question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 26.1k | context list |
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Can psychoactive chemicals permanently alter brain chemistry | The reference to brain chemistry can include a range of different things but broadly includes the levels of different neurochemicals that are in the brain, and the ability of those neurochemicals to "do their thing" and participate in the transmission of information around the nervous system.
There is certainly lots ... | [
"In recent years his research focus has shifted more to the examination of how environmental events, including drugs, stress, hormones, and learning differentially affect brain and behavior at different developmental ages by altering neuronal morphology, gene expression, and ultimately behavior. His work on the eff... |
Climate change books/papers/survey papers? | I get to link to my favorite video (yay): _URL_0_
This talk was given by Richard Alley at AGU a few years ago. He mentions the names of researchers to google and the years of their paper. | [
"In 2012 Dessler wrote \"Introduction to Modern Climate Change\" \"a textbook for non-science majors that uniquely immerses the reader in the science, impacts, economics, policies and political debate associated with climate change.\" It received an award from the American Meteorological Society in 2014. It was fav... |
How is determined the acceptable amount of toxic substances in food? | There's a primary measurement we call the LD50, or the dose that kills 50% of a population of test subjects. We then take that dose and divide it by the weight of the animal to determine the lethal dose per kilogram. We test across multiple animals and reason that if they're all about the same range, we can apply that ... | [
"The principle relies on the finding that all chemicals—even water and oxygen—can be toxic if too much is eaten, drunk, or absorbed. \"The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors, including the extent to which it enters an individual’s body.\" This finding also provides the basis for public heal... |
Americans often say that older generations didn't express emotion like we do nowadays and that's why PTSD wasn't discussed. The Korean and Vietnam wars took place less than a decade from each other, however, and Vietnam is seen as a conflict that resulted in more soldiers with PTSD. Why is that? | In reality, 20 years separated the armistice of the Korean War (1953) from the last American troops leaving South Vietnam (1973). The answer to this question lies not in the nature of the conflicts, but rather what happened to the veterans *after* the conflicts.
During and after the end of the Korean War, many veteran... | [
"At the same time, the Vietnam War was becoming an ever-bigger catalyst for anti-war sentiment in the United States, and it became evident that most war casualties came from the working class. Chicano youth in the movement viewed this from a racial perspective, arguing that the Mexican-Americans and other minoritie... |
how do curving a test grade impact the final grade? | All that means is that you got a B. He designed the test to be difficult (which is actually a good thing for gauging how well the class is picking up the material), he probably gave the highest scoring student an A+, and he went down from there.
If that's the only grade all semester, you'll leave class with a B or B-... | [
"In certificates, grades are either rounded to integers or half-integers. After having rounded the individual grades, a weighted mean is used to calculate the overall result. The weight of a grade is normally proportional to the number of hours the according subject was taught per week. To pass a year, this overall... |
archimedes law states that an object immersed in a fluid will experience an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. how come the melting of icebergs cause sea levels to rise? | Because the ice that is melting is not all in the water. A lot of it is on land (Greenland, Antarctica). | [
"For this reason, an object whose average density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a non-inertial reference frame, which either has a gravitational field or is accelerat... |
how is possible that games like es6 and gta vi are being developed with hundreds or thousands of people but they can still keep it a secret? | Employees have to sign non-disclosure agreements before being let near the project. If they leak any information, they breach the contract and face a hefty lawsuit + most likely lose their jobs. | [
"Graphics are minimal, yet the tactical and strategic elements provide countless rich combinations for colony development and interstellar warfare. The software's AI also offered a challenging opponent in single-player games. It is not uncommon for a \"Reach for the Stars\" game to take over twelve hours to complet... |
Are there differences in personality traits in the average individual from different countries? | The Big Five - perhaps the most popular description of personality in use today - has been claimed to be universal. That is to say that people across all cultures vary in terms of these dimensions. However much of this research has been conducted on industrialized, literate populations. [A paper was just published in J... | [
"It is also important to note that when examining the average personality traits of individuals in cultural groups, differences between cultures seem to exist. Some research compares one culture against another culture on a specific Big Five personality trait; Filipinos, for example, score relatively low on Neuroti... |
What kind of gases are in a geode before it's opened? Trapped air from millions of years ago? Modern air? Something else? | Geodes can form from gas pockets originally trapped in igneous or sedimentary rock. Minerals precipitate from groundwater to form the crystalline part of the geode. If it's igneous you could imagine [volcanic gases](_URL_0_) being trapped in the cavity (e.g. water vapor, H2S, SO2) at the start. Since the geode will mos... | [
"The method of \"geo-sequestration\" or \"geological storage\" involves injecting carbon dioxide directly into underground geological formations. Declining oil fields, saline aquifers, and unminable coal seams have been suggested as storage sites. Caverns and old mines that are commonly used to store natural gas ar... |
why did so many nurses get rid of their nurse cap? | In America, hats have been dying off since roughly 1960. The hats also don't go with the scrubs. | [
"In areas where healthcare facilities no longer required their nurses to wear nurse's caps, nursing schools eliminated the cap as a mandatory part of the students’ uniform. In addition, with the growth of technology in the health-care setting, some felt that the nurse's caps were an obstacle for nurses wearing them... |
Why is the Western United States not often mentioned in US Civil War history? | The Battle of Glorieta Pass, in the state of New Mexico in which I currently reside in, was the farthest west the Civil War ever went. There might have been small skirmishes elsewhere that I'm unaware of, but the largest engagement of the Civil War in the western theatre was fought in New Mexico.
I have read a few boo... | [
"The official West and East South Central states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee were members of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Kentucky was often considered a \"non-official\" Confederate state. Oklahoma, although Indian Territory at the time, was home to 5 Native-American ... |
what type of motor is used to make phones, controllers, etc. vibrate? | Usually it is just an electric motor. Nothing really special about it, except that instead of driving a gear or something it has an unbalanced weight on the end. That weight being slung around causes the motor and whatever it is mounted on to vibrate. | [
"Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some external mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a signficant distance compared to its size. Magnetic solenoids produce significant mechanica... |
When did the profession or idea of therapy begin? | I answered a [similar question](_URL_0_) about a month ago, although I can answer the Shakespeare aspect of your question I can answer the therapy part. So I'll post the relevant sections from my previous answer below:
> Freud originally wanted go into Neurology however, in 1885, Freud was in Paris about to start a f... | [
"Many of the concepts of brief therapy were independently discovered by several therapists, in their own practices, over several decades in the 1950s (notably Milton Erickson), as described by authors such as Haley, and became popularized in the 1960s and 1970s.\n",
"Art therapy as a profession began in the mid-2... |
why to spacecraft reach outer space by launching straight up instead of taking off like an airplane and increasing altitude until out of the atmosphere | Airplanes need air underneath the wings to work properly. The higher you go, the less air there is, so it's physically impossibly to leave the atmosphere this way. | [
"Finally, it must be able to penetrate an atmosphere and land on a terrain accurately, without missing its target. A more constricted landing area calls for more strict accuracy. In such cases, a spacecraft will be more streamlined and possess a steeper re-entry trajectory angle. These factors combine to affect the... |
why so much emphasis is being put on the fact that russia was behind the dnc email hacks? | (I have no idea if the Russian government is behind the hack, for the record.)
Imagine that two political parties are identical in their behavior. (We don't know that they are, but we also don't know that they aren't. So just imagine with me.) Both political parties engage in equally loathsome, barely legal behavior.
... | [
"According to separate reports in the \"New York Times\" and the \"Washington Post\", U.S. intelligence agencies have concluded with \"high confidence\" that the Russian government was behind the theft of emails and documents from the DNC. While the U.S. intelligence community has concluded that Russia was behind t... |
Why do I get erections from things that don't sexually arouse me? | While I can't vouch for everything, morning wood is a fairly common phenomenon. The exact cause of it is not yet understood, but its known to be strongly associated with REM. Interestingly enough, this is what lead Freud to (erroneously) assume that all dreams somehow have sexual content. | [
"An erection is the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal, though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. Spontaneous erections frequently occur during adolescence due to friction with clothing, a full bladder or large intestine, hormone fluctuations, nervousness, and undressin... |
how is salt "kosher"? | It's not *Kosher* salt, it's Kosher*ing* salt, i.e. salt used for Koshering. The salt is used for draining the blood out of meat, and the larger grain size makes it better suitable for the job than ordinary table salt. | [
"Coarse edible salt is a kitchen staple, but its name varies widely in various cultures and countries world-wide. The term \"kosher salt\" gained common usage in North America and refers to its use in the Jewish religious practice of dry brining meats—known as \"koshering\" or \"kashering\"—as opposed to the salt i... |
how did "start/pause/stop" buttons come about to be represented by "triangle/parallel lines/square" ? | They start in reel-to-reel tape recorders. The tangles point the direction that the tape more towards and you had two. To add a symbpl for stop the used a square that do not point in any direction and was often red. _URL_0_
Pause is the later and perhaps invented by ampex because translating the word pause can be har... | [
"The concept of push-buttons in telephony originated around 1887 with a device called the micro-telephone push-button, but it was not an automatic dialing system as understood later. This use even predated the invention of the rotary dial by Almon Brown Strowger in 1891. The Bell System in the United States relied ... |
Did Wilhelm feel bad and partly responsible about his cousin Nicholas' death? | This may answer your question.
[_URL_1_](_URL_0_)
To be honest, though, anything he truly felt was probably incredibly private, much like we do not know what was said between Nicholas and Alexandra after the former had abdicated in March 1917, it is unknown what Wilhelm *truly* felt. Unfortunately, we don't always kn... | [
"Wilhelm was a friend of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and he was deeply shocked by his assassination on 28 June 1914. Wilhelm offered to support Austria-Hungary in crushing the Black Hand, the secret organisation that had plotted the killing, and even sanctioned the use of force by Austria against the perce... |
Have any societies been known to deindustrialise? | Parts of the Roman empire did during the fifth century. I'm most familiar with the situation in Britain, where cities and rural villas (which were centers of both Roman administration + elites, and industrial-scale production) were abandoned over a period of a few generations. In many parts of Britain, the economy retu... | [
"Deindustrialisation refers to the process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry. It is the opposite of industrialisation. Deindustrialisation has taken place in many nations ove... |
Can other species identify television screens as television screens? | The mirror test has been passed by most or all of the great apes, dolphins, and cotton top tamarinds (monkeys). The TV screen is a much harder test to pass (and to properly devise as a test).
To my knowledge, only humans [and dolphins have passed this test](_URL_0_). | [
"Similar screens are more difficult to carry out in other multicellular organisms, including mammals (as a model for humans), due to technical reasons, and their results are less clear. However, various methods have been developed for the nematode worm \"C. elegans\", the fruit fly, and zebrafish (see table). A rec... |
How do dialects form, and where is the highest density of dialects? | Do you know about [r/linguistics](_URL_0_)? There would be more people there who could help, probably. | [
"A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible. That happens, for example, across large p... |
why is it so easy to save a word file as pdf but the opposite way is apparently complex? | Having word create a PDF is like baking a cake and then taking a picture of it.
Creating a word file out of a PDF is like handing someone a photograph of a cake and then telling them to bake it. | [
"PDF documents restricted with LiveCycle DRM are sometimes impossible to use in non-Adobe document management systems because LiveCycle can prevent third-party software from disassembling the PDF, extracting pages, and displaying the contents. In these cases, if LiveCycle does not also prevent printing, users may r... |
What was the first empirical evidence of the existence of black holes? | With the advent of rocket-borne x-ray telescopes in the 1960s, a bright source called Cygnus X-1 was discovered that was emitting a lot of energy from a very small area of the sky. The source was also in orbit around another star, and from the star's orbit they could figure out the companion's mass, which was over ten ... | [
"BULLET::::- Charles Thomas Bolton (professor of astronomy, 1973–) – astronomer who was the first to present evidence of a black hole's existence in Cygnus X-1, later confirmed as the first black hole candidate\n",
"The discovery of a potential black hole was made after combining through the data and images taken... |
I just finished Kramer's "The Sumerians", have their been any new discoveries or revisions in the study of Sumer since this was released in the 70s? | Greetings friend. I answered this question awhile back. Take a look and let me know if you have any more questions:
_URL_0_ | [
"Modern knowledge of Sumerian phonology is flawed and incomplete because of the lack of native speakers, the transmission through the filter of Akkadian phonology and the difficulties posed by the cuneiform script. As I. M. Diakonoff observes, \"when we try to find out the morphophonological structure of the Sumeri... |
eil5: why shouldn't someone use internet explorer? | Web developers routinely have to devote extra time to making sure that websites work correctly in all major browsers, because each browser may have a slightly different interpretation of the various elements that make up a website (predominantly html, css, and javascript).
Internet Explorer is infamous among web deve... | [
"Internet Explorer comes as an integrated component of Windows that cannot be uninstalled. Newer versions of Internet Explorer are sometimes released for existing operating systems, replacing the older version. Optionally, users may later choose to revert this upgrade. Starting with Windows 2000, it is possible to ... |
Why do we have separate systems for removing solid and liquid waste? | The digestive system is the end of the pathway that food takes through your body. Your body excretes substances into this pathway and absorbs substances from it. The body is really efficient at pulling the water out of the food and drink you consume and that is why solid waste usually leaves the body this way (barrin... | [
"Solid waste means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or an air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural oper... |
Why has New Zealand embraced indigenous culture more than other former British Colonies? | Not really my field, but I read a lot about Kiwi society while looking at the political background of the nuclear ban, and [I'm not sure the situation's as rosy as you describe](_URL_2_). New Zealand is pretty frank about the problems. Maori is an official language because of that protest movement, and the use of the H... | [
"New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand. British settlers brought a legal, political, ... |
credit cards with micro chips | Firstly, it's worth noting that Chip & PIN credit cards have been in use in many countries (e.g. UK/Europe, Canada, Australia, etc.) for many years. The US is one of the only developed countries in the world that has not yet adopted the standard.
There are two major differences with Chip & PIN credit cards.
Firs... | [
"A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed — by way of the ICC applications — and delivered as an output. There are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards... |
Do moons have moons? Any in our solar system? Have you detected any moons of moons in other star systems? | The closest example I can find documented are [the two co-orbital satellites of Saturn](_URL_0_). They orbit each other with a longer period than they both orbit saturn.
Having said that I am sure there is some rubble orbiting many moons in the solar system. It would never be in a stable orbit and would need to be con... | [
"No \"moons of moons\" or subsatellites (natural satellites that orbit a natural satellite of a planet) are currently known . In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable.\n",
"Also many moons, even those that do not orbit the Sun directly, often exhibit features in common with... |
how does the brain classify a thought as 'erotic' or 'sexual' and thereby cause arousal or an erection? | Don't know if this is against the rules but a little side note here: An erection isn't just more blood rushing into the penis but less blood 'leaving' the penis because the veins are stopping blood from leaving the penis during an erection. | [
"Psychological sexual arousal involves appraisal and evaluation of a stimulus, categorization of a stimulus as sexual, and an affective response. The combination of cognitive and physiological states elicits psychological sexual arousal. Some suggest that psychological sexual arousal results from an interaction of ... |
off the grid illegal | There is nothing illegal about living "off the grid" and no one can be evicted from their home because of it.
People can be evicted for not paying their rent or taking proper care of the house/apartment they are renting. People can be evicted for not paying property tax on the house they own. People cannot be kicked o... | [
"In 2010 and 2011, TransAlta timed their power outages so as to drive up prices of electricity and increase their revenues. The Alberta Utilities Commission declared these acts illegal in their review, concluded on July 27, 2015. The commission has yet to determine penalties for this manipulation of energy markets.... |
how is whatsapp worth so much if it is a free app without ads (before the subscription fees were introduced)? | Because of the large amount of users. All the conversations of all users makes a lot of personnal information. Personnal informations that are used to target ads.
Ex : You talk about some video games with your friend on whatsapp. Now they know you like video games. A video game company want to advertise, but they don... | [
"On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove a barrier faced by users without credit cards. He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the abi... |
how does us gov make money on war on drugs or do they? | It's not that the government makes money. They *spend* money. A *lot* of money. But the thing is, the private prisons and the companies that make the pesticides and tazers and guns and helicopters and so forth, they all contribute money to politicians who are in favor of the the government continuing to buy all thos... | [
"US military resources can be used as part of a counter-drug (CD) component of a FID program. While these are most often focused on supply, they also can be used to interfere with drug shipment. Since the United States Department of Defense is the lead government agency of the USG for the detection and monitoring (... |
Is it fair to characterize the English Civil War as a religious war? | Ooooh, something that I know something about. Yay. Ok, a quick proviso, I have not read MacCulloch's book so I don't know exactly what his argument is regarding the English civil war, but I can approximate some of the key historiographical debates about the Civil War
Since you asked about religion, lets start with tha... | [
"The English civil war was far from just a conflict between two religious faiths, and indeed it had much more to do with divisions within the one Protestant religion. The austere, fundamentalist Puritanism on the one side was opposed to what it saw as the crypto-Catholic decadence of the Anglican church on the othe... |
how does focusing on a single point of your surroundings help you keep balance? | Idk biology, but from the perspective of someone who deals with computers and control systems from time to time: A single point is stationary. If we look at a stationary object, it gives us an idea of our own position and movement. If instead we keep looking around at different things, or just generally at a large obje... | [
"Focusing is a psychotherapeutic process developed by psychotherapist Eugene Gendlin. It can be used in any kind of therapeutic situation, including peer-to-peer sessions. It involves holding a kind of open, non-judging attention to an internal knowing which is directly experienced but is not yet in words. Focusing... |
What would happen if I dropped a stone on a neutron star? | As an example: If you drop a stone on a neutron star from a height of 5 feet, the stone would reach ~12'349'833 mp/h or 5'520'870 m/s just before hitting the surface (sqrt(2\*10^12 m/s^2 \*5ft)). The resulting energy released on Impact, assuming that the stone is 5 punds/2.27kg would release 3.4564^13 Joules of energy ... | [
"In the case of a neutron star, the conversion scenario seems much more plausible. A neutron star is in a sense a giant nucleus (20 km across), held together by gravity, but it is electrically neutral and so does not electrostatically repel strangelets. If a strangelet hit a neutron star, it could convert a small r... |
the logic behind the phrase "i'll give you 3 guesses and the first two dont count?" | It's just an expression. It's meant to imply that the answer is so obvious that you'll only need one guess to get it right. | [
"This first guesser has the initial advantage in that all possible sums are available for his guess, but also lacks insight into what the others might be holding, as indicated by their subsequent guesses. Some variants also have the 'no bum shouts' or impossible call rule whereby a player cannot call more than the ... |
If you're on a space shuttle traveling at 99.9999% the speed of the light, and you stand up and take a step forward, what happens? | You end up taking a step forwards just like you would normally do so, as your velocity relative to the shuttle is negligible, and so relativistic effects can be entirely ignored.
Of course, the event will be heavily affected by time and length dilation for an external observer that you are moving at 0.999999c relative... | [
"The craft would have been gradually accelerating during each orbit as a result of the radiation pressure of photons colliding with the sails. As photons reflected off the surface of the sails, they would transfer momentum to them. As there would be no air resistance to oppose the velocity of the spacecraft, accele... |
I don't quite understand red/blueshift. If I took a flashlight and moved it forward to 0.99C, would the visible light become gamma radiation? | You are describing the [relativistic doppler effect](_URL_0_).
There is no limit. The closer you get to the speed of light, the greater the shift. | [
"Neither the emitted nor perceived light is necessarily red; instead, the term refers to the human perception of longer wavelengths as red, which is at the section of the visible spectrum with the longest wavelengths. Examples of redshifting are a gamma ray perceived as an X-ray, or initially visible light perceive... |
If we could intercept our first radio transmissions in space, would they still sound like they did when they left Earth? | Signal-to-noise ratio is a bigger problem than the inverse square law.
Imagine someone is trying to whisper to you in a very crowded lunchroom. The sound is reaching you just fine, but can you tell what they're saying apart from the background? If the whispers are much, much quieter than everybody around you shouting ... | [
"Radio silence can be maintained for other purposes, such as for highly sensitive radio astronomy. Radio silence can also occur for spacecraft whose antenna is temporarily pointed away from Earth in order to perform observations, or there is insufficient power to operate the radio transmitter, or during re-entry wh... |
what happens to devices, like galaxy note 7, after recall? | They are most likely recycled, the rare earth metals in them are wayyyyy too expensive to just through away. Most likely they are stripped down to their separate base components and then those pieces are remanufactured into usable and hopefully less flammable pieces. | [
"According to the FDA, consumers should stop using the recalled products even though the chance of related health problems was \"remote.\" A McNeil spokesperson stated that the recall was not made on \"the basis of adverse medical events\". As of May 2, no injuries or deaths have been reported. \n",
"The Retina m... |
How is Stephen Hawking's recent discovery about black holes different from Leonard Susskind's? | For one thing, there's no paper that's been released yet, let alone peer-reviewed, so it's really hard to say anything for certain. I would hold off on reaching any conclusions until lots of other scientists have gotten their brains around the equations.
The basic gist is that Hawking and collaborators Strominger and ... | [
"Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes emit particle... |
allergies are caused by an immune system overreaction. why can’t immunosuppressant drugs like humira be used to prevent allergic reactions? | There are a few reasons. First, Humira targets a different part of the immune system than is triggered by allergies. Histamine is one of the most common immune signals for allergic responses, so most allergy meds block histamine signaling in some aspect. Humira blocks "Tumor Necrosis Factor" (TNF) signaling which is in... | [
"In contrast, allergic reactions involving an immediate allergic response to an allergen are caused by anaphylactic degranulation, which is the abrupt and explosive release of \"pre-formed mediators\", including histamine, from mast cells and basophils throughout the body.\n",
"Apart from side effects like altere... |
How bad was the 90's for Russia | There's a **lot** to say on this topic. While you await new answers, you might want to check out this [answer](_URL_2_) I wrote about how the Soviet economy unraveled in the early 1990s, and this [answer](_URL_0_) about the collapse in living standards and demographic decline. For good measure here is a (long) [answer]... | [
"After Russia embarked on economic reforms in the 1990's, it suffered a financial crisis and a recession more severe than the United States and Germany had experienced during the Great Depression. Russian living standards have worsened overall in the post–Cold War years, although the economy has resumed growth sinc... |
What is the significance of Gobekli Tepe? | It's assumed that the people who lived at Gobekli Tepe were hunter-gatherers because the radiocarbon dates of the structures there predate agriculture. Through archaeology we've got a pretty good idea when people started cultivating crops, and this is before that. Also, there's no evidence of permanent habitation at ... | [
"Göbekli Tepe is regarded by some as an archaeological discovery of great importance since it could profoundly change the understanding of a crucial stage in the development of human society. Ian Hodder of Stanford University said, \"Göbekli Tepe changes everything\". If indeed the site was built by hunter-gatherer... |
why small bottles of soda and milk are similar, but big bottles of soda are so different than big milk containers? | Soda bottles are pressurized but milk is not. So the soda bottles have to be rounded to withstand the pressure. This means that when you stack them together there will be a lot of room between the bottles that is impossible to use. The milk containers on the other hand can be made more square so they will fit better to... | [
"A side-effect of disposable bottles and cans were larger serving sizes. Single-use bottles were at first relatively expensive to produce, which meant that portion sizes became larger. This led to negative health effects for consumers since soda contains large amounts of sugar. Serving sizes increased from 6-7 ounc... |
what is a real id? is it different than a driver's license? | REAL ID is a law that defines specific procedures that must be followed before issuing an ID. There are IDs produced for people who do not drive, by each state. DHS does produce Personal Identity Verification (PIV) cards, but that's not REAL ID. These are for employees and other folks who work with DHS data systems.... | [
"In countries with no national identification card (like the United States), driver's licenses have often become the \"de facto\" identification card for many purposes, and DMV agencies have effectively become the agency responsible for verifying identity in their respective states, even the identity of non-drivers... |
psychologist carl jung's key theories and ideas | One of the debates of that time, was 'Did man have a heart of darkness' or is man inherently good?
In crime and punishment, the guy wants to kill another. Then he makes up reasons and counter balances. 'It's not so bad if I do it for a good reason.' 'It's okay if I do nice things too.'
Carl Jung ... you can't really... | [
"Carl Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of Analytical Psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as \"by nature religious\" and make it the focus of exploration.\n",
"Jung had an apparent interest in the paranormal and occult. For decades he atten... |
should you save money or use it to invest? | /r/personalfinance will be a much better resource for you. Just be sure to read the side bar before posting anything. | [
"Saving is closely related to physical investment, in that the former provides a source of funds for the latter. By not using income to buy consumer goods and services, it is possible for resources to instead be invested by being used to produce fixed capital, such as factories and machinery. Saving can therefore b... |
how does google's algorithm work? | The full details are a closely guarded secret, but it's at least partially based on the PageRank algorithm. The full details of how you'd calculate it are perhaps too maths heavy for here, but the idea is that you consider someone who randomly clicks on links, with a probability of stopping at each step, and consider t... | [
"The algorithm starts by printing a number of consecutive words (or letters) from the source text. Then it searches the source text for an occurrence of the few last words or letters printed out so far. If multiple occurrences are found, it picks a random one, and proceeds with printing the text following the chose... |
What happens if the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is less than Planck's Constant? | Wavelength is distance (meters), whereas Planck's constant is energy\*time (Joules \* seconds). You can't compare them. | [
"The reciprocal of the Planck time, which is Planck frequency, can be interpreted as an upper bound on the frequency of a wave. This follows from the interpretation of the Planck length as a minimal length, and hence a lower bound on the wavelength.\n",
"Some recent proposals in the possible physical explanation ... |
How are the masses and charges of particles determined after collisions at the LHC? | In relativity, there is a quantity called the ["invariant mass"](_URL_2_) of a system. It's a way of adding up the 3-dimensional momentum and the total energy of each particle in the system (and multiplying by factors of *c* where needed, i.e. E=mc^(2)) to arrive at a mass quantity, which then doesn't change regardles... | [
"Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magne... |
if i got an object (say, a bug or a small leaf) stuck in my eye, and if i couldn't get it out but somehow the pain is gone, what happens to that object? | It's likely ejected without your noticing. The conjunctiva prevents things from going behind your eye, it's not so that things can 'slide around the back.' At least, not without some trauma I guess. | [
"Circumstantial evidence suggests that beetles in the genus Paederus (Staphylinidae) and other beetles in the genus Orthoperus (Corylophidae) release chemicals, including pederin, that cause painful, but temporary, eye lesions when the beetles accidentally fly into a person's eye. They can also cause severe dermati... |
If time is relative, and we traveled in space a distance that is light years away at light speed, would we age, or would there be a time delay? | It depends on the speed you're moving. If you were to move at slightly more than .7c (square root of 1/2, to be exact), then your subjective time would pass half as quickly as time "outside". That is to say, a second in your ship would take 2 seconds to pass. If you were in that ship for 50 subjective years, a century ... | [
"Since one might not travel faster than light, one might conclude that a human can never travel further from the Earth than 40 light-years if the traveler is active between the age of 20 and 60. A traveler would then never be able to reach more than the very few star systems which exist within the limit of 20–40 li... |
Nazi Opinion of the Netherlands? | I can answer this question based on the authoritative and comprehensive work of L. de Jong. This 14-part history of the Netherlands before, during, and after World War II is the Dutch standard reference to the topic, written over a period 22 years.
As impressive as that may sound, not to mention [look](_URL_0_), there... | [
"The Nazis, who considered the Dutch to be fellow Aryans, were more manipulative in the Netherlands than in other occupied countries, which made the occupation seem mild, at least at first. The occupation was run by the German Nazi Party rather than by the Armed Forces, which had terrible consequences for the Jewis... |
if antibacterial soap is pretty much bullshit (i.e., regular soap just as good for washing hands), why do surgeons disinfect their hands prior to operation? why not just lather those hands up with a bar of irish spring? | They use far more than mere antibacterial soaps. Chlorohexidine, iodine-based solutions, alcohol, etc.
_URL_1_
_URL_0_
_URL_2_ | [
"A comprehensive analysis in 2007 from the University of Michigan School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are just as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps with triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.\n",
"A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon Sc... |
Why are mobile phones and laptops (All laptops, that I have come across. Don't know if it is true for all the laptops in the world) not able to act as Wi-Fi hotspots when they are connected to the internet via Wi-Fi? | you would need two radios, one for the internet connection and one for the hotspot, and typically devices only have one radio. some laptops have two radios, and can do this. or if the Internet connection is via, e.g., ethernet, the one radio can be used for the hotspot. | [
"Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and laptops, smartphones and tablets, smart TVs, printers, digital audio players, digital cameras, cars and drones. Compatible devices can connect to each other over Wi-Fi through a wireless access point as well as to connected Ethernet devices and may use i... |
Can anything besides light be detected from another planet? | When Mars suffers an impact, if it was large enough, material will eject itself and escape Mars's orbit. Occasionally this material reaches the Earth:
_URL_0_ | [
"Satellites in space have made it possible to collect data from not only the visible light region, but in other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. The planets can be characterized by their force fields: gravity and their magnetic fields, which are studied through geophysics and space physics.\n",
"Interesting... |
Helium makes your voice high pitched, Nitrous makes it really low, what would happen if you inhaled both?? | The pitch of your voice is a product of how heavy the gases around your vocal cords are. Light gases give you a high voice, heavy gases give you a low voice.
Mixing the two together will cause them to partially cancel each other out. Since helium is about 7 times lighter, whereas nitrous is only 1.5 times heavier, t... | [
"As with all gases, the density of affects the resonance frequencies of the vocal tract, thus changing drastically the vocal sound qualities, or timbre, of those who inhale it. It does not affect the vibrations of the vocal folds. The density of sulfur hexafluoride is relatively high at room temperature and pressur... |
when an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? if not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected? | Generally speaking such an insect would not be able to find its way home unless it was still within the normal range of its community (going several miles might not do that for a bee). Communal insects do not accept members from other groups except under unusual circumstances (adopted bee queens) so they would likely j... | [
"They are often found roaming in a home and can cover great distances in a house. They are quite a safe spider to be in a home and can deal with other insect problems because of the amount they travel in a short period of time.\n",
"If a large insect is struggling in a web, \"Portia\" does not usually take the in... |
why can't we feel our stomachs digesting food? | Because it would be both distracting and not useful in any way.
The distraction would impede all other aspects of life. So people who didn't feel themselves digesting would have been more successful in general and therefore reproduced more effectively, and so evolutionary pressure would select for that.
As for the p... | [
"BULLET::::- Incomplete digestion of food can lead to excess gas in the intestine. In humans, this can be due to incomplete digestion of carbohydrate-containing foods, including milk and other dairy products (lactose intolerance or the use of α-glucosidase inhibitors by diabetics), gluten (protein in wheat, barley,... |
why is a 3d printer called a printer? isn't what it does more like sculpting than printing? | No, it's more like printing than sculpting. You've 'scuplted' the part already in the 3d computer program, and you sent it along to the machine that is going to make the part.
The machine is called a printer because it uses something akin to inkjet printer technology to deposit a small bit of plastic. It does this o... | [
"A \"3D printer\" is a device for making a three-dimensional object from a 3D model or other electronic data source through additive processes in which successive layers of material (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are laid down under computer control. It is called a printer by ... |
why do all (or most) languages capitalize the first letter of a sentence? | Not all languages do, as you know, but we can be more specific than that. Nearly all of the languages that *do* capitalize the first letter of a sentence (or *any* letters at all, really) are those that use the [Latin alphabet](_URL_0_). The reason most of those languages capitalize has a lot to do with the historical ... | [
"Traditionally, certain letters were rendered differently according to a set of rules. In particular, those letters that began sentences or nouns were made larger and often written in a distinct script. There was no fixed capitalisation system until the early 18th century. The English language eventually dropped th... |
how/why does a salt water rinse work to clean out nasal passages, help a sore throat, or clean sores in the mouth? | Doctor here, albeit a spine surgeon, but I know the answer to this. It doesn’t really have anything to do with bacteria. Bacteria are always going to be present on any surface of the body that faces the outside world. The saline used for this is hypertonic, which means it has a concentration of greater than 0.9%. When ... | [
"Salt water mouth wash is made by dissolving 0.5–1 teaspoon of table salt into a cup of water, which is as hot as possible without causing discomfort in the mouth. Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic action as it is a hypertonic solution in relation to bacteria, which undergo lysis. The heat ... |
Why does the small tilt in earth affect the temperature so much? | One way to think of it is that sunlight, if the sun is beaming down from straight overhead, can be quite strong, about 1000W/m^2 . But when the sun is coming at an angle onto the Earth, that sunlight gets spread out thinner , like not enough butter on toast.
The spreading is equal to the cosine of the angle. So, if th... | [
"Increased tilt increases the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in insolation, providing more solar radiation in each hemisphere's summer and less in winter. However, these effects are not uniform everywhere on the Earth's surface. Increased tilt increases the total annual solar radiation at higher latitudes, and dec... |
why can't we travel to space at a constant low speed instead of high acceleration and velocity? | common myth is that rockets go straight up. the acceleration is primarily necessary in the lateral direction to reach orbital velocity. SO at some point, you need a whole lot of acceleration sideways or your gonna come right back down.
| [
"In addition, if orbit is required, then a much greater amount of energy must be generated in order to give the craft some sideways speed. The speed that must be achieved depends on the altitude of the orbit – less speed is needed at high altitude. However, after allowing for the extra potential energy of being at ... |
What does a subatomic particle's spin number mean? | I'm not quite sure what you're asking.
The spin number basically has to do with whether the quantum state of the particle is symmetric or antisymmetric, which affects the properties of the particle. For instance, fermions, with half-integer spin, abide by the pauli exclusion principle, which says that no two particle... | [
"A particle's spin is generally represented in terms of spin operators. It turns out for particles that make up ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, etc.) particles are of spin 1/2, meaning that only two eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian exist for a spin 1/2 state, implying that there are only two v... |
What shape is a black hole? | I'm assuming you're referring to the shape of its event horizon, which is an oblate ellipsoid. | [
"Black holes can be shaped differently. Some black holes are perfectly spherical - like a ball. Other black holes bulge in the middle. Black holes will be spherical if they do not rotate. Black holes will bulge in the middle if they rotate.\n",
"At the center of a black hole, as described by general relativity, m... |
Is there a podcast or series of good videos on greek history | Yale online courses has a ancient greek history course. You can watch all the lectures given on youtube.
Edit: Link: _URL_0_ this is the first lecture in a playlist. | [
"The Seminars on Ancient Greek Language and Culture started out in 1995 aiming at the training of secondary school teachers of the European countries in Ancient Greek language. The Seminars are organized every year with the participation of 60, per average, school teachers each time from different countries. They a... |
Can you use the principals of phase cancellation with light? | Yes. This is the essence of the double slit experiment. However, this is entirely a wave phenomenon. It doesn't remove the wave-like properties, it just gives a periodicity in the amplitude of the wave that has destructive minima. | [
"The name \"Phase Alternating Line\" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution. Lines where ... |
How do historians convert historical financial amounts to current values? | There's a set of different tools to do that, and let me tell you one thing first: None of them are really precise. This is, because money is not worth anything without goods it relates to. You don't care if you have a billion dollars if there's nothing you can buy with that. Also, the goods you want to buy change in qu... | [
"To strike the balance between reliability and relevance, some scholars propose a double-disclosure—fair-value measurement backed up by historical cost figures: \"The best way to ensure that regulators, investors, and the market at large have a full understanding of banks’ true financial conditions is to include ch... |
Is any part of our beliefs about the Nazi regime and the extermination camps fruit of allied propaganda? | Absolutely not. The Allied forces were told about the camps but couldn't believe that kind of barbarism. Even the Russians who had seen German atrocities across Russia were shocked by the camps they found in Poland. Accounts of finding these camps aren't all based on some official story put out by government agencie... | [
"Propaganda and information control in Allied occupied Germany was a primary tool utilized by OMGUS and the Allies. This informational control was informed by two concurrent processes occurring in the wake of the Second World War. The first, denazification, was a primary objective of OMGUS and served to root out wh... |
If table salt separates into Sodium and Chlorine ions when dissolved in water, then how does salt water taste like salt? | When you are tasting table salt (NaCl), you are not tasting the compound NaCl, but rather the constituent ions Na^(+) and Cl^(-). In fact, it's more accurate to represent the ions as (Na^(+))aq and (Cl^(-))aq where the aq stands for aqueous and indicates that the ions are solvated by water, since the salt will be disso... | [
"Sodium permanganate behaves similarly to potassium permanganate. It dissolves readily in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals of the monohydrate NaMnO·HO. The potassium salt does not form a hydrate. Because of its hygroscopic nature, it is less ... |
why did the rocket headed for the space station launch from kazakhstan? | There are several considerations that go into choosing a launch site. You want it to be close to the equator to get the most advantage from Earth's rotation. For the same reason you want your rocket to head east after takeoff, so you want a big empty area to the east of your site so that if there's an explosion or othe... | [
"The vehicle used for launching the mission was the Roscosmos Soyuz TMA-8 spacecraft, and its launch took place on March 30, 2006 (11:30 p.m ) at the Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan) to International Space Station (ISS).\n",
"The spacecraft was launched on time at 07:41:19 UTC on 31 October 2012 from Site 1/5 of ... |
What is the maximum number of cigarettes one can smoke without adverse health effects? | What is the highest number of times you can go skiing with zero chance of wiping out and getting injured? | [
"Reducing the prevalence of smoking to 5% could avoid nearly 100,000 new cases of smoking-related disease including 35,900 cancers over twenty years and save £67,000,000 a year in health and social care costs according to research commissioned by Cancer Research UK.\n",
"Danger of mortality increases proportional... |
Why is it that heat energy is so much more "energetic" than other types of energy? | Basically, it's not! It's just that it takes a tremendous amount of energy to heat things up.
Assuming that me and my bike combined weigh 100 kg, the kinetic energy of me riding it at 30 km/h is only:
100 kg * (8.3 m/s)^2 = **6.9 kJ**. Enough energy to warm the brakes of your bike a bit if you quickly come to a full... | [
"Heat is energy transferred spontaneously from a hotter to a colder system or body. Heat is energy in transfer, not a property of any one system, or 'contained' within it. On the other hand, internal energy is a property of a system. In an ideal gas, the internal energy is the sum total of the gas particles' kineti... |
How do plants excrete? | Most of what a plant needs is absorbed from the air. Roots mostly function to supply water. There are some nutrients absorbed from minerals in the soil as well; e.g. nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium. But most of what is needed for a plant to grow is CO2, H2O, and sunlight.
Animals poop because we only use the parts w... | [
"Metabolic wastes or excretements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO, phosphates, sulphates, etc. Animals treat these compounds ... |
Geographically, where did the ancient norse think Asgard was? | "Ynglinga saga" claimed that Asgard was in Asia, to the east from the Don (Tanakvisl) river:
> Fyrir austan Tanakvísl í Asía var kallat Ásaland eða Ásaheimr, en höfuðborgin, er var í landinu, kölluðu þeir Ásgarð. En í borginni var höfðingi sá, er Óðinn var kallaðr
.
> The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia ... | [
"In Norse religion, Asgard (; ; \"Enclosure of the Æsir\") is one of the Nine Worlds and home to the Æsir tribe of gods. It is surrounded by an incomplete wall attributed to a Hrimthurs riding the stallion Svaðilfari, according to \"Gylfaginning\". Odin and his wife, Frigg, are the rulers of Asgard.\n",
"Asgardia... |
Just how dangerous *is* it for babies to sleep on their stomachs? | The SIDS rate was about 1.3 deaths per 1000 babies before the back to sleep campaign (1994 or so). In 2003, it was about 0.5 deaths per 1000 babies. Surveys say that less than 10% of kids were sleeping on their backs in 1994 and over 70% were sleeping on their backs in 2003. That's the scientific basis for the conc... | [
"Some parents pose threats to infants due to their behaviors and conditions, such as smoking or drinking heavily, taking drugs, a history of skin infections, obesity, or any other specific risk-increasing traits. In addition, there are certain dangerous behaviors that increase SIDS and should be avoided whether pla... |
What's preventing us from reconnecting nerves, such as the retina? | Nerve cells, or neurons, are shaped like cables with a hairy head on top: they receive information through this "hair," which is actually composed of branch-like structures called dendrites, and then they send this information through the "head" (the cell body), and down a cable-like structure called an axon to the oth... | [
"Some studies have revealed that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats. This regeneration depends upon two conditions: axonal die-back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors, and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated. These studies may lead to further under... |
Why does nitrogen makes you get the bends when you go up too fast from deep water, and why other gases don't behave the same? | The long story short of your question is that if any of the other gases were in a position to cause a problem, you could assume that nitrogen will be there in a proportion to do a lion's share of the damage.
Oxygen and Nitrogen compose 99% of the atmospheric gases. The gas you breathe is calculated in terms of partia... | [
"Gas embolism is a common concern for deep-sea divers because the gases in human blood (usually nitrogen and helium) can be easily dissolved at higher amounts during the descent into deep sea. However, when the diver ascends to the normal atmospheric pressure, the gases become insoluble, causing the formation of sm... |
By 1990 Japan's GDP surpassed the USSR's - Did the USSR React with the Same Fear as the USA to Japan's Huge Economic Growth in the 70s and 80s? | This is an interesting question, so I'm going to take a stab at it.
First I want to address the US side of the question. I'm not sure that it's entirely accurate to say that American fear of Japan, particular from the mid 1970s through mid 1990s, was neceesarily based on Japan's GDP growth *per se*, but rather what w... | [
"Soviet propaganda claimed that economic growth was unprecedented. On the other hand, in a number of modern studies, it is proved that the growth rate of gross domestic product in the Soviet Union (the above-mentioned 3–6.3%) were comparable with the similar figures in Germany in 1930–38 (4.4%) and Japan (6.3%), al... |
Does a harddrive get heavier the more data it holds? | PEOPLE, READ FULL COMMENT FIRST, THEN RESPOND TO IT, EDIT IS JUST BELOW MY ORIGINAL ANSWER
No (edit below: yes, then again no), as there is no mass addition, only [magnetic state change] (_URL_1_).
There was actually a [sci-fi story] (_URL_0_) about this concept, written by Stanislaw Lem.
EDIT:
Okay, yes,... | [
"Unlike solid-state memory, hard drives are susceptible to damage by shock (e.g., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high altitude, and although they are shielded by their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are usually larg... |
Can Radar be set to only detect large objects? | Wavelength (and therefore frequency) does affect radar's ability to detect an object, but only if the object is smaller than the wavelength used and I don't think any common radar technology uses a wavelength larger than a meter.
However, radar is still limited in its angular resolution by how weak of a signal it is a... | [
"The maximum range of astronomy by radar is very limited, and is confined to the Solar System. This is because the signal strength drops off very steeply with distance to the target, the small fraction of incident flux that is reflected by the target, and the limited strength of transmitters. The distance to which ... |
Why do we only cover black accomplishments in the US history curriculum while only touching on the other minorities. | The short, non-historical answer is that curriculum varies from district to district and what happens in one district may not be what happens in another.
The longer, historical answer is that due to the 10th Amendment (*The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the Stat... | [
"Courses in ethnic studies address perceptions that, because of the Eurocentric bias and racial and ethnic prejudice of those in power, American historians have systematically ignored or undervalued the roles of such ethnic minorities as Asian Americans, Blacks, Mexicans, Latinos and Native Americans. Ethnic studie... |
Why does the proton weigh *more* than the quarks? | [Quarks and the Mass of the Proton](_URL_0_) | [
"Although protons were originally considered fundamental or elementary particles, in the modern Standard Model of particle physics, protons are classified as hadrons, like neutrons, the other nucleon (particles present in atomic nuclei), composite particles composed of three valence quarks: two up quarks of charge ... |
Regarding history writing - when to use or not use citations | For that kind of information; things you would expect to find in an encyclopedia, I would not bother with any citations.
An exception to this would be if our understanding of his biography- or brief life sketch- has radically changed any time in the past twenty years through new sources or ways of reading old sources.... | [
"Keeping a diary allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of their key role in communication and co-operation between \"different\" people, and also because of m... |
why, on movie posters, do the actors name not correlate to their position on the poster? | The names most likely appear the way they do because of contractual obligations by the studio, bigger names might go first etc. When the picture is being shot or created, the artist may not know or care about which order the names will be in, but instead only cares about the aesthetics of the poster. | [
"Normally, the artist is not identified on the film poster and, in many cases, the artist is anonymous. However, several artists have become well known because of their outstanding illustrations on film posters. Some artists, such as Drew Struzan, often sign their poster artwork and the signature is included on dis... |
why do the latest playstation and xbox consoles always release close to each other? | The attention gathered from the constant console wars will surely boost sales.
Get people talking, get them debating (or in console wars case, get them insulting and fighting) and then boom..
..stonks for days | [
"One example of this is the Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2) which was backward compatible with games for its predecessor PlayStation (PS1). While the selection of PS2 games available at launch was small, sales of the console were nonetheless strong in 2000-2001 thanks to the large library of games for the preceding PS1. T... |
I'm a well off unmarried princess living in Britain around 1000CE. What is my life like? (Specific questions down below) | I only really have the expertise to answer your questions on marriage, so will leave the other questions to those best equipped to answer.
How much choice women had in marriage varied greatly depending on their social status and their family. Some parents (there's circumstantial evidence that women were as involved ... | [
"As a small child she was considered delicate and for her health spent much time in the country. She travelled with her mother and other family to Italy, where she made an agonizing recovery from an illness caused by worms that nearly ended her life. After returning with her mother to England, she rejoined a lively... |
what is atypical anorexia? | Historically to get an official diagnosis of anorexia you had to have a certain set of harmful eating practices but also you needed to be medically underweight.
This has the huge problem that being a spooky skeleton is deeply a late stage of anorexia. It can take months or even years of starvation dieting to get to d... | [
"There are some cases where anorexia is the result of a fear of vomiting instead of the typical psychological problems that trigger it. In Frank M. Datillio's clinical case study, a situation where anorexia results from emetophobia is mentioned. Datillio says, \"...in one particular case report, atypical anorexia i... |
what is the difference in your consciousness when you "wake up" from anesthesia? | So anesthesia is actually carefully controlled by experts and there are different ways to temporarily sedate you or a part of you. When anesthesia begins to work on your body, it primarily affects your spinal cord and the cerebral cortex.
Talking about full anesthesia, which is the most common one in which they pu... | [
"There are various levels of consciousness. Wakefulness and general anesthesia are two extremes of the spectrum. Conscious sedation and monitored anesthesia care (MAC) refer to an awareness somewhere in the middle of the spectrum depending on the degree to which a patient is sedated. Awareness/wakefulness does not ... |
how does the supreme court go about overturning a previous ruling? | A Supreme Court decision effectively tells other courts how to interpret the constitution in similar cases because people know that you could appeal the decision to the Supreme Court and expect them to rule the same way again, overruling the lower court. However, there's nothing to stop the Supreme Court from changing ... | [
"The law was annulled as a consequence. However, because some lower courts continued to pronounce verdicts which the constitutional court still accepted as being within the limits it had laid down in its ruling, the College of Prosecutors-General decided to reinstate the law in June 2017.\n",
"The Court can affir... |
what does it mean when a professional sports team "franchises" a player? | So are you interested in why any sports team or fan might call an important player a "franchise" player or are you interested in the technical use of the term as it relates to the NFL? | [
"In professional sports, a franchise player is an athlete who is both the best player on their team and one that the team can build their \"franchise\" around for the foreseeable future. The term may be used alongside a particular position name to describe a player, such as a \"franchise quarterback\" in American f... |
What is the most interesting discovery/ new understanding you made whilst exploring your area of study? | I don't know if I can narrow it down to a single most interesting thing, but here are some:
* Queen Victoria, contrary to popular conception, loved sex and disliked children
* Metternich was not significantly involved in the creation of the police state apparatus he would later be identified with. He opposed these m... | [
"VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY: The following particulars of the last attempt of a voyage of discovery, which has made but little noise, and has not even been mentioned by an English journal, cannot fail to procure attention. A magnificent work is at this present moment in the Madrid press, containing a full and ample detail... |
why can't i put my medicine (pill) in my drink and drink it when it's dissolved? | Some pills are designed to be absorbed slowly or in parts in your stomach or even your intestines and they have a 'cover' around them so that happens.
By disolving them in a glass and drinking them, you are messing up the rate and the place of absortion and can have different effects than the planned ones. | [
"In a typical situation, a pill taken orally will pass through the oesophagus and into the stomach. As the stomach has an aqueous environment, it is the first place where the pill can dissolve. The rate of dissolution is a key element in controlling the duration of a drug's effect. For this reason, different forms ... |
Does a burnt piece of toast have the same number of calories as a regular piece of toast? | The easy answer is no. If you mean combustion (or burning) of the bread, then there would be less calories because once combustion occurs (even partial) the byproducts are either indigestible or barely so.
If you mean dark toast, the kind you might get at 6 on the toaster, it has the same calories. The Maillard react... | [
"Toast is commonly eaten with butter or margarine, and sweetened toppings, such as jam or jelly. Regionally, savory spreads, such as peanut butter or yeast extracts, may also be popular. When buttered, toast may also be served as an accompaniment to savory dishes, especially soups or stews, or topped with heartier ... |
What exactly is going on when someone has a peanut allergy? | Allergies are an adaptive immune response.
In your body, cells are constantly on the prowl for foreign invaders. Some cells produce glycoproteins called antibodies that will bind to foreign molecules, even if they are not necessarily a threat to the organism.
Allergies result from your production of antibodies to an i... | [
"Peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts. It is different from tree nut allergies. Physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include itchiness, hives, swelling, eczema, sneezing, asthma, abdominal pain, drop in blood pressure, diarrhea, and cardiac arrest. Anaphylaxis may occur.\n",
"In the United St... |
What's a good amateur telescope for star/planet gazing?.. | I'm going to be straight up - **Don't get a telescope.** Not if you, like me, are an amateur astronomer without much prior experience observing the night sky. Telescopes are **not** for amateurs. What I would suggest purchasing is a pair of binoculars. [These are the pair I own](_URL_4_) and discovered on this subredd... | [
"This telescope is used rarely (in the 2000s) to take sky photos on 4x5 inch flat plastic film plates. Its guiding telescopes are used mostly to watch stars and planets - e.g. a Pluto-hunt every spring, for which the guider is barely big enough to allow the human eye to see it under good seeing conditions.\n",
"A... |
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