question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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why does iran, india, and australia have 1/2 hour time zone increments? | This isn't an explanation but newfoundland Canada also has a half hour time zone | [
"The Republic of India uses one time zone, which is Indian Standard Time (IST). This is — that is, five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. India does not observe daylight saving time (DST or summer time).\n",
"Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all ... |
why is the dark side of the moon not black or shadow like as opposed to the transparent look it gives off during the day? | It is, but the sky is closer to you than the Moon so when the sky is blue there's blue light coming from the direction of the Moon, which is more apparent when there isn't strong light coming off the Moon itself.
Here I'm assuming you're using "dark side of the Moon" to refer to the part of the Moon visible from Eart... | [
"The Moon is directly illuminated by the Sun, and the cyclically varying viewing conditions cause the lunar phases. Sometimes the dark portion of the Moon is faintly visible due to earthshine, which is indirect sunlight reflected from the surface of Earth and onto the Moon.\n",
"The phrase \"dark side of the Moon... |
Why do neodymium magnets slow down when they fall through a copper tube? | This phenomenon is not special to neodymium magnets, but occurs with any magnetis, although the stronger the magnet, the more obvious the effect.
What's at play is Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, including Lenz's Law. As the flux of magnetic field through a cross section of the tube changes, a voltage is ... | [
"Currents bound inside the atoms of strong magnets can create counter-rotating currents in a copper or aluminum pipe. This is shown by dropping the magnet through the pipe. The descent of the magnet inside the pipe is observably slower than when dropped outside the pipe.\n",
"Because the magnet is small and has l... |
How did lower castes live in the feudal Japan shogun era (12-17ct)? | # Foreword
These are all really fascinating questions! The lives of peasants is often overshadowed when looking into the history of Japan, which is often focused on through the frame of ‘samurai history’. Despite this, it is a topic which is very complex, and is very connected with other aspects of Japanese history. B... | [
"The Tokugawa shogunate rigidified long-existent class divisions, placing most of the population into a Neo-Confucian hierarchy of four occupations, with the ruling elite at the top, followed by the peasants who made up 80% of the population, then artisans, and merchants at the bottom. Court nobles, clerics, outcas... |
Does wind have the same effect on light that it does sound? Why or why not? | The main difference is that the gas particles carry sound waves, while light is a propagating electromagnetic wave that travels *through* the medium, and not *by* the medium.
The only way that there would be a visible effect by wind would be if it somehow changed the refraction of the air, like in a [mirage](_URL_0_),... | [
"Scientists have understood the effect of wind gradient upon refraction of sound since the mid-1900s; however, with the advent of the U.S. Noise Control Act, the application of this refractive phenomena became applied widely beginning in the early 1970s, chiefly in the application to noise propagation from highways... |
how does compulsory school works in usa? (details inside) | Well in the case of an extremely problematic child it's a bit case-by-case, but something would be done, yes.
The legal obligation is more to force parents to force kids than to force kids. A parent refusing to provide education for their child has a big legal issue on their hands.
It's not just the USA, either. | [
"Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a registered school (schooling) or at home (homeschooling). \"Compulsory education differs from compulsory attendance, which means that parent... |
how do big supermarket chains decide on what needs to be ordered and put on the shelf? | It's both. Source: worked at a large chain petstore, and the logic is similar.
Big box stores have something that will be called something along the lines of "automatic replenishment." Some items will be ordered in set amounts every period - whether it's once a week, twice a week, etc. Others will get a specific amoun... | [
"In the real world when you visit a shop the shelves and products are not placed in a random order. The shop owner carefully analyzes the visitors and path they walk through the shop, especially when they are selecting or buying products. Next the shop owner will reorder the shelves and products to optimize sales b... |
why can't newer software run on a slightly older version of the os? and vice versa? | **TL;DR: because stuff it needs ain't there.**
MyOS version 2.1 adds a new function called "make_screen_wiggle(X)" that MyOS version 2.0 didn't have. This new function makes the screen wiggle for X-100^ths of a second. This replaces the older function "make_screen_bump(X)".
King, the company that specializes in pollu... | [
"Many 16-bit Windows legacy programs can run without changes on newer 32-bit editions of Windows. The reason designers made this possible was to allow software developers time to remedy their software during the industry transition from Windows 3.1x to Windows 95 and later, without restricting the ability for the o... |
What was the relationship like between people on both sides of the American Civil War, after the war was over? | The book, "Lee: The Last Years", although IMO a bit of a hagiography, claims that Robert E Lee pushed hard for reconciliation after Appomattox, because he had looked at the Confederacy's defeat as God's judgment, and was a very devout man.
He told anyone who asked him to go home, accept that the South had lost, and re... | [
"The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty. This was an important deve... |
Roman testudo in medieval times | The testudo formation was never used in pitched battles, it was a tight formation designed for use next to enemy walls during a siege. The strength of the testudo was that the interlocking shields spread out the weight of anything dropped on the formation, such as rocks or pottery. Going into testudo didn't offer much ... | [
"The testudo was a common formation in the Middle Ages, being used by the Carolingian Frankish soldiers of Louis the Pious to advance on the walls of Barcelona during the siege of 800–801, by Vikings during the Siege of Paris in 885–886, by East Frankish soldiers under king Arnulf of Carinthia during the siege of B... |
how are companies valued at ipo? | Former investment banking analyst here
There are SO MANY WAYS a company can be valued for an IPO and some of it is so incredibly complicated that I wont go into the full details here but the jist of it is this:
A financial model is constructed for the company. Usually this model will try to encapsulate many aspects of... | [
"“IPO Intelligence” is Renaissance Capital’s flagship Pre-IPO research service for institutional investors interested in profiting from IPO investing. “IPO Intelligence” provides institutional investors with top-down tracking of the global IPO market and bottom-up fundamental research and valuation models on every ... |
how does the body repair itself? | A scab itself is just a big mass of (dead) cells that stop the bleeding (platelets) mixed with some protein. Underneath, nearby cells can communicate the fact that you've been damaged. This stimulates the cells to grow and replace the damaged, dead, and now-gone cells. Each cell near the wound basically copies itself (... | [
"With physical damage or disease suffered by an organism, healing involves the repair of living tissue(s), organs and the biological system as a whole and resumption of (normal) functioning. Medicine includes the process by which the cell(s) in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necro... |
If we are creating super bugs by over using and incorrectly using antibiotics, are we doing the same by cleaning our hands and disinfecting surfaces etc? | Here is one way to look at it: it's easy to kill bacteria outside your body. Animals can't evolve perfect defences to the broad range of ways they can die out in the open.
It's incredibly difficult to find ways to narrowly target foreign organisms within our body using kill mechanisms that don't interact with ou... | [
"Antibiotics are largely ineffective in clearing biofilms. The most common treatment for these infections is to remove or replace the infected implant, though in all cases, prevention is ideal. The drug of choice is often vancomycin, to which rifampin or an aminoglycoside can be added. Hand washing has been shown t... |
in the usa government, how is it decided whether issues get decided via ballot measure rather than legislative action? | Depending on the jurisdiction, ballot measures can either come from petitions or because the legislature decides to put it up for a vote. It's often done on divisive issues that the voters care about | [
"In parliaments and other legislatures, members debate proposals regarding legislation, before voting on resolutions which become laws. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law, or changes to a law known as amendments. Members of the parliament, assembly or congress then discuss the proposal and cast their ... |
Why do fluorescent tubes contain mercury vapour? | The choice to use mercury vapor rather than anything else most likely comes from a few sources I can think of:
- Mercury is more volatile (has a higher vapor pressure) at the pressure possible the create inside a bulb, and as such it is probably easier to maintain mercury vapor in equilibrium than say phosphorus.
- A... | [
"The disposal of phosphor and particularly the toxic mercury in the tubes is an environmental issue. Governmental regulations in many areas require special disposal of fluorescent lamps separate from general and household wastes. For large commercial or industrial users of fluorescent lights, recycling services are... |
how did escalators become so popular? aren't they a very expensive means of overcoming a simple problem? | For areas with large volumes of people, one slow person can stop the whole flow of traffic. These avoid that issue. | [
"In the early 1930s, the availability of government grants to stimulate the depressed economy enabled the Underground Group to carry out a major modernisation programme, during which many central London stations were brought up to date with escalators to replace the original lifts. Knightsbridge was one of the Picc... |
why are so many bodily fluids sticky? | What does it really mean to "be sticky"? | [
"Body fluid is the term most often used in medical and health contexts. Modern medical, public health, and personal hygiene practices treat body fluids as potentially unclean. This is because they can be vectors for infectious diseases, such as sexually transmitted diseases or blood-borne diseases. Universal precau... |
Would the size of the Observable Universe ever change with the progress of time..with "us"..as being Earth being the observer..and progress of time measured from the Observer's point of view..and the increasingly sophisticated technology we use to view it? Or is the size.. | The observable universe is the farthest thing away we could have ever, in principle, received a signal from. If the universe is older, then signals will have a longer time to travel, so we could receive a signal from further away. So, the observable universe gets larger as time increases. | [
"Maps of large-scale structure can be used to measure the expansion history of the Universe because sound waves in the early Universe, or baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), have left slight overdensities in the distribution of matter on scales of about 500 million light-years. This characteristic BAO scale has bee... |
What's it called when a gas "precipitates" out of a liquid solution? | If the gas is the same substance as the liquid then it's **boiling** or **evaporating** depending on if it nucleates to form its own bubbles or just comes off the surface.
If the gas is a different composition then the bulk liquid, like it was dissolved first and is now bubbling out, then it's called **effervescence**... | [
"Gases will dissolve in liquids to an extent that is determined by the equilibrium between the undissolved gas and the gas that has dissolved in the liquid (called the \"solvent\"). The equilibrium constant for that equilibrium is:\n",
"If the supply of gas to a solvent is unlimited, the gas will diffuse into the... |
what is https and what data can our ips theoretically see and realistically see? | The ISP will see you are visiting _URL_0_, but HTTPS will hide the fact that you are searching for hardcore midget porn.
Edit: On the other hand, if you were to use HTTP (with no S) your ISP will be able to map your dirty mind. | [
"As more information is revealed about global mass surveillance and criminals stealing personal information, the use of HTTPS security on all websites is becoming increasingly important regardless of the type of Internet connection being used. While metadata about individual pages that a user visits is not sensitiv... |
Did people fold paper into paper airplanes before the invention of the airplane? | Posting links to previous answers is not intended to discourage questions or further discussion.
From /u/Elm11's reply the last time this was asked, you might like to see
* [Did paper airplanes exist before the Wright Brothers?](_URL_0_), responses by /u/cthulhushrugged and others in the tree
* [Did people make paper... | [
"With time, many other designers have improved and developed the paper model, while using it as a fundamentally useful tool in aircraft design. One of the earliest known applied (as in compound structures and many other aerodynamic refinements) modern paper plane was in 1909.\n",
"The origin of folded paper glide... |
Victorian Insane Asylums: What did they look like compared to now? Details. | The [Royal Derwent](_URL_8_) is the oldest mental hospital in Australia. It is [situated](_URL_1_) in the town of New Norfolk, about 20 miles from Hobart, the capital of the island colony of Tasmania.
Founded in military barracks in 1827, it went through several role changes throughout it's 170 year history before fi... | [
"In the late 17th century, this model began to change, and privately run asylums for the insane began to proliferate and expand in size. Already in 1632 it was recorded that Bethlem Royal Hospital, London had \"below stairs a parlor, a kitchen, two larders, a long entry throughout the house, and 21 rooms wherein th... |
i always thought free healthcare was unrealistic to implement here in america due to how much it would raise taxes. then, i saw canada’s tax rates. where does that money come from and how could it be implemented in the states? | Some numbers for you. (As of 2016) The U.S. spends almost $10,000 per person on health care, presumably much of that comes straight from individuals. Canada specifically spent almost $5,000 per person on health care. On the assumption that we could copy the Canadian model on a per cost basis, we would simply increase t... | [
"In Canada, increasing demands for healthcare, due to the aging population, must be met by either increasing taxes or reducing other government programs. In the United States, under the current system, more of the burden will be taken up by the private sector and individuals.\n",
"Canada's healthcare system, coll... |
how does retirement work? | Nobody. Well, they used to, but nowadays finding employment with a guaranteed pension plan (what you are referring to) is not that easy.
If you have a job with a pension plan, it will have a formula that calculates how much you'll get paid once you reach retirement age. That formula is heavily dependent on your year... | [
"At retirement, individuals stop working and no longer get employment earnings, and enter a phase of their lives, where they rely on the assets they have accumulated, to supply money for their spending needs for the rest of their lives. Retirement spend-down, or withdrawal rate, is the strategy a retiree follows to... |
why staying motivated/disciplined is so difficult? | It's simply easier and more enjoyable not to? | [
"Motivation is the reasoning behind an individual's actions. Research has found that students with higher academic performance, motivation and persistence use intrinsic goals rather than extrinsic ones. Furthermore, students who are motivated to improve upon their previous or upcoming performance tend to perform be... |
the conflict between the usa and israel over iran? | People will say it is all about Iran wanting to nuke Israel, but here is my attempt at a Realist interpretation of the tensions (Realism is a theory within International Relations).
Israel is currently the major power in the Middle Eastern region, partially due to strong backing from the US, but also due to their mono... | [
"During the early years of the war, the United States lacked meaningful relations with either Iran or Iraq, the former due to the Iranian Revolution and the Iran hostage crisis and the latter because of Iraq's alliance with the Soviet Union and hostility towards Israel. Following Iran's success of repelling the Ira... |
why is "white flight" considered an immoral/racist thing? | Nothing immoral or racist about it at all. Generally, individuals want to live around similar individuals, not necessarily anything to do with race, but more about socioeconomic status. People of similar socioeconomic status tend to cluster together.
White flight wasn't white people leaving because black people were... | [
"Concepts like white flight misrepresent the issue of housing preference by suggesting that a specific population enters an area and another decides to leave it. \"Empirical evidence shows that white flight does not cause racial transition in neighborhoods. Several preference studies and data from the American Hous... |
particle half life | Radioactive decay of an element or substance is often defined in terms of "half-life."
In the process of giving off radiation, or in any element that is "unstable," eventually the element in question will degrade into another isotope of the same element, or possibly another element altogether.
Since the exact future ... | [
"To lend concreteness to the example, assume that the half-life of the decaying nucleus is 0.01 microsecond (most elementary particle decay half-lives are much shorter; most nuclear decay half-lives are much longer; some atomic electromagnetic excitations have a half-life about this long). If one were to wait 0.4 m... |
why do some toilets flush waste better than others? | A regular toilet uses gravity alone to get the bowl to clear. There is a mid-level model that has somewhat of a pressure assist and above that are models that use a jet of forceful water to assist the flush. | [
"Squat toilets are used in public toilets, rather than household toilets, because they are perceived by some as easier to clean and more hygienic, therefore potentially more appropriate for general public use. For instance this is the case in parts of France, Italy, Greece, or the Balkans, where such toilets are so... |
How would accelerometers/tilt sensors in smartphones work in space? | They wouldn't work. Tilt sensors in smartphones use an accelerometer, occasionally combined with a magnetometer. Accelerometers measure *proper acceleration*, or acceleration of free fall; that is, they measure the acceleration of the device with respect to an inertial frame. This is why an accelerometer set still upon... | [
"Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone accelerometer within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes i... |
why do trees grow through things such as chain-link fences? | For the same reason seeds can sprout through concrete I imagine. Plants seek light, they'll grow around whatever they need to to get to it easier. | [
"A split-rail fence or log fence (also known as a zigzag fence, worm fence or snake fence historically due to its meandering layout) is a type of fence constructed in the United States and Canada, and is made out of timber logs, usually split lengthwise into \"rails\" and typically used for agricultural or decorati... |
what is a whistleblower? | A whistleblower is someone who reports that they've observed an illegal or unethical act within their organization. In many contexts, whistleblower may also suggest that the person reporting misconduct may have certain legal protections against retaliation or punishment for exposing the misconduct.
ELI5-level exampl... | [
"A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation o... |
how much cheaper would cars be if dealership business owners didn't lobby for dealership requirement laws? | The entire rationale behind the dealer system is to promote competition among the dealers so that you get the best price. You can argue if it's effective, but there's no one who's going to be able to say that it would reduce price by X% because it's not clear that eliminating dealers would even decrease prices.
Also, ... | [
"Countries other than USA do not have such laws protecting car dealerships. The Federal Trade Commission recommends allowing direct manufacturer sales, which analysts believe would save buyers 8% per purchase on average. In May 2014, a report prepared by Maryann Keller and Kenneth Elias for the National Automobile ... |
Do warts sweat like normal skin? | Why has there recently been a fascination with warts? | [
"Warts are caused by infection with a type of human papillomavirus (HPV). Factors that increase the risk include use of public showers, working with meat, eczema and a weak immune system. The virus is believed to enter the body through skin that has been damaged slightly. A number of types exist, including \"common... |
How dark is space? | As another post mentions, a good rule of thumb might be taking night-time with no light pollution, during a new moon. (I would add no planets here as well.) I poked around for some numbers... (Here: _URL_1_)
What we're looking for is illuminance, which is how much incident light hits a surface for human perception (... | [
"The second series of \"Dark Matter\" was commissioned by Forever Now to be gifted to NASA to be taken to the International Space Station. \"Dark Matter (Second Series)\" consists of 3D printed objects that are considered to be socially or culturally unwelcome, particularly in Iran, China, Saudi Arabia, and North K... |
why isn't the primary winding on a transformer basically a short circuit? | Short answer: the primary winding is an inductor (that's basically what a transformer is - two paired inductors, the primary and secondary). Inductors resist changes in current - meaning in AC circuits, they behave similarly to resistors. So a transformer has a short-circuit for DC, but not AC.
Long answer: **Electric... | [
"In addition, because the windings are relatively short and wound in a closed magnetic field, a toroidal transformer will have a lower secondary impedance which will increase efficiency, electrical performance and reduce effects such as distortion and fringing.\n",
"The windings are divided into 'portions', each ... |
Why is/was Communism considered to be an "evil" economic system? Why didn't the NATO want Communism to spread into Europe and parts of Asia? | There has never been a communist government in the modern era, aside from those of certain less developed cultures. What we in the West have heralded as the failure of communism is really the failure of 'comunism' modeled in the vein of statist plutocratic totalitarianism . Marx never thought that a communist system w... | [
"Of Europe's empires, only the Russian Empire remained a significant geo-political force into the late 20th century, having morphed into the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact, which, drawing on the writings of the German Karl Marx, established a socialist economic model under Communist dictatorship, which ultimately col... |
how do charities generally work? | This is way too broad of a question to answer in any helpful manner. At the most basic level, a charity works by providing goods or services to those in need. There are nearly limitless goods or services a charity can provide, though, and nearly limitless ways to define populations in need.
A lot of charities do work ... | [
"Charities are organizations that are set up to provide help and raise money for those in need. Traditional charities aim to provide a service to the needy with no profits earned for the owners of the organisation. All the money that is donated to the organization is used for the purpose of the business and is used... |
why is a black background and white text still not a norm in websites, apps?! | It's because white background and black text has been the norm and is what everyone is used to. It was this way because digital displays replaced paper and ink and had to be similar to get people to adopt it. | [
"Some argue that a color scheme with light text on a dark background is easier to read on the screen, because the lower brightness causes less eyestrain. The caveat is that most pages on the web are designed for white backgrounds; GIF and PNG images with a transparency bit instead of alpha channels tend to show up ... |
Regarding the USA. What are the reasons people emmigrated there over other possible locations? | Just to clarify: are we asking why and when Europeans started moving to the Americas? | [
"There are a wide range of reasons for which Americans might emigrate from the country. While some emigrate for economic reasons, the United States' position as an affluent country and one of many immigrants means that many leave for a chance to experience other parts of the world, to return to their country of ori... |
why do some law enforcement entities turn off the surveillance camera during interrogations. | They usually don't. They will, however, tell you that they do in order to get you to give up self incriminating information.
Source:[link](_URL_0_) | [
"Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at an ATM can capture people's PINs as they are entered, without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Im... |
why don't we sue cops personally instead of suing the department? if scientology members were able to sue irs employees why aren't we doing the same with police?? | Officers who act within the boundaries of policy, training, and law are immune from civil lawsuits. If the officer is found to be acting illegally then they can be sued. It's called Qualified Immunity and it applies to a lot of people, not just cops. | [
"Scientology franchises became Churches of Scientology and some auditors began dressing as clergymen, complete with clerical collars. If they were arrested in the course of their activities, Hubbard advised, they should sue for massive damages for molesting \"a Man of God going about his business\". A few years lat... |
why is anti-immigrant sentiment so high in countries that have practiced colonialism? | Two reasons:
1. The nations you're thinking of are the type of economically successful places people want to immigrate.
2. Such nations typically have open immigration policies compared to the rest of the world.
So on the one hand, you've got a lot more people wanting to immigrate. On the other hand, it's possible ... | [
"Certain countries may be opposed to international immigration. Reasons such as xenophobia can subject new immigrants to discrimination, thus, the immigrants may have trouble assimilating to their new country. The native population of said countries may also resent and oppose the loss of national identity, homogene... |
what happens to the average middle to lower class person who is ordered to play millions of dollars in a court settlement? | They don't pay it.
Someone in that situation will probably go bankrupt and still have to make payments on it, but will be able to keep a lot of his income for necessary expenses.
However, because of this, people usually don't go after poor people for civil damages. The expression "trying to get blood from a stone" is... | [
"A game of \"Easy Money\" ends when one player is not able to pay what they owe, and had sold or mortgaged all of their properties. At that point (if more than two are playing), the cash-on-hand of each remaining player, plus the value of each property owned (and not mortgaged), is used to determine each player's n... |
Do we know about (or can we see) any examples of planets still forming? | Yes! (Not in our solar system of course.) There has been some indirect evidence of planet formation in proto-planetary disks for a while, but recently a new radio telescope called ALMA high in the Atacama desert in Chile [took images of such a disk](_URL_0_) and managed to resolve the gaps in the disk where planets are... | [
"There may also be gas giant planets in this system, already formed (in the first 1-5 Myrs) before the current era of rocky planet formation. While none have been detected to date, by analogy with the solar system, their presence is likely, since evidence for analogues of the solar system's asteroid belt, Kuiper be... |
What are the origins or predicted origins of gold and silver on planet Earth? | Here is a really good link that explains where all elements come from (including gold and silver in your title).
The tl;dr version - all elements, including gold, silver, uranium and mundane elements like carbon and silicon all come from supernova. You (and me) are made out of the same stuff as the stars
_URL_0_ | [
"In prehistory gold could be found in several areas of Europe; the Carpathian region, Iberia, south-western France, Brittany, Britain and Ireland. The latter in particular had rich gold reserves, and as such has been labelled an \"ancient \"El Dorado\"\". Across the world, and in many cultures, gold has been highly... |
How did the PRC convince the Chinese people they were honoring Sun Yat-Sen? | To say *'Sun Yat-Sen supported a Western-style representative republic'* oversimplifies Sun's views on revolution, republicanism, and nationalism. For one, the idea that a stable enlightened democracy would spontaneously emerge from the ashes of imperial China is naive. And furthermore it didn't. The first revolution i... | [
"Sun Yat-sen has been highly revered by all political sides for having ended the old dynasty system of China. Commemoratives celebrating Sun were thus issued both before and after 1949, and by both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.\n",
"Sun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th-century Chinese... |
Is there any evidence to suggest that galaxies are just young super-massive "solar" systems? | I don't understand what you're asking really.
Imagine it this way: the moon orbits the earth, the earth orbits the sun, the sun orbits the black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and the galaxy orbits the center of mass of the local galaxy cluster. That's the way things are.
Are you asking if all the stars will c... | [
"POX 186 (also known as PGC 46982), located in the constellation Virgo, is a dwarf galaxy that is still forming. The galaxy is considered very small and distorted compared to most older galaxies, such as our own Milky Way Galaxy. It is currently believed to have first begun forming when two enormous clouds of gas a... |
Why do India and Africa have similar animal species? | Most of the mammal species endemic to India died off about 20 million years ago. The Earth, and especially that region, went through some major climate changes during that period due in part to the emergence and uplift of the Himalayas but also to volcanism and some other factors. Mammals from Africa and other parts of... | [
"India is home to several well-known large mammals, including the Asian elephants, Bengal and Indochinese Tigers, Asiatic lions, Snow leopards, Clouded leopards, Indian leopards, Indian sloth bear and Indian rhinoceros. Some other well-known large Indian mammals are: ungulates such as the rare wild Asian water buff... |
oil weights | Let's see:
If you have a multi-grade oil like 10W-40, it behaves at 0 degrees Fahrenheit like a SAE grade 10 oil would. At 210 degrees Fahrenheit it behaves like a SAE grade 40 oil would behave *at that temperature*.
So, the multi-grade oil does not get thicker (as in lower viscosity) on an absolute scale, it stil... | [
"It is referred to as \"heavy\" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specifi... |
Practical Applications of Relativity? | Classical electromagnetism can be shown to be a consequence of special relativity. So pretty much everything in your daily life would be an application.
You could argue that that's not an application that wouldn't be possible without relativity, but then, such fundamental theories aren't created for applications sake. | [
"Relativity is a falsifiable theory: It makes predictions that can be tested by experiment. In the case of special relativity, these include the principle of relativity, the constancy of the speed of light, and time dilation. The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein... |
why have canada & usa been more successful at integrating muslims than europe? | Muslim immigrants to Europe were primarily unskilled labor, while Muslim immigrants to the U.S. were primarily professionals. So what happened is that Europe developed large, lower class Muslim communities while the U.S. tended to have scattered families of Muslims with a few middle-to-upper class Muslim communities. | [
"Nevertheless, these incentives off or improving territorial security in Europe remain subject to countervailing attitudes and political forces. Germany, the United Kingdom, and France all have large Muslim populations. And whereas the roughly1 5million Muslims living in the EU'S 15 current member states constitute... |
how do popular highways get backed up even though everyone is going in the same direction? | The volume of vehicles is the biggest issue. Only so many cars can travel on a given lane in a given time period before the car spacing is too close for the perceived comfort of the drivers. That gets compounded by lane merges, exits and entrances. | [
"The Busway has been the site of many accidents, as some car drivers driving south on US 1 (which runs parallel to the Busway for much of its length), and looking to turn west, do not stop at the red arrows that govern the right turn lane at an intersection that has a Busway crossing adjacent to it. They make a rig... |
why can't we have living heads in jars? | We actually already have this technology; it's how heart transplants are done. The blood flow is rerouted through a machine that pumps blood in the same fashion as a heart, the defective organ is cut out, the new one put in, and then the blood flow returned to normal.
There's two factors stopping Futurama-style head-i... | [
"Jars can be used to hold solids too large to be removed from, or liquids too viscous to be poured through, a bottle's neck; these may be foods, cosmetics, medications, or chemicals. Glass jars—among which the most popular is the mason jar—can be used for storing and preserving items as diverse as jam, pickled gher... |
Historians obviously have to read through huge masses of research material, both while studying and as a professional. What are your methods for getting through it all? | I never learned about this until graduate school. We write what is called a précis of the book. It looks like this:
Citation: self explanatory.
Author information: quick background about where they went to school and their other works. No more than two or three sentences.
Thesis: what is the point of the material
Arg... | [
"Interest in making archival materials and collections available has therefore been widely spread among historians. There are many university-based projects to digitise collections of archival materials, history journals are well represented in scholarly on- line source collections such as Project Muse and JSTOR, a... |
Older theories of planetary formation? | I know that prior to the discovery of fusion, it was thought that the mechanism of the sun's heat was Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction, which gave it about an 8 million year lifespan. (while this is the established mechanism of formation, it ends when fusion starts and there is a new hydrostatic equilibrium) | [
"The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across. Several stars, including the Sun, formed within the collapsing cloud. The g... |
vinegar; who, what, where, when, how!.... do they make it? | Vinegar is basically fermented drinking alcohol; a special type of bacteria converts the ethanol into acetic acid, i.e. vinegar. | [
"Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains 5–20% acetic acid by volume. Usually the acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol or sugars by acetic acid bacteria. There are many types of vinegar, depending upon the source mat... |
how does wicking and preassure help a cut stop bleeding? | You're compressing vessels and capillaries allowing platelets to begin blocking damaged areas, stopping blood from escaping vascular walls.
Edit: ELI5 You are pinching the tubes that carry blood. This causes blood to patch the damaged areas so blood cannot escape.
Edit: ELI2 boo boo ouch | [
"Roughing cuts are used to remove large amount of material from the starting workpart as rapidly as possible, i.e. with a large Material Removal Rate (MRR), in order to produce a shape close to the desired form, but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation.\n",
"Mikulicz's drain is ... |
how do rovers on mars transmit information, such as pictures and video, back to earth? | They send it to an orbiting relay satellite. Today it's the [Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter](_URL_0_). | [
"The rover has an X band low-gain and an X band high-gain antenna for communications to and from the Earth, as well as an ultra high frequency monopole antenna for relay communications. The low-gain antenna is omnidirectional, and transmits data at a low rate to Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas on Earth. The high-... |
what is the difference between the observer effect and the uncertainty principal? is it possible to measure the position of electrons in a double slit experiment without forcing them to interact with a measurement particle? | The uncertainty principle is far more fundamental. In fact, the observer effect is not even unique to quantum mechanics. It's technically true in classical mechanics as well.
The observer effect just says that in practice, introducing some measurement device to your system generally changes things inside the system. ... | [
"According to the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, first proposed by Carlo Rovelli, observations such as those in the double-slit experiment result specifically from the interaction between the observer (measuring device) and the object being observed (physically interacted with), not any absolute pr... |
Why didn't British textile manufacturers' use US slave labor to produce their goods? | British 18th & 19th century industry used alot of cheap labour to begin with. Yes we had Indian labour but we also had prison labour, child labour and also cheap poverty. Irish workers would come from poverty stricken Ireland and would be cheaper to hire than English. Poor children were illiterate as they never went ... | [
"The U.S. began exporting textiles in the 1830s; the Americans specialized in coarse fabrics, while the British exported finer cloth that reached a somewhat different market. Cloth production—mostly cotton but also wool, linen and silk—became the leading American industry. The building of textile machinery became a... |
why is there a focus to raise min wage instead of creating more working class jobs? | It's much easier to pass a law that states that the minimum wage is now higher. Companies can pay more to their employees and be in compliance with the law.
It's much more difficult to pass a law that will create new middle class jobs. You can't just have a law like, "Every company with more than 100 employees must ... | [
"Further reductions in working hours have been proposed as a possible solution to unemployment by economists including John R. Commons, Lord Keynes and Luigi Pasinetti. Yet once working hours have reached about 40 hours per week, workers have been less enthusiastic about further reductions, both to prevent loss of ... |
Could WWII have been won without America being involved eventually? | Of course it could have. All you'd need is for the Axis nations to screw up and lose, which is of course always possible.
You'd probably get a better answer for this question in r/HistoricalWhatIf where people are more free to answer such questions. | [
"The United States tried and failed to broker a peace settlement for World War I, then entered the war after Germany launched a submarine campaign against U.S. merchant ships that were supplying Germany's enemy countries. The publicly stated goals were to uphold American honor, crush German militarism, and reshape ... |
After listening to RadioLab's recent episode about symmetry, a question about matter/antimatter has been brewing | Yes, antimatter has exactly the same properties, chemistry, etc. as regular matter; the only reason that one has primary status is because it's what we're made of. We could just as well call what we're made of "antimatter" and call positrons, etc. "matter". | [
"Various possible explanations of ostensible fine-tuning are discussed among philosophers, scientists, theologians, and proponents and detractors of creationism. The fine-tuned Universe observation is closely related to, but not exactly synonymous with the anthropic principle, which is often used as an explanation ... |
why can the sqrt of 1/-1 not be rewritten as the sqrt of 1/sqrt of -1? | You might want to use some parentheses to make in clear what two expressions you're trying to compare? | [
"Note that here the 1.4 values is very well represented with 30 fraction bits. A 32 bit floating-point number has 23 bits to store the fraction in. This is why B scaling is always more accurate than floating point of the same word size.\n",
"This proof fails to validate that the number placed in codice_4 is in fa... |
Have there been any instances in US history where militias abused their power? | The "Militia" as originally termed is all adult males who are neither boys nor very old, the men who would be expected to defend the nation whether they are a part of a federal or state organization or not.
So yes, adult males did abuse their power during the reconstruction to terrorize and to assassinate black voter... | [
"Following the Civil War, Congress passed two laws in 1867 that impacted upon the Militia. The first was an act which dissolved all existing state governments and placed the states under the control of the occupying Federal forces, and the second, passed on March 2, 1867, abolished the various southern militia orga... |
How does modern science help historians? | We can distinguish between a number of ways in which modern technology can help historians:
1) **information technology** helps historians analyse millions of documents with much greater ease. This reduces the amount of bias in which documents we find important, because it is easier to step outside of the known and we... | [
"The study of the history of science continued to be a small effort until the rise of Big Science after World War II. The influential bureaucrat Vannevar Bush, and the president of Harvard, James Conant, both encouraged the study of the history of science as a way of improving general knowledge about how science wo... |
Why didn't the conditions subjected to Germany after its defeat in WWII cause extremism like at the end of WWI? | Following World War I, Germany was forced to take the blame and basically left on their own to survive, or not. Following World War II, Germany was split into four zones, occupied by the victorious Allied powers: The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The first three essentially merged their zones in... | [
"Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world... |
why do we peel potatoes before turning them into mashed potatoes? | Mashed potatoes are usually intended to be a consistent, creamy white mush. The skins don't mash so if you leave the skins on, there's a bunch of skin chunks in the mash which most people consider less beautiful or a poor texture. However, there are many who disagree and leave the skins on because they like the textu... | [
"In an industrial setting, potatoes may be peeled using steam jets to loosen the surface skin, followed by a dry abrasion. The process may also involve treatment with lye to soften the outer skin. One type of mechanical peeler, the Magnascrubber, tumbles the potatoes on rollers with rubber studs, which removes the ... |
why do computers get slower and unresponsive the longer they are left on/over general time? | Programs and drivers can "leak". This means a program asks for a little memory to use and doesn't give it all back when it's done. If there's a section in the program that's called over and over, it will slowly use up all your available memory. When your computer runs low on memory (because it's all allocated to this ... | [
"Adrian Kingsley-Hughes, writing for ZDNet, believes that the slow-down over time is due to loading too much software, loading duplicate software, installing too much free/trial/beta software, using old, outdated or incorrect drivers, installing new drivers without uninstalling the old ones and may also be due to m... |
how does safety glass work? | The glass is chilled suddenly from molten. That makes the outside freeze solid before the inside. As the inside cools it contracts, pulling the outer layer into considerable compression.
This has two advantages. Firstly it makes it harder, to scratch because the surface is so tightly compressed. Secondly, it means the... | [
"Safety glass is glass with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. Common designs include toughened glass (also known as tempered glass), laminated glass, wire mesh glass (also known as wired glass) and engraved glass. Wire mesh glass was invented ... |
why do people say today's education system is suited well for girls over boys? | Girls generally mature faster neurologically (the female brain is more or less developed by 19-21 while the male brain may be as late as late 20's), girls are generally also more compliant and follow orders better (whether that's due to biology or social conditioning or some of both is up for debate). Generally boys m... | [
"Some of the main reasons that girls are less likely to reach optimal levels of education include the fact that girls are needed to assist their mothers at home, have been raised to believe that a life of domestic work is their destined occupation, have illiterate mothers who cannot educate their children, have an ... |
How does heat affect the wavelength of radiation emitted? | This is because there isn't just one specific transition going on. An element can have multiple electrons and they can undergo multiple transitions at a time. If the substance is heated, then the molecules and atoms vibrate. Each of them can have an available energy (say E0) that they can utilize to go to higher states... | [
"Radio waves are \"nonionizing radiation\", which means they do not have enough energy to separate electrons from atoms or molecules, ionizing them, or break chemical bonds, causing chemical reactions or DNA damage. The main effect of absorption of radio waves by materials is to heat them, similarly to the infrared... |
why doesn't the mlb drug test every player monthly/weekly for steroids? | Because anything like that would need to be included in the collective bargaining agreement with the players' union. The players are, naturally, opposed to having to give a urine sample every week of every season. In order to get something like that included in the CBA, baseball would have to give up some pretty majo... | [
"Steroids finally made it to baseball’s banned substance list in 1991, however testing for major league players did not begin until the 2003 season. While testing for steroids began, the usage did not stop.\n",
"After George Mitchell’s report came out, MLB markedly increased testing and punishments. Now baseball ... |
when did rc toys start being called drones? | When the media decided to leverage the negative connotations associated with 'drone' to sensationalise things. | [
"The term drone, more widely used by the public, was coined in reference to the early remotely-flown target aircraft used for practice firing of a battleship's guns, and the term was first used with the 1920s Fairey Queen and 1930's de Havilland Queen Bee target aircraft. These two were followed in service by the s... |
the different kinds of military aircraft; their roles and "generations" | > How does a country's military decide what it needs and what kind of aircraft they should get?
The military decides what equipment it needs to fulfill the goals its countries leadership wants it to do. For most nations, this may mean having fighter aircraft that can defend its airspace and perhaps participate in lim... | [
"Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various uses; military aircraft, which includes not just combat types but many types of supporting aircraft, and civil aircraft, which include all non-military types, experimental and model.\n",
"Most military aircraft are powered heavier-than-air ty... |
what is the difference between a language and a dialect? | Both refer to a particular form of communication; they're the same general sort of thing. The actual line is **incredibly** fuzzy; Chinese is considered a language, but "dialects" of Chinese have more differences than the various Romance languages. There's a saying that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy;... | [
"A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group among the language speakers. The group of people who are the speakers of a dialect are usually bound to each other by social identity. This is what differentiates a dialect from a register or a discourse, where in the latter case, cult... |
What prevented the unification of Europe through inter marriage of the ruling families? | Bloodline was certainly important - a marriage of families could well end one house's power over a kingdom.
Also, consider the laws of succession differed greatly between countries. In England, a female could inherit the throne - in France, a female could not. Thus a female could become Queen of England but her male c... | [
"Thus, with few local exceptions, until in some cases long after the Council of Trent, marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties. The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the pr... |
why are some letters in the old latin script revsersed to the modern latin script? what happened in the evolution of the old script for some of the letters to be turned around? | Originally, it was written from right to left. The script descended from Semitic scripts like Canaanite and Hebrew, which is still written right to left to this day.
The problem is that most scribes were right-handed, and this makes writing right to left difficult: scribes would have to be careful not to drag their ha... | [
"The Latin letters' ancestors are found in the Etruscan, Greek and ultimately Phoenician alphabet. As the Roman Empire expanded in late antiquity, the Latin script and language spread along with its conquests, and remained in use in Italy, Iberia and Western Europe after the Western Roman Empire's disappearance. Du... |
To what extent did the Native Americans really think the white Europeans were gods and how long into the abuses by Europeans did the natives really internalize that these people were not gods. | [A similar question](_URL_0_) came up a few weeks ago, and I gave a long answer there. To summarize, we don't know for sure if they did or didn't, but most scholars today seem to think they didn't. If there is truth to the claim that they did think the Europeans were 'gods,' it wasn't a belief that they held for very l... | [
"European nations sent Native Americans (sometimes against their will) to the Old World as objects of curiosity. They often entertained royalty and were sometimes prey to commercial purposes. Christianization of Native Americans was a charted purpose for some European colonies.\n",
"There was fear on both sides, ... |
why does a vacuum 'suck'? | It's not actually that a vacuum sucks, but that any gas will spreed out as there is nothing to contain it. It's just something of higher pressure will move towards lower pressure to even it out. | [
"The word “Vacuum” is originated from the Latin word “vacua”, which is translated to the word “empty”.Physicist use vacuum to describe a partially empty space, where air or some other gases are being removed from one container. The idea of vacuum relating to the empty space has been speculated as early as 5th centu... |
Do non-Western historians, writing in their own languages and about their own cultures, use BC and AD, or some other "year zero"? If so, what is it? | Depending a bit on what "non-western" means...and with the permission of mods I'm gonna answer this about history-adjacent academia more broadly...
A lot of non-western historians write in western languages (which nowadays usually, but not always, means English) frequently, so their work can be read by the widest poss... | [
"Applying this ancient epoch system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what led to the debate over when the third millennium began. Regnal years are \"finite era names\", contrary to \"infinite era names\" such as Christian era, Jimmu era, Juche era, and so on.\n",
"Note that BC and BCE refer ... |
why are lights yellow? | The standard for streetlights for at least the last 50 years (probably longer) is *low pressure sodium lamps*. This bulb design emits light in the yellowish end of the spectrum and the human eye us very sensitive in that area. On the downside, they render colour poorly. They are/were used because they are rather eff... | [
"Colors of traffic lights are confusing to some dichromats as there is insufficient apparent difference between the red/amber traffic lights and sodium street lamps; also, the green can be confused with a grubby white lamp. This is a risk on high-speed undulating roads where angular cues cannot be used. British Rai... |
why does the saturn v rocket engine's flame appear to come out "unlit"? | The video explains it. The F-1 engine dumps the fuel into the cone from the walls of the nozzle, that allows the hydrogen and oxygen liquid to keep the temps of the titanium down so it doesn't melt. That is what makes the exhaust look like it isn't actually lit when it really is, but on the inside of the flame its m... | [
"The V-2 rocket used hydrogen peroxide decomposed by a liquid sodium permanganate catalyst solution as a gas generator. This was used to drive a turbopump to pressurize the main LOX-ethanol propellants. In the Saturn V F-1 and Space Shuttle main engine, some of the main propellant was burned to drive the turbopump ... |
what is the job hunt, résumé, and interview process like at the ceo level like? | A lot of C-level execs (particularly CMOs and CIOs or their equivalents) have profiles up on linkedin you can check out to get an idea of what their resume's look like. Generally, they'll have started in some technical role in their industry and moved on to leadership roles at lower levels before being promoted/hired b... | [
"The next interview is referred to as the Topgrading Interview. The hiring manager and another manager act as \"tandem interviewers\" and conduct an up to 4-hour interview for managers (interviews for subordinate positions are much shorter). The interview thoroughly covers every aspect of the candidate's career his... |
why the main holidays of many religions mostly focused around the end of the year(i.e. christmas on dec. 25)? | Because they revolve around the shortest day of the year (Dec 22). People like having something to lift their spirits up at that time if year, and they get to celebrate light/warmth coming back into the world as the days get longer. | [
"Many religions whose holidays were formulated before the worldwide spread of the Gregorian calendar have been assigned to dates according to either their own internal religious calendar, moon cycles, or otherwise. Even within Christianity, Easter is a movable feast and Christmas is celebrated according to the olde... |
If so many flying insects are attracted to light, why are there no species of spider that are attracted to light as well? | If there's a benefit to be had for a spider by preferring light sources (that outweighs risks created by being more visible to hungry birds, etc.), perhaps eventually they will evolve such behaviors. However, it's only been the last couple of hundred years that we've had any really permanent light sources (other than ... | [
"The reason insects and especially particular families of insect (e.g. moths), are attracted to light is uncertain . The most accepted theory is that moth migrate using the moon and stars as navigational aids and that the placement of a closer than the moon light causes subtended angles of light at the insects eye ... |
why do the majority of plastic containers/tubs/bottles have a small ‘ramp’ going downwards in the bottom of them. | Pretty sure its to keep it moving along the production line and to keep it still at the appropriate time it gets filled up and the cap screwed on. | [
"The vast majority of bottle cages consist of a single hoop of metal tubing or rod bent to hold the bottle snugly and engage the top, or an indentation in the case of larger bottles, to prevent it from bouncing out.\n",
"Storage tanks are available in many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical; open top and... |
relativity (also difference between general and special) as well as string theory | Special relativity: The speed of light is the same in all reference frames. You can't accelerate to the speed of light. You can't travel at the speed of light unless you're massless, in which case you must travel at the speed of light. Time passes differently in different rest frames.
General relativity: As above, plu... | [
"The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Special Relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. It app... |
why i can only stomach the idea of certain foods at breakfast? | In the morning your body usually craves sugar and carbs/fats. You've been hungry for 7-8 hours and need immediate energy.
Some people also don't like salty foods because the body is already dehydrated.
Personally, I'll eat anything from cold pizza to fish curry. Then again, I' not a picky eater at all. | [
"This is a list of notable breakfast foods, consisting of foods that are commonly consumed at breakfast. Breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from a night's sleep, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day's work. Among English speakers, \"breakfast\" can be used to refer to this me... |
Why did the U.S.S.R ban homosexuality, when Lenin originally decriminalized homosexuality? What did Marx say about homosexuality? | I am hoping for someone who can answer this question with greater expertise than my own but [here](_URL_1_) is a link to a recent discussion I had about this with u/Subs-man and on a [question of my own](_URL_0_) u/The_Manchurian recommended "Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gende... | [
"The Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long before many other European countries. The Soviet Communist Party effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all the old Tsarist laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal ... |
Are our bodies just biological vehicles for bacteria? | While the bacteria on and in our best comprise a large number of cells (approx. 10 times as many as our own), they are relatively light. Based on [this]( _URL_1_), they are estimated to weigh anywhere from 2-9 pounds. In many ways we do work together, primarily in the digestive system, and not having important bacteria... | [
"The most commonly recognised bacteria that are responsible for initiating the biofilm formation that can eventually lead to caries are streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus. The key factors for virulence include their ability to metabolise glucose and similar sugars, their tolerance for a low pH environment and t... |
Were maces more expensive or harder to make than warhammers? And were there any historical evidence of people prefering one to the other or thinking one was better? | Before we start talking about warhammers and maces we should define what we mean. In this answer I will be talking about single-handed, short-hafted weapons with either hammer heads or more symetrical, weighted heads (most often flanged). Most warhammers had wooden hafts, many maces had metal halfts from the 15th centu... | [
"Maces were blunt force weapons used for crushing blows against the enemy. These weapons were effective against armored troops, and typically were smooth or had 3-12 flanges or blades protruding from the top of the weapon.\n",
"At the time of the Dacian wars, producing a long, sharp blade was technically challeng... |
Are there publicly-available detailed (date/localization, nationalities, etc.) lists of all the military casualties of WWI? | I suggest you look at the [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](_URL_1_), which is a great resource to locate war dead from various parts of the former British empire. You might also check the German equivalent, [Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge](_URL_0_). Although both resources have their issues, this should pr... | [
"The following is a list of the casualties count in battles in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles. Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely. Many of thes... |
how does my game cube know exactly what time it is 7 years later? | It'll have a watch battery on its motherboard. They can last aaaaaages without forgetting the time. | [
"Yu held the former world record for Rubik's Cube average (11.28 seconds) and single (8.72 seconds). He beat the previous world record holder Edouard Chambon, who had a single solve record of 9.18 seconds. Both records were set on May 5, 2008, at the \"Kashiwa Open 2008\". On May 23, 2008 Yu posted a video on YouTu... |
Does light lose energy as it escapes a gravity well? | See [gravitational redshift](_URL_0_). | [
"BULLET::::- General relativity predicts that light should lose its energy when traveling away from massive bodies through gravitational redshift. This was verified on earth and in the solar system around 1960.\n",
"The gravitational weakening of light from high-gravity stars was predicted by John Michell in 1783... |
why do our bodies not ache after sleeping for several hours vs. when awake in a stilled position for several hours? | When you sleep, all your muscles are in their relaxed state, and not under any stress. When seated, you aren't fully relaxed. Your back muscles are tensed as well as others like your butt. So that's the difference. | [
"The wake maintenance zone generally lasts 2 to 3 hours, during which one is less inclined to fall asleep. While potentially useful for completing urgent tasks, it may have a potentially unwanted side-effect of keeping one awake for several hours after the task has been completed. The hypervigilance and stimulation... |
Does nuclear work in space? If so are we using it? If not why not? | Yes, nuclear power works in space and several satellites are using it *as a source of electric power*, but it's not being used for any propulsive purposes due to regulations/political constraints.
The main challenge is cooling down the reactor. Most of the energy comes out in the form of heat, and we can only turn it ... | [
"Nuclear power in space is the use of nuclear power in outer space, typically either small fission systems or radioactive decay for electricity or heat. Another use is for scientific observation, as in a Mössbauer spectrometer. The most common type is a radioisotope thermoelectric generator, which has been used on ... |
how does wearing more clothes that cover more areas of skin keep you cooler when outside in the sun? | Because the clothing you have on is blocking the suns rays from directly affecting you and putting a barrier up that blocks them.
Clothing on your skin blocks up to 95% of the UVA/UVB radiation that the sun puts off into our atmosphere. That high intensity radiation, along with the visible and infrared radiation are a... | [
"The most obvious function of clothing is to protect the wearer from the elements. In hot weather, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage. In the cold it offers thermal insulation. Shelter can reduce the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves and other outer layers are norm... |
why are cruise ships not registered out of the port they leave from? why are most the north american ships registered to nassau, the bahamas? | Because when ships are at sea they follow the laws of the country of registration, so most cruise ships will register in countries with lax workers right laws to save money | [
"The ships are registered in the Bahamas. Under this flag they are some of the few cruise ships in the world where passengers are still allowed on the bridge (though not when entering or leaving port). With a shallow draft of only 14' the ships can enter ports that are inaccessible to larger cruise liners. In some ... |
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