Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
how does hyperkalemia cause bradycardia and hypokalemia cause arrythmias?	Part of the mechanism that allows contractions to occur is caused by the movement of positively charged potassium ions out of the cell thereby depolarising the interior of the cell. In a case of Hyperkalemia there are already lots of potassium ions outside the cell and so more work needs to be done to move potassium ...	[ "Hyperemia is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation. Clinically, hyperaemia in tissues manifest as erythema (redness of the skin) because of the engorg...
Among the animals with sleep cycles, which has the shortest lifespan?	Most of the examples i can think of with really short lifespans like this are insects. There is a debate about whether insects sleep or not, but for example Monarch butterflies with gather in huge numbers to rest at night time when migrating. Certainly insects will spend periods of time with a reduced metabolic rate an...	[ "In infants the sleep cycle lasts about 50–60 minutes; average length increases as the human grows into adulthood. In cats the sleep cycle lasts about 30 minutes, in rats about 12 minutes, and in elephants up to 120 minutes. (In this regard the ontogeny of the sleep cycle appears proportionate with metabolic proces...
why direct downloads are so much harder to get caught doing than torrents.	For a torrent to work, many people must know about the existing torrents, and where to leech them from. You can't leech off a torrent if you don't know where to leech it from...you need an IP address. So virtually anyone can see who is sourcing what copyrighted material, including the copyright holder (or their henchme...	[ "There are several reasons why content providers and copyright holders may not choose torrent poisoning as a method for guarding their content. First, before injecting decoys, content providers have to normally monitor the BitTorrent network for signs that their content is being illegally shared (this includes watc...
If you had ALL the data from seconds after the big bang, knew all the laws that dictate time and space, and were able to process it, could you predict the entire history of the universe?	That's a very interesting question, and I thought about it a lot. Assuming there is no God or other influence, the answer would be that that we can't predict what is going to happen with great accuracy. Not every process in nature is deterministic. For example, radioactive decay is not deterministic (you don't know whe...	[ "Though the Big Bang theory was met with much skepticism when first introduced, it has become well-supported by several independent observations. However, current physics can only describe the early universe from 10 seconds after the Big Bang (where zero time corresponds to infinite temperature); a theory of quantu...
Does breathing normally deprive our brains of oxygen?	> It further claims that, because our lungs are precisely the correct size for all our organs, this kind of breathing leave us deprived of oxygen on a regular basis. Well, ignoring the shitty logic they used to make that claim, the simple fact is that there is no data to support it. We're able to measure the oxygen...	[ "Furthermore, the inhalation of any gas that is capable of displacing oxygen in the lungs (especially gases heavier than oxygen) carries the risk of hypoxia as a result of the very mechanism by which breathing is triggered. Since reflexive breathing is prompted by elevated carbon dioxide levels (rather than diminis...
How is the charge of an electron measured as accurately as it is?	You measure the charge on the drops. From the stepwise distribution you get a rough estimate for the elementary charge, from that you can determine the number of charges on each drop, and then use each drop to estimate the elementary charge. Take the average. This was the historic method to measure the elementary charg...	[ "The electric charge per mole of electrons is a constant called the Faraday constant, whose value had been essentially known since 1834 when Michael Faraday published his works on electrolysis. In 1910, Robert Millikan obtained the first measurement of the charge on an electron, \"e\". The quotient \"F\"/\"e\" prov...
why do websites comply with the laws of other countries?	Google does business in the EU, so they are required to comply with those laws. That's the main reason -- lots of companies do business in multiple countries.	[ "Governments are also getting online. Some countries, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia use filtering and censoring software to restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet. In the United Kingdom, they also use software to locat...
could an industrial meth lab like the one depicted in breaking bad ever exist?	Do you really think that all the meth on the streets is made by burnouts who go buy up fifty boxes of Sudafed a week? Given the amount of shit available across the nation at any given moment, it would be virtually impossible if there were NOT any industrial level operations going on in multiple locations.	[ "Short-term exposure to high concentrations of chemical vapors that exist in black-market methamphetamine laboratories can cause severe health problems and death. Exposure to these substances can occur from volatile air emissions, spills, fires, and explosions. Such methamphetamine labs are sometimes discovered whe...
Is there a biological source for octaves in music?	Regarding color "Color" means two things: wavelength of light and the perception phenomenon. The color wheel is an optical illusion reflecting the human color perception, it is not homologous to the sound frequencies. The light spectrum is the physical phenomenon and it is the equivalent of what sound wavelength...	[ "In early Greek music theory, an octave species (εἶδος τοῦ διὰ πασῶν, or σχῆμα τοῦ διὰ πασῶν) is a sequence of incomposite intervals (ditones, minor thirds, whole tones, semitones of various sizes, or quarter tones) making up a complete octave . The concept was also important in Medieval and Renaissance music theor...
why do people believe their lives flash before their eyes in their last moments before death?	Because it is something that is very commonly described by people who have had a near death experience. Our current leading theory on why it happens is that basically your brain knows that it is near death and in a panic it dumps out all your memories trying to find something, anything, that relates to what you are ...	[ "One of her doctors, Dr. Antonio Delogu, said, \"Through her smile, and through her eyes full of light, she showed us that death doesn't exist; only life exists.\" A friend from the Focolare Movement said, \"At first we thought we'd visit her to keep her spirits up, but very soon we understood that, in fact, we wer...
why does it make sense for an internet company to charge more money for a faster connection speed?	The more traffic you want to be able to carry, the more that network will cost to build and to maintain. The equipment capital expenditure is a lot of it, but service contracts and transit opex is also more. As an example, you can get an old switch with 1 gbps interfaces for next to nothing. Getting a new one with 100...	[ "Additionally, widespread use of the Internet by businesses and corporations drives down energy costs. Besides the fact that Internet usage does not consume large amounts of energy, businesses who utilize connections no longer have to ship, stock, heat, cool, and light unsellable items whose lack of consumption not...
if i become obese, say in the next month, or suddenly become obese to fit, would my genetic information alter and mirror the state of current condition of my body to my child?	I'm pretty sure your genes are set, but if you get in shape with healthy habits, then you can pass those onto your child.	[ "The main problem with this idea is the timing at which the transition is presumed to have happened, and how this would then translate into the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes and obesity. For example, the decline in reproductive investment in human societies (the so-called r to K shift) has occurred far ...
what is the cause of the watery fluid in blisters? and is it the same for every type of blister?	A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid, either serum or plasma.	[ "Because of the open circulatory system of gastropods and other molluscs, there is no clear distinction between the blood and the lymph, or interstitial fluid. As a result, the circulatory fluid is commonly referred to as haemolymph, rather than blood.\n", "A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum,...
why is a cup of coffee too hot to hold but not too hot to drink?	Your hands are very sensitive in general. And for most people, hands are more sensitive to heat than mouths - our mouths come in contact with heated food on a regular basis which builds up tolerance. It's also really easy to cool things down with the mouth, as there's a ready supply of air to use as a coolant. It ma...	[ "A coffee cup is a container that coffee and espresso-based drinks are served in. Coffee cups are typically made of glazed ceramic, and have a single handle for portability while the beverage is hot. Ceramic construction allows a beverage to be drunk while hot, providing insulation to the beverage, and quickly wash...
why are bugs in australia so big?	Only way to survive. Have you seen our drop bears and crocodiles? Love this image, especially the surprised look on the shark's face... (that's a bullshark, by the way, and that particular croc is just a disabled one missing a leg)_URL_0_	[ "The species could be found in the Nearctic ecozone, in Central, Western, and Eastern Europe except for the Baltic states, Faroe Islands, Finland, Malta and Yugoslavia. These quite common bugs occurs in neglected orchards, hedge rows and in many gardens. and as far as the Caspian Sea.\n", "This species can be fou...
Why is smoke seemingly unaffected by gravity?	Smoke is affected by Gravity and it does appear to be as well. You have to know what to look for. First, if there was no gravity, smoke and all other atmosphere would be sucked off the surface of the earth and into the vacuum of space. Aside from that smoke is made of hot gasses and tiny particles. The hot gasses a...	[ "Smoke effects refers to theatrical atmospheric effects produced either by pyrotechnic materials, such as Smoke Cookies, and pre-fabricated smoke cartridges; or other, flammable substances such as incense or HVAC smoke pencils or pens.\n", "Sidestream tobacco smoke, or exhaled mainstream smoke, is particularly ha...
At what size do we switch from making predictions through quantum physics to Newtonian laws?	Molecules of all sizes obey quantum mechanics, but as the system gets larger quantum mechanics limit to classical mechanics. Since systems in daily life (such as soccer balls) are made up of a number of atoms on the order of avogadro's number (~10^23 ) there's essentially no difference between the classical and quantu...	[ "BULLET::::- Newtonian mechanics was extended by the theory of relativity and by quantum mechanics. Relativistic corrections to Newtonian mechanics are immeasurably small at velocities not approaching the speed of light, and quantum corrections are usually negligible at atomic or larger scales; Newtonian mechanics ...
Does a material, which heats up slowly, automatically cool down slowly?	The amount of energy required to heat up an object is the same maximum rate is able to dispel heat into its surroundings. This is called [specific heat](_URL_0_). However, even if the specific heat of a material is very low, if it's surrounding are not colder than it, it will not cool down anyways.	[ "(1) Its heating and cooling must be rapid. That is to say, when a quantity of heat enters or leaves a body of the material, the material must expand or contract to its final volume or reach its final pressure and must reach its final temperature with practically no delay; some of the heat that enters can be consid...
Why is it that when you put a hot piece of toast on a table, there is condensation under it when you take it off?	The toast is giving off warm, moist air and when that warm, moist air hits the relatively cooler table top, the water in the warm air condenses on the surface of the table.	[ "Bread toasted in a conventional toaster can \"sweat\" when it is served (i.e. water collects on the surface of the cooled toast). This occurs because moisture in the bread becomes steam while being toasted due to heat and when cooled the steam condenses into water droplets on the surface of the bread.\n", "BULLE...
Can an animal get physcologically damaged like a human by events in their childhood?	* Definitely. For example take a dog that has been horribly abused, certain actions such as raising your hand or speaking loudly, will cause the animal to exhibit an extreme fear response such as whimpering or defecating, even though it has not been mistreated by yourself or other humans for years.	[ "Compared to the uncertainty about how the behaviors observed in non-human animals are experienced cognitively, there is much more evidence supporting the connection between inflammation and sickness behavior in non-human animals. As with humans, this is mainly seen experimentally, with injections of pro-inflammato...
What's the round structure on top of PBM Mariner flyingboats of the US Navy in WWII	It's a radome to cover the AN/APS-15 search radar, first fitted to an experimental model designated XPBM-3E then rolled out to production models starting with the PBM-3C (from Squadron/Signal's PBM Mariner in Action). The most common installation of APS-15, also known as H2X (and "Mickey" due to some early installat...	[ "USS ABSD-5, later redesignated as AFDB-5, was a nine-section, non-self-propelled, large auxiliary floating drydock of the US Navy. Advance Base Sectional Dock-5 (Auxiliary Floating Dock Big-5) was constructed in sections during 1943 and 1944 by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company in Morgan City, Louisiana for World ...
how do gps store map data, calculate shortest paths, and overall deal with geospacial data ?	Search online for A* ("A Star") algorithm. That's the one on which GPS are based on, with some differences. It's a shortest path calculation algorithm. If you think about it, a road map is a graph, with roads being arches and crossings being nodes. If you consider also other information such as speed limits and avera...	[ "The application does not require connection to Internet data (e.g. 3G, 4G, WiFi, etc.) and uses a GPS satellite connection to determine its location. Routes are calculated and plotted based on real-time traffic information provided by Inrix.\n", "E-GPS combines CSR's \"Matrix\" technology with GPS – when a user ...
why is it that when a nerve is exposed in a tooth it is very painful?	As with most biological things: survival. Teeth have a special type of pain nerve than other pain nerves. Thicker nerves transmit signals faster and more clearly like cables for the PC/TV. In caveman times, a tooth injury could lead to your death. Your body wants your utmost attention when dealing with protecting you...	[ "When a deep cavity had been filled, there is a possibility that the nerve may have been irritated. This either results in short term sensitivity to cold and hot substances, and pain when biting down on the specific tooth. It may settle down on its own. If not, then alternative treatment such as root canal treatmen...
what does the recently proposed house bill 610 mean for public education?	One thing it means is that Federal nutrition guidelines for school lunches will be tossed out. States will then be able to determine for themselves what constitutes an appropriate school lunch.	[ "Proposition 60A was an amendment of the Constitution of California, enacted in 2004, relating to funds from the sale of government property. It was proposed by the California Legislature and approved by the voters in a referendum held as part of the November 2004 election, by a majority of 73%.\n", "Proposition ...
how do painkillers marketed for treating specific kinds of pain (back pain, period pain, migaines etc) work? what makes them target that pain?	I might get shot down for this, but I don't believe there's any difference. Painkillers either work as an anti-inflammatory or on the part of the brain that tells you something is hurting. There's nothing I know of that can specifically target a certain area of the body...	[ "BULLET::::- Opioids: Morphine sulphate tablets and other opioid painkillers work by mimicking the action of naturally occurring pain-reducing chemicals called \"endorphins\". There are different long acting and short acting medications that can be used alone or in combination to provide appropriate pain control.\n...
what is that big bright light in the middle of galaxies?	Its just brighter at the middle because that's where stars are most densely concentrated. Since there is more of everything packed tightly together, it results in a brighter glow.	[ "WISE J224607.57−052635.0 (or W2246−0526 for short) is an extremely luminous infrared galaxy (ELIRG) which, in 2015, was announced as the most luminous galaxy in the Universe. The brightness is 350 trillion times that of the Sun (349×10), and the merger of smaller nearby galaxies may be contributing to its brightne...
Why was Huey Long considered a fascist?	Do you have a source that calls Long a fascist? I have heard him called a populist and a demagogue, but I don't think I've ever heard him called a fascist.	[ "After 1945, the term \"fascist\" conjured up images of Nazi death camps, but in the 1930s it had a very different connotation, meaning the centralization of political power as in Benito Mussolini's Italy and of a \"third way\" between communism and capitalism. While most American businessmen thought Roosevelt was ...
Do artificial sweeteners bind to insect sugar receptors like they do in humans, fooling them in to thinking a substance is sugar?	You can run an experiment yourself and see: offer sugary water as well as solutions with various sweeteners to some insects. House flies, bees, wasps, whatever is around. Observe what attracts them, and what doesn’t.	[ "The TAS1R2+3 receptor has been shown to respond to natural sugars sucrose and fructose, and to the artificial sweeteners saccharin, acesulfame potassium, dulcin, and guanidinoacetic acid. Research initially suggested that rat receptors did not respond to many other natural and artificial sugars, such as glucose an...
how matter seems so solid when atoms are made of 99.9% empty space.	So, imagine a magnet. Like a regular old desk magnet with a north and south pole. Now, take the south pole of that magnet and bring it closer and closer to the south pole of another desk magnet. As you know, they're going to resist each other, and you'll feel that resistance well before the magnets actually "touch"...	[ "Usually atoms can be imagined as a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a surrounding \"cloud\" of orbiting electrons which \"take up space\". However this is only somewhat correct, because subatomic particles and their properties are governed by their quantum nature, which means they do not act as everyday object...
Were there any gym-like locations in Ancient Rome or Greece where people would go and workout?	Yes. The term gymnasium is actually derived form the greek work gymnos. Most greek and roman communities would have a gymnasium where people would engage in athletics such as wrestling (completely in the nude). These structures were large, open air facilities(think of a modern stadium). Over time, gymnasiums became ...	[ "The gymnasium () in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public game(s). It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits. The name comes from the Ancient Greek term \"gymnós\" meaning \"naked\". Only adult males were allowed to use the gymnasia.\n", "Gymna...
Why should it be so hard as to build a humanoid robot with artificial muscles and an artificial brain to power those muscles?	Lets tackle the easy part first: an artificial brain. We don't know how to build one because we don't even fully understand our own brain yet. As far as artificial muscles go, there are a number of robots that use varying technologies (such as [EAP](_URL_1_) and [Piezoelectric Actuators](_URL_0_)) that you might ...	[ "Another motivation for building humanoid robotic systems is that a machine with a human-like form may have more human-like interactions with people. This could be particularly important for an artificial intelligence device to learn from people in the way that human children learn through interactions within a soc...
why companies offer employee benefits giving the money directly to their employees?	I assume you're asking why do companies offer employee benefits rather than just giving the money to their employees. If that's the case it's just simple math that makes everybody happy... Almost all benefits are insurance based aside from pensions and 401k which is literally where you would want to be putting your mo...	[ "There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, or by gratuities (with the latter often being combined with another form of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or ser...
if it's illegal to be clearly and obnoxiously drunk in public, why is it acceptable to be drunk at events such as football games or concerts, if the locations are considered public (i.e. payed for by taxpayers)?	In many places things like concerts, sporting events, and holiday celebrations apply for permits allowing them to be a "festival zone". Alcohol laws such as open container regulations become more lax, however there is usually strict enforcement to keep alcohol and intoxicated people from leaving the specified area, an...	[ "While drinking in public is legal in general, most city governments include laws in their local ordinance that cite certain public streets and locations in which it is forbidden to drink alcohol or carry open bottles and cans (except in restaurants, pubs, bars etc). Furthermore, \"public drunkenness\", which refer...
I'm a new wide-eyed baby to history. Can anyone point me to some interesting resources? Some documentaries, features, etc? (No Netflix, I'm not in the USA)	Wow, could you be more specific? What are you interested in? Pic an area, a historical era, a topic....	[ "A Story of Children and Film is a 2013 documentary film directed by Mark Cousins. It features clips from movies from around the world that feature children, and scenes featuring the director's niece and nephew.\n", "In a 2005 Channel 4 programme, the series topped the list of \"The 50 Greatest Documentaries\", a...
heavy gravity chambers	You can use centrifugal force to simulate gravity, and get up to several times the normal force of gravity. The problem is that to generate enough force you have to get something spinning pretty fast.	[ "The 7V chamber is a deep space environment simulation test facility designed to test high performance interceptors and surveillance sensors at the conditions of deep space. The facility consists of a 7-foot-diameter by 21-foot-long chamber containing a full gaseous helium thermal shroud. The chamber is surrounded ...
According to the book "a short history about nearly everything", the universe grew to be a million billion miles across in under a minute after the big bang. This would be much faster than the speed of light, how is this possible?	The universe did not grow to be a million billion miles across. This is a very common point of confusion, so it's worth taking a moment to get it sorted. We are, right now, at the centre of a volume we call the observable universe. We call it that because nothing that lies outside that volume is observable, either...	[ "During the inflationary epoch about 10 of a second after the Big Bang, the universe suddenly expanded, and its volume increased by a factor of at least 10 (an expansion of distance by a factor of at least 10 in each of the three dimensions), equivalent to expanding an object 1 nanometer (10 m, about half the width...
why shouldn't you top off a car's gas tank?	Gas gives of a lot of fumes, which can cause pressure build up. If you "top off" a fuel tank, you're putting more fuel in than it was designed to safely hold. When the tank is too full, there's not enough air space between the top of the tank and the surface of the fuel to allow for expansion and venting of said fumes....	[ "The car at the top station has its water tank filled until its mass exceeds the mass of the car at the bottom. Then the car can travel down the incline, counterbalanced by the mass of the other car, which travels to the top; movement is regulated by the brakeman, who controls the speed of travel. When the car reac...
Did societies before germ theory have the equivalent of our hypochondriacs?	Of course they did. One of the most famous plays by Moliere (who some call the French Shakespeare) is all about a hypochondriac: _URL_0_ It's entirely possible hypochondria was more prevalent then, as people were more vulnerable to suggestion from their doctors, an idea that is well explored in the play.	[ "While neurochemistry as a recognized science is relatively new, the idea behind neurochemistry has been around since the 18th century. Originally, the brain had been thought to be a separate entity apart from the peripheral nervous system. Beginning in 1856, there was a string of research that refuted that idea. T...
Does the elliptical orbital speed of earth affect the change of change of day length?	Yes indeed! The fact is that orbiting something naturally decays any object's rotation along it's own axes. The elliptical shape of orbits merely makes the slope of that decay rate somewhat sinuous.	[ "At these extreme points this effect varies the apparent solar day by 7.9 s/day from its mean. Consequently, the smaller daily differences on other days in speed are cumulative until these points, reflecting how the planet accelerates and decelerates compared to the mean. As a result, the eccentricity of the Earth'...
why do we prefer to sleep in the dark?	Humans are evolutionarily adapted to sleep at night (when it is dark) and be active during the day (when it is light). Chemicals that make you sleepy build up in your brain over the day until you go to sleep at night and your brain gets rid of them all. There is another chemical as well which wakes you up and stimula...	[ "The optimal sleeping light condition is said by some to be total darkness. If a nightlight is used within a sleeping area, it is recommended to choose a dim reddish light to minimize disruptive effects on sleep cycles. In addition, nightlights may be useful in locations other than sleeping areas, such as hallways,...
with so many decades of data at our disposal, why is there still such strong debate about economic models (particularly supply-side vs demand-side)?	Because Economics is not a perfect science like Physics or Chemistry. You can't run randomized trials. You can't control for variables or rerun experiments with different starting conditions. The decades of data all have to be interpreted and based upon your assumptions and biases you can end up with different interpre...	[ "Economic models can be such powerful tools in understanding some economic relationships that it is easy to ignore their limitations. One tangible example where the limits of economic models allegedly collided with reality, but were nevertheless accepted as \"evidence\" in public policy debates, involved models to ...
why is it near impossible for a man to become erect and/or ejaculate while on prescription pain killers?	Honestly the exact reason for this depends on the type of medicine in question. The most common prescription pain medications that will suppress sexual response/desire are opioid medications and those that are include some type of anti-depressant such as SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors). The basic caus...	[ "For those whose impotence is caused by medical conditions, prescription drugs such as Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra are available. However, doctors caution against the unnecessary use of these drugs because they are accompanied by serious risks such as increased chance of heart attack. The selective serotonin reupta...
If I were in a helicopter during a very large earthquake, would I be able to see the seismic waves moving across the ground?	No, these waves are not considered to be detectable by the human eye. Although some people claim to have seen them this is more likely to be caused by the stroboscopic effect when the seismic waves disturb the air above them in synchronization. [See here.](_URL_1_) And cause an illusion or mirage. This effect would pro...	[ "A seismic shadow zone is an area of the Earth's surface where seismographs can only barely detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through the Earth. When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's focus. The primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid ...
why do you oxygenate wine in a decanter for taste, but you can't leave wine corked for too long because of the oxygen?	Oxygen creates oxidized compounds. Slow oxidation, like aging a bottle with a cork, can improve the flavor until the increase in oxidation starts to hurt the wine flavor (I'm not accounting for what happens to all compounds of wine because I'm not knowledgeable enough and this is ELI5). Fast oxidation doesn't work enti...	[ "Exposure to oxygen during production may improve wine, but the exposure must be limited: too much oxygen can lead to oxidation while too little can lead to reduction, either one leading to its associated wine faults. In barrel aging, the natural properties of the wood allow for gentle aeration of the wine to occur...
Why does water have no taste or smell?	If we assume you're talking about pure water, because your body has no taste or smell receptors for water. In order to smell/taste something, that something needs to bind to and activate receptors expressed on the surface of your olfactory receptor neurons or taste buds. When those receptors get activated, you experien...	[ "Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may gi...
why does our tongue have a "life of its own"	If it moves out of your control you might have a parasite that latches into your tongue and slowly dissolves it. Eventually it complely replaces your tongue. It's more common in fish. [the tongue-eating louse](_URL_0_), is a parasitic isopod of the family Cymothoidae. This parasite enters fish through the gills, and th...	[ "The tongue is a specialized skeletal muscle that is specially adapted for the activities of speech, chewing, developing gustatory sense (taste) and swallowing. The tongue contains two sets of muscles, the intrinsic- involved with shape of tongue, and the extrinsic- involved with tongue movement. It is attached to ...
how do river levels rise in feet so quickly when we only get a couple inches of rain?	When rain falls, it heads downhill and continues moving downhill until there's no downhill left (i.e., it hits the lowest part of its journey) or it gets absorbed into the ground (or evaporates). When the ground is saturated (like after a heavy rain or just a lot of rain over a short period of time), rainwater isn't a...	[ "Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large catchment areas. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, monsoons, or tropical cyclones. However, large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climate, since they may have large basins but smal...
how is not fundamentally undemocratic that the entire population of wyoming (~580,000) has just as much power and representation in the senate as the entire population of california (38,000,000)?	It's acceptable because in the US, states have a very large degree of political autonomy. And, quite frankly, our Constitution would have never been ratified without this compromise to protect the political interests of the small states against the overwhelming population of the larger ones. What's stopping us from ...	[ "Wyoming is the least populous of all 50 U.S. states. With almost 60% of the population identifying with or leaning towards the Republican Party, compared to less than 30% identifying with or leaning towards the Democrats, it is also the most solid Republican state, ahead of Idaho and Utah. In the 2012 presidential...
why do atoms possess spin? do all atoms possess spin or only some?	Elementary particles have spin, it's an intrinsic property like mass or charge. The Higgs Boson is a spin=0 particle, but it still "has spin" even though the value is 0. Atoms and composite particles have spin, as an aggregation of the spin of the elementary particles that make them up.	[ "The nucleus of an atom will have no spin when it has even numbers of both neutrons and protons, but for other cases of odd numbers, the nucleus may have a spin. Normally nuclei with spin are aligned in random directions because of thermal equilibrium. However, for certain elements (such as xenon-129) it is possibl...
Before crucifying Jesus (happened or not, doesn’t matter), was it often that people have been crucified, or that was the first time?	It was common. After Pompey Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus crushed Spartacus, ending the Third Servile War (73 - 71 B.C.E), it's been estimated that around 6000 prisoners were crucified along the Appian Way. Arrian (a Roman historian) claims that Alexander the Great crucified people as well (hundreds, if not thou...	[ "Depending on the interpretation of the following verse, Muslim scholars have abstracted different opinions. Some believe that in the Biblical account, Jesus's crucifixion did not last long enough for him to die, while others opine that God gave someone Jesus's appearance or someone else replaced Jesus and the exec...
What gives the body the sense of touch? What makes it possible for the body to experience so many different kinds of touch and texture?	There a quite a few different nerve endings in the body that are responsible for our different sensations of touch including: Ruffinni's end organ, Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, Merkel's disc, free nerve endings, and hair follicle associated fibers. Each has a slightly different mode of action, depth and d...	[ "The sense of touch, or tactile perception, is what allows organisms to feel the world around them. The environment acts as an external stimulus, and tactile perception is the act of passively exploring the world to simply sense it. To make sense of the stimuli, an organism will undergo active exploration, or hapti...
what is electro-static discharge (esd), how does it work and why is it harmful to some electronic devices but generally tolerable for humans?	ESD is just the shock you get from static electricity. You know when you shuffle your feet on the carpet while wearing socks and then touch something metal? That shock is an electrostatic discharge. ESD can have very high voltage but usually incredibly tiny current. So, it might sting a little for humans but it can ca...	[ "An electrostatic-sensitive device (often abbreviated ESD) is any component (primarily electrical) which can be damaged by common static charges which build up on people, tools, and other non-conductors or semiconductors. ESD commonly also stands for electrostatic discharge.\n", "Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is ...
why are 'the troubles' and ira never taught about in (english) history lessons?	In English schools they don't attempt to teach students a broad overview of all of England's history. There's so much to cover you would only be able to teach them basic "facts" about each topic, and there wouldn't be time to get a deeper understanding. So instead schools pick a small number of history topics and teac...	[ "The Troubles, a guerilla conflict in Northern Ireland fought predominantly between the sectarian groups, the nationalist Irish Republican Army (IRA), and the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Forces (UVF). The IRA fought against the discrimination of Northern Ireland's Catholic Minority by Protestants, and for Irish natio...
why butane is used in lighters or what would happen if you put something else (i.e. gasoline) in a lighter	Butane is used because it's a gas at room temperature and it liquefies easily (i.e, at regular pressures). You want your fuel to be liquid so that it can be stored safely. Propane takes higher pressure to liquefy than butane does - which is why propane tanks are made out of metal, and you can get liquid butane in a p...	[ "Naphtha based lighters employ a saturated cloth wick and fibre packing to absorb the fluid and prevent it from leaking. They employ an enclosed top to prevent the volatile liquid from evaporating, and to conveniently extinguish the flame. Butane lighters have a valved orifice that meters the butane gas as it escap...
Have any 20th century dictators successfully given up power, allowed their countries to transition to democracy, and then retired either internally or internationally without facing prosecution?	I think President Soeharto of Indonesia fits your bill quite well. He is the second president of the Republic of Indonesia. The legacy of his presidency is under debate even today. Some of his economic reforms and infrastructure projects helped make Indonesia one of the fastest growing economies in the world up until ...	[ "After World War II, dictators established themselves in the several new states of Africa and Asia, often at the expense or failure of the constitutions inherited from the colonial powers. These constitutions often failed to work without a strong middle class or work against the preexisting autocratic rule. Some el...
why are teeth individual, and were they ever one whole solid unit?	Teeth are sacrificial. The body can heal and compensate for a missing tooth pretty easily. If it was all interconnected something that would cause one tooth to fall out would instead damage the entire "tooth" likely cracking and breaking/cracking leaving it open to infection and overall much weaker. If its infected i...	[ "Because teeth are very resistant, often preserved when bones are not, and reflect the diet of the host organism, they are very valuable to archaeologists and palaeontologists. Early fish such as the thelodonts had scales composed of dentine and an enamel-like compound, suggesting that the origin of teeth was from ...
how do the reddit bot accounts post links when there's a captcha?	You use the account to get enough upvotes to get past the captcha challenge. There are subreddits specifically designed for this.	[ "Static image-based CAPTCHAs are routinely used to prevent automated sign-ups to websites by using text or images of words disguised so that optical character recognition (OCR) software has trouble reading them. However, in common CAPTCHA systems, users often fail to correctly solve the CAPTCHA 7% - 25% of the time...
Was being sent to the Gulag a death sentence in the Soviet Union?	GULag (Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения) is a wider term for the prison and penal colony system in the USSR. To answer your question, it was by no means a death sentence. There are some statistics of the mortality rate of prisoners. The rate peaked at 25% in 1942 and was at 22% in 1943, which likely has m...	[ "Unlike the German prisoners, who were looking forward to release at war's end, the Soviet prisoners urgently requested asylum in the United States, or at least repatriation to a country not under Soviet occupation, as they knew they would be shot by Joseph Stalin as traitors for being captured (under Soviet law, o...
Stage IV Cancer Question	This is a great question - it really gets at the nature of what cancer is and what cancer treatment does. Each cancer is different, but Stage IV cancer refers almost universally to metastatic disease. That is to say that the tumor cells have escaped the site of the primary tumor and are able to travel through the blo...	[ "Cervical cancer is staged by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, which is based on clinical examination, rather than surgical findings. It allows only these diagnostic tests to be used in determining the stage: palpation, inspection, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, ...
Are atoms perfectly spherical?	Atoms and even atomic nuclei have "shapes", and they're not necessarily perfect spheres. The shape of the particle is related to its electric charge distribution. A common measure of the "sphericalness" of an atom or nucleus is its [electric quadrupole moment](_URL_2_). An atom or nucleus with zero quadrupole moment is...	[ "Similarly, spherical particles were used in early prototypes but were later substituted with cylindrical particles. This is mainly because cylindrical particles gain much more charge than spherical particles, as they stand on end when being charged. Given also that cylinders penetrate a liquid's surface more easil...
with all the talk about putting satellites with sub machine guns into orbit, what would happen if a bullet were to be fired down towards earth?	Pls link to "all that talk". First bit: A bullet fired down would not actually go to Earth due to orbital mechanics - it would actually be best to fire the bullet backwards from the orbit. Now: bullets falling from orbit would just disintegrate unless they were very specially designed. They would likely have to be quit...	[ "A space gun by itself is not capable of placing objects into stable orbit around the object (planet or otherwise) from which it launches them. The orbit is a parabolic orbit, a hyperbolic orbit, or part of an elliptic orbit which ends at the planet's surface at the point of launch or another point. This means that...
why are explosions underwater more damaging?	They are, to a point. Pressure waves that eminate out from the center of a blast compress the materials and space around them when they push the force out from the explosive. Take a simple C4 charge. If you blow it up mid air, it can kill you from around 15 feet away from the pressure alone from the blast. Hwoever,...	[ "The overall effect of an underwater explosion depends on depth, the size and nature of the explosive charge, and the presence, composition and distance of reflecting surfaces such as the seabed, surface, thermoclines, etc. This phenomenon has been extensively used in antiship warhead design since an underwater exp...
How was bastardy viewed in classical Greek culture? Does the presence of so many heroes born to unmarried parents suggest that there was no great stigma against it?	As a linguist, I can tell you a little about one word in particular: parthenios. Parthenios roughly translates as "bastard," but more accurately as "son of an unmarried woman." It is formed off parthenos, a term typically used of a virgin, but better translated as "young woman." Anyway, parthenios shows up in ...	[ "The servility stigma came from the accident of a more medically advanced society being conquered by a lesser. One of the cultural ironies of these circumstances is that free men sometimes found themselves in service to the enslaved professional or dignitary, or the power of the state was entrusted to foreigners wh...
If working out makes small tears in your muscles to make you stronger, could one (in theory) go in surgically and make small cuts in muscle to make yourself stronger?	Muscle cells get larger because actin filaments tear. The cell then recycles the broken strands, and makes more so that it won't have to worry about runnung out of functioning actin filaments. So unless you can surgically cut actin filaments without screwing up the rest of the cell, your idea will not work.	[ "Certain meniscal tears are repairable with sutures, predominantly those that are freshly torn and involve healthy tissue. The closer tear is to the peripheral blood supply the higher the likelihood of successful repair. Patients with unrepairable meniscal injuries usually have symptoms of pain, catching, swelling ...
For the Architects out there, how do you figure out the number of bathrooms/toilets a building will need?	There is a table in the building code, the number of plumbing fixtures based off of Occupancy. The table can be found [here](_URL_1_) and continued [here](_URL_0_).	[ "The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or meters. In the United States, this includes the area of \"living space\", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The \"square meters\" figure of a house in Europe may report the total area of the walls enclosing the home, thus includin...
Is there any scientific evidence to show "lower" quality liquor leaves someone more susceptible to hangovers?	Quality... not that I am aware of. Even in relatively nasty bootlegged Ukrainian booze (just as an example) there seems to be little evidence that bad stuff (e.g. methanol, acetyladehyde) reach particularly nasty levels. (_URL_0_). It seems far more likely that the type of booze you drink has an effect: And as a deep...	[ "Several studies have examined whether certain types of alcohol cause worse hangovers. All four studies concluded that darker liquors, which have higher congeners, produced worse hangovers. One even showed that hangovers were worse \"and\" more frequent with darker liquors. In a 2006 study, an average of 14 standar...
I have a question about the history of Computers.	Personal computers weren't initially of much interest to people involved with big computers. At the time the Apple Lisa was introduced, the fastest off-the-shelf supercomputer was the [Cray-2](_URL_0_), which would be roughly on the order of 2000 times more powerful than the Lisa in terms of scientific computing. So bi...	[ "Computer: A History of the Information Machine is a history of computing written by Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray first published in 1996. It follows the history of \"information machines\" from Charles Babbage's difference engine through Herman Hollerith's tabulating machines to the invention of the mo...
why are there no hd security cameras?	Cameras aren't the problem, storing hours of video at high resolution is. Also, the cameras in stores are more for deterrent than for actually capturing criminals.	[ "An increasing number of manufacturers of security cameras now offer HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and frame rate is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as ...
can someone explain reddit flairs to me?	they help sort large amounts of posts so if you were interested in a specific type of content from a subreddit you could filter that way. Thats about it, its just for ease of organization and so you know what you are getting when you click a post.	[ "The book consists of the very best quotes, ideas and one-liners from all books in the Discworld series. The book is organised sequentially, beginning with quotes from The Colour of Magic and ending with Making Money, with each book being organised as a chapter. For each novel, a short synopsis (often the blurb fro...
why do automakers continue to produce vehicles for many years without making any major updates (e.g. nissan xterra, jeep patriot, ford expedition)?	Building a new model is REALLY expensive and hard, even if you're already in the car-making business. Millions of work-hours by engineers and designers to get the design safe, practical, and desirable. Arranging a global supply chain to deliver thousands of parts, many custom-made for the model. Taking a factory offlin...	[ "More RAV4-EVs were sold than had been planned for manufacture through standard assembly line techniques. Toyota filled every order despite the fact that the last few dozen vehicles had to be assembled from spare parts due to a shortfall of production components (a significantly more expensive way of building a veh...
is each fiber in a rope as long as the rope is?	It depends on the type and age of rope. Yes for some, no for others. If you are weaving a rope from natural fibres, such as a hemp or sessile rope, those fibres aren't infinitely long, only as long as the stem or leaves or whatever that they come from. So they'll be a mix of varying lengths, in the same way the stems ...	[ "There are two major types of optical fiber in use today. Multimode fiber is approximately 62.5 µm in diameter and utilizes light-emitting diodes to carry signals over a maximum distance of about 2 kilometers. Single mode fiber is approximately 10 µm in diameter and is capable of carrying signals over tens of miles...
Slovenia in WWII	Slovenia is not one I recall anything on. Try looking around [this site](_URL_0_), you might find something. They certainly have books on other groups that participated in the war on the German side (many of them in fact).	[ "During World War II, Slovenia was divided among the Axis Powers of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Hungary. Each of the occupying powers tried to either discourage or entirely suppress the Slovene language.\n", "World War II in the Slovene Lands started in April 1941 and lasted until May 1945. Slovenia was in a...
How likely is it that humanity will go extinct in the near future, and what can be done to reduce the odds?	You're not going to find any credible experts with scientific evidence supporting any theories one way or the other that can't be argued. This is going to be more of a conjecture based answer.	[ "Some scholars have strongly favored reducing existential risk on the grounds that it greatly benefits future generations. Derek Parfit argues that extinction would be a great loss because our descendants could potentially survive for four billion years before the expansion of the Sun makes the Earth uninhabitable....
What causes the effect of propeller blades to appear to slow down and then reverse direction?	It's a trick of persistence of vision, check [this](_URL_0_) out.	[ "the water jet leaving the propeller. Under certain conditions (e.g., when a ship moves through water) the Coandă effect changes the direction of a propeller jet, causing it to follow the shape of the ship's hull. The side force from a tunnel thruster at the bow of a ship decreases rapidly with forward speed. The s...
why do catholics worship the virgin mary?	Common misconception that they "worship" her, she's just held in really high regard (like a Saint, but higher) as she is believed to have been born without original sin and obviously birthed Jesus, who is an important guy.	[ "\"Because of Mary's singular cooperation with the action of the Holy Spirit, the Church loves to pray in communion with the Virgin Mary, to magnify with her the great things the Lord has done for her, and to entrust supplications and praises to her.\n", "Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not, however, amount to w...
What happened to the Sumerians? Are there still any people group who share a common ancestor with them?	Sumer was a city-state in Mesopotamia. It appears to end about 1900 BCE as a political power, as other peoples ("Amorites") push into the region. Sargon of Akkad achieves lasting fame as perhaps the first "Emperor" in history; he conquers and rules what had been Sumerian polities. The Sumerian language and writing sys...	[ "The Sumerians had an ongoing linguistic and cultural exchange with the Semitic Akkadian peoples in northern Mesopotamia for generations prior to the usurpation of their territories by Sargon of Akkad in 2340 BC. Sumerian mythology and religious practices were rapidly integrated into Akkadian culture, presumably bl...
how does a person not fall in love with their parent/sibling?	Incest is bad for the gene pool. Producing offspring with close family members increases risks for various deformities, diseases and other issues. So humans are hardwired to not find close family sexually attractive. However thats not a sure fire thing, there are plenty of cases of documented incidents of incest betw...	[ "All of the characters will fall in love at different ages, falling in love for the first time, after a divorce, after already having grown up children or even grandchildren. But what all these couples have in common is that love will be very difficult, even impossible.\n", "Innate sexual aversion between sibling...
Heavy storms here on the West Coast have me wondering: has science/medicine ever determined a confirmed source or mechanism for weather-induced joint pain?	yes--tied to changes in air pressure. [here's one version of the explanation](_URL_0_).	[ "The first publication of documented changes in pain perception associated with the weather was in the \"American Journal of the Medical Sciences\" in 1887. This case report described a person with phantom limb pain who concluded that \"approaching storms, dropping barometric pressure and rain were associated with ...
the fountain	The Fountain is a story about mortality, and the two different ways we can react to it. Tommy Creo is a neuroscientist. His wife, Izzi, whom he loves very much, is dying from an inoperable brain tumor. Tommy is obsessed with finding a way to treat her illness. He's doing research on a chemical extracted from the bar...	[ "Like all fountains of the time, the fountain on St. Peter's Square had no pumps and operated purely by gravity, with a source of water higher than the fountain which caused the water to shoot upwards. The source of water for the fountain, the Aqua Paola, was on the Janiculum hill, 266 above sea level, which meant ...
how do electronic music bands/groups work together?	I have a little bit of experience making tracks with a few close producer friends of mine, so I'm not really the perfect one to answer, but hopefully I'll be able to suffice. What you have in the creation of electronic music is a guy in a nice room with a decked out computer set up. That part's pretty easy to understa...	[ "Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, The Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major L...
What is the lifespan of an antibody?	Antibodies don´t stay long term in the body after the infection ends. Plasma cells eventually die when they are no longer needed. What remains is the memory B cells and they can live decades. They have their specific receptors (antibodies once secreted) on their cell surface. In the case of reinfection, B cells will ...	[ "Half-life varies from species to species. In mice the half-life is approximately 33 minutes after intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg 4-IPO. This is lower in rats and dogs. Rats need around six minutes to reduce the 4-IPO concentration by half and dogs around ten minutes. Both were administered a single intravenous ...
How different was the life of a Muslim woman under mughal rule compared to our present times?	When you say present times there is a huge amount of difference between the current "Muslim dominant countries". You should ideally be more specific, do you want a comparison to the not progressive ones like Saudi Arabia or the somewhat more progressive ones like Turkey or Indonesia? Or India, given that's where the Mu...	[ "The women of the Mughal harem could exercise enormous political power. Nur Jahan, chief consort of Jahangir, was the most powerful and influential woman at court during a period when the Mughal Empire was at the peak of its power and glory. More decisive and proactive than her husband, she is considered by histori...
why hasn't the situation in the usa blown into riots and full anarchy yet?	The US standard of living, even for the poor, is so high that nobody really cares with the 1% are doing.	[ "By the end of the book, rioting and civil unrest sweep the United States, due to a combination of poor health, poor sanitation, lack of food, lack of services, ineffectiveness of services (medical, policing), disillusionment with government/companies, oppressive government, high incidence of birth defects (polluti...
how do they get the cars inside of dealerships, especially when these cars might be on the second floor?	They have big elevators. It is commonplace. Some places also have drivable ramps built in. No big deal.	[ "A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to sell their automotive vehicles. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, and employ ...
how the website kickstarter works and how it helps people who want to use it.	ok, if someone has (what they think) is a good idea, but no money to fund creation or production of said idea. what they usually do is to find investors, people that will give you money to fund your project in return for a slice of your profits. what kickstarter lets you do is to get funding directly from the people w...	[ "Kickstarter is an American public-benefit corporation based in Brooklyn, New York, that maintains a global crowdfunding platform focused on creativity and merchandising. The company's stated mission is to \"help bring creative projects to life\". As of May 2019, Kickstarter has received more than $4 billion in ple...
why do we wake up in the midle of the night with something immediately on our minds? what i awoke to was something i haven't thought about in weeks, but it was like a switch suddenly flipped and i was wide awake.	Because when you sleep your mind still works but subconsciously. So, your subconscious can remind old thoughts or things you didn't even knew with your conscious part of the mind. That's why your dreams are strange sometimes and that's why you can wake up with a random thought.	[ "\"So you are awake all night, are you? It isn't your time for sleep, is it? My friend, the cock, gives me great help, waking me every morning. Couldn't you do the same for me at night, while the cock is asleep? If you do not find me stirring at the usual time, couldn't you call me? Will you do that?\"\n", "A com...
In 1817 the Erie Canal began construction in order to facilitate shipping between NYC and the Great Lakes. This was cheaper than a railroad, how? Why?	It was cheaper than a railway in one key respect: time. 1817 was well before the the railway became capable of transporting large volumes of goods over long distances. The world's first public steam railway, the British Stockton and Darlington Railway, opening in 1825. This was a comparably small railway, connecting th...	[ "The 325-mile Erie Canal, which connected Albany, New York, on the Hudson River with Buffalo, New York, on Lake Erie, began operation in 1825. Wagon cost from Buffalo to New York City in 1817 was 19.2 cents per ton-mile. By Erie Canal c. 1857 to 1860 the cost was 0.81 cents. The Erie Canal was a great commercial su...
levels of scrutiny under the equal protection clause	The levels of scrutiny establish that, when a law discriminates against certain protected groups, it should be looked at more closely. For instance, if a law treats black and white people differently, the government must show to an extremely high standard that the law is necessary. If a law treats adults and minors d...	[ "Under the Equal Protection Clause, when the law targets a \"quasi-suspect\" classification, such as gender, the courts apply intermediate scrutiny, which requires the law to be substantially related to an important government interest. It is more strict than rational basis review but less strict than strict scruti...
how is it that soda, a drink thats first ingredient is water, makes me dehydrated?	First off, soda is hydrating, even if it's not terribly healthy. Still, it's worth noting that some liquids that are mostly water are not hydrating. The reasons touch on how the body normally works. Sea water, for instance, isn't good to drink, because it has so much salt. We need the right balance of sodium, chloride...	[ "In many modern restaurants and drinking establishments, soda water is manufactured on-site using devices known as carbonators. Carbonators use mechanical pumps to pump water into a pressurized chamber where it is combined with from pressurized tanks at approximately . The pressurized, carbonated water then flows t...
Did any ancient civilizations venerate insects?	The dung beetle was worshipped by ancient Egyptians. It was seen as an incarnation of the sun god Khepri, and its name was part of many royal monikers, including Men-kheper-re and Kheper-ka-re. The scarab ornament found on mummies is a dung beetle.	[ "Insects have appeared in mythology around the world from ancient times. Among the insect groups featuring in myths are the bee, butterfly, cicada, fly, dragonfly, praying mantis and scarab beetle. Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The...
the whole world has been pumping trillions of dollars into africa as charity since decades now. why are malnutrition, poverty, etc. still an issue there?	It's a political problem. Large parts of sub-Saharan Africa are basically kleptocracies ruled by thieving dictators who only seek to enrich themselves and build prestige.	[ "In general, whereas there has been progress at all levels with regard to democracy, growth and restoring the macro-economic balances in Africa over the past fifteen years, half of sub-Saharan Africa lives on under one dollar a day, and AIDS is threatening the social fabric of the continent. The studies conducted b...
what are the specific functions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the human brain, and what effects does the use of nicotine recreationally bring about in the nervous system, relating to these receptors?	The simple version is nicotine can cause issues with locomotion, cognition, and pain sensation. Continuously bringing high amounts of nicotine into your body from smoking, chewing tobacco, vaping, etc can cause lower the amount of nicotine made naturally and found in nicotinic receptors in your body. This means your ...	[ "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs as the agonist nicotine. They are found in the central and peripheral nervous system, muscle, and many other tissues of many organisms. At the neurom...
how are scholarships with ethnicity requirements legal?	It's called affirmative action or positive discrimination. Basically discriminating in favour of certain disadvantaged groups that have possibly suffered as a result of discrimination.	[ "BULLET::::- Student-specific: These are scholarships for which applicants must initially qualify based upon gender, race, religion, family, and medical history, or many other student-specific factors. Minority scholarships are the most common awards in this category. For example, students in Canada may qualify for...
If the integral of dx/dt is position, what is the integral of position?	Not sure why you haven't got a straight answer yet. The integral of position is called "absement."	[ "In mathematics, the Laplacian of the indicator of the domain \"D\" is a generalisation of the derivative of the Dirac delta function to higher dimensions, and is non-zero only on the \"surface\" of \"D\". It can be viewed as the \"surface delta prime function\". It is analogous to the second derivative of the Heav...
What happens when a neutrino or antineutrino collides with a nucleus?	When a neutrino or antineutrino encounters a nucleus, the chance of a non-trivial is interaction is small, but non-zero. Two processes that can occur: neutron + neutrino -- > proton + electron proton + antineutrino -- > neutron + positron	[ "When an electron neutrino collides with a lead nucleus, it causes a nuclear transmutation that ends with a neutron emission. Lead does not absorb neutrons readily since Pb it has a \"magic number\" of both protons and neutrons, so the neutrons pass through to the He detectors. If enough neutrons are detected in a ...
Why is some of the water in this lake black and some light blue?	Generally, dark blue parts of a body of water indicate depth. At shallow levels, the water would be a lighter blue because less light is absorbed by it. Note that water [is actually a very light blue in colour](_URL_0_), rather than completely transparent. This is in addition to large areas of water appearing blue beca...	[ "The water in the lake has an unusual bright turquoise color. It's because the waters of the lake are poisonous due to the content of several types of acids and other chemical compounds of the periodic table. \n", "Dr. Roger Bachman, another nationally recognized limnologist, agrees and says the Society denies it...
why are budget deficits good for.the government when there is recession?	Two parts. 1) Budget deficits can be good at anytime. The reason is that the safer the investment is the lower the interest and you can't find much more safer than a stable government, meaning they can get the money to cover their deficit with a low interest rate. At the same time, the economy of a country will grow ...	[ "BULLET::::- Fiscal policy: The Federal government has reduced its budget deficit significantly since the 2007–2009 recession, which resulted from a combination of improving economic conditions and recent steps to reduce spending and raise taxes on higher income taxpayers. Reducing the budget deficit means the gove...
why does the emergency alert system (us) tone sound a certain way?	I think it’s more of a technical reason, there is information being transmitted in those bursts. NOAA weather radio receivers can be programmed for specific areas, and the areas affected are transmitted while those sounds are going off.	[ "BULLET::::- Attention or Alert Warning – A 3 to 5 minute steady signal from sirens, horns, or other devices. Local government officials may authorize use of this signal to alert the public of peacetime emergencies, normally tornadoes, flash floods, and tsunamis. Besides any other meaning or requirement for action ...
Did the American public really deride and scorn GI's returning from Viet Nam?	We've already tackled this subject [here](_URL_0_) and[ here](_URL_1_). In a short summary: It was uncommon, but it did happen.	[ "The San Jose \"Mercury News\" writer Tatiana Sanchez reported that some American and South Vietnamese veterans were \"angry, [and] disappointed\" with the documentary. They characterized it as a \"betrayal\". She writes: \"veterans of the South Vietnamese military say they were largely left out of the narrative, t...
can someone please explain guitar chords, in the simplest way possible?	This is assuming that you understand the music theory behind chords, as you sort of stated. The general rule of thumb (although not always the rule) is that all major chords should have the 1st, 3rd, and 5th tones, all minor chords have 1st, flat 3rd, and 5th, etc. This rule of thumb sort of changes when you get to di...	[ "Advanced guitar chords may rely on the use of open strings alongside strings fretted in higher positions. For example fretting the E-barre shape on the fifth fret without the barre allows the open E, A and E to ring alongside the higher position E, A and C#. The strumming on the middle section of \"Stairway to Hea...

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