally tolerate polyploidy much more easily than animals. It is possible that animals are more prone to polyploidy than we had first expected, since the cytogenetics of large wild populations isn't something usually done with animals, whereas with plants taking large numbers of samples is ...	[ "One major difference is the totipotent nature of plant cells, allowing them to reproduce asexually much more easily than most animals. They are also capable of polyploidy – where more than two chromosome sets are inherited from the parents. This allows relatively fast bursts of evolution to occur, for example by t...
How significant was the input of Subutai/Tsubodai to the success of both Genghis Khan's individual battles and long term campaigns?	Genghis was a genius in the choosing of his Generals. It did not matter what their background may have been since Genghis practiced a system of Meritocracy anyone who proved their worth would be promoted. Subutai was one of these men, he was not a Mongol, only a blacksmith's son who was a servant to Temujin. After Geng...	[ "In a unique historical anomaly, the strategic and operational innovations of Genghis Khan and Subutai became lost in history, and others were forced to rediscover them 600 and 700 years later. Even though Subutai had devastated the armies of Russia, Georgia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, and Latin Constantinople in a...
During World War II, how were American infantry weapons regarded by the other world powers?	If we're speaking about pure technical analysis it's hard to find primary sources and there is a lot of post-war speculation about various nations opinions on other nations equipment that I would not be too hasty to trust. The best lead would be to peruse [this](_URL_1_) copy of the German published "Guide to Foreign W...	[ "On the other hand, the U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 Carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to t...
Was the American eugenics movement responsible for the holocaust?	This is a tricky sort of historical question. If the question is, can we trace a genealogy of ideas from the American eugenics movement to Nazi Germany, and from there to the Holocaust? — the answer is yes, we can. It is actually very easy since the Nazis were happy to point to American influences. Madison Grant's _The...	[ "The eugenics movement became associated with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust when many of the defendants at the Nuremberg trials attempted to justify their human rights abuses by claiming there was little difference between the Nazi eugenics programs and the U.S. eugenics programs. In the decades following World Wa...
WWI Austria-Hungary uniform question	Short before WWI it was already clear to A-H, that the formerly used multi coloured uniforms are obsolote. Here is an [illustrated article](_URL_1_) (in Hungarian) with the new uniforms, that were used form 1908. The soldiers on your photo do look like soldiers of the A-H army. The next problem the Monarchy faced was ...	[ "Throughout the 19th century, the Austro-Hungarian army were issued with shakos, originally in black leather and later in pike grey wool. Gradually, the height of the shako decreased and the cardboard stiffening removed until, by 1908, it had evolved into the ski cap. This was worn by Austrian officers and enlisted...
why do so many politicians abuse their power ?	You are assuming they are good in the first place. To reach that level of political success you have to have some moral flexibility. The more you delve into ends justifying means you become more of a sociopath/narcissist to the point where you do no think the consequences apply to you anymore. At least that is what ...	[ "Abuse of power, in the form of \"malfeasance in office\" or \"official misconduct,\" is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall elect...
what is the consumer price index, cost-of-living adjustment, and why is there debate about which is better to use?	I think you might've gotten confused somewhere along the line. The COLA (cost-of-living adjustment) is directly based on the CPI (consumer price index).	[ "A consumer price index compares how much it would cost now to do exactly what consumers did in the reference-period with what it cost then. Application of the principle thus requires that the index for our one house owner should reflect the movement of the prices of houses like hers from 2006 to 2007 and the chang...
What are good books about Propaganda Posters?	Can't recommend a book but I can recommend you ask over at /r/propagandaposters	[ "PROPAGANDA is a large collection of GPL-licensed seamless desktop backgrounds included in various Linux distributions, and available via free download over the web. While no longer being produced or even officially hosted online, the collection consisted of approximately 15 volumes of largely abstract and surreal ...
what's so hard about human cryo-tech? preserving a healthy human and then defrosting 100 years later alive?	When water freezes, it forms tiny ice crystals. When those crystals form inside cells, they rip apart the cell membrane causing irreparable damage.	[ "For several decades, researchers have also pursued various forms of suspended animation as a means by which to indefinitely extend mammalian lifespan. Some scientists have voiced support for the feasibility of the cryopreservation of humans, known as cryonics. Cryonics is predicated on the concept that some people...
why does coughing tear up your throat when all you are doing is expelling air?	A cough is a vigorous expulsion of air to eject a foreign object or whatever is irritating you airways. To get that you are closing off your throat at the epiglottis, then building up some pressure behind it before opening the airway so the air comes out in a rush. That fast flow causes the soft tissues to vibrate tog...	[ "Air trapping, also called gas trapping, is an abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. It is observed in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.\n", "...
Looking for a book covering the end of the Third Reich	The first thing that comes to my mind is Ian Kershaw, The End: Hitler's Germany 1944-45. Kershaw is a good Historian, an even better writer and the topic may be exactly what you're looking for. Also, the eBook is $9.51 at _URL_0_.	[ "The Third Reich is a series of books published by Time Life that chronicles the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. The series began publishing (in the UK) from 1989. Each book focused on a different topic, such as the SS, Afrika Korps and various campaigns. \n", "The Third Reich Trilogy is a series of three narrativ...
what's the difference between a tube amp, solid state amp, amphead, stack, etc?	A tube amp uses vacuum tubes in its amplifier stages. It supposedly has a warmer cleaner sound. Solid State amps use transistors or ICs for amplification. A hybrid amp uses both transistors and tubes. Most often a Hybrid amp uses tubes in the preamp section to get the warmth, a but a transistor/IC power amplifier for...	[ "Separate bass amplifiers which do not contain speakers, often called \"heads\" or \"amp heads\", are usually integrated units, with a preamplifier, equalizer (bass and treble controls) and a power amplifier combined in a single unit. Some players use separate preamplifier/power amplifier setups, where one or more ...
In the book 1421: The Year China Discovered America, it says they had colonies on Australian shores, how true is this?	The frequently asked questions wiki page on this subreddit has a [section dealing with Gavin Menzies and 1421](_URL_0_). As you'll notice if you read the posts linked to in that FAQ, historians do not have a high opinion of Menzies. Also, an excellent [blog post](_URL_1_) by /u/mikedash - a quality contributor here - g...	[ "Apparently among most map-makers until that time, it was still erroneously believed that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus, Vespucci, and others formed part of the Indies of Asia. Thus some believe that it is impossible that Waldseemüller could have known about the Pacific, which is depicted on his map....
why are vegans against dairy and eggs?	Yeah, it's generally because the cows and chickens and such that non-meat animal products come from are horribly mistreated.	[ "The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products and eggs. Ethical vegans avoid them on the premise that their production causes animal suffering and premature death. In egg production, most male chicks are culled because they do not lay eggs. To obtain milk from dairy ...
how is the scrotum able to react to temperature changes by tightening or loosening but when i’m in the shower with hot water running over them they still shrink if it’s cold.	we have a cremaster muscle[ see here](_URL_0_) The cremaster muscle's function is to raise and lower the testes in order to regulate scrotal temperature . It does this by increasing or decreasing the exposed surface area of the surrounding tissue, allowing faster or slower dissipation of body heat. In the shower the ...	[ "The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the testicles. It also contains numerous nerves and blood vessels. During times of lower temperatures, the Cremaster muscle contracts and pulls the scrotum closer to the body, while the Dartos muscle gives it a wrinkled appear...
When was the first recorded battle that used black powder or gun powder as a weapon? Did both sides have it? How crucial was it to the battle?	I would say the siege of De'an in China in 1132 is the first recorded battle using black powder weapons. They employed what was called a 'Fire Lance' to shoot flames and shrapnel a few feet out from a bamboo tube attached to a spear. Black powder as a weapon in other forms, like gunpowder arrows or javelins that burn ...	[ "In the early thirteenth century the Chinese turned black-powder–propelled objects, formerly only used for entertainment, into weapons of war. The Chinese ‘arrows of fire’ were fired from a sort of catapult launcher. The black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases, and...
Observation in Quantum Mechanics? (How does the electron "know" it is being watched?)	"Observing" is not the same as watching. In physics, the act of observation involves an interaction with the electron - for example, the electron hitting a phosphorous screen.	[ "An especially unusual version of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as best demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that even passive observation of quantum phenomena (by changing the test apparatus and passively 'ruling out' all but one possibility), can actually change the...
Did an uneven distribution of wealth play a roll in the fall of the Roman empire?	The reasoning behind this argument, for those who are unaware, is that the decline of freeholding citizen-soldier-farmers from the days of the Republic led to a decline in the Roman democracy, and eventually, to the Empire as 'barbarians' took over the ranks of the soldiery and undermined the 'Romanness' of the state. ...	[ "The Roman Empire was overwhelmingly an agricultural economy: over 80% of the population lived and worked on the land. Therefore, rights over land use and product were the most important determinant of wealth. Roman conquest and rule probably led to a major downgrading of the economic position of the average \"pere...
before language was invented was an internal dialogue possible for humans? how would it have worked?	Yes. I can't tell you how it would have worked, but I am a speech therapist and I work with non speaking children and adults. Once they develop verbal language they can tell us that they had the same kind of thought functions as us, but it was produced more in concepts or pictures.	[ "By way of explanation, it has been proposed that at a relatively late stage in human evolution, our ancestors' hands became so much in demand for making and using tools that the competing demands of manual gesturing became a hindrance. The transition to spoken language is said to have occurred only at that point. ...
what is abductive reasoning?	It is trying to figure out the best explanation for something without needing to prove it. Sort of trying to figure out the cause due to the effect. It's not great for proving something is true, but can be helpful for finding avenues to explore. Think of troubleshooting a pc, if a screen is out we can deduce the cause...	[ "Abductive reasoning is a form of inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abducti...
Why can’t we harness the Casimir effect as an energy source?	It is just like any other potential energy. You can extract energy by moving conductors closer together. And then? If you want to repeat that you have to move them apart again, putting that energy back in.	[ "A common assumption is that the Casimir force is of little practical use; the argument is made that the only way to actually gain energy from the two plates is to allow them to come together (getting them apart again would then require more energy), and therefore it is a one-use-only tiny force in nature. In 1984 ...
why do the tv shows produced by local stations on a budget look so terrible, while those produced by hbo/netflix/etc look so good? how exactly does the extra budget money make them look so much better?	It funds better lighting, and cinematography instead of just video recording. Using much more expensive cameras and knowing what you are doing produces vastly better results than a local station can afford for Good Morning {Name of Town}.	[ "The industry divides local television in North America into media markets. These television markets are defined by viewing area and are ranked by the number of audience viewers. New broadcast journalists generally start in the smaller markets with fewer viewers and move up to larger television stations and televis...
How common were dinosaurs?	The basic functions of life hasn't changed from prehistoric eras to today. Things need calories, water, oxygen (generally) to live. They need to live long enough to procreate. Species that are not efficient at procreation die. There was a "food web" with a hierarchy. Lots and lots of smaller critters (predators and pre...	[ "Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event ...
Did people from the Medieval time period consider themselves living in "Medieval" times, or was it something titled by modern historians?	Reference to the Middle Ages first enters Latin in 1469, and the tripartite periodization with which we're familiar today became the standard way of thinking in the seventeenth century thanks to Christoph Cellarius, although Leonardo Bruni was the first scholar to do so in his History of the Florentine People (1442)....	[ "The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures wi...
how does the curiosity rover take pictures of itself?	I won't be able to explain any better, so have a look here: _URL_0_	[ "NASA says, \"The main purpose of Curiosity's MAHLI camera is to acquire close-up, high-resolution views of rocks and soil at the rover's Gale Crater field site. The camera is capable of focusing on any target at distances of about 0.8 inch (2.1 centimeters) to infinity. This means it can, as shown here, also obtai...
What was the most advanced society relative to the rest of the world?	8000 years ago, the people of the Hilly Flanks in southern Anatolia has agriculture, and nobody else did. That is a pretty big difference.	[ "Europe's success in this period stands in contrast to other regions. For example, one of the most advanced civilizations of the Middle Ages was China. It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE. China had a free peasantry who were no longer subsistence farmers, and could sell their produce and active...
the speaker of the house is not nonpartisan?	The Speaker of the House in the Westminster system is a non-partisan figure who is there to ensure the rules of the House are followed, and to allow debate. The Speaker of the House in the American system is the leader of the largest party (similar to, but not same as, a Westminster Prime Minister). They set the agend...	[ "The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the speaker of the British House of Commons, which is meant to be sc...
inflammation and atherosclerosis	The basics of this are that inflammation occurs when cells are damaged, the source of damage doesn't matter but when a cell IS damaged they release chemicals that cause inflammation. Atherosclerosis is also a process based in cell damage. Your blood always has a certain amount of circulating cholesterol which is perfec...	[ "It is now widely accepted that atherosclerosis is a result of cellular and molecular events characteristic of inflammation. Vascular inflammation can be caused by upregulation of Ang-II, which is produced locally by inflamed vessels and induces synthesis and secretion of IL-6, a cytokine responsible for induction ...
possible solutions to xeno's paradox	The solution is that at the same time you're halving distance, you're also halving time. So while you have an infinite number of steps, most of them take an infinitesimal amount of time. You could state Xeno's Paradox the other way as well: you're traveling distances in effectively no (or, at least, infinitesimal) am...	[ "Parrondo's paradox does not seem that paradoxical if one notes that it is actually a combination of three simple games: two of which have losing probabilities and one of which has a high probability of winning. To suggest that one can create a winning strategy with three such games is neither counterintuitive nor ...
Aliens, Bigfoot, and Ghosts? What's the history of "the paranormal" in Western thought?	An interesting case study would be the Loch Ness Monster; a creature attested as far back as St Columba's early medieval hagiography before its resurgence in the mid 20th century. As we'll see, shifting cultural and scientific paradigms completely altered the ways in which people from the same geographical location "co...	[ "BULLET::::- Mysteries and legends: stories that are not strictly paranormal but are unusual such as urban legends, UFOs and alleged alien events such as crop circles, traditional legends such as those involving dragons or the sword in the stone.\n", "Supernatural Thrillers was an American horror fiction comic bo...
Did Hitler have anything to say about 'Mein Kampf' and its contents after he finally rose to power? Did he ever make any attempt to revise, expand or alter it?	Hitler did actually try and write another book. Its been called Zweites Buch or "Second Book", where as Mein Kampf focused on Hitler's early life and struggles as well as setting the tone for Nazi racial politics, the Second Book focused on foreign policy and what the Nazis plans were for their neighbours. The book set...	[ "While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler dictated \"Mein Kampf\" to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it he outlined his belief in Jewish Bolsh...
how does shampoo and body wash work so effectively when it only stays on our body for a few seconds before getting washed off?	If I understood correctly, you are basically asking how soap works. Soap/shampoo/body wash has molecules that can interact with both the water and the fat/dirt you want to remove. These molecules have a polar portion, which binds them to water, and an apolar portion, which makes them able to interact with organic mat...	[ "Hair washing is the cosmetic act of keeping hair clean by washing it. To remove sebum from hair, some apply a surfactant, usually shampoo (sometimes soap) to their hair and lather the surfactant with water. The surfactant is rinsed out with water along with the dirt that it bonds to.\n", "Washing hair removes ex...
are there any benefits to regressive taxation? has it ever been used?	Not much of a thing anymore. Basically all of serfdom was a regressive tax, at least how it’s portrayed. A possible reason for regressive taxation is that the majority of the population is poor, and the wealthy, elite citizens need the money to improve everyone’s lives. Also, it’s feasible that the vast majority of p...	[ "A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner that the average tax rate (tax paid ÷ personal income) decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. \"Regressive\" describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate progresses from high to low, so that the average ta...
the challenger (space shuttle) crash.	The Challenger disaster was technically a structural failure leading to an explosion. It was caused by a design flaw in the solid rocket boosters (SRB's) which are the two big white rockets stuck to the outside of the big orange tank (look at a picture of the space shuttle). The SRB's are essentially long tubes of soli...	[ "The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" Accident, also known as the Rogers Commission after its chairman, was formed to investigate the disaster. The commission members were Chairman William P. Rogers, Vice Chairman Neil Armstrong, David Acheson, Eugene Covert, Richard Feynman, Robert Hotz,...
how is it that an equation is able to describe the nature of reality?	How did we get the idea for numbers? We got it by looking at the world around us and noticing that sometimes things happened in pairs, or in threes, or fours, or so on. You have two eyes and one nose; you have ten fingers. If you hold up your hands in front of your face, you'll notice that you have the same nu...	[ "Reality can be defined in a way that links it to worldviews or parts of them (conceptual frameworks): Reality is the totality of all things, structures (actual and conceptual), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether observable or not. It is what a world view (whether it be based on individual or shared h...
Is mild psoriasis associated with a shorter life expectancy?	For Gulliver et. al, it looks like they focused on hospitalized patients. For Gelfand et. al, they mention that they found that patients treated as outpatients fair better. Perhaps the patients who were hospitalized had other manifestations of the disease and thus were more likely to have complications, which could hav...	[ "Patients with severe forms of MJD have a life expectancy of approximately 35 years. Those with mild forms have a normal life expectancy. The cause of death of those who die early is often aspiration pneumonia.\n", "In another study, the results showed that young age, normal karyotype and ALL induction therapy wi...
why do you see more in the camera app, depending on the orientation of your phone?	Your scene is a rectangle not s square so the camera is cropped to fit the display.	[ "Camera's captures include location information if the user provides the app permission to use it. Additional settings included in the app include time delay, zooming, focus control, sensitivity control, white balance control, shutter speed control, brightness control, and a toggle for switching between different c...
does alcohol increase or decrease dopamine levels	[Read this](_URL_0_) I am the walking hedonic dysregulation theory	[ "Previous studies have identified NPY's anxiolytic effects to a possible therapeutic drug target for alcoholism. As stated before, NPY levels and ethanol intake show an inverse relationship, therefore, increasing NPY availability could decrease alcohol intake. By creating a chemical antagonist for a Y2 receptor tha...
why are republicans against giving the lgbt community equality?	From a political perspective, a large voting block for the Republican party are older and very religiously conservative (Usually Christian, specifically protestant). The more conservative forms of Christianity do not favor homosexuality. If the Republican party were to openly support protections for homosexuals (and ot...	[ "Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has traditionally taken positions regarded as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. However, public opinion on this issue within the party has substantially changed in recent years. A ...
How do cats see in the dark?	Great question! Firstly, a quick description of vision (the how): Specialized neurons called photoreceptors are what pick up light and convert it into signals that the brain can interpret. The two major types of photoreceptor cells are rods and cones (you may have heard of these before). Cones function best in bright...	[ "Cats have a \"tapetum lucidum\", which is a reflective layer behind the retina that sends light that passes through the retina back into the eye. While this improves the ability to see in darkness and enables cats to see using roughly one-sixth the amount of light that people need, it appears to reduce net visual ...
why do people use itunes even though there are may other ways to download music.	The Itunes store was one of the first big services for purchasing music legally on a computer. It is also has a huge amount of content in not just music, but also in movies, books, podcasts etc. Many people started using itunes back when there weren't that many competitors and they continue using it today because the...	[ "iTunes () is a media player, media library, Internet radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It was announced on January 9, 2001. It is used to play, download, and organize digital multimedia files, including music and video, on personal computers running the macOS and W...
Are the Voyager probes still taking pictures?	The cameras on the voyager probes have been disabled to save power.	[ "The probe's objectives included flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Although the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere. \"Voyager 1\" ...
does ice go bad? if i found some ice cubes that had been sitting in a freezer since 1945, could i eat them?	Assuming the ice hasn't subliminated(you might need a bigger ice block) and was placed in sterile and cold enough conditions. Yes you could eat it.	[ "BULLET::::- Freeze-dried ice cream is ice cream that has had most of the water removed from it by a freeze-drying process; sealed in a pouch, it requires no refrigeration. It achieved fame as a popular food in human spaceflight.\n", "As the ice is made at -7°C, it can be stored in freezers below zero for prolong...
3d movies	To keep it simple. You can produce 3D in your vision every day because you have two eyes. 3D movies are filmed with two camera lenses, side by side, similar to your eyes. When shown on your TV/movie theatre, the special glasses you wear makes it so the picture captured from the left lens is only transmitted to your ...	[ "A 3D or 3-D (three-dimensional) film or S3D (stereoscopic 3D) film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception. The most common approach to the production of 3D films is derived from stereoscopic photography. In it, a regular motion picture camera system is used to record the images as seen ...
Can r/askscience please tear this apart? I don't want it to be true.	Same thing was posted a few days ago. It was bollocks then and it's bollocks now. A specialised nuclear warhead or 50 couldn't wipe out 3 billion people, let alone a piddly power station fuel rod.	[ "\"Everything is Broken\" is the twelfth episode of the first season of the American science fiction series Defiance, and the series' twelfth episode overall. It was aired on July 8, 2013. The episode was written by Kevin Murphy and directed by Michael Nankin.\n", "\"Break Down\", the work which put him in the pu...
how did america's economy overtake britain in the late 1800s?	America had a ton of natural resources, long period of peace to develop, rapid increase in production due to industrialization, and rapid increase in work force due to immigration. Factor this in with increasing education and the growth of cities, and you get a massive us manufacturing and agriculture sector that great...	[ "Historians argue that Britain built an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in Latin America after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies about 1820. By the 1840s, Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the w...
What does the Schrodinger equation mean and what does it tell us?	The time-dependent Schrodinger equation tells you how a quantum state vector evolves with time. It says that the Hamiltonian operator is the generator of translations in time. If you know the state vector at time t = 0, the Schrodinger equation and the Hamiltonian tell you what the state vector will be for all time. Y...	[ "the Schrödinger equation is turned into an integral equation. The \"in\" and \"out\" states are assumed to form bases too, in the distant past and distant future respectively having the appearance of free particle states, but being eigenfunctions of the complete Hamiltonian. Thus endowing them with an index, the e...
why does the hair of humans get oily after a day or 2 without bathing, but a cat's hair always feels so soft after not being for 11 months or more?	Your body overproduces skin oil because you wash it away every day. If you go a month or so without using soap or shampoo, your body will eventually reach an equilibrium, and it'll be a lot less oily and gross than you think. Cats also spend a lot of time grooming their fur.	[ "Because of the usually longer hair shafts in pets compared to those of humans, the area of infection and possibly all of the longer hair of the pet must be clipped to decrease the load of fungal spores clinging to the pet's hair shafts. However, close shaving is usually not done because nicking the skin facilitate...
How physically fit were soldiers of antiquity? What was their training like? For that matter, how fit were average people?	Prenatal care and nutrition have improved dramatically. That means a modern 18-year-old recruit, on average, is going to be taller, with a higher IQ and better reflexes. A never-ending flow of proteins and fat in infancy, as well as a cornucopia of antibiotics and vaccines, provides lasting advantages. The ancients h...	[ "Recruits in the early 18th century had to be physically and mentally fit, between 18 and 36 years old (18–30 years from 1819, 18–25 years from 1871) and at least 172 centimeters tall (175 cm from 1775, lowered to 167 cm from 1788 as the army was in dire need of soldiers during Gustav III's Russian War). Many soldi...
why does red on a blue background or vice versa hurt our eyes?	Certain high contrasting colors are difficult to focus on. It doesn't physically hurt our eyes, it's your eyes straining themselves to actually focus. One that always gets me is the Walmart sign at night. I know what it says, but it's hard for me to focus and read it without staring at it. The big blue letters are har...	[ "Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be \"stuck shut\" in the mornin...
Black History Month AMA Panel	Hi guys, thanks for doing this! I have two questions, focusing on the 20th century, so mostly for /u/LordhussyPants and /u/falafel1066 What was the effect of the drug trade on the black community during the ‘60s and ‘70s? The second question: There seem to be differing ideas about the legacy of the Black Panther Pa...	[ "Black History Month is an annual observance originating in the United States, where it is also known as African-American History Month. It has received official recognition from governments in the United States and Canada, and more recently has been observed unofficially in Ireland, the Netherlands, and the United...
Why African rain forests are located on the western side and not all the way to Ethiopia and Somali?	My book shows the wet band going most of the way across the continent, to the headwaters of the Nile, but there is a dry spot on the far east, apparently with winds from the north east (Saudi Arabia) or SouthWest (Africa). Either way, they apparently do not pick up much moisture.	[ "The Upper Guinean forests is a tropical seasonal forest region of West Africa. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Guinea and Sierra Leone in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana to Togo in the east, and a few hundred kilometers inland from the Atlantic coast. A few enclaves of montane forest lie fu...
Is there any way to make oneself dream less often?	Ever since I started smoking weed, I rarely have dreams. It seems to take a few days of sobriety for dreams to return.	[ "The primary aim and foundation of dream practice are to realize during a dream that one is dreaming. Once lucidity has been established the applications are limitless. One can then dream with lucidity and do all sorts of things, such as: practice sadhana; receive initiations, empowerments and transmissions; go to ...
why do autistic children frequently show extraordinary intellectual prowess?	They don't. Autism tends to interfere with people's ability to learn since most learning is social in nature. Most of the time when you see an autistic person with 'extraordinary intellectual prowess', what you're really just seeing is intellectual abilities everyone has focused on something most people don't care ab...	[ "People with autistic spectrum disorders are often deficient in social skills. This is most likely the result of the lack of theory of mind, which enables the person to understand other people's emotions. The concept of social skills has been questioned in terms of the autistic spectrum. In response for the needs o...
why were flat roofs used so much in buildings in the past? did they not know the leaking problem it would eventually lead to?	Flat roofs are much cheaper to build than pitched roofs. They require less material and significantly less time. This is especially true when they are spanning a large open area like a gymnasium or warehouse.	[ "One problem with maintaining flat roofs is that if water does penetrate the barrier covering (be it traditional or a modern membrane), it can travel a long way before causing visible damage or leaking into a building where it can be seen. Thus, it is not easy to find the source of the leak in order to repair it. O...
why do grocery stores have paper bags for mushrooms and plastic bags for everything else?	Moisture. Moisture ruins mushrooms. Plastic bags hold the moisture in, while paper bags will absorb the moisture and keep the mushrooms looking fresh.	[ "Plastic bags were introduced in the 1970s, and thanks to their lower cost, eventually replaced paper bags as the bag of choice for grocery stores. With the trend towards phasing out lightweight plastic bags, though, some grocers and shoppers have switched back to paper bags.\n", "BULLET::::- In the United States...
why doesn't reddit load image links in new tabs practically.	download reddit enhancement suite and you can set it to open images in a new tab	[ "On web pages, by default, tabbing navigates through form fields (such as text entry) and anchors (such as links) in the order they appear in the character stream (i.e., in the raw HTML). This can be overridden by the page author using the tabindex attribute, or by disabling a form field.\n", "In mid-2008, Images...
how does the "communication" of evolution happen?	He dosent communicate. What happens is that you removed him from the gene pool, he can no longer reproduce. But all the mosquitos who didn't get hit can reproduce, so they can pass on whatever trait they have that allowed them to not get hit. So over time all the mosquitos that can get hit do and die, and all the mosqu...	[ "The nature of communication poses evolutionary concerns, such as the potential for deceit or manipulation on the part of the sender. In this situation, the receiver must be able to anticipate the interests of the sender and act appropriately to a given signal. Should any side gain advantage in the short term, evol...
Why do some historians regard the battle of seven pines as the most important battle of the civil war?	The only one i've seen is that it places Robert E Lee in control of the Army of Northern Virginia since Johnson got injured during the battle. Why is Lee gaining control of the army of northern virginia important? Because he's Robert E Lee and the army of the Patomic goes from spitting distance away from Richmond to be...	[ "The Battle of Seven Pines, also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks or Fair Oaks Station, took place on May 31 and June 1, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of an offensive up the Virginia Peninsula by Union Maj. Gen. George B. McCle...
Wait, so were the Contras funded with Cocaine or Iranian arms sales?	Yes, the US was taking part in both. The Congress had cut off funding for the Contra war. The CIA and others, in the executive branch, were deeply committed to the war, but they now had no funding. The US, as a part of the hostage release, began selling arms to Iran. We were officially allies, and supplying arms, t...	[ "When journalist Gary Webb published his newspaper series \"Dark Alliance\" in 1996 alleging that the Reagan administration had allowed the Contras to smuggle cocaine into the US to make money for their efforts, Parry supported Webb amidst heavy criticism from the media.\n", "According to Webb, in the 1980s when ...
what is the point of making medical students study all the subjects/all residential rotations?	Humans are one giant interconnected network of neural, chemical, and structural oddities. To understand the brain, you have to understand the body, and vice versa. It isn't a waste of time at all, and is quite necessary to have a holistic understanding of any one branch of medicine or psychology.	[ "Clinical Rotations are taught over a period of two years in the United States of America, Canada and the United Kingdom. The subjects include Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Surgery and OB/GYN. Students who successfully complete these courses are then eligible to take elective rotations of clinical discip...

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