Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
what is the point of standard computer virus/spyware etc.	In the beginning, viruses were created to watch the world burn. People would write them in order to create large amounts of digital destruction (ie: the love bug virus). This was before the internet had really become monetized. Now, viruses and spyware usually exist in a few different forms, but toward the same end: c...	[ "Spyware does not necessarily spread in the same way as a virus or worm because infected systems generally do not attempt to transmit or copy the software to other computers. Instead, spyware installs itself on a system by deceiving the user or by exploiting software vulnerabilities.\n", "Anti-spyware programs of...
Why is the history of Russia discussed so little?	You pretty much answered the question yourself. Generally speaking, education systems build a certain narrative when teaching history, which is divided into two pars: 1. Our history 2. World history "Our" history is the history of the nation - as an American you probably learned about the founding fathers, the Civil ...	[ "In the words of the 2004 Encyclopædia Britannica, his \"History\" \"wove a vast body of data into a unified and orderly whole that provided an exceptionally powerful and vivid picture of Russia's political development over the centuries. The work inaugurated a new era in Russian scholarship with its depiction of R...
Why do some people say FDR's New Deal didn't help end the Depression, rather that WW2 actually did it?	It's not completely wrong but it's not right either. Under FDR the American government took on a lot of reforms that would help the American people. While it's true that the amount of government spending and new employment supporting the American war machine was extremely helpful for the economy these reforms also help...	[ "Halfway through the depression, Roosevelt had mixed opinions on the NYA and started leaning towards Congress to shut it down. \"Its time we start thinking about the economy with war debt and the rise of liberals we must act now, as president I make the decision to give the NYA to congress to make sense of.\"\n", ...
fisher vs. u. of texas. how can this woman prove she didn't get in because she is white?	I believe she had a higher GPA and SAT/ACT score than minorities who got in because of affirmative action and UT wanting a more diverse student body. Thats how I would try to prove it.	[ "In 2012, Fisher v. University of Texas reached the Supreme Court. The University of Texas allegedly used race as a factor in denying Abigail Fisher's application, denying her a fair review. The lower courts upheld the program, but the Supreme Court vacated the judgment of the lower courts and sent the case back to...
Why was German estimation of Soviet strength so disastrously bad?	There are a couple of different factors at play. One was certainly an under estimation of Soviet capabilities. Bear in mind that the Germans were not particularly ignorant of Soviet capabilities, they had worked together in the 1930s to develop doctrine and equipment. However, this information would have been colored b...	[ "The result was that the Germans seriously underestimated the strength of the Soviet defences. The commander of 19 Panzer, General G. Schmidt, wrote that \"We did not assume that there was even one fourth [of the Russian strength] of what we had to encounter\".\n", "Though Soviet industrial output had significant...
where does the "mouse loves cheese" myth come from?	I have had pet rats all my life, as mice and rats eat pretty much the same things I can confidently say it aint no myth.	[ "Little Cheese (real name Chester Cheese alias \"Benjamin Crow\") is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe, an anthropomorphic mouse. Chester Cheese is a superhero who lives on the otherdimensional world of Earth-C, an alternate Earth populated by sentient animals. His first appearance was in \"Captain Ca...
why are humans attracted to other humans?	Genetics. We’re wired to seek out the most desirable mate - the one that offers our offspring the best chance for survival. Strong men father strong babies; large breasts and wide hips mean the mother can deliver and feed a baby; long hair is a sign of good grooming; a sense of humor in males means they’re not too aggr...	[ "BULLET::::- People are more likely to be physically attracted to those who look similar to themselves. Humans have inherited the innate instinct to survive and reproduce and must do both within the confines of the particular environment where they live, from their animal ancestors.\n", "These behaviors facilitat...
How fast would the earth have to rotate to visibly watch the sun/stars move across the sky?	You can see stars, planets etc. move across the sky at the earth's current rotation rate. Sit still and line up a heavenly object with an stationary object in your foreground (a tree trunk, for example). Within a minute or two, you will see that the object has moved. Similarly, mark the position sun's/moon's shadow and...	[ "As seen from Earth, the planet's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1° eastward per solar day (or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours). Earth's orbital speed averages about 30 km/s (109044 km/h; 67756 mph), which is fast enough to cover the planet'...
what is the purpose/meaning of the extra bit of stairs at the top of some british/irish staircases?	Fawlty Towers was set in a seaside hotel, which are often large houses or terraces that have been 'knocked through' rather than purpose built. Because of this, you often encounter odd corridors and staircases to work around the original layout. This [article](_URL_0_) is a review of a book about Fawlty Towers, which c...	[ "In this case, \"the bottom of the stairs\" refers to the architecture of the kind of or mansion to which Diderot had been invited. In such houses, the reception rooms were on the , one floor above the ground floor. To have reached the bottom of the stairs means to have definitively left the gathering.\n", "Also ...
why is there a prevalence of negative news broadcasted on the media on a common basis.	"Everything's fine, nothing happened" isn't really exciting or interesting. Disaster and mayhem draw attention much more readily and thus increases a news station's viewership. More views, more revenue, and thus more negative news.	[ "The apparent bias of media is not always specifically political in nature. The news media tend to appeal to a specific audience, which means that stories that affect a large number of people on a global scale often receive less coverage in some markets than local stories, such as a public school shooting, a celebr...
I have finally convinced my fiercely nationalistic father to read a book of my choice on the Armenian genocide. Could you recommend me a book that both makes compelling historically sound arguments that also doesn’t demonize Turks.	How about something by Taner Akçam, who is well-known as a Turkish scholar who acknowledges the Armenian Genocide? Being Turkish, you will avoid the anti-Turkish subtext of some other historians, and he's also an academic and treats the subject accordingly. The work of his that I have read and which both documents the...	[ "In 2014, Taner Akçam, writing for the \"Armenian Weekly\", discussed 2014–2015 Turkish elementary and middle school textbooks that the MEB had made available on the internet. He found that Turkish history textbooks are filled with the message that Armenians are people \"who are incited by foreigners, who aim to br...
how do desert people like bedouins, tuaregs, etc, get enough water to live?	A village well's. There is enough water deep undeground, just not at the surface. And most beduins today have satelite dishes and internet, So i think they are managing just fine :D	[ "Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara, as they travel in complex transhumance routes.\n", "As they need a regu...
International sporting events and modernization	Seamus O'Hanlon, a professor at Monash University in Australia, has been recently working on just this sort of thing. I had the pleasure of attending a lecture of his just yesterday, in fact. One article that might suit your purposes is "Seamus O'Hanlon, "The Events City: Sports, Culture, and the transformation of inne...	[ "The Sports Museum of America (SmA) was the United States' first national sports museum dedicated to the history and cultural significance of sports in America. It opened in May 2008 and closed less than nine months later, in February 2009. \n", "37 sports from 2010 to 2022 Olympic program at one point to another...
in what way will voting for a third party candidate "make your voice heard"?	> Is it simply tallied and thrown out It's a winner-takes-all system where whoever gets the more than the other people wins. If the vote were split 34/33/33 it's the same as 51/48/1. Biggest number gets it and the losers get absolutely nothing real out of the election. The only real thing it does is try to make the ...	[ "The voice vote is considered the simplest and quickest of voting methods used by deliberative assemblies. The presiding officer or chair of the assembly will put the question to the assembly, asking first for all those in favor of the motion to indicate so orally (\"aye\" or \"yes\"), and then ask second all those...
If you trapped all the smoke and ash created by a bonfire, would the mass equal the mass of wood put into the fire?	It would exceed the mass of the wood. Suppose that the wood was pure cellulose, which is a polymer made of units like C_6 H_10 O_5. To burn those completely into water and carbon dioxide takes something like an extra 12 atoms of oxygen per unit. The molecular weight of one cellulose unit is about 6x12+10x1+5x16=162. Th...	[ "The fireplace, where the fuel is burned, used a cast iron grate which varied in size depending on the fuel used. If bituminous coal is used then an average grate size is and is loaded with of coal. If anthracite coal is used then the grate is and is loaded with of coal.\n", "When wood is heated above 270 °C it b...
why can't the bad stuff in old meats (chicken, beef, pork) just be cooked?	The decomposition of the meat chemically changes it. In most cases the taste is the primary element that suffers but the waste created by decomposition can also be toxic and make you sick.	[ "Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat. It is edible raw, but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways. Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with and decomposition by bacteria and fungi.\n", "While the majori...
What happens to the human mind and body when a projectile passes through the brain?	Much of this depends on how open the head injury is. If the brain swells and/or there is significant bleeding inside the skull, pressure increases. If there is enough 'hole' in the skull from the injury, the pressure may be relieved. If pressure builds in the skull, the only place for the brain to go is down through ...	[ "BULLET::::- Brain herniation, sometimes referred to as brain hernia, is a potentially deadly side effect of very high intracranial pressure that occurs when a part of the brain is squeezed across structures within the skull.\n", "The effect of a bullet striking the human body depends greatly on which organ is st...
how do lava lamps work? and how are the colors of the "bubbles" determined?	Lava Lamps are pretty simple actually. You have a halogen light bulb in the base, and a glass jar with water or mineral oil and the lava (mixture of paraffin wax, and a chemical called carbon tetrachloride - CCl4). When the light bulb is turned on, the heat from the bulb begins to melt the waxy mixture... Usually the w...	[ "A classic lava lamp contains a standard incandescent or halogen lamp which heats a tall (often tapered) glass bottle. A formula from a 1968 US patent consisted of water and a transparent, translucent, or opaque mix of mineral oil, paraffin wax, and carbon tetrachloride. The clear water or mineral oil can optionall...
why does thinking about certain things make me sneeze?	I don’t have an answer, but I am fascinated because the exact same thing has happened to me since I was a kid. If I so much as thought about something I considered sexually unconventional I’d sneeze. Interestingly, once I tried it or stopped thinking of it as unusual I’d stop sneezing. It got to the point where if I ...	[ "In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence. As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the French phrase \"à vos souhaits\" (meaning \"to your wishes\"), the German word \"Gesundheit\" (meaning \"health\") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word \"sláinte\" ...
what is the difference between a straight and flat v8?	Straight 8 has 8 cylinders in a single row like this from above ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ V8 has 2 rows of 4 cylinders arranged in a V shape when looked from the end like this from above: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○	[ "A flathead engine, otherwise sidevalve engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine.\n", "A straight engine is considerably easier to build than an otherwise equivalent horizontally opposed or V ...
How did vatican managed to survived the Italian unification?	It didn't. The members of the Piedmontese (and later Italian) political/ruling class had very few misgivings about seizing Rome from the Pope; indeed, it was seen as the vital last step in creating an Italian State. In the last act of the Italian Wars of, the Italian army seized Rome and annexed what remained of the Pa...	[ "In the period between Italian unification (1870) and the Lateran Treaties (1929) there was a cold war between the Papacy and the Kingdom of Italy (see Prisoner in the Vatican). The Papal Encyclical Etsi Nos, complained about the way in which post-unification Italy denigrated the role of the church, which the Vatic...
since 1080p/60fps is so common on the internet and in video games, why is it not so common in other media like television or movies?	People are used to lower FPS in cinemas and they associate 60 FPS whit cheaper TV production as TV started to use it first.	[ "720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu-ray movies.\n"...
Tuesday Trivia \| Famous for Being Famous	I don't know how much this counts, but I like this story. Button Gwinnett-Signer of the Declaration of Independence and pretty much nothing else. Button was born in Britain then moved to Georgia to start a plantation. Button's plantation was fairly successful, so he became involved in the local Georgia assembly. He ...	[ "\"The Most Famous Man in America\" follows the life of 19th-century American minister Henry Ward Beecher. Its introduction describes Beecher's speech at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, at the close of the American Civil War; Beecher was personally invited to speak by President Abraham Lincoln, who commented, \"We had...
how does things like holding your stomach in,laying on your stomach,flexing it by any way after eating food affect digestion?	You've got a long series of hoses inside you. Sometimes they can get a kink and slow the flow of things, and massaging them lets them open up a bit and push things through. Most of that is negligible though. You're not going to have better poops because you lie on your belly. Also most of that is after the stomach.	[ "BULLET::::- Satiation occurs when the brain acknowledges that enough food has been eaten; there are triggers in the body that send these signals to the brain. Sizer and Whitney say a, “Greater exposure of the mouth to food triggers increased satiation. When the stomach stretches to accommodate a meal, nerve recept...
How do the scientists estimate mass of galaxies based on their brightness and colour?	So the vast majority of normal (baryonic) matter is contained within stars, and obviously stars give off light. We can work out the ratio of how much mass a star has compared to how much light it gives off - this is called the mass-to-light ratio. For example, our Sun is a fairly typical star and has a mass-to-light ra...	[ "BULLET::::- Galaxy mass evolution: Since the speed of light is finite, an observer on the Earth will see distant galaxies not as they look today, but rather as they appeared at some earlier time. By restricting the lens sample of a galaxy-galaxy lensing study to lie at only one particular redshift, it is possible ...
Why didn't the Ancient Romans wear beards?	That is not exactly true. According to Pliny, first barber came in to Rome during Punic wars, so early republic was obviously bearded. The popularization of shaving is attributed to Scipio Africanus and soon it become a distinction of a true Roman- Easterners and Greeks were bearded, barbarians had mustaches, Romans w...	[ "Still, beards remained rare among the Romans throughout the Late Republic and the early Principate. In a general way, in Rome at this time, a long beard was considered a mark of slovenliness and squalor. The censors L. Veturius and P. Licinius compelled M. Livius, who had been banished, on his restoration to the c...
given that war is humanity often at its most barbaric, what precedent is there to follow the 'law of war'? what motivates belligerents to avoid genocide and other acts of grievous suffering, that seemingly are an expected scenario in a prolonged conflict?	There are three main things that encourage armies to follow the laws of war (things like no killing civilians deliberately, humane treatment of prisoners, no chemical weapons, etc). 1) Most armies are commanded, up the chain, by elected politicians. These politicians have to maintain public support or they will lose t...	[ "It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to customary international law by warring parties through the ages, it was felt that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.\n", "Poor militar...
why is apple so slow at responding to market demand and product development (eg. not getting a large screen phone out despite obvious demand or slow iwatch/itv development)	Apple doesn't want to just make a product to have a product in a category. They want to make a product that revolutionizes a category and gives them an entirely new stream of high-value business. Making a TV, a watch, or another phone with some varient parameters doesn't match that strategy until they can figure out ...	[ "The continued top popularity of the iPhone despite growing Android competition was also attributed to Apple being able to deliver iOS updates over the air, while Android updates are frequently impeded by carrier testing requirements and hardware tailoring, forcing consumers to purchase a new Android smartphone to ...
what are the major differences and similarities between the old testament, new testament and quran (and any other closely related texts i may be leaving out)?	I don't remember the source but there was a really great analogy I once read comparing the Abrahamic religions. Paraphrased: The Old Testament is like the first book in a series. The New Testament is it's more popular sequel by the same author that focused on one of the plot points (The Messiah) from the original. T...	[ "The differences between the Hebrew Bible and other versions of the Old Testament such as the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, the Greek Septuagint, the Ethiopian Bible and other canons, are more substantial. Many of these canons include books and sections of books that the others do no...
I know Germany was excluded from the Treaty of Versailles at the of WW1 but did they even have any requests for their surrender (e.g. "we'll shrink the military if you let us keep X territories" or "help us rebuild", etc.)?	> And if so, why were they treated so harshly, i mean even France should've known the terrible effect the reparations would have on the German economy? For one thing, the Allies weren't really aware of Germany's hyperinflation, which was a result of over-drawing on wartime loans, NOT Allied reparations. Furtherm...	[ "On 28 June 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty which ended the formal state of war and imposed various punitive measures upon Germany, including military restriction, loss of territory and colonies, war debt, and effective acceptance of blame for the initiation of hostilities in World War...
When repairing a wound, how do capillaries "know" where other capillaries are, to reform vascular integrity?	Neovasculation happens through chemotaxis as low tissue oxygenation produces chemicals that direct the growth of capillaries. _URL_1_ > Chemotaxis is the phenomenon whereby somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their envir...	[ "In this method, a network of hollow channels known as vascules, similar to the blood vessels within human tissue, are placed within the structure and used for the introduction of a healing agent. During a damage event cracks propagate through the material and into the vascules causing them to be cleaved open. A li...
what medium does light travel through?	Photons are waves on the electromagnetic field. [This](_URL_0_) illustration does a good job visualizing the phenomenon.	[ "A particle passing through a material at a velocity greater than that at which light can travel through the material emits light. This is similar to the production of a sonic boom when an airplane is traveling through the air faster than sound waves can move through the air. The direction this light is emitted is ...
A Bunch of Questions about 1066: Much, much more below!	Hi there - we're happy to approve your question related to your novel, and we are happy for people to answer. However, we should warn you that many flairs have become reluctant to answer questions for aspiring novelists, based on past experience: some aspiring novelists have a tendency to try to pump historians for tri...	[ "1066: The Battle for Middle Earth is a two-part British television documentary series. In this blend of historical drama and original source material, Channel 4 re-imagines the story of this decisive year of the Norman conquest of England, not from the saddles of kings and conquerors, but through the eyes of ordin...
Why were American soldiers hanged in France during WWII?	Borrowing from some earlier writing I've done on US military executions: Although an executable offense, only a single soldier, Pvt. Eddie Slovik, was executed for the crime of desertion during World War II, with the remainder of military executions conducted during the conflict being for mostly the crimes of rape and...	[ "Before D-Day, American military executions by hanging in the European Theater of Operations occurred in England only and were performed by the civilian executioner Thomas Pierrepoint with assistance by Albert Pierrepoint (his nephew) and other British personnel. When in autumn of 1944 military executions by hangin...
What sort of factors led Athens to survive from antiquity until today, but not Sparta?	Sparta did survive. I actually visited it in 2007 on one of my Greek tours. It is a tiny settlement right near the ancient ruins of the town. Athens itself was a tiny settlement as well prior to its major urban expansion in the 1900s. Sparta never experienced this due to Athens being selected as the Greek capital. OK,...	[ "None of the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age survived (with the possible exception of the Cyclopean fortifications on the Acropolis of Athens), with destruction being heaviest at palaces and fortified sites. Thebes was one of the earliest examples of this having its palace sacked repeatedly between 1300 an...
What about young humans and animals makes them averse to the risk of climbing down stairs?	Because walking down stairs is mechanically more difficult and carries more risk? I don't really think you're going to find a concrete scientific answer here other than it's a tricky thing to do, especially when you're so small. Think of it this way: have you ever run up a large flight of stairs as fast as you could?...	[ "There are logical biological causes of fear of falling. Firstly, there is the innate so-called \"cliff edge phenomenon\", whereby even toddlers, as well as many animals, avoid large drops, even without having previously had a bad experience.\n", "Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue t...
Were high heels really developed for fighting on horseback?	The citable source for the origination of heels comes from Elizabeth Semmelhack's [Heights of Fashion](_URL_0_), but there's also a popular interview [the BBC did with Semmelhack](_URL_1_) a few years ago. We can track that this fashion arrived in Europe at the end of the 16th century. Political alliances with Shah Abb...	[ "The sabaton was not commonly used by knights or men at arms fighting on foot. Instead, many would simply wear leather shoes or boots. Heavy or pointy metal footwear would severely hinder movement and mobility on the ground, particularly under wet or muddy conditions. Attacks against the feet are not common in dism...
Pressure produced by osmosis.	This wiki has all of the relevant information you need to calculate the osmotic pressure. _URL_0_	[ "As mentioned before, osmosis may be opposed by increasing the pressure in the region of high solute concentration with respect to that in the low solute concentration region. The force per unit area, or pressure, required to prevent the passage of water (or any other high-liquidity solution) through a selectively ...
In the Middle Ages, were Jews always considered culturally and ethnically distinct from the non-Jews in the same country?	Okay, wow. I'm scared to answer this because there's like 50 questions there. My qualifications on this are tricky and scattered. I grew up in Germany as an American. and didn't live in the US until high school. Then there's that one class on the history of antisemitism I took that one time in college (I hope someone ...	[ "During the Middle Ages, due to increasing migration and resettlement, Jews divided into distinct regional groups which today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the Ashkenazi of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the Sephardic Jews of Iberia (Spain and Portugal), North Africa and...
I heard/read somewhere that Charlemagne was surprised by pope Leo's coronation of him as the first Holy Roman Emperor, truly?	There are several accounts about the coronation, most notably from the papal perspective in the liber pontificalis, and some frankish sources (i.e. Annales Laureshamenses). There are also sources from the Byzantine Empire. The sources differ somewhat in how the coronation took place. The papal view stresses the papal ...	[ "Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800. The clergy and nobles attending the ceremony proclaimed Charlemagne as \"Augustus\". In support of Charlemagne's coronation, some argued that the Imperial position was actually vacant, deeming a woman unfit to be Emperor. However, Charlemagne m...
how do those 3d pictures (where you have to blur your eyes) work?	Those questions are all linked, so stay with me till the end... If you hold a photo 30cm from your face and imagine a line drawn from each of your eyes to the point that eye is looking at, the lines will meet at the same place on the surface of the photo. If you hold a 'magic eye' picture 30cm from your face and imag...	[ "To create the illusion of depth, the IMAX 3D process uses two separate camera lenses that represent the left and right eyes. The lenses are separated by a distance of , the average distance between a human's eyes. Two separate rolls of film are used to capture the images they produce. The IMAX 3D camera weighs ove...
what is the difference between a trope and a cliche?	A trope is an idea or thing that is often repeated, like a locked room mystery. A cliché is an overuse of a trope, such that it becomes a negative, like "the butler did it."	[ "In literature, a trope is a common plot convention, element or theme as a use of figurative language, via word, phrase or an image, for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech. The word \"trope\" has also come to be used for describing commonly recurring literary and rhetorical devices, motifs or clichés ...
Why was the lack of foreign currency a big problem for the Third Reich?	To put it simply, the Third Reich wanted to buy things from foreign economies, like oil, chrome, manganese, rubber and food. A state with totalitarian powers doesn't need "real" money to acquire resources or manufactured goods on it's own territory. It has many means to compel (or persuade) their production or acquis...	[ "The German economy—burdened by heavy militarisation—urgently needed foreign currency. Setting up an artificially high exchange-rate between the Czechoslovak \"koruna\" and the \"Reichsmark\" brought consumer goods to Germans (and soon created shortages in the Czech lands).\n", "Nazi Germany also worked with a bl...
whats the difference between genom and genotype?	Genotype refers to the specific pattern of mutations/variation in an individual or group of clones. Eg: this person is genotype 1 for the breast cancer gene and this other person is genotype 2, or, this bacterial culture of E. coli we isolated has two different genotypes for an antibiotic resistance gene. It often refe...	[ "One's genotype differs subtly from one's genomic sequence, because it refers to how an individual \"differs\" or is specialized within a group of individuals or a species. So, typically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and the combination of alleles the individua...
so Knights-errant are a common feature in fiction, but did some version of them ever exist?	The Carolingian 'Comes' system worked by having 'Missi' regularly go out from the Imperial palace to check up on local affairs. A second source of inspiration might be the 'adventures' of types like Beowulf, the aristocratic nobleman who has to carve out a name, and eventually a kingdom for himself by doing heroic deed...	[ "\"The Knights\" is a satire on political and social life in 5th-century BC Athens, the characters are drawn from real life and Cleon is clearly intended to be the villain. However it is also an allegory, the characters are figures of fantasy and the villain in this context is Paphlagonian, a comic monstrosity resp...
How much pressure can sound waves produce?	Since sound waves operate by changing pressures in the atmosphere, the loudest possible sound on earth would be one that oscillates from near perfect vacuum. So if you did the math it is close to about 194dB. There are technically louder sounds recorded by things like volcanoes but they are not considered sound waves...	[ "Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a root mean squa...
how will people survive the radiation on mars, if it's core isn't working?	There are many proposals for how to build livable settlements on Mars, but the most believable involve making buildings that are covered with several centimeters of soil, or made of concrete from local materials. This will act as a natural radiation barrier while indoors. While outdoors, exposure will be higher than on...	[ "Even the hardiest cells known could not possibly survive the cosmic radiation near the surface of Mars since Mars lost its protective magnetosphere and atmosphere. After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have concluded that over time, any life within the first several meters of...
U.S. Students and Science: AAAS Testing Gives New Insight on What They Know and Their Misconceptions... How can we, as scientists, help?	These examples may not be the best, but the sentiment expressed is important. There is a need for scientific literacy in the US, and it needs to be instilled at a young age. This goes beyond fact the memorization described here; if you instill scientific curiosity, they seek the facts on their own. If you instill scien...	[ "The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds. A positive test indicates that the chemical is mutagenic and therefore ...
how we can see stars and galaxies literally billions of light years away but are just discovering another planet in our solar system?	Imagine you're standing in the middle of a pitch black gymnasium. Somewhere, about ten feet away from you is a single grain of sand floating in the air. At the same time, about 100 feet away from you is a lit candle. Which one do you think you'd be able to find first?	[ "BULLET::::- Astronomers report the detection of the most distant individual star (actually, a blue supergiant), named Icarus (formally, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1), at 9 billion light-years (light-travel distance) away from Earth.\n", "Astronomers from all over the world regularly use this telescope to observe man...
In the absence of a food source, is it possible that a typically herbivorous animal would attempt to become carnivorous in order to survive?	In many cases, herbivorous animals can't process large amounts of protein at once. This is one of the problems experienced by cattle farmers who try to increase the growth of their cattle by supplementing their feed with blood. The calfs have to be gradually introduced to the blood enriched food so that they build up a...	[ "Herbivores form an important link in the food chain because they consume plants in order to digest the carbohydrates photosynthetically produced by a plant. Carnivores in turn consume herbivores for the same reason, while omnivores can obtain their nutrients from either plants or animals. Due to a herbivore's abil...
Necessity of a Mars suit?	The atmospheric pressure of Mars isn't just low- it's REALLY REALLY low (0.087 psi average). It's basically a vacuum. Water above 80F will boil spontaneously. Your body is above 80F. Gas bubbles will form in all exposed liquids, causing death in a matter of minutes. On Earth, pressures below 10psi are very dange...	[ "A Mars suit or Mars space suit is a space suit for EVAs on the planet Mars. Compared to a suit designed for space-walking in the near vacuum of low Earth orbit, Mars suits have a greater focus on actual walking and a need for abrasion resistance. Mars' surface gravity is 37.8% of Earth's, approximately 2.3 times t...
if a 75 gallon fish tank can hold 626 pounds of water, will a 3 pound fish affect the overall weight even though it's floating in the water?	75 Gallons of water equals 626 pounds of water. They simply converted volume to weight for your ease. To answer your question though: Your 75 Gallon fish tank will hold 626 pounds of water if you fill it to the top, without a fish in it. If you then put the fish in it, the water volume will rise (over the top) and w...	[ "In the aquarium hobby, the juvenile fish is occasionally available for the aquarium trade. The minimum tank size for this fish most people say is 20 gallons. Most people keep this fish in water conditions of 1.020 to 1.025 gravity, pH 8.1 to 8.4, and to .\n", "Twenty five gallons is typically quoted as the minim...
why have athletes improved as a group over time?	Improvements in training facilities, nutrition, sports physiology knowledge (enabling more specialized workouts, monitoring, injury recovery, etc.), and technology. Also, as nations become wealthier, more potential athletes can be identified early in life so that their talents can be nurtured.	[ "Professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance. Professional athleticism has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can comma...
Is it actually bad to mix battery brands, or is this a marketing trick?	The issue is called charge reversal in industry. When you put two or more batteries in series, a cell with higher capacity can pull the cell of lower capacity into charge reversal. When both cells have charge, everything is fine and dandy. Both cells combine their galvanic potential and you get the sum of their voltage...	[ "Alkaline batteries are made in the same button sizes as the other types, but typically provide less capacity and less stable voltage than more costly silver oxide or lithium cells. They are often sold as watch batteries, and bought by people who do not know the difference.\n", "These battery swapping solution ha...
How much do we know about proto-Indo Europeans?	I'm a linguist not a historian, but I'd like to urge caution in the terms used here. "Proto-Indo European" is not a designation of a cultural or geographical entity, but a historical linguistics term that attests a description of a variety of related language precursors to Indo-European languages that share certain...	[ "The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a reconstructed prehistoric language of Eurasia. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the linguistic reconstruction, along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics.\n", "Knowledge of them comes chiefly from t...
Where can I learn about European History that does not involve "the drama of the nobility?"	Hey there! Some of what you're interested in dovetails closely with what I'm interested in (everyday family life), and I could try to help you out. part of the issue here is that you have a wide range. What era or place are you specifically interested in? What really gets you going about everyday life?	[ "BULLET::::- Raineval, Melville Henry Massue Ruvigny de. \"The titled nobility of Europe: An international peerage, or \"Who's Who,\" of the sovereigns, princes, and nobles of Europe.\" Burke's Peerage, 1980. .\n", "BULLET::::- Fouracre, Paul. \"The Origins of the Nobility in Francia.\" \"Nobles and Nobility in M...
what does the white plastic package inside of a beef jerky bag do?	Absorb water. You both would not want to eat soggy jerky, and it would rot very quickly if water were added. The silica gel in the packet is highly water absorbant and keeps the inside of the bag very dry.	[ "Unpackaged fresh jerky made from sliced, whole muscle meat has been available in specialty stores in Hong Kong at least since the 1970s. The products are purchased by kilograms, and customers choose from 10 to 20 types of meat used to make the product. Some are sold in strands instead of slices. Macau has opened n...
why can cats' food dishes last for several days, whereas dogs immediately gulp down any and all food that is given to them?	Cats descend from lone hunters, who once you have a kill it belongs to them. Dogs come from wolfs, who are pack hunters who eat together, and they better eat fast if they want to get anything.	[ "Cats can be selective eaters. Although it is extremely rare for a cat to deliberately starve itself to the point of injury, in obese cats, the sudden loss of weight can cause a fatal condition called feline hepatic lipidosis, a liver dysfunction which causes pathological loss of appetite and reinforces the starvat...
why british pubs are named after the royal families' body parts, e.g. the queens head	I think part of the reason is that centuries ago, when many of these pubs were first opened, a lot of people were illiterate. Thus, as a pub owner you'd need a name that could be easily conveyed by an image on a sign. A drawing of the king/queens head would fit this bill. Also, when Henry VIII cut England's ties with ...	[ "The family is most notable for their royal heritage as the senior descendants of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, as explained in the BBC historical documentary, Britain's Real Monarch, presented by Tony Robinson. And historic tradition of reference for their family seat, Loudoun Castle, a 19th-century co...
if i eat myself to death, what actually kills me?	Blood loss probably. You'll eventually lose vital organs and die. You could go into shock. Your body would know that you're eating yourself and you'd vomit. So no tummy exploding. Sorry. That's all I can think of for now.	[ "After he finishes eating, he stands up and takes a gun, but tells the villain that he knows he won't plead for his life, but certainly he will, for the life of someone else, i.e., the hero because no one except the hero knew about the place and neither does any sound good our normal any external sound comes in. Re...
If I lit a candle in space on a spaceship then what would the flame shape look like since there is no gravity?	Like this _URL_0_	[ "The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, because soot tends to rise to the top of a flame, such as in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or zero gravity, such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spheri...
Did the German empire have a similar treaty like Versailles in mind, in case the allies would have surrendered?	There were fairly consistent war aims in discussion in Germany, almost from the outset. Typical of these was the 'September Programme' drawn up by Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Chancellor, in September 1914. Although there were none 'set in stone' for the west, there was general consensus among the German leadership, i....	[ "On 28 June 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty which ended the formal state of war and imposed various punitive measures upon Germany, including military restriction, loss of territory and colonies, war debt, and effective acceptance of blame for the initiation of hostilities in World War...
How close could a star be before you couldn't stare directly at it?	This depends a few factors such as the type of the star, the surface area of the star and the atmosphere of the planet in the way. I want to clarify first that I do not have a concrete answer, merely an explanation. First, the type of star. This relates to surface area, lumen output and main type of electrom...	[ "The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.62. This is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, which can only see objects with a magnitude up to at least 6 or lower.\n", "Some stars visible to the naked eye have such a low absolute magnitude that they would appear brig...
How does a sphere of light (like the Sun) emit light in all directions?	Yes, if you try to measure x-rays from very distant sources, for example, they only arrive one at a time.	[ "In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth. All objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer. If centered on the obse...
with millennials making %20 less than baby boomers did at the same stage in life, how will they affect the housing market?	No one can predict the future but housing is very overvalued now based off historical metrics. The Fed is holding nearly 1.8 trillion in mortgaged backed securities right now which I suspect is keeping the mortgage rates artificially low. The low mortgage rates have speculators and investors buying homes in a flurry ...	[ "According to US Census Bureau statistics this \"Upward shift\" is most likely the result of a booming housing market which caused homeowners to experience tremendous increases in home equity. Life-cycles have also attributed to the rising wealth among Americans. With more and more baby-boomers reaching the climax ...
Was the peace treaty of the Winter War favorable for Finland, compared to simply surrendering right away?	I can answer this even though i'm not a historian. Put shortly, Finland did lose the Winter war. Finns had early success with their defence, but as the war continued, the more frustrated Stalin was becoming with the situation. He couldn´t risk a situation where Great Britain and France would send troops to fight for F...	[ "During the Second World War, Finland fought two wars against the Soviet Union: the Winter War of 1939–1940, resulting in the loss of Finnish Karelia, and the Continuation War of 1941–1944 (with considerable support from Nazi Germany resulting in a swift invasion of neighboring areas of the Soviet Union), eventuall...
Before humans learned to shave did primitive men all have long beards?	Interesting question, but we have next to no data to support to discuss in this case. Without hard data, we leave the land of science for the pastures of speculation... Beards don't fossilise. We have a few petroglyphs showing our ancestors. Beards do not feature promintly in them; is it because they had none or artis...	[ "In early times, it is most likely Roman men wore their hair long. With the introduction of barbers called \"tonsors\" in about 300 BCE it became customary to wear hair short. In Ancient Rome, household slaves would perform hairdressing functions for wealthy men. However, men who lacked access to private hairdressi...
why do planes fly both east and west if the earth rotates at 1000 miles per hour? wouldn't a plane need to fly over 1000 miles per hour to make any progress in one direction?	We measure speed relative to the ground. So an object that appears stationary wouldn't be measured at 1000 mph just because it was on Earth. The air moves along with the Earth and everything along with it. If a plane had to fly over 1000 mph to make any progress, when you jumped, the ground would have move significa...	[ "For example, consider an airplane that travels in a straight line, takes a 90-degree right turn, travels another , takes another 90-degree right turn, and travels a third time. On a flat Earth, the aircraft would have travelled along three sides of a square, and arrive at a spot about from where it started. But be...
Has sea water always been salty? And how did it all become salty? Shouldnt there be areas where the sea does not have salt? Why is it all salty?	The seas get salty as minerals (mostly NaCl salt) are dissolved in rain run-off from the land or picked up in glaciers and carried to the ocean. Once in the ocean, the salts dissolve into the water and stay there until life forms absorb it or it precipitates out (but minerals in ocean water haven't reached a concentrat...	[ "Although the amount of salt in the ocean remains relatively constant within the scale of millions of years, various factors affect the salinity of a body of water. Evaporation and by-product of ice formation (known as \"brine rejection\") increase salinity, whereas precipitation, sea ice melt, and runoff from land...
what is the space in between sidewalk squares for?	Those spaces are called Contraction Joints. Concrete is poured wet, as it dries, it shrinks, just like a wet sponge shrinks as it dries. When concrete shrinks, there's a risk of cracks forming. So builders put those contraction joints into sidewalks to reduce the risks of cracks forming, and to provide a place for...	[ "Like many squares in the Boston area, Inman Square refers both to an intersection and to a retail district and neighborhood. Current residents of the area seem to converge on a broad definition of Inman Square as the region centered on the intersection of Cambridge and Hampshire Streets.\n", "The square is recta...
How was the Black Death bacteria so successful?	One of the main reasons of the Plague being so successful was the poor hygiene at the time. It was mainly transmitted be fleas living on rats, so it was practically everywhere. The people didn't understand the connection between rats, fleas and plague properly. Another reason was the limited medical abilities of doctor...	[ "Bacteriophages are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist Frederick Twort (1877–1950). But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist Ernest Hanbury Hankin (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the River Gan...
Did Hitler have a plan to invade the U.S.?	Nothing concrete, there were attempts to build bombers that could attack the mainland USA from Europe. There was also the various U-Boat attacks and the various attempts to land spies/saboteurs in the USA. Hitler assumed that the United States would be unable to field armies right away and that they wouldn't be able ...	[ "Hitler first discussed the idea of an invasion at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade. OKW Chief of Staff Jodl's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the Luftwaffe had ...
how do internet currencies work, are they of value outside of the internet, and is there one currency that looks to be most successful in the future?	With "internet currencies" I suppose you mean cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and not services like Paypal? The main goal of cryptocurrencies is providing anonymous and/or secure money transfers. They do this by heavily encrypting (- > crypto-currencies) each transaction. It is of course used in criminal environments ...	[ "5. While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, through the Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactions on a global basis. In China, Tencent's QQ coins are a virtual form of currency that has gained wide circulation. QQ coins c...
What Aleph number describes the cardinality of the set of Aleph numbers?	The Aleph numbers are indexed by ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers [do not form a set](_URL_0_) and therefore have no cardinality. So the Aleph numbers also do not form a set and have no cardinality.	[ "In mathematics, and in particular set theory, the aleph numbers are a sequence of numbers used to represent the cardinality (or size) of infinite sets that can be well-ordered. They are named after the symbol used to denote them, the Hebrew letter aleph (formula_1) (though in older mathematics books the letter ale...
what drives people to falsely confess to major crimes?	Interrogation techniques that work to break down psychological defenses that people have. Prolonged Interrogations can make people more susceptible to suggestion and leading questions can lead people to make statements that aren't actually true. Detectives are also allowed to lie directly to suspects. They can make up ...	[ "Getting someone to confess to a crime during an interrogation – whether innocent or guilty – means the suspect has been broken. The key to breaking points in interrogation has been linked to changes in the victim's concept of self – changes which may be precipitated by a sense of helplessness, by lack of preparedn...
Can someone describe samurai or Warring States period Japanese battle tactics?	Uh . . . I'll take a shot. I don't have sources on hand, sorry for that. The Sengoku Jidai was a period that saw rapid development of both arms and tactics. It was also a period of constant civil war. These make it difficult to pin down "official" tactics as each clan made slight changes, tested new ideas, and revised...	[ "The historical origin of Japanese martial arts can be found in the warrior traditions of the samurai and the caste system that restricted the use of weapons by members of the non-warrior classes. Originally, samurai were expected to be proficient in many weapons, as well as unarmed combat, and attain the highest p...
If you have a unbreakable box with water in it and you push the unbreakable lid on it with a huge force. Will the water turn into ice because of the pressure on it?	Let's further assume that the box is isothermal, that is, there is no temperature increase as you increase the pressure. [Here](_URL_1_) is a phase diagram of water. Temperature is on the X axis, and pressure is on the Y axis (logarithmically - each "tick" is multiplying the last tick by 10x). If you draw a line with y...	[ "One way that the hole is maintained at regular ice swimming places is with a pump that forces the water to circulate under the hole, preventing ice from forming. Small ice-holes can also be kept open by keeping a lid/top over the hole to prevent ice forming.\n", "When the containers are metal, the wires may be a...
what is "a smell"? when you smell something bad, do you actually inhale that bad thing?	Smell depends on what basically amounts to a lock-and-key kind of situation in your nose. Smell molecules (key) travel into your nose and bind to parts of your nose sensitive to the molecule (lock). Then, nerves tell your brain, "SMELLY THING!" So since smell involves actual molecules, this means that your last quest...	[ "Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there, and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered, are distortions to the sense of smell (olfactory system) that, in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and usu...
what are the patterns under shoes for?	The pressure from your weight pushes the water from under your shoes increasing traction and grip	[ "Running shoes come in a range of shapes suited to different running styles/abilities. Generally, they are divided by running style: the majority are for heel-toe joggers/runners which are further subdivided into 'neutral', 'overpronation' and 'underpronation'. These are constructed with a complex structure of \"ru...
why were the ampersand and "thorn" removed from the english alphabet?	Ampersand was never a "letter", it was always what is called a "ligature", a combination of two letters that squeezes them into a smaller space, beautifies them, or is just easier to write. Ampersand is the ligature for Et, which is how you say "and" in Latin and many Romance languages. It never stood for a sound th...	[ "The letter thorn was used for writing Old English very early on, as was ð; unlike ð, thorn remained in common use through most of the Middle English period. Both letters were used for the phoneme , sometimes by the same scribe. This sound was regularly realised in Old English as the voiced fricative between voiced...
Finding Information on a WWII Merchant Ship (Liberty Class)	U-178 sunk SS Robert Bacon on July 14, 1943 off the coast of Mozambique according to [_URL_0_](http://www._URL_0_/allies/merchants/)	[ "SS \" H. H. Raymond \" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Henry H. Raymond , president and general manager of the Clyde Steamship and Mallory Steamship Companies. He was appointed by the Shipping Board during World War I as the first Federal Controller of Shippin...
How fast does time move, and could time be measured in a distance?	Light travels just under a foot in 1 nanosecond. It's kind of useful to know when aligning optics on a laser table. So, I can use the distance of 1 foot to represent 1 ns. But....I'm not sure if this answers your question?	[ "In physics, a theoretical lower-bound unit of time called the Planck time has been proposed, that being the time required for light to travel a distance of 1 Planck length. The Planck time is theorized to be the smallest time measurement that will ever be possible, roughly 10 seconds. Within the framework of the l...
what is the history behind common calisthenic exercises such as push ups?	I'd try asking this question at r/AskHistorians. Very professional where I'm sure you'll find a credible answer. Edit - much has to do with the [physical culture](_URL_0_) movement of the late 1800's. Long story short, large-scale industrialization took much of the workforce out of the labor intensive work of agricu...	[ "Progymnasmata (Greek προγυμνάσματα \"fore-exercises\"; Latin \"praeexercitamina\") are a series of preliminary rhetorical exercises that began in ancient Greece and distended during the Roman Empire. These exercises were implemented by students of rhetoric, who began their schooling between ages twelve and fifteen...
Did Russians deliberately burn Moscow during Napoleon's invasion?	No one really knows for sure. Dominic Lieven's new(ish) book Russia against Napoleon is a good book which addresses this. Some say the fire was intentional, some say accidental, but I would say most modern serious scholars contend it was accidental, in much the same way Tolstoy describes it. Had it been intentiona...	[ "When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected today that the Moscow fire which ensued initially started as a result of Russian sabotage. In the fire's wake, an estimated three-quarters of the city lay in ruin.\n", "When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were e...
microphones	Say you yell. When you yell you create a sound wave, which is to say you cause a change in air pressure. It looks kinda like this: :D )))) (The parentheses represent sound waves. The other thing is your face) Now, in front of your face is a microphone. Depending on the kind of microphones different things happen...	[ "A microphone, colloquially named mic or mike (), is a device – a transducer – that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio eng...
Does history get "outdated"?	All the time! It depends which particular field you're interested in, really. Any text written before the 1960s-70s (and most of the time, even those are suspect) about early medieval Irish history is probably wrong in its interpretation and only has value as a historiographical text, or if you just need raw data from ...	[ "The \"Great Forgetting\" is the term B uses to describe an occurrence during the formative millennia of our civilization. What was forgotten is that there was a time when people lived without civilization and were sustained primarily by hunting and gathering rather than by large-scale animal husbandry and agricult...
Can someone explain Inuits?	A lot of elderly Inuit people I’ve met live to be quite old, like 90 to 100. They buy some stuff at northern grocery stores but the prices are absolutely ridiculous. Most survive on diets based on what they can get close to home. When younger community members hunt whales and stuff, the food feeds the entire community....	[ "The Inuit (; syllabics: , \"the people\", singular: \"Inuk\", dual: \"Inuuk\") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting Inuit Nunangat, the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo–Aleut family. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered...
Why are animal clones so prone to early deaths?	Our genes have [telomeres](_URL_0_) on the end of them. Telomeres are repetitive portions of genes that protect the gene from deterioration. Every time a gene replicates, a little bit of the telomere is cleaved off. Eventually, the telomeres run out, and when a cell replicates a bit of useful gene is cleaved. This can ...	[ "Additionally, a virus known as the Human Meta-Human Vampiric Virus (HMHVV), with many variant strains, has been known to cause further change, far beyond that of traditional vampirism, frequently resulting in fierce abominations that are no longer human and sometimes no longer even sentient: bandersnatches, banshe...
assuming that people don't do anything about carbon emissions, what will happen?	Climate scientists call these "business as usual" scenarios, under which they expect the following: * The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere will double by 2100 * The global mean temperature will be 4°C warmer (which is very bad) > In short, following the 'business as usual' approach without major steps to move away...	[ "Emissions of carbon dioxide () might be irreversible on the time scale of millennia (Halsnæs \"et al.\", 2007). There are risks of irreversible climate changes, and the possibility of sudden changes in climate. On the other hand, these effects are also true of mitigation efforts. Investments made in long-lived, la...
What was the nature of physical training for militaries in Napoleonic times?	Well, it was easier, much easier. Soldiering in the 18th and 19th century was much different than it was in the 20th century. The emphasis of military training was not on skill and surviving but rather marching and formations. Soldiers would spend their training in marching and moving in formation. If they were lucky, ...	[ "The units stationed here during the Napoleonic wars greatly affected military history form this point onward. The light infantry trained at Shorncliffe were a new breed of soldier more akin to the soldiers of the modern British Army than their contemporaries. Using the \"Shorncliffe Method\", devised by Lt-Col Ken...
Before phototherapy, if a baby was born with jaundice, did it just die?	The reason babies with jaundice are put under UV light is because they lack sufficient liver enzymes needed to conjugate the bilirubin into a form they can excrete. UV light conjugates indirect bilirubin, meaning it changes into an excretable form. In most circumstances, jaundice of the newborn does not require phototh...	[ "The use of phototherapy was first discovered, accidentally, at Rochford Hospital in Essex, England, when a nurse, Sister Jean Ward, noticed that babies exposed to sunlight had reduced jaundice, and a pathologist, a Mr. Perryman, noticed that a vial of blood left in the sun had turned green. A Dr. Bobbs put togethe...
how does drafting work? is it possible for humans to run behind a large vehicle that’s traveling at speeds faster than they are capable of reaching?	Drafting reduces the air drag forces by moving within a pocket of low pressure air left behind a vehicle or object moving forward in front of you. As a big truck (for example) drives along a road it has to push the air out of its way and it takes some time for the air to collapse back in behind it as it moves. So the...	[ "Drafting or slipstreaming is an aerodynamic technique where two vehicles or other moving objects are caused to align in a close group reducing the overall effect of drag due to exploiting the lead object's slipstream. Especially when high speeds are involved, as in motor racing and cycling, drafting can significan...
how do jet fighters (modern day) dodge missiles?	The most important way they dodge missiles in modern air combat is to not get shot at. That means, taking out anti-aircraft before sending in planes with long range weapons (on aircraft or ground/sea launched). Using stealth to get in fairly close and attack more conventionally. Or using a "stand off" weapon, such as ...	[ "Air-to-air missiles are typically long, thin cylinders in order to reduce their cross section and thus minimize drag at the high speeds at which they travel. Missiles are divided into five primary systems (moving forward to aft): seeker, guidance, warhead, rocket motor, and control actuation.\n", "Missiles typic...
agile software development	Traditionally, computer programs were developed by first doing a lot of research to figure out exactly what the program should do, look and how it should act. Once that phase was done, you knew pretty much 100% what you wanted the end product to be. The problem with this approach was that the requirements could change...	[ "\"Agile software development\" refers to a group of software development methodologies based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve via collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The term was coined in the year 2001 when the Agile Manifesto was formulated.\n", "Agile...
the captain marvel controversy. i know it's probably politically driven so please no bias or circlejerking. i just literally have no idea why people are so up in arms with this movie.	There isn't controversary and a simple google search would tell you what you wanted to know. It's a small vocal minority that are upset about things they shouldn't really be upset about in the first place. That somehow the Captain Marvel movie is inciting radical feminism and misandry. It honestly just sounds like it...	[ "The last few years of Alonso's tenure as Editor in Chief saw Marvel deal with both dwindling sales and public controversies. In May 2016 a storyline that saw Captain America transformed by timeline manipulation into a double agent for the evil, Nazi-like organization Hydra prompted such criticism that Marvel relea...
how much damage can a nuclear explosion in space, do to other things in space	Heat radiation (infrared) plays a huge part as well. Most victims that survived from the Japan bombings were horribly burned by the heat generated from the explosion. Heat is a terrible problem in space as well, because you can't cool yourself as easily as with an atmosphere or even water around you. A reflective hea...	[ "Much of the destruction caused by a nuclear explosion is due to blast effects. Most buildings, except reinforced or blast-resistant structures, will suffer moderate damage when subjected to overpressures of only 35.5 kilopascals (kPa) (5.15 pounds-force per square inch or 0.35 atm).\n", "There are problems with ...
Darius The Greats' Most important accomplishments?	It's not like we have a great record of precisely what his accomplishments were, despite his reign probably being the best attested at least in terms of Persian sources. Anyway, by far his most important accomplishment would be keeping the realms intact after assassinating Bardiya, usurping the throne and elevating hi...	[ "BULLET::::- Darius the Great (Darius I Hystaspes), c. 550–486 BCE. This historically known Darius was the third Persian emperor, and an important figure for Jews in the early Persian period because of his role in the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. At the beginning of his career Darius had to (re)conquer Ba...
Compared to their contemporaries, how well did the various Chinese forces of the Second Sino-Japanese War perform in combat?	The other response doesn't actually answer the question, so I'll give it a go. At the time of the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Revolutionary Army was composed of several types of formations. Very broadly, they are divided into the German-trained divisions, the regular divisions, and the Chi...	[ "The Chinese armies allied to Japan had only 78,000 people in 1938, but had grown to around 649,640 men by 1943, and reached a maximum strength of 900,000 troops before the end of the war. Almost all of them belonged to Manchukuo, Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Beijing), Reformed Government of the...
Could black holes in our universe be funneling energy into some other universe, thereby staving off the heat death of that other universe?	No. Black holes are not portals. They're just small, ultra high density objects.	[ "They saw that the clouds of gas before the galaxies compressed forming a black hole, the black hole would produce phenomenal amounts of energy which would force the rest of the galaxy away and form stars.\n", "Steinhardt, Spergel and Jason Pollack have proposed that a small fraction of dark matter could have ult...
"In the early 1960s, Krushchev promised the advent of communism by 1980" - what did the USSR purport to be at that time, if not communist?	The USSR purported throughout it's existence to be a socialist state. To understand this position, you must understand the usage of socialism and communism in Marxist thought, which differs somewhat from how the terms are used in popular culture. In the west, communism is typically used to refer to states ruled by Comm...	[ "In the 1950s, Khrushchev repeatedly boasted that the USSR would soon surpass the West in material well-being. Other communists officials agreed that it would soon show its superiority, because capitalism was like a dead herring—shining as it rotted.\n", "In 1964 Khrushchev was impeached by the Communist Party's ...

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