Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
During the ww2, do any of belligerent dispose some sort of "night vision equipment" to help night combat?	I can speak about Soviet night vision equipment. Development of night vision devices began in the late 1920s, but there was no prototype produced before 1940. The initial goal was to create night vision driver's observation devices so that tanks could drive at night, rather than fight. Trials in the winter of 1940 sho...	[ "Night vision devices for military personnel have been operational since the time of World War II. Their use has been adopted also by military pilots, mainly in rotary-wing aircraft (helicopters). The use of such devices has been suggested for use by commercial pilots since the 1970s, but it was not until 1999 that...
Why didn't Japan have to pay reparations for World War II when Germany did?	What makes you think they didnt? Post war reparations from Japan took two main forms, very similar to what was extracted from the European Axis. The first being cash or free goods and services to both former combatant nations, and former Allied POW's, or the confiscation of money or other financial assets held oversea...	[ "At the end of the war, Japan was compelled to pay high amounts of money or goods to several nations to cover damage or injury inflicted during the war. In the case of Spain, the reparations were due to the deaths of over a hundred Spanish citizens, including several Catholic missionaries, and great destruction of ...
Are there example of inter-species cooperation in nature?	There are many examples of this. It's called a symbiotic relationship, synergy, or mutualism. A great example of this is the relationship between the nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobium, and any legume, such as pea plants and clover. The legumes provide a stable environment for the bacteria inside their root nodules...	[ "Humans are not the only cooperative animals. By researching aspects of cooperation in other species, evolutionary psychologists aim to pinpoint when and under which conditions cooperation emerges. Many species of animals cooperate in the wild. Collaborative hunting has been observed in the air (e.g., among Aplomad...
what is 4chan and 9gag?	4chan is a forum, comprised of unadulterated core of the internet. There are no rules in 4chan. It's the Internet, unrated, XXX edition. What you may see there may scar you for life. 9gag is a website that takes funny content from reddit and rehosts on their website with a 9gag watermark. Redditors hate 9gag and hatin...	[ "\"4chan\" is an English language imageboard based on the Japanese imageboard Futaba Channel. This imageboard is based primarily upon the posting of pictures (generally related to a wide variety of topics, from anime and popular culture to politics and sports) and their discussion. The Guardian describes it as \"at...
why can't the hpv be cured?	There are exactly zero viruses that we know how to cure. Influenza? Nope. Chicken Pocks? Nope. HPV? Nope. When people give you medicine for viral infections its either an antibiotic (might treat symptoms, extremely bad idea) or a medicine specially designed for treating the symptoms. That's it. The medicine makes you ...	[ "Fewer HPV infections mean fewer complications from the virus and less time and money spent on the detection, work-up, and treatment of cervical cancer and its precursor, cervical dysplasia. It prevents infertility caused by cervical biopsies and reduces the severe respiratory problems of children who are infected ...
How do we imagine stuff we've never seen before?	Imagination and sight are two domains working in paralel. You can imagine only that what you have seen (all kinds of shapes/colors), for it was alrerady associated (preserving the structure (pathways) of a specific picture corresponding to reality). But as new research shows the way the brain organizes its visual sens...	[ "...though we cannot know these objects as things in themselves, we must yet be in a position at least to think them as things in themselves; otherwise we should be landed in the absurd conclusion that there can be appearance without anything that appears.\n", "As they circulate through our lives, we look through...
Has anyone used game theory to attempt to explain sexual selection?	In answer to your title, yes, there are scientists who have devoted their careers to this. The most widely accepted theory of how peacocks got their tails is that the genes for a male having a beautiful tail, and the genes for a female liking the beautiful tail are linked (on the same chromosome) so they are inherited...	[ "Evolutionary game theory encompasses Darwinian evolution, including competition (the game), natural selection (replicator dynamics), and heredity. Evolutionary game theory has contributed to the understanding of group selection, sexual selection, altruism, parental care, co-evolution, and ecological dynamics. Many...
Does body temperature change when you're sleeping?.	Body temperature can naturally fluctuate up to a degree Celsius or more throughout the day. It varies with your circadian rhythm, amongst other factors. Tends to be lowest in the middle of the night or early morning. _URL_0_ Secondary source: I measure body temps as my job.	[ "Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. Insomnia and poor sleep...
why is interference with digital tv signals so seemingly mysterious and unpredictable?	I'm not so great at explaining things, but here's my attempt: "Digital" signals are transmitted between the source and destination as analogue transmissions (voltages on a wire, radio waves, etc). The source will typically add redundant information to the stream when it converts from digital to analogue, and the desti...	[ "Changes in signal reception from factors such as degrading antenna connections or changing weather conditions may gradually reduce the quality of analog TV. The nature of digital TV results in a perfectly decodable video initially, until the receiving equipment starts picking up interference that overpowers the de...
Can old plastics spontaneously explode?	Plastics will degrade/decompose over time. How quickly depends largely on the type of plastic, and the conditions of use/storage. Generally, any extreme conditions (heat, humidity, pH, etc.) will be harsher. That being said, the majority of plastics you would run into are likely to break down first into smaller chains...	[ "Perhaps the most difficult part about plastic deterioration is that one cannot visibly see what types of chemical reactions are occurring inside the polymer or even identity the type of plastic until it is too late. Typically all plastics will give off a distinct odor, leak toxins, or will begin to shrink or crack...
Can someone explain to me how and why mass increases with speed?	They are considering relativistic mass which sounds fancy, but isn't used often by the physicists I know because it leads to confusion and questions exactly like yours. :P The idea of relativistic mass is that it's the hypothetical rest (not moving) mass of an object that has the same energy as the lighter real object...	[ "A change in momentum of a mass requires a force; according to Newton's first law, known as the law of inertia, inertia simply being another term for mass. That force, applied to a mass, creates an acceleration, which when applied over time, changes the velocity of a mass. According to Newton's second law, the law ...
Why is the Sin 0i/Sin 0r ratio is equal to the refractive index of a material?	This only works if the index of refraction in the material where the incident beam travels is 1 (which would be the case, to very good accuracy, if the incident beam is traveling in air). You can see this via Snell's Law.	[ "It can be seen that a refractive index of 1.45 is not enough to give a 45° phase difference, whereas a refractive index of 1.5 is enough (by a slim margin) to give a 45° phase difference at two angles of incidence: about 50.2° and 53.3°.\n", "Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incide...
What happens when a black hole "finishes"?	I think what you're thinking of is [Active Galactic Nuclei](_URL_0_). And that's usually when a very large amount of matter is falling into the black hole at that point in time. But the black hole is never "finished" as you're saying. Sometimes there's just more stuff around them. They do evaporate away but it's ove...	[ "BULLET::::- A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Around a black hole there is a mathematically defined surface called an event hor...
how does dominos pizza tracker work? or is it not even real?	They have buttons to press on their display screens that tell them what to make. In theory it's real and shows the real names of the people that are really logged in. But how real it actually is depends on how much you trust a bunch of teens to actually take it seriously and keep logged in as the right people and to no...	[ "Domino’s Pizza Hero Domino’s Pizza Hero is an interactive gaming app developed for Domino’s Pizza for use on tablet and mobile devices. Players are tasked with creating pizzas as quickly and efficiently as possible, with the top players receiving real-world job offers from Domino’s Pizza. The game is a unique and ...
Is there anything advantageous about the position of our solar system within the Milky Way Galaxy?	I'll give one example. We would have no luck trying to find a location for our solar system near the core of the galaxy. Stars are much more densly packed near the center, 0.2 stars per cubic parsec where we now are located versus 10 million stars per cubic parsec when you are within a parsec of the center [[source](_U...	[ "The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms. Therefore, the Sun passes through arms only rarely. Because spiral arms are home to a far larger c...
100-year-old light bulb?	Low power (about 4 watts), robust carbon filament and a lack of thermal expansion/contraction cycles since it's left on. 4 watts isn't very bright (60 watts is a "normal" incandescent bulb), cheaper and easier to make filaments are used in modern bulbs and we turn our lights on and off.	[ "The Centennial Light is the world's longest-lasting light bulb, burning since 1901, and almost never switched off. It is at 4550 East Avenue, Livermore, California, and maintained by the Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department. Due to its longevity, the bulb has been noted by \"The Guinness Book of World Records\", \...
If grasses evolved relatively recently, what kinds of plants were present in the areas where they are dominant today?	That question is kinda hard to answer, here’s my attempt as a plant ecologist. Grasslands today exist where grasses can outcompete pretty much everything else, or that are too inhospitable for other vascular plants. Without competition from grasses, shrublands and woodlands would likely have been able to establish in m...	[ "Grasses probably originated in the understory of tropical rainforests in the Late Cretaceous, but have since come to occupy a wide range of different habitats. Notably, they are the dominant species in grasslands, open habitats that cover around one fifth of the earth's terrestrial surface. The C photosynthetic pa...
Can Pilot Wave Theory be expanded to incorporate relativity? What are the current barriers to its expansion?	The fundamental problem in combining pilot wave theory and relativity is that: * Pilot wave requires each particle's motion to be determined by the motions of every other particle's motions in the whole universe at that instantaneous moment. This is why pilot wave is called a deterministic and nonlocal theory. * In r...	[ "Pilot-wave theory is explicitly nonlocal, which is in ostensible conflict with special relativity. Various extensions of \"Bohm-like\" mechanics exist that attempt to resolve this problem. Bohm himself in 1953 presented an extension of the theory satisfying the Dirac equation for a single particle. However, this w...
why to the label wood 2"x4"/ 2"x6" / 2"x8" etc when the true measurements are irregular and actually 1.75"x3.5" and so on	That is the original dimensions of the rough cut lumber. Older houses actually have 2" x 4" 2x4s but later they began to plane 1/4" off each side for nicer wood, as a result, everything is 1/2" smaller then what we call it.	[ "The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity o...
Was there any pushback to Sykes–Picot Agreement in the West?	There was absolutely opposition to the agreement in the West. For the most part it took on one of two, similar yet different, forms: one was the outrage at the British Administration for violating the Arab's right to self-determination, and the other was opposition in light of the British not using their influence to o...	[ "The Sykes-Picot agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western/Arab relations. It negated the promises made to Arabs through T. E. Lawrence for a national Arab homeland in the area of Greater Syria, in exchange for their siding with British forces against the Ottoman Empire.\n", "It is not known when La...
History of international trade: where did the actual exchanges take place?	It depends on what type and scale of trade you are talking about. Some types of trade aren't really done from a profit motive, and are more accurately termed "exchange". A classic example is the so-called "Kula Ring" famously described by early anthropologist Branislow Malinowski, in which the Trobriand Islanders would...	[ "Through the 19th century \"the exchanges became effective spokesmen for, and innovators of, improvements in transportation, warehousing, and financing, which paved the way to expanded interstate and international trade.\"\n", "Trading on commodities began in Japan in the 18th century with the trading of rice and...
chimerism and how it happens in humans.	Two eggs are fertilized in a woman to make two embryos. Then, for some reason, the embryos fuse (they might not technically be embryos--they might be at an earlier stage, like blastocyst or something) and become one embryo. The embryo then grows into a person, like normal. But since it is made of half one set of geneti...	[ "A genetic chimerism or chimera ( or , also chimaera (\"chimæra\") is a single organism composed of cells with distinct genotypes. In animals, this means an individual derived from two or more zygotes, which can include possessing blood cells of different blood types, subtle variations in form (phenotype) and, if t...
when drinking, why don't liquids flow straight down instead of us having to swallow them?	It gives you the chance to hold something and breath without swallowing. Imagine if the substance was blood, poison, or saltwater: would you really want to swallow? By the same token, say your mouth is full of water and you try to breathe through your nose; do you want that water going into your lungs? It's all to kee...	[ "When a liquid enters a human mouth, the swallowing process is completed by peristalsis which delivers the liquid to the stomach; much of the activity is abetted by gravity. The liquid may be poured from the hands or drinkware may be used as vessels. Drinking can also be performed by acts of inhalation, typically w...
why does the ethernet cable from the router to the modem need many conductors when the coaxial cable from the modem to the "internet" only need 1(plus sheath)?	Coaxial cable carries the same radio-frequency signals that otherwise could go through the air. Channeling the signal through the cable is just a more efficient means of transmission. The cable company's transmitter is similar equipment to a TV or radio station, just with less amplification. For uploading, the modem on...	[ "There are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard SFP+ sockets. They are lower cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the requ...
us serving sizes	The FDA has serving size guidelines, which are codified in [21CFR101.12](_URL_0_). Manufacturers are not required to use those sizes, but they usually seem to when it's a bulk product, or, for single-serving packages, try to get close-ish to the guidelines by dividing the package into whole fractions.	[ "Serving sizes are found on both the Food Pyramid and its successor program MyPlate as well as nutrition labels, and has two related but differing meanings. The USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sets the standards for My Plate and related guidelines. The FDA defines the \"Reference Amounts Customarily ...
Is there any difference between the light that a flashlight makes to the light that the sun makes?	Generally yes. The color of light is determined by the length/frequency of the electromagnetic waves that make it up, and light from LED bulbs and incandescent bulbs have a [different pattern of wavelengths/colors](_URL_0_). I can't speak to the exact accuracy of the graphs in that image, but that gives you a general i...	[ "Solar powered flashlights or solar powered torches are flashlights powered by solar energy stored in rechargeable batteries. Most of these flashlights use light-emitting diodes lamps since they have lower energy consumption compared to incandescent light bulbs.\n", "The flashlight is often sold at military dispo...
there are more and more posts about how other countries have much better education systems than the us, so why does the us seem to have the greatest scientific advances?	Because if you have a PhD you can go straight to the front of the immigration line. Edit: Los Alamos National Laboratory in the city of Los Alamos new mexico has the highest per capita of PHDs in the country I've 'never' met an American one. I'm sure that's just chance but, it illustrates the point.	[ "The United States spends more per student on education than any other country. In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated US education as 14th best in the world. In 2015, the Programme for International Student Assessment rated U.S. high school students No. 40 globally in Math and No. 24 in Science and...
how is the universe expanding, but it's not expanding into a larger containing space?	Imagine a two-dimensional piece of a grid paper that stretches to infinity in all directions. This grid paper is all that exists and nothing can exist outside of it. Now, imagine that each individual grid is getting bigger and bigger. If you are a dot on the grid, you are not moving and expanding, but the distance betw...	[ "Even if the overall spatial extent is infinite and thus the universe cannot get any \"larger\", we still say that space is expanding because, locally, the characteristic distance between objects is increasing. As an infinite space grows, it remains infinite.\n", "Regardless of the overall shape of the universe, ...
gauge theory	I'm going to give this a red hot go for that sweet Karma. Gauge theory: The first thing to take from this is the word gauge refers to a measurement, and isn't some dudes last name tied to a complex formula. Gauge can refer to things such as thickness, a space between objects, a measurement, or amount of something w...	[ "The importance of gauge theories for physics stems from their tremendous success in providing a unified framework to describe the quantum-mechanical behavior of electromagnetism, the weak force and the strong force. This gauge theory, known as the Standard Model, accurately describes experimental predictions regar...
why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?	They have a kinds of pattern, because numbers that aren't prime numbers have a pattern. Every second number after 2 is not a prime. Every third number after 3 is not a prime. Every 4th number after 4 is not a prime and so on. The numbers that aren't primes have a pattern of your can call it that	[ "The distribution of the primes looks random, without a pattern. Take a list of consecutive prime numbers and divide them by another prime (like 7) and keep only the remainder (this is called reducing them modulo 7). The result is a sequence of integers from 1 to 6. Knapowski worked to determine the parameters of t...
Could there possibly be any solar systems that have a supermassive "planet" at the center instead of a star? If not, why are there always stars at the center?	Well, the thing that defines such a system is the large mass of gravity at the center. If you have a large enough mass it will collapse in on itself and become a gas giant. There's always more gas around then there are rocks so the idea of having a large terrestrial center would be pretty far-fetched. Once the central ...	[ "While several Jovian-sized planets have been discovered, most have been found orbiting close to their stars. It is now hypothesized that Jupiter's movement in the Solar System may have cleared the way for the rocky inner planets, including Earth, to form. The similarity extends to the star that centers the system;...
why do many democracies have a president?	Because it just doesn't work practically to have a country led by 100+ people. When another country wants to communicate with it, who would they talk to? One of the 100? Wouldn't that de facto make that one guy the leader? To the second part - because if we get launched against, we can't wait for 100 people to deba...	[ "In dictatorships, the title of president is frequently taken by self-appointed or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many states: Idi Amin in Uganda, Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire, Ferdinand Marcos in Philippines and Saddam Hussein in Iraq are some examples. Other presidents in authoritarian states have wiel...
how do craft like voyager and pioneer propel themselves through space? are the using the gravity of the bodies they pass by to slingshot along, or do they use thrusters of some sort and propel themselves along? a combination of both?	> How do craft like Voyager and Pioneer propel themselves through space? We're used to stuff coming to a stop if it isn't being 'pushed' any longer here on Earth. But that's misleading. The normal state of things is that if you give something a push, say accelerating it up to five miles per hour, it will travel a...	[ "Gravity assistance can be used to accelerate a spacecraft, that is, to increase or decrease its speed or redirect its path. The \"assist\" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. The gravity assist maneuver was first used in 1959 when the Soviet probe Luna 3 photographed th...
All ancient peoples discovered and used fermentation to brew alcohol except native Americas. Why didn't they discover the process?	Not to discourage any further answers, but you'll want to read these older posts about the development of alcohol and other fermented beverages in the Americas: [Before contact with Europeans, were there any fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine) being consumed by Native Americans, and if so, what were they like?]...	[ "Natural fermentation precedes human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation is 13,000-year-old residues of a beer, with the consistency of gruel, found in a cave near Haifa in Israel. Another early alcoholic drink, made from...
why are most coins in the world circular?	It is a convenient shape, for stacking, for machines (counting and vending). A circle is the same size in every orientation you take it	[ "Many countries have struck square coins with rounded corners. Some of these, such as the Netherlands 5 cent coin of World War II and the Bangladesh 5 poisha coin, are oriented as a square, while others, such as the Netherlands Antilles 50 cent and the Jersey 1 pound coin, are oriented as a diamond.\n", "Some of ...
At what temperature do Bose-Einstein Condensates and other exotic states of matter exist?	Helium-3 and -4 both form Bose-Einstein condensates, as do the electrons in a superconductor. He-4 transitions at around 2-3K if I remember, and He-3 is a bit lower, which is because He-4 is a boson while He-3 is a fermion and has to pair up to form a BEC. In a superconductor the electrons pair up to form bosons and ...	[ "In 1995, a gas of rubidium atoms cooled down to a temperature of 170 nK was used to experimentally realize the Bose–Einstein condensate, a novel state of matter originally predicted by S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein, wherein a large number of atoms occupy one quantum state.\n", "A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) ...
What plans, if any, did the Confederate States of America have - or discuss - for expansion into Latin America?	None that I know of, however, Southerners before the war had long had pipe dreams of an America that would extend to Panama. All of these new territories would be slave states. More realistic were attempts to gain Cuba as a slave state. One southerner, Walker, established a slave country in Nicuragua by an invasion of ...	[ "BULLET::::- In the Southern Victory Series, the Confederacy's post-war territorial expansion into Latin America amounts only to the purchase of Cuba from Spain and the purchase of Sonora and Chihuahua from the Mexican Empire (for the purposes of constructing a transcontinental railway and establishing a Confederat...
how "e" raised to "i times pi" is -1. how can you raise a real number by an imaginary number and get a real number?	Imagine the real line going sideways and the imaginary line going up and down. Each complex number can be thought of as a point somewhere in this infinite square - where it is left and right tells you the real value and where it is up and down tells you the imaginary value. Together, these define the complex numbers. N...	[ "Geometrically, imaginary numbers are found on the vertical axis of the complex number plane, allowing them to be presented perpendicular to the real axis. One way of viewing imaginary numbers is to consider a standard number line, positively increasing in magnitude to the right, and negatively increasing in magnit...
why is sexual isolation not reversible?	When the two populations have experienced enough different mutations that their offspring are not viable it is extremely unlikely that later mutations are going to sync up such that later offspring are viable. It isn't technically impossible but so unlikely as to be dismissed.	[ "De-penetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal and it cause relationship and intimacy level to move backward and to fade away. According to Altman and Taylor, when de-penetration occurs, \"interpersonal exchange should proceed backwards from more to less intimate areas, should decrease in breadth...
why did some animals become mainstream pets?	They were the easiest to tame and domesticate. Also, some had actual uses beyond "companion".	[ "Most animals are tuned to modern life by artificial selection. This is either due to the pressure of early hunter-gatherers attempt to stabilise food source, which resulted in the existence of domesticated farm animals, or domestication of pets which are useful to humans. Different animal species undergo different...
What is the temperature at which heavy elements will undergo fission?	It's actually the [CNO fusion cycle](_URL_2_). There is a big difference between [fusion](_URL_1_) and [fission](_URL_3_). From the Wikipedia page, [here's](_URL_0_) a graph showing the relationship between temperature and fusion rate. Since, I'm not an expert in physics, someone else is going to have to explain this...	[ "In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce Sn at higher yields. For example, its yield from U-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fissio...
If mockingbirds mimic sounds and calls from other birds, how do they attract mates?	IIRC they attract mates by doing a series of different sounds/calls, the females go to the male with the most complex series of sounds. So basically they know to listen for a bizarre series of sounds inexplicably coming from just one tree, as opposed to listening for one particular song. Sorry I don't have a source for...	[ "These birds are obligate brooding parasites, meaning they lay eggs in other birds' nests. The learning of the songs and imprinting is also obligate for them because this is how they increase their fitness. The male have impressive vocal repertoires that can be used to mimic, calling, or mating. DaCosta et al. foun...
Which publication of the Diary of Anne Frank is the most historically accurate?	OK, there is a lot here that needs to be addressed. The three versions you discuss are the A, B, and C versions. The A version was the original diary that Anne wrote during hiding. The B version is a rewrite, also by Anne, of the first entries from the A version (interestingly, in the diary itself, Anne discusses thi...	[ "The Diary of Anne Frank is a 1980 American made-for-television biographical drama film which originally aired on NBC on November 17, 1980. Like the 1959 film of the same name, it was written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett and directed by Boris Sagal. Unlike the 1959 film, the TV-film focuses more on charac...
How did tobacco altar old world society after it's new world discovery?	There's an excellent recent book about tobacco and China by the historian Carol Benedict, "Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550-2010." Like many other products found by Europeans in the Americas (ranging from large quantities of silver to hot peppers), tobacco made its way to China relatively quickly ...	[ "Before the Columbian Exchange tobacco was unknown in the Old World. The Native Americans, from whom the first western explorers learnt about tobacco, used the leaf for a variety of purposes, including religious worship, but Europeans soon became aware that the Americans also used tobacco for medicinal purposes. Th...
why does ordering something from a tv commercial takes so long to be received versus getting it from an online site ?	Many of the products sold through infomercials, especially information products, are not actually created until an order is placed. So, you may order a DVD set today but the next batch of orders are not created until the next week. It's a sort of 'standard' that the price of shipping should cover the entire cost of cre...	[ "Promoting a food to consumers is done out of store, in store, and on package. Advertisements on television and in magazines are attempts to persuade consumers to think favorably about a product, so that they go to the store to purchase the product. In addition to advertising, promotions can also include Sunday new...
What changed that the commander of a Combat Air Group went from being a Commander rank to a Captain?	It was an intentional change to pump up the Carrier Air Wing's CO billet to 0-6. The change was phased in over a number of years that put the Carrier's CO and the CAG on equal footing as partners who both were direct reports to the Strike Group Commander. In large part it was an acknowledgement of the power and impor...	[ "The title of aircraft commander is used in civil aviation to refer to the pilot in command (commonly referred to as \"captain\", which is technically an airline rank and not related to the commander's role on board the aircraft).\n", "After WWII until 1983, CAGs were typically post-squadron command aviators in t...
Anti-abolitionists in the US cited economics as their most common argument against ending slavery. Did the US suffer any noticeable recession soon after the passing of the 13th Amendment?	I would imagine this would be really hard to quantify since so much of the South'a economy was also recovering from the loss of life and and other reconstruction efforts after the devastation of places like those visited by Sherman and the Northern army.	[ "The abolitionist question had been imposed since the abolition of the slave trade in 1850, finding resistance among the country's traditional agrarian elites. In view of the measures adopted by the Empire for the gradual extinction of the slave regime, due to the repercussion of the unsuccessful experience in the ...
Why did Ancient Egyptians really worship cats? Is this where the 9 lives saying originates?	The problem with finding the origin of a folk belief like this one - that cat's have nine lives - is that when there is no clear answer, folklore typically invents one (the folk abhor a vacuum!). The idea that Ancient Egypt is the source of this belief is likely a bit of folklore in itself, caused at least in part by t...	[ "Cats in ancient Egypt were represented in social and religious practices of Ancient Egypt for more than 30 centuries. Several Ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice, fertility and power.\n", "Cats in ancient Egypt were re...
does temperature affect evaporation rate below boiling point?	Water evaporates much faster at higher temps. Think of a clothes dryer. If the heat didn't speed the evaporation of the water in the clothes, there would be no need to warm the incoming air. Smear a drop of water on a cool surface and the same surface when it's warmed. It's easy to see the difference.	[ "The boiling point is an important property because it determines the speed of evaporation. Small amounts of low-boiling-point solvents like diethyl ether, dichloromethane, or acetone will evaporate in seconds at room temperature, while high-boiling-point solvents like water or dimethyl sulfoxide need higher temper...
what is will power and where does it come from if emotion is based off of chemical interactions?	"Will power" is not a concept that modern psychologists really use -- it's kind of an inaccurate idea. A more accurate version is "delayed gratification". This means the ability to give up a short-term pleasure in order to obtain a larger long-term reward. Since our brain is motivated by both of these forces, they t...	[ "Will, generally, is that faculty of the mind which selects, at the moment of decision, a desire from among the various desires present. Will does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the mechanism for choosing from among one's desires. Within philosophy the will is important as one of the distinct par...
is it possible for humans to procreate during zero gravity space flight?	Probably, sperm don't need gravity to travel. So a woman could probably get pregnant, but as far as after that, we just don't know. IIRC Vsauce did a video on this.	[ "In space, pilots would require pressurized chambers or space suits to supply fresh air. While there, they would experience weightlessness, which could potentially cause disorientation. Further potential risks included radiation and micrometeoroid strikes, both of which would normally be absorbed in the atmosphere....
If a tree lives to be 10,000 years old will it under go the same evolution of a series of 1000 ten year old trees of the same species?	A single tree cannot undergo evolution. Evolution is a process that can only be seen at the population level. A simple definition of evolution is: change in the genetic composition of a population over time [(Source)]( _URL_0_). So neither the 10,000 year old tree nor the 10 year old trees will, themselves, have under...	[ "Because of the large trunk size some trees develop, people have assumed that individual \"H. macrocarpa\" trees may be up to 2,000 years old. The reality is that the longest-lived report based on physical evidence is of a tree 284 years old. The renowned Californian botanist Willis Linn Jepson wrote that \"the adv...
the indian “head bob”	In America it is generally understood that rotating the head up and down means "yes" and rotation side to side means "no". However in India there are a lot more head movements with different meanings. Along with the two Americans are familiar with one might also indicate "yes" by rotating the head along the axis of si...	[ "The head bobble, or Indian head shake refers to a common gesture found in South Asian cultures, most notably in India. The motion usually consists of a side-to-side tilting of the head in arcs along the coronal plane. A form of nonverbal communication, it may mean \"Yes\", \"Good\", \"maybe\", \"OK\" or \"I unders...
why is it princess eugenie and princess beatrice, but it's lady louise windsor and james, viscount severn?	This one's entirely up to personal choice. Whose choice, exactly, is not entirely clear, but when Prince Edward married, there was a royal press release that all of his children were to be styled as nobility, rather than royalty.	[ "Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank ( ; Eugenie Victoria Helena; born 23 March 1990) is a member of the British royal family, and the younger daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York. She is tenth in line of succession to the British throne, after her elder sister, Princess Beatrice of ...
Can anyone point me toward some Norse elated books?	Well, your best bet for a worm's eye view of Scandinavian society in the early middle ages (or, at least, a 13th century interpretation thereof) are the sagas. I would recommend highly the Folio Society's The Icelandic Sagas, as well as essentially anything published by Penguin. As far as the sagas themselves go, I'...	[ "Of the John James novel \"Votan\", Gaiman stated: “I think probably the best book ever done about the Norse was a book that I couldn’t allow myself to read between coming up with the idea of \"American Gods\" and finishing it. After it was published, I actually sat down and allowed myself to read it for the first ...
How fast do clouds move in relation to the earth? What factors are there when measuring the speed of clouds?	They move at the speed of the wind at their altitude, typically tens of kilometers per hour. You can measure their angular velocity as seen from you, and you can determine their distance with triangulation if you have at least a second viewing point, combine both and you get the speed of the cloud. Radar can directly g...	[ "High-velocity clouds (HVCs) are large collections of gas found throughout the galactic halo of the Milky Way. Their bulk motions in the local standard of rest have velocities which are measured in excess of 70–90 km s. These clouds of gas can be massive in size, some on the order of millions of times the mass of t...
why is fluoride put in water marketed to babies if they are going to lose all of their teeth in a few years?	Because their teeth can still rot before they fall out, which can still be painful, and getting fillings as a child sucks. EDIT: Also consider the associated plaque, bone loss, and risk of infection associated with poor dental hygiene.	[ "In November 2006 the American Dental Association published information stating that water fluoridation is safe, effective and healthy; that enamel fluorosis, usually mild and difficult for anyone except a dental health care professional to see, can result from ingesting more than optimal amounts of fluoride in ear...
tears	You have small ducts in the inside corners of your eyes. If you can keep the tears from spilling over, the fluid drains out through those ducts into your nasal passages.	[ "Crying is the shedding of tears (or welling of tears in the eyes) in response to an emotional state, pain or a physical irritation of the eye. Emotions that can lead to crying include anger, happiness, or sadness. The act of crying has been defined as \"a complex secretomotor phenomenon characterized by the sheddi...
if rape is common in male prisons, why doesn't the public take it seriously?	I'm not sure how prevalent it is, but in general the public doesnt really care about the lives of prisoners. Prisons charge prisoners (and their families) ridiculous prices for essential items and completely rob them on telephone charges. What are they gonna do, shop around for a better prison?	[ "Rape in female prisons has been commonplace for a long period of time in both the US and the UK. In England and Wales, a report showed that female prisoners are being coerced into sex with staff members in return for various favours, such as alcohol and cigarettes. Rape may even be more common than reports show, g...
What was the first battle to be reenacted by actors? When was it?	Well, the Romans reenacted quite few battles at the Coliseum (built 72 C.E.), and I suppose they were reenacting battles before in other structures. I don't know that you could call the people in these events actors.	[ "Reenactments of battles became more commonplace in the late 19th century, both in Britain, and also in America. Within a year of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, survivors of U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment reenacted the scene of their defeat for the camera as a series of still poses.\n", "Military displays and mock ...
how did we come up with the asteroid theory for dinosaur extinction?	It's not the only theory but it's the one best explained by all the evidence. First, there's the 150km wide impact crater off the Yucatan peninsula. It was created by a roughly 10km wide asteroid impacting at 30+km/s and it's been date to 65 million years ago which is exactly when the dinosaurs became extinct. We know ...	[ "The theory was initially met with skepticism, but over the years has become accepted as the primary explanation of the mass extinctions that took place sixty-five million years ago. Asaro himself felt that while mass extinction of many species was well-supported by plentiful fossil records, the smaller number of d...
How did we know what note to tune our instruments to before we understood the physics of sound?	It varied from orchestra to orchestra. Before the 1800s tuning was usually based around instruments that were difficult to tune, like organs. (Since some of these organs are still around we can figure out what pitches they used.) But these varied from location to location. There were actually some problems associat...	[ "The Sumerians and Akkadians, the Greeks, and the Persians all used math to create notes used on lutes and lyres and other stringed instruments. Using the idea that a plucked or bowed string produces a note, they noticed the difference in tone when a string is stopped. \"The great discovery\" was hearing the double...
can a planet have two suns like tatooine?	Yes. There are plenty of binary star systems in the known universe. However, the planets orbiting them might not be habitable, as temperatures would likely vary greatly due to how the planet orbits the stars.	[ "Kepler-452b, a rocky super-Earth-type planet, is said to be similar to the \"Star Wars\" planet Coruscant. Likewise, the planets Kepler-16b and Kepler-453b, planets discovered orbitting binary stars probably resemble the desert world Tatooine. The hot, molten worlds of Kepler-10b and Kepler-78b are comparable to t...
envy--why exactly do others' accomplishments cause us to feel worse about ourselves?	While someone getting to have something that you can't have is certainly a part of it, I also think that respect is a major part of Envy. It makes sense that people get what they deserve, for better or for worse. It also makes sense that some people are a bit better at this-or-that than you. So it makes sense that some...	[ "The only type of envy that can have positive effects also is benign envy. According to researchers, benign envy can provide emulation, improvement motivation, positive thoughts about the other person, and admiration.This type of envy, if dealt with correctly, can positively affect a persons future by motivating th...
what's the difference between silk produced by spiders, and silk produced by moth larvae? why don't we farm spiders for their silk?	Moth larvae will live happily in a box together, spiders however will kill and eat eachother. So it's much easier to farm moth larvae instead of having individually housed spiders producing the silk :)	[ "Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some i...
is adblock plus detrimental to websites that rely on advertisements?	How to explain this for this subreddit..yes!	[ "Ad blocking also reduces page load time and saves bandwidth for the users. Users who pay for total transferred bandwidth (\"capped\" or pay-for-usage connections) including most mobile users worldwide, have a direct financial benefit from filtering an ad before it is loaded. Analysis of the 200 most popular news s...
What happens to all of the energy in a lightning bolt when it strikes the Earth?	First of all the energy isn't "in" the bolt, the bolt is a sort of temporary wire between the earth and a cloud. The energy is in the imbalance of charge between the cloud and earth. A lot of the energy goes into ionizing the air. It takes a lot of voltage to separate electrons from the molecules in the air. Once t...	[ "Lightning strikes the earth 40,000 times per day, and can be thought to charge the earth like a battery. Thunderstorms generate an electrical potential difference between the earth's surface and the ionosphere, mainly by means of lightning. Because of this, the ionosphere is positively charged relative to the eart...
why, after building millions of cars and seeing that all of them rust, do automobile makers still not spray a rustproof coating or use stainless steel wherever appropriate?	Stainless steel is expensive and harder to work with. Spraying an undercoating at the factory costs money. They pass those savings onto the customer who hopefully will have a rusted out car in 6-10 years and buy a new vehicle.	[ "There are electronic \"rustproofing\" technologies claimed to prevent corrosion by \"pushing\" electrons into the car body, to limit the combination of oxygen and iron to form rust. The loss of electrons in paint is also claimed to be the cause of “paint oxidisation” and the electronic system is also supposed to p...
why is the oil in the us so much cheaper than its european counterparts?	I assume you mean petroleum product that you burn instead of use for lubrication or the oil or oil that is used in food. The main difference is the amount of tax on it. At [_URL_1_](_URL_0_) you can find the tax for gasoline you ahve a 18.5c/gallon federal tas and the lowes state tax is Alaska 14.65c/gallon and t...	[ "The competitive advantage of US refiners has been attributed to the lower price of American crude oil, as reflected by the Oklahoma-based index price West Texas Intermediate, versus the more expensive European-based index price Brent Crude. Due to the great surge in American production of oil, natural gas, and nat...
how come tattooing doesn't cut skin off?	Sometimes it does when done by a bad tattoo artist, but only with solid images. They go over the same area too many times, too deep. The entire patch of skin becomes one big scab and falls off eventually .	[ "Tattooing is regulated in many countries because of the associated health risks to client and practitioner, specifically local infections and virus transmission. Disposable plastic aprons and eye protection can be worn depending on the risk of blood or other secretions splashing into the eyes or clothing of the ta...
hindu deities, how are there so many versions of the same gods?	So, let's talk about you. You're a person, probably a student somewhere. No matter where you are or what you're doing, you're always you. But! You're not always the same you. When you're at home with your parents you act one way. When you're at school in class, you act another way. When you're hanging out with friends...	[ "Thirty-three divinities are mentioned in other ancient texts, such as the Yajurveda, however, there is no fixed \"number of deities\" in Hinduism any more than a standard representation of \"deity\". There is, however, a popular perception stating that there are 330 million deities in Hinduism. Most, by far, are g...
the sopranos; why after whacking someone killer always leaves the gun at the scene of the crime? script's stupidity?	If the gun can't be tied to you, and you've left no evidence on it (DNA, prints, etc) it makes more sense to leave the weapon behind. There's no chance you'll be caught with it later.	[ "The shooting of Tony Soprano set off a media frenzy, with reporters stalking the Soprano house and outside the hospital where Tony lay in a coma. Junior Soprano was arrested and questioned about the shooting, which he insisted must have been a self-inflicted gunshot by Tony, whom he labeled as a \"depression case\...
how can king trademark words like candy and saga, and what is to stop me from grabbing a dictionary and starting with a?	Trademarks only cover uses that you can show could cause confusion to a consumer. So you can have Apple Computers and Apple Apple Company, and neither is infringing on the others' trademark.	[ "King filed for applications for trademarks on the word \"candy\" in January 2013 with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which became publicly known in January 2014. News of these pending trademarks raised concerns from other developers, fearing that King would use their trademark to intimidate smaller...
what time do astronauts have on their watch?	UTC. This is mainly because this sleep schedule is convenient for most parties involves (mostly Russians and Americans). Its a compromise between American and Russian timezones, and fits fairly well for everyone else given that the exact opposite timezones are mostly found in the Pacific Ocean. Everyone should use t...	[ "A 24-hour watch is a type of watch with an hour hand that completes a revolution every 24 hours. This type of watch is especially useful for aviators, astronauts, health care professionals, and members of the military. That is, anyone who uses a 24-hour clock or multiple timezones.\n", "Orbiting spacecraft typic...
what is going on with the dnc and why is it so detrimental to a campaign?	From what I understand... There was some sort of database error in the DNC (Democratic National Committee, the official name of the Democratic Party). In that error, one of Bernie Sander's staff accessed a part of the voter information database that should have only been accessible to Hillary Clinton's staff. Once t...	[ "In December 2016, the incoming Trump presidential transition team planned to stop the program from targeting white supremacists, which have committed bombings and shootings such as at a black church in Charleston. The program was also planned to be renamed to \"Countering Radical Islamic Extremism\". Congressional...
why can't we "drain" volcanoes before they explode?	Imagine you had a sealed pot, full of boiling water. You want to reduce the pressure inside the pot, but you can't turn off the fire. If you create a whole in the pot, releasing the pressure, then there's going to be a jet of steam. Doesn't matter where you make the whole, the pressure's going to come out, and come ...	[ "Once released, gases almost always are less dense than the surrounding rocks and sand and seep toward the surface. Explosive eruptions of volcanoes result from water or other volatiles outgassed from magma being trapped, for example by a lava dome. At the Earth's tectonic divergent boundaries where new crust is be...
why do many rivers tend to make an "s" pattern in the way they flow?	Since it’s pretty well impossible for a river to be perfectly straight, there will be a small curve somewhere. These tiny curves cause water to rush into them, which will cause more erosion of the bank in that spot. That erosion causes a larger curve, causing more erosion. This starts a feedback cycle that forces a ri...	[ "Meandering rivers flow higher and hence with more total flow, pressure and erosion on the outside of their bends due to forming a vortex as in a stirred coffee cup and consequently the river erodes more the outer bank. On the inside bend of a river, the level is lower, secondary flow moves sand and gravel across t...
in a capitalistic country like the us, why are universities so expensive and without competition between each other?	Because universities are impacted. The demand is higher than the supply, so kids will pay what it takes to get it. We also have huge government aid programs that will fuck you when you're out, but allow you to go without worrying about the immediate cost.	[ "An often cited advantage of the European universities is an advantageous cost/quality ratio. In Europe, especially continental Europe, universities are heavily subsidized by their national governments. In Germany, Scandinavia or Eastern Europe for instance, most masters programmes have been traditionally totally f...
How were Henry repeating rifles incorporated into Union ranks during the American Civil War?	& #x200B; Most all of the breech-loaders bought by the US Ordnance Dept. were given to cavalry units. There was no way they could have equipped millions of infantrymen with them, even if they had wanted to replace the millions of rifled muskets already in their hands. Because it is very awkward to load a muzzle-loadi...	[ "Model 1855 rifles were fairly common. Most of the regular army was equipped with them in 1861, and the Confederates had a few thousand that had been stored in Southern arsenals. They acquired more through battlefield pickups and would use them throughout the war (although the 1855 rifle was eventually replaced in ...
. why do many employers give their hourly employees sporadic, weekly-changing, temporary schedules?	I'm one of those assholes. I hate having schedules that change constantly, and I do what I can to keep things stable, but there are a few factors I have to take into account. Keep in mind that every staff member has certain times they simply can't work. Because of this, if you change a single shift, you usua...	[ "BULLET::::1. Average weekly hours (manufacturing) — Adjustments to the working hours of existing employees are usually made in advance of new hires or layoffs, which is why the measure of average weekly hours is a leading indicator for changes in unemployment.\n", "One main concern of shift workers is knowing th...
My uncle has a collection of swords from WWII that his grandfather brought back from the war. Help me identify them for him.	We'd need clear pictures, and lots of them, of the hilts, grips, pommels, stampings on ricassos, marks in the fullers, etc. before we could even begin to start thinking of identifying these.	[ "The original is displayed at the Battle of Stalingrad Museum in Volgograd. During the Cold War it returned to Britain for temporary exhibitions on at least three occasions. Wilkinson Sword made three other swords at or shortly thereafter and their current disposition is as follows:\n", "The memorial is composed ...
how angel investing and venture capital works	Angel investors are generally investing their own money in an organization, whereas a venture capital firm is investing other people's money, money that other people have invested in the venture capital fund. As such, venture capitalists tend to have more money to invest, and therefore do typically invest more m...	[ "An angel investor (also known as a business angel, informal investor, angel funder, private investor, or seed investor) is an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. Angel investors usually give support to start-ups at the init...
Will a standard oven cook food slower if there is more food in it, like a microwave?	That depends on how good your oven is and how well the air circulates. Conventional ovens operate by getting to and maintaining a fixed temperature whereas microwaves emit a constant amount of energy. What this means is that in a microwave if you double the amount of food in there you need to roughly double the time ...	[ "Microwave ovens heat food without getting hot themselves. Taking a pot off a stove, unless it is an induction cooktop, leaves a potentially dangerous heating element or trivet that will stay hot for some time. Likewise, when taking a casserole out of a conventional oven, one's arms are exposed to the very hot wall...
what does it mean for a food to have 'anti-inflammatory' properties?	It means that the food contains chemicals that can help to reduce inflammation. It will not make you harder to set on fire.	[ "Suggested diets to reduce inflammation include those rich in vegetables and low in simple carbohydrates, and fats such as saturated fats and trans fats. Anti-inflammatory foods include most colorful fruits and vegetables, oily fish (which contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids), nuts, seeds, and certain spic...
King Richard I of England was known as 'Richard the Lionheart.' How did common folk know what a lion was?	[This post](_URL_0_) from four years ago has some useful answers which might help you out.	[ "Richard the Lionheart was often recorded in Victorian times wielding a large war axe, though references are sometimes wildly exaggerated as befitted a national hero: \"Long and long after he was quiet in his grave, his terrible battle-axe, with twenty English pounds of English steel in its mighty head...\" – \"A C...
seeing as how electricity often takes the form of plasma in many instances of physical manifestation, would it stand to reason that all plasma could be utilized the same way if its heat energy were concentrated/channeled enough?	Electricity does not take the form of plasma, plasma is a state of matter where electrons and nuclei dissolve in a quantum soup example the sun. Electricity is electrons flowing through matter generally via the valence electrons. Almost forgot to mention, high voltages can produce plasma (example lightening)	[ "Plasma consists of a mixture of electrons, ions, radicals, neutrals and photons. Some of these species are in local thermodynamic equilibrium, while others are not. Even for simple gases like argon this mixture can be complex. For plasmas of organic monomers, the complexity can rapidly increase as some components ...
Could Nazi-Germany simply have stopped hostilities and be content with the signed treaties leading up to WW2?	The same would go for states like Italy and the Soviet Union of course, could they have kept Albania and Ethiopia, and Bessarabia respectively forever?	[ "In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, t...
why do movie studios opt for cgi when it seems like practical affects would be cheaper, easier for actors to work with, and preferred by audiences?	Because CGI generally does look better the reason alot of people think practical effects are better is because we only notice bad CGI	[ "While modern computer-generated imagery (CGI) technology is considered by many stunt professionals to potentially be curtailing the industry to but a shadow of its former self, the costs of CGI on most films and for most scenes presently far outweigh the benefits. While CGI allows directors to create stunts that w...
why the sun feels hotter in some places than others?	Seems like a moisture and wind difference between the two. People normally say things like "it's not the heat, it's the humidity." Which is true. Imagine taking a hot relaxing bath, now imagine that everywhere you go. It's hot, you sweat instantly, you feel like the sweat on you never goes away and everything in the ai...	[ "When the sun warms the ground, it will warm some features more than others (such as rock faces or large buildings), and these set off thermals which rise through the air. Sometimes these may be a simple rising column of air; more often, they are blown sideways in the wind and will break off from the source, with a...
why does being in hot weather make some people irritable, the rain make people tired, and winter make people depressed?	The winter depression is probably linked to low levels of sunlight which will effect serotonin and vitamin d	[ "\"This kind of depression can also affect the weather. After 10 days of best weather people come back home and it's cold, windy and rainy outside. [This might depend on the country the concerned people live in.]\"\n", "A depressed mood is common during illnesses, such as influenza. It has been argued that this i...
How cold was it for the moon landings?	Hey there friend! _URL_1_ The moon gets very cold, and very hot! This is why spacesuits are white - while the moon's surface absorbs about 80 - 85% of the sun's radiation, a space suit absorbs only 15% Believe it or not, the greatest threat to a space man in a non-atmospheric environment it overheating from their ow...	[ "ISRO had reported on 25 November 2008 that Chandrayaan-1's temperature had risen above normal to , scientists said that it was caused by higher than normal temperatures in lunar orbit. The temperature was brought down by about by rotating the spacecraft about 20 degrees and switching off some of the instruments. S...
why do we have hair on our knuckles?	We have hair on our knuckles , for the same reason we have hair on our arms/legs ( if you believe in evolution) . Now it doesn't really serve a purpose .. But it used to be part of our 'coat' .	[ "In humans, hair is commonly present on all the basal segments of the digits and invariably absent from all the terminal ones. On the middle segments, there is wide fluctuation with apparent familial and racial tendencies. Hair is present on the middle segment of the fingers more frequently than on the middle segme...
how does a country’s military/businesses/etc transition when they are taken over by another in war?	It really depends on the war, the extent of the damage to that country (it may not have a functional military by the end), terms of the resulting treaty, etc. There's not a hard and fast rule when it comes to warfare: it's sorta the point where the rules all break down.	[ "As a result, most nations' armies decrease to the size necessary to defend against a \"national emergency.\" Furthermore, under the \"Millennium Accord\", no nation's military is permitted to leave its own borders, officially creating world peace. In their place rise Private Military Corporations. They have two ad...
Some questions about radiation--what it is, and where it comes from	There are actually more types than 3. Alpha, beta, and gamma are the most common. You could include neutron, fission fragments, cluster decay and a few other rare ones. The reason these particles are radiation and their sources are radioactive is that the initial systems are unstable. For example, some atoms have...	[ "Radiation flux is a measure of the amount of radiation received by an object from a given source. This can be any type of radiation, including electromagnetic, sound, and particles from a radioactive source.\n", "Radiation dose refers to the amount of energy deposited in matter and/or biological effects of radia...
Was there any reaction from Catholics to the capture of Rome in 1870 and thus the destruction of the Papal States?	First, the vast majority of the Papal States had been lost by 1860 to Italian unification. Only Rome remained in papal hands, and then only because Emperor Napoleon III of France stationed troops there. The Franco-Prussian War (your 1870 date) put an abrupt end to that situation, and Italian troops siezed Rome. The ...	[ "The papal bull of January 4, 1559 (see above) was followed: the 50 defendants, including Leonor de Cisneros, publicly recanted their Protestant faith received heavy penalties and returned to Roman Catholicism but 13 of these, including a Portuguese Jew were relaxed to the secular arm to be pardoned with strangulat...
Aside from phrenology, what are other "disciplines" that were previously practiced but were eventually discarded/rejected?	Humorism, or the notion that human health depends on a balance of fluids (or "humors") in the body, was a predominant paradigm in health from the time of Hippocrates until the general acceptance of the germ theory of disease. It was believed that there were four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Disea...	[ "The philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that explores issues in theory, research, and practice within the field of health sciences. More specifically in topics of epistemology, metaphysics, and medical ethics, which overlaps with bioethics. Philosophy and medicine, both beginning with the ancient Gree...
why i am i not hearing about anything being done about the comcast-tw merger?	It's in its early stages, it takes quite a while for two large companies to merge into one.	[ "In April 2015, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Justice was preparing to file an antitrust lawsuit against Comcast and Time Warner in a bid to halt the merger, arguing that the merger would reduce the level of competition in the cable television and broadband internet industries. On April 24, 2015, Comc...
what us lean muscle?	There are 3 different types of muscle: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Typically, lean muscle refers to skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle are all the muscles that you have voluntary control of (your limbs, torso, back, neck, face, etc...) and act to move your body. Smooth muscle is found in many of ...	[ "The muscle-up (also known as a muscleup) is an advanced strength training exercise, within the domain of calisthenics. It is a combination routine of a radial pull-up followed by a dip. Variations exist for the rings as well as the bar.\n", "A lean-to is originally defined as a building in which the rafters lean...
how/why most stars are binary systems	Most stars are not. its estimated that 1/3 of the stars in the milky way are binary systems, but 2/3 are not. And since our methods for determining if a system is binary are flawed, the number may not even be that high.	[ "A binary star system consists of two stars that orbit around their common centre of mass. The movements of both stars lie on a common orbital plane in space. When this plane is very closely aligned with the location of an observer, the stars can be seen to pass in front of each other. The result is a type of extri...
if the wavelength of light corresponds to its energy, and space expanding lowers the wavelength of light, where does the light's energy go?	Conservation of energy is not always true. Noether's theorem establishes a one-to-one correspondence between symmetries and conservation laws. The symmetry associated with conservation of energy is time-translation symmetry. In any system where this symmetry holds, energy is conserved. And in any system where this symm...	[ "The refractive index of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity is decreased relative to the velocity of light in vacuum. At a microscale, such a decrease occurs because of a disturbance in the charges of each atom after being subjected to the electromagnetic field of the incident light. As the electr...

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