Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why can't phone just film in horizontal all the time if the lenses are circular?	The lens is circular, but the image sensor that captures the image is a rectangle.	[ "Rotating lens cameras produce distortion of straight lines. This looks unusual because the image, which was captured from a sweeping, curved perspective, is being viewed flat. To view the image correctly, the viewer would have to produce a sufficiently large print and curve it identically to the curve of the film ...
If neurons can't reproduce, does that mean adult humans have the same amount of neurons as newborn infants?	While fully developed neurons cannot "reproduce" (i.e. undergo mitosis), the brain can and does produce new neurons. This happens in a couple places in the brain, and is believed to have functional significance. That said, relative to the vast numbers of neurons in the brain, adult born neurons do make up a tiny fract...	[ "The human brain has some 8.6 x 10 (eighty six billion) neurons. Each neuron has on average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. It has been estimated that the brain of a three-year-old child has about 10 synapses (1 quadrillion). This number declines with age, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for a...
why do many otc pills like tylenol or cold pills have a warning saying not to crush or chew them?	That's the point, the pill was designed to release a certain amount of the drug over a long period of time rather than a burst all at once. If you crush it it's not going to give you the hours of symptom reduction on the box, and could lead to potentially dangerous side effects from the large amount of the drug going ...	[ "Among the health information technology (HIT) that pharmacists use are medication safety tools to help manage this problem. For example, the ISMP \"do not crush\" list can be entered into the system so that warning stickers can be printed at the point of dispensing, to be stuck on the pill bottle.\n", "Some manu...
What will be used as a substitute for helium?	Helium in the atmosphere is slowly leaking into space and it is not easy to recover. There is a lot of He still in natural gas deposits so I expect when He prices get driven way up we will see companies that extract natural gas start separating and selling He. The government may stockpile again, but it seems like an ob...	[ "Helium, mixed with a heavier gas such as xenon, is useful for thermoacoustic refrigeration due to the resulting high heat capacity ratio and low Prandtl number. The inertness of helium has environmental advantages over conventional refrigeration systems which contribute to ozone depletion or global warming.\n", ...
how is an island made artificially? like what china is doing the south sea.	You take sand from all over the area and pile it on top of a reef or other relative high point underneath the water until the pile is tall enough that its peak is always above water. You now have an island.	[ "Almost all of the Earth's islands are natural and have been formed by tectonic forces or volcanic eruptions. However, artificial (man-made) islands also exist, such as the island in Osaka Bay off the Japanese island of Honshu, on which Kansai International Airport is located. Artificial islands can be built using ...
how do ants maintain genetic diversity?	There are a couple things going on here. First, there are lots and lots and lots and lots of ants. There are probably more ant _colonies_ of a typical ant species per square mile than there are individuals of a typical mammal species. I mean think about it. How many anthills are in your back yard? Now, how many d...	[ "Ants are eusocial organisms – the individuals of the species work together to survive, produce the next generation, and accomplish tasks which cannot be accomplished alone. Unlike other ants, the genus \"Formica\" does not have separate castes, which are based on an individual's specialization and morphology. For ...
how is the money calculated from advertisements on a website? is it based on views, clicks or a combination of things?	Probably mostly based on clicks, but either is possible. Originally, paying for views was the standard, usually expressed as a cost per thousand impressions or CPM. Networks like Adsense saw a shift towards cost per click, though there are still some impression-based campaigns through networks and it remains common to ...	[ "BULLET::::- For website-targeted advertisements, the advertiser chooses the page(s) on which to display advertisements, and pays based on cost per mille (CPM), or the price advertisers choose to pay for every thousand advertisements displayed.\n", "Cost per mille requires only that the publisher make the adverti...
how can a movie be "on film" if all the editing and effects work is digital?	They use high-resolution scanners to convert the film into digital. This is different than shooting digitally because it was shot on film - the movie is still composed of lighting hitting chemicals and causing a reaction, even if it has been transferred. When it's transferred to digital, it maintains the dynamic rang...	[ "There are numerous advantages of using a digital editing solution over the older analog solutions, such as the Moviola. Not only is it much faster to locate the clips needed, keeping track of what can in some cases amount to a staggering amount of footage, is also much easier digitally. Also, editing film digitall...
google's search prediction (aka mind reading)	You probably have visited certain sites that other people who have searched that have also visited. Google knows this and is able to figure what you might search. They more than likely have profiled you based on your internet use. And when I say you I mean everyone.	[ "The order of search results returned by Google is based, in part, on a priority rank system called \"PageRank\". Google Search also provides many different options for customized search, using symbols to include, exclude, specify or require certain search behavior, and offers specialized interactive experiences, s...
how does sizing a turbocharger on a car work?	There are lots of ways to identify the dimensions of the compressor itself, and you could always just give the model of the turbo. Mostly, though, people will just want to know at what RPM it starts to make boost, and how much it makes when it does.	[ "The converter (also known as vaporiser or reducer) is a device designed to change the fuel from a pressurised liquid to a vapour at around atmospheric pressure for delivery to the mixer or vapour phase injectors. Because of the refrigerant characteristic of the fuel, heat must be put into the fuel by the converter...
- how do good actors portray characters that are bad actors? how do they intentionally act poorly while still managing to be good at acting poorly?	There are different acting methods and ways of viewing the craft, so it's going to vary a little from actor to actor. I can only speak as someone who did a couple shows in high school, and who played characters who had varying skill in lying or not lying for what worked for me. If I were better researched on the craft ...	[ "Some actors attempt to escape typecasting by choosing roles that are opposite the types of roles that they are known for; alternatively, a director may choose to cast an actor in a role that would be unusual for them to create a dramatic or comedic effect. This is called \"playing against type\" or \"casting again...
is literally every organic thing made out of carbon?	Not "made out of" but "containing". And yes: the very definition of "organic compound" is a compound containing carbon atoms, except for the very simplest ones like carbon dioxide or... well, carbon itself. It used to be that organic compounds were compounds that were or had been, in some sense, "alive" or made by liv...	[ "An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemicals whose molecules contain carbon. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets. Orga...
why are people who write plays called 'playwrights' and not 'playwrites'?	It is the word Wright that means craftier or builder. Wheelwright, Shipwright, etc.	[ "A playwright writes plays which may or may not be performed on a stage by actors. A play's narrative is driven by dialogue. Like novelists, playwrights usually explore a theme by showing how people respond to a set of circumstances. As writers, playwrights must make the language and the dialogue succeed in terms o...
when someone in a movie is shown to have a cocain overdose, their nose is bleeding before they die. is it really like that and what causes this?	The nose bleed is related to the cocaine not the OD. Taking anything in through the nose causes a thinning of the skin walls of the nose, which makes it more likely that the nose will bleed, the same thing happens with nasal sprays. The likelihood of a nose bleed happening after an OD is likely greater due to the fac...	[ "The November 15, 1993 autopsy found that \"Toxicology studies showed high concentrations of morphine and cocaine in the blood, as well as other substances in smaller concentrations.\" The cause of death was \"acute multiple drug intoxication\", including cocaine and morphine.\n", "An overdose produces symptoms s...
why are japanese game titles often just strings of arbitrary words?	These are titles that were released in Japan with the title in English, so there is a bit lost in translation as they are trying to make their titles work with the way the game is. Here is the reasoning behind the titles in your example: Bravely Default is an RPG where you have a "special ability" to either be "Brav...	[ "Though the title is a common English phrase and most of the text is also in English, the instructions are in Japanese. The title is actually spoken by the game (in a chorus of voices) when a player's game ends, which, as in Tetris, occurs when the \"container\" is filled to the \"top\". The game features a number ...
why isn't singapore part of malaysia?	Singapore was part of Malaysia up until 1965. What happened was that the Singaporean state government disagreed with a lot of the policies that the Malaysian federal government implemented. This culminated in the 1964 Race Riots. After further disagreements, the Malaysian parliament voted unanimously to expel Singap...	[ "There are currently two plots of land owned by Malaysia, more explicitly by the State of Johor for the Sultan of Johor. Both pieces of land are in the possession of Malaysia due to historical circumstances that pre-dates Singapore's independence. Despite it being under the jurisdiction of Malaysia, access to the l...
Whats stats do we have about gladiator-type animal fights? Do we know what the record is bear vs lion? Any notable champions or record holders?	Until the last century it was somewhat common in Spain to pit a bull against another animals, usually lions, in a fight to the death. What usually happened was that the animals would just ignore each other for the duration of the fight or the bull would kill the opponent, sometimes quite fast. IIRC in Zaragoza a bull ...	[ "It appears that there was at least one contest between Jacco and the equally renowned white Bull and Terrier bitch, Puss, who belonged to the former prizefighter Tom Cribb. The various accounts of the fight and its outcome appear contradictory: the two animals may have been matched more than once, so reports may b...
Why did the US decide to use different denominations for its bills and coins (e.g., 20-dollar bills and 25-cent coins)?	Before America and before American dollars the premier currency was the Spanish eight reales or [Piece of Eight](_URL_0_). Although one singular coin it was called a piece of eight because it was often cut into eight pieces, each piece being called a [bit worth 12½¢.](_URL_1_) When the United States mint opened in 1792...	[ "The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first issued in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until 1966; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two-dollar bill was assigned to. In August 1966, the Treasury Department...
why is it the older i get, the less significant i feel compared to the rest of society?	Children have a very small sense of the world that slowly expands as they get older. When you world is small, you naturally tend to feel like a big part of it. The older you get the more you realize that the world is really big, but not only that but there are lots and lots of other people just like you. You can prob...	[ "Social losses increase and health tends to decrease as people age. As people get older their motivation to seek emotional meaning in life through social ties tends to increase. Autonomic responsiveness decreases with age, and emotion-regulation skill tends to increase.\n", "On the other hand, when elders show la...
why do we pay health insurance companies so much money, yet they refuse to cover the cost of a medical expense that's usually less than half of what we've given them over the life of the account?	They are for-profit companies. The less they pay out, the more profit they make. Sure, for smaller amounts maybe they'd be better off not spending employee's time disputing things with you, but the general principle holds.	[ "Among those whose employer pays for health insurance, the employee may be required to contribute part of the cost of this insurance, while the employer usually chooses the insurance company and, for large groups, negotiates with the insurance company. In 2004, private insurance paid for 36% of personal health expe...
Can you test for blood if it has traces of other blood?	yes you can even tell which person it is coming from. In your blood there are red and white blood cell and if you isolate the DNA (a 5min work actually) and sequence some portions of it (may be 4-5 hrs) or look at how it is cut when incubated with a specific enzyme (2hrs) long story short, you are going to jail br...	[ "Laboratory testing can reveal whether a substance is indeed blood, whether the blood is of animal or human origin, and the blood group to which it belongs. This allows investigators to include or exclude persons as perpetrators or victims. The antigens that allow blood group testing, however, deteriorate with age ...
if the amazon echo doesn’t start processing audio until you say “alexa”, how does it know when you say it?	To put it as simply as possible, this is the process that happens: 1. There is a chip that is always listening in the echo. It doesn't record, doesn't transmit to Amazon. 2. When this chip hears the wake word (Alexa, Amazon, Echo or Computer, whatever you have set) it activates a buffer, recording a bit (less than a f...	[ "In the default mode, the device continuously listens to all speech, monitoring for the wake word to be spoken, which is primarily set up as \"Alexa\" (derived from Alexa Internet, the Amazon-owned Internet indexing company). Echo's microphones can be manually disabled by pressing a mute button to turn off the audi...
How did sailors during the Age of Sail cope with sleep throughout the endless days of sailing?	Ships at sea would have enough crew to operate the ship at all hours of the day and night as that was very important for sailing. Traditionally (starting from at least the late 16th century) the crew of a ship would usually be divided into two watches called the larboard and starboard watch (meaning left and right side...	[ "One of the greatest challenges facing a lone sailor is managing the need to sleep, since a good watch must be kept at all times while at sea. Many single-handers use the technique of napping for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, using a timer to wake them up for periodic look-arounds; with the relatively slow speed of a...
whenever i am alone, why does my mind always go straight to making up scenarios where people i love die?	My understanding of these experiences is that you are not grounded in the present moment when this is happening. At these times your ego is presenting you with these fictional scenarios to keep you pre-occupied so that you don't notice that your ego is in control of you. To stop these scenarios, you have to teach your...	[ "In the end we find House contemplating. He walks over to his board and erases the 5 steps of death, He stops at depression and thinks again. He wonders if he is busy dying (He is depressed: Viewers know that because of his obsession over alcohol and pain killers and that he isn’t able to find happiness in everyday...
Is the universe 13.8 billion years old everywhere in the universe?	In theory, yeah, it would seem that observers moving notably faster (closer to the speed of light) or near MASSIVE objects would have different ideas of the age of the universe based on certain data. I wouldn't be shocked, though, if there was a way to determine the age of the universe that wasn't impacted by time dil...	[ "Modern scientific astronomy estimates the Age of the Universe as around 13 Billion years (13 * 10 years). Conversion of 1 day of Brahma into human years yields 8.58816 * 10 years (derived as 2 kalpas * 14 Manvantaras * 71 Chaturyugas * 12,000 Deva vatsaras * 360 human years). According to Vedas, there are 504 000 ...
How are wolf packs not inbred?	[The social structure of wolves in the wild isn't exactly what is portrayed in popular culture](_URL_0_). The majority of wolf packs are family units where the 'alpha' pair are the parents and the rest of the wolves are their offspring. The offspring usually leave the family pack to form their own pack as they grow u...	[ "Within the wolf pack, the alphas, now more commonly referred to as the breeding pair, are the only wolves in the group which breed and produce offspring; they are the matriarch and patriarch of the family. The alpha or parent role consists of one male and one female which are pair-bonded and usually unrelated, alt...
A phonon is a quantum unit of vibration, relevant in calculating rate of heat conduction in solids. Sound is energy in the form of vibration. Is the rate of heat conduction related to the speed of sound through a solid material? How?	Yes the speed of sound is related to heat conduction, but for a solid that relationship is generally extremely complex. So to get to your question of the relationship between phonons and the speed of sound we have to take a little bit of an involved detour. If you imagine a simple picture of a solid like an infinite a...	[ "Translational motion in \"solids\", however, takes the form of \"phonons \"(see \"Fig. 4\" at right). Phonons are constrained, quantized wave packets that travel at a given substance's speed of sound. The manner in which phonons interact within a solid determines a variety of its properties, including its thermal ...
Why were templars killed and burned? What was the real story?	The knightly orders are not my specialization, but I can fill you in until someone with more experience than myself answers your question more fully. The short answer is that it was money. By the early 14th century, the Knights Templar had become wealthy by controlling land, farms, castles, pilgrimage routes and banks...	[ "In 1310 at Treves near Luxembourg, an inquest with seventeen witnesses, including three Templars, was heard. Though their property was seized, they were acquitted. At Mainz, the Templars' leaders testified that since the crosses on the mantle of the Templars did not burn, it was a miracle and a sign of their innoc...
what makes a post a circle jerk?	If a post is completely comprised of like minded individuals just agreeing with each other, it's a circle jerk. So when you downvote someone just because you disagree, you're contributing towards a circlejerk.	[ "A circle jerk is a sexual practice in which a group of men or boys form a circle and masturbate themselves or each other. In the metaphorical sense, the term is used to refer to self-congratulatory behavior or discussion among a group of people, usually in reference to a \"boring or time-wasting meeting or other e...
type 1a supernova	White dwarf stars are made mostly of carbon and oxygen, and they're so dense that they're not in a normal state of matter. They are made of what's called "[degenerate gas](_URL_2_)" which is more like a solid--it doesn't compress like normal gas does. Imagine that all the atoms are squished together [as tight as they'l...	[ "AT2018cow (ATLAS name: ATLAS18qqn; also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and \"The Cow\") was a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10–100 times brighter than a normal supernova, spatially coincident with galaxy , approximately distant in the Hercules constellation. It was first detected on 16 June 2018 b...
Why Aren't Warships Painted Black or Otherwise Camouflaged?	Who says the grey color scheme is not a form of camouflage? Given the different lighting conditions, the effects of haze, sea states, and various other factors, grey is a happy medium for most surface warships in that it reduces the visual signature better than other colors. Most merchant ships tend to avoid grey in li...	[ "Japanese ships were generally not camouflaged. In special tactical situations, camouflage could be improvised, as when the battleships \"Yamato\" and \"Musashi\" had their decks blackened with a mixture of soot to help them hide while passing through the San Bernardino Strait at night in the October 1944 Battle of...
Why is it that certain elements are common in asteroids, e.g. iridium, but rare on Earth?	in the case of iridium it is really really dense and a lot of it descended deep into the earth when the earth was young, so much of our iridium is closer to the core than on the crust. the same is probably true for any element that is really dense.	[ "Because chondrites accumulated from material that formed very early in the history of the solar system, and because chondritic asteroids did not melt, they have very primitive compositions. \"Primitive,\" in this sense, means that the abundances of most chemical elements do not differ greatly from those that are m...
why do the pages of some books change color after they've been read	I'm not a chemist by any means but it is likely from the oils in your fingers being absorbed into the paper, which is a very fibrous material	[ "Most of the pages were smooth-cut on the top and bottom edges, and deckled on the outer edge. Some books contained the note: \"This book is standard length, complete and unabridged. Manufactured under wartime conditions in conformity with all government regulations controlling the use of paper and other materials....
What practical purpose did saloon doors serve?	here's a previous thread: _URL_0_ Top answer basically says that the were present in warm climates, but they always had full sized doors to shut when the shop was closed (you can actually see tall doors backing up the small ones in [this clip from back to the future](_URL_1_)).	[ "BULLET::::- Saloon doors are a pair of lightweight swing doors often found in public bars, and especially associated with the American west. Saloon doors, also known as cafe doors, often use bidirectional hinges that close the door regardless of which direction it is opened by incorporating springs. Saloon doors t...
How extreme is the pressure at the bottom of Ganymede's global ocean?	We can make some simplifying assumptions to get a rough approximation of what the difference would be. The simple formula for calculating pressure at a given depth is density * gravitational acceleration * depth. To do these calculations, I'm going to assume (1) the density of water is constant throughout the water col...	[ "Anurag Sharma, a geochemist, James Scott, a microbiologist, and others at the Carnegie Institution of Washington directly observed microbial activity at pressures in excess of 1 gigapascal. The experiments were performed up to 1.6 GPa (232,000 psi) of pressure, which is more than 16,000 times normal air pressure, ...
If diamonds can only be cut by other diamonds, why do diamond blades get dull?	This question echoes a more general question: > If a hard material can scratch (i.e. cut) a softer material then why does the harder material get dull? This gets into tool life. For example, in a milling machine (think drill press but with etch-a-sketch controls on the table) it is common to cut aluminum with high...	[ "The luster of a diamond is described as 'adamantine', which simply means diamond-like. Reflections on a properly cut diamond's facets are undistorted, due to their flatness. The refractive index of diamond (as measured via sodium light, 589.3 nm) is 2.417. Because it is cubic in structure, diamond is also isotropi...
pork rinds are incomplete protein and are labeled "not a good source of protein" but beans are also an incomplete protein and do not have this same label. why?	Because it's not just a question of protien, but of the types of protien and the regulation. In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration requires that food for people aged 4 and over that has, "a protein quality value that is a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of less than 20" must have the label, "no...	[ "Oat protein is nearly equivalent in quality to soy protein, which World Health Organization research has shown to be equal to meat, milk and egg protein. The protein content of the hull-less oat kernel (groat) ranges from 12 to 24%, the highest among cereals.\n", "Whole grains and cereals are another source of p...
dieting when losing weight, dieting when building up muscle	Dieting to lose weight focuses on creating a calorie deficit, meaning your body is burning more calories than it's taking in. Finding the right amount of calories to eat is fairly straightforward; you find the amount of calories your body burns just to maintain its current weight, called your basal metabolic rate ...	[ "This kind of diet is associated with extreme food deprivation as a substitute for good diet and exercise techniques. As a result, the dieter may experience loss of both muscle and body fat during the initial weight-loss phase (weight-bearing exercise is required to maintain muscle). After completing the diet, the ...
How much do we really know about ancient languages like Proto-Indo-European? Would the leading scholars today be conversational/fluent with native speakers from the distant past?	Having taken a single linguistics course in college, I'm in no way qualified to answer this but will take a stab, anyway, with respect to PIE - PIE is a completely reconstructed language and so is largely hypothetical, as I understand it. There are no examples of PIE usage that remain (again, so far as I know). So,...	[ "Pre-Indo-European languages are any of several ancient languages, not necessarily related to one another, that existed in prehistoric Europe and South Asia before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages. The oldest Indo-European language texts date from the 19th century BC in Kültepe in modern-day Turke...
supply and demand in relation to markets with infinite supply (downloads).	By pricing it at a certain amount, you effectively limit supply. At $0, you can "sell" the maximum amount of units, and every increase in price theoretically reduces sales. The key for the seller is to find the price at which (price times sales) will equal the greatest amount. None of this takes into consideration t...	[ "In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the qua...
how is gun control not a good idea?	The general idea is that criminals and terrorists don't care about laws anyway, and so will buy a gun on the black market. Given that the bad guy has a gun, why not allow the good guys to have them as well?	[ "Philosophy professor Michael Huemer argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defence and recreation.\n", "Sowell occasionally writes on the subject of gun control, about which he has stated: \"One can ...
When you spill toothpaste in the sink, what's causing it to repel the water around it?	It doesn't actually _repel_ water. It actually makes it easier to [wet](_URL_0_). Normally when you have water on the surface of your sink, it forms a water droplet. When that water is mixed with toothpaste, the surfactant in the toothpaste lowers the surface tension, so the contact angle decreases and the droplet is ...	[ "Back at home, while his parents are away, Greg tries to put the toothpaste cap on, but it falls down the drain. He loosens a pipe to get it, but forgets to turn off the water valve first, causing a puddle of water to leak downstairs. His grandfather tells him that they can go to the store to buy paint and cover up...
How common was crime or violence between slaves and how (if at all) was it dealt with in American South?	This submission has been removed because it involves current events. To keep from discussion of politics, we have a [20-year rule](_URL_1_) here. You may want to try /r/ask_politics or another current-events focused sub. For further explanation of this rule, feel free to consult [this Rules Roundtable](_URL_0_).	[ "In the South in the antebellum era, members of the abolitionist movement or other people who opposed slavery were sometimes victims of mob violence. The largest lynching during the war and perhaps the largest lynching in all of U.S. history, was the lynching of 41 men in the Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas in ...
If a person has no visual/auditory/tactile stimuli, would that person be able to function as an entity/being within his/her own mind?	I'm not 100% sure what you're asking. If you mean as an adult, what happens if you experience sensory deprivation after a lifetime of sight, audition, etc. -- we only know about relatively short-term deprivation in adults. You can read a bit on [wiki](_URL_0_). Many people begin to hallucinate. Long periods of depriv...	[ "Neuronal plasticity, or the capability of the brain to adapt to new requirements, is a prime example of plasticity stressing that the individual’s ability to change is a lifelong process. Recently, researchers have been analyzing how the spared senses compensate for the loss of vision. Without visual input, blind ...
Why can the first electron orbital only hold 2 electrons?	The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. A fermion is a kind of subatomic particle such as an electron with half-integer spin - in other words, it can either be pointed up, or down, but nowhere in the middle (For our purposes and for most com...	[ "If the separation between the orbitals is large, then the lower energy orbitals are completely filled before population of the higher orbitals according to the Aufbau principle. Complexes such as this are called \"low-spin\" since filling an orbital matches electrons and reduces the total electron spin. If the sep...
The French sent troops and supplies to help the rebels in the American Revolution; was this favor returned by the Americans during the French Revolution?	Excellent question! (If only because it gives me hope that more than, like, four people might want to read my dissertation someday) Americans certainly did not ignore the French Revolution. In fact, they were practically obsessed with it. Reaction to the beginning of the Revolution proper in 1789 was almost uniformly ...	[ "Laurens was also reported to have told the French that without aid for the Revolution, the Americans might be forced by the British to fight against France. When Laurens and Paine returned to America in August 1781, they brought 2.5 million \"livres\" in silver, the first part of a French gift of 6 million and a l...
Will sunscreen block any radiation from a radioactive source?	No, it's specifically designed to block UV radiation.	[ "Medical organizations recommend that patients protect themselves from UV radiation by using sunscreen. Five sunscreen ingredients have been shown to protect mice against skin tumors. However, some sunscreen chemicals produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells....
how do astronomers describe the location of objects (stars and spacecraft) in the universe?	Astronomers use whats called the Celestial Coordinate System, which is made up of 2 components: Right Ascension and Declination. Right Ascension is the equivalent of projecting the earths lines of longitude onto the sky, and Declination is latitude. By giving those 2 numbers you can point to a particular point in the ...	[ "In astronomy, a given point on the celestial sphere (that is, the apparent position of an astronomical object) can be identified using any of several \"astronomical coordinate systems\", where the references vary according to the particular system. Astronomers measure the \"angular separation\" of two stars by ima...
whats the difference between compact bones and spongy bones?	Compact bone is found around the shaft of long bones and is made of concentric rings of bone with no red marrow between it. It is strong against compression and within it contains the marrow cavity with bone marrow in it. Spongy bone is found within the heads of the long bones, and in flat and irregular bones. Instea...	[ "Trabecular bone (or cancellous bone) is the sponge-like bone in the ends of long bones and vertebrae. Cortical bone is the hard outer shell of bones and the middle of long bones. Because osteoblasts and osteoclasts inhabit the surface of bones, trabecular bone is more active and is more subject to bone turnover an...
how did people maintain and change hairstyles before barber shops were widespread?	Barbers are an exceptionally old profession, even if they were travelers, and not necessarily setting up proper shops. Note that Barbers also served more roles than just cutting hair. Because of the tools at their disposal, they were also called on for minor medical procedures, like lancing boils (they had really shar...	[ "Historically, the undercut has been associated with poverty and inability to afford a barber competent enough to blend in the sides, as on a short back and sides haircut. From the turn of the 20th century until the 1920s, the undercut was popular among young working class men, especially members of street gangs. I...
what are the benefits of using premium unleaded fuel in my car?	Don't do it. Unless you have a car that requires knock-proof high octane fuel, such as a car with a high boost pressure turbo or a high compression naturally aspirated engine, there's no benefit. Don't buy into the marketing malarkey. Basically, if you car needs premium to run, by all means only ever get premium. If ...	[ "About 9 percent of all gasoline sold in the U.S. in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. \"Consumer Reports\" magazine says, \"If [your owner’s manual] says to use regular fuel, do so—there's no advantage to a higher grade.\" The \"Associated Press\" said premium gas—whic...
Why can't we just keep building dams down stream and keep making hydroelectricity?	as long as the location presents itself so the investment, environmental impact and energy generation potential line up, there's no reason not to do that. In fact, in your example, the Colorado river is dammed several times over its course, notably with the Glen Canyon dam that creates Lake Powell which is almost as ...	[ "Some dams only generate power and serve no other purpose, but in many places large reservoirs are needed for flood control and/or irrigation, adding a hydroelectric portion is a common way to pay for a new reservoir. Flood control protects life/property and irrigation supports increased agriculture. Without power ...
I never hear much about Native American culture. What were some of the largest cities that existed pre-discovery, and how were they organized?	The largest in what has become the United States is the site now called Cahokia, across the Mississippi from modern day St. Louis. It was the one of the earliest and most influential of the Middle Mississippian chiefdoms, flourishing between 900AD to 1400AD. Cahokia was at least an order of magnitude larger than its co...	[ "The first known inhabitants of the area were the Hohokam, a Native-American tribe. The Hohokam were the builders of the original canal system in this area and the area of Maricopa in general. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric Western Hemisphere. It is unknown what happened to th...
why can't spacex do what has been done so many times before?	They are using a new rocket design. This is their first major failure, which is a huge success in and of itself. Even NASA and other government space agencies still have problems getting things into orbit, which is no small feat. You have to remember that our method for getting things into space involved creating a hug...	[ "SpaceX has been explicit about its effort to bring iterative design practices into the space industry, and uses the technique on spacecraft, launch vehicles, electronics and avionics, and operational flight hardware operations.\n", "For the 2017 competition, a Bloomberg journalist reported that entrants were req...
what keeps dogs from jumping out of open car windows at stop lights, stop signs, etc.?	In my experience? Doggie seat belts. One of my pups jumped out of my car going 40mph because she saw a horse. If dogs find a reason to evacuate a car, they will.	[ "The dogs have learned to cross the street with pedestrians and have been observed obeying traffic lights. Since dogs have dichromatic vision, researchers theorize that the dogs recognize other cues, such as the shapes or positions of the changing signals. \n", "They may have an illuminated \"Taxi\" sign, a light...
why is dj khaled considered a musical artist?	If he’s on the decks, mixing tunes then he’s a DJ. If he’s on the mic shouting or rapping then he’s an MC, or just a Hype Man	[ "The band's work has influenced and been recognized by a number of musical artists. Rapper Rakim of Eric B. & Rakim stated he grew up listening to Sade's music and was influenced by the singer's voice and style. Rakim has also referenced their song \"Smooth Operator\" in his rap song \"Paid in Full\" (1987). Hip ho...
what is happening in my mouth when i whistle?	You're pushing air past your lips, and the shape of your lips is vibrating the air as it passes by (similar to how your vocal chords vibrating make the sound of your voice on the air). When air is forced through a constricted area, it will vibrate when it hits a surface (which is why when it's windy outside, you can h...	[ "Whistling without the use of an artificial whistle is achieved by creating a small opening with one's lips and then blowing or sucking air through the hole. The air is moderated by the lips, curled tongue, teeth or fingers (placed over the mouth) to create turbulence, and the curled tongue acts as a resonant chamb...
why does reggae music seem to mention zion and babylon a lot?	Reggae is closely tied to the Rastafarian religion. Babylon represents the evils of modern society & oppression while Zion represents the promised land to which they want to escape.	[ "Rastafari reggae contains many references to Zion; among the best-known examples are the Bob Marley songs \"Zion Train\", \"Iron Lion Zion\", the Bunny Wailer song \"Rastaman\" (\"The Rasta come from Zion, Rastaman a Lion!\"), The Melodians song \"Rivers of Babylon\" (based on Psalm 137, where the captivity of \"B...
What physically happens to SSD drives that make the memory blocks wear with each write operation?	Flash uses a floating gate transistor that permanently stores a charge in a totally electrically insulated floating gate that isn't connected to anything. Hot carrier injection or tunneling is used to force electrons though the insulator and into the floating gate at very high voltages where they are essentially trappe...	[ "Flash memory-based SSDs do not need defragmentation. However, because SSDs write pages of data that are much larger than the blocks of data managed by the file system, over time, an SSD's write performance can degrade as the drive becomes full of pages which are partial or no longer needed by the file system. This...
With songs like Revolution and Back In The USSR, was the public reaction to the Beatles' White Album very controversial in America? What about in the UK?	It was controversial if you cared. The Beatles were generally mistrusted by the right for being a rock’n’roll pop band, drug use, foray into hippie culture, etc. Many right wing publications called them communists, pro-Soviets (because of Back in the USSR), and pro-Maoists (despite the Mao verse in Revolution). “Med...	[ "Schaffner likens the Beatles' 1966 recordings to the moment of transformation in the film \"Wizard of Oz\", \"where, when Dorothy discovers herself transported from Kansas to Oz, the film dramatically changes from black-and-white to glorious technicolor\". The album was the source of confusion for the group's more...
If I were born and lived in a British colony at the start of the 20th century, how easy would it be for me to migrate to other parts of the empire?	As always with questions about the British Empire at large it completely depends on region/time and race. To answer this question we will need to (briefly) jump into the debate about the organisation of the British Empire. In the last few decades the image of a centralised, efficient and effective (if ‘hands off’) ad...	[ "By 1914, Europeans had migrated to the colonies in the millions. Some intended to remain in the colonies as temporary settlers, mainly as military personnel or on business. Others went to the colonies as immigrants. British people were by far the most numerous population to migrate to the colonies: 2.5 million set...
Can a tree be uprooted and moved elsewhere, where it could take up root again?	it happens all the time. People move and want to take their tree with them, trees are sold at nurseries people want it in a different spot, moving trees around is not a good idea though, too much moving can stress it. But size I do believe is a factor. Trees need a certain amount of taproot, that's the ones they feed w...	[ "Roads, sidewalks and foundations can all suffer structural issues from tree roots. Several methods of control have been attempted, from barriers to encouraging growth in desirable directs. Selection of plants with root systems that will not conflict with nearby structures is the most effective method of damage con...
Any time between 1400-1800, what would be the average bottles of liquor transported in a crate on a sailing ship crossing the ocean from England to any of its random colonies?	I think that is far too random of a question to be answered here. At any point in history, there were manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. The retailer would say "I need 100 bottles of Irish Whisky," and the wholesalers would aggregate those and say, "I need 1000 bottles of Irish Whisky" and so the distillery ...	[ "Ships, in the age of sail, provided much work for coopers. They made water and provision casks, the contents of which sustained crew and passengers on long voyages. They also made barrels to contain high-value commodities, such as wine and sugar. The proper stowage of casks on ships about to sail was an important ...
how can i safely stick my hand in a 400 degree oven, but get burned in a 212 degree pot of water?	The proper term is thermal conductivity with the units of W / (m K) (Watts / meter Kelvin). Air has a low thermal conductivity. We use air as an insulator. Insulation (the pink stuff in the walls) works, because it stops air from moving around. Air naturally does not conduct heat well, but it is easy to move it ar...	[ "To prevent children from getting burned, water temperature must not be set too high when taking baths or washing hands, nonflammable sleepwear should be worn, backburners should be used when cooking something on the stove, and hot foods, drinks, and irons should be kept away from the edge of counter and table. Ove...
How did the US Army conduct covert operations in the Civil War?	Even back then, Law of War provided full protection of uniformed "scouts," but non-uniformed or otherwise disguised personnel are not protected. If you were caught doing intelligence activities and weren't on overt status, there was nothing stopping the immediate execution of the "spy." For this reason, officers on b...	[ "The primary mission of the Army Special Forces is to train and lead unconventional warfare (UW) forces, or a clandestine guerrilla force in an occupied nation. The 10th Special Forces Group was the first deployed SF unit, intended to train and lead UW forces behind enemy lines in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasio...
Did the USSR ever actually become involved, through espionage, in the protest/counterculture movements of the 60's-70's?	Unquestionably. Alongside their talent for HUMINT operations, psychological/propaganda operations ("active measures" in Soviet parlance) were one of the key competencies of the Soviet intelligence services. There's plenty of evidence from defectors that the KGB and GRU funded, supported and manipulated trades unions, c...	[ "Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and, with rare exceptions, of little consequence. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights. Over time, the dissid...
Everyone knows that 0.5% of the population is descended from Genghis Khan. Are there statistics on other prolific leaders?	Charlemagne is the obvious candidate to bring up here. I wrote [an answer looking at him here](_URL_0_), which draws heavily on [research you can read here](_URL_2_). Now that being said, I do have a rather important correction to make here. The statistic is popularly expressed that way, but it isn't correct. [0.5 perc...	[ "There are no living males known to descend directly from Genghis Khan, or any of his nearest male relatives. Many researchers have attempted to infer his Y-DNA haplogroup, according to various criteria, from those now prominent in Mongolia and other areas formerly part of the Mongol Empire.\n", "Descent from Gen...
why does light need to consist of particles to explain the photo effect?	We know from the wave picture of light that there are two ways you can increase the energy you are delivering to a system if you shine light on it. You can either: * Increase the amplitude of the light wave i.e. the height of the wave, making it brighter. * Increase the frequency, i.e. the number of wave peaks packe...	[ "The photoelectric effect helped to propel the then-emerging concept of wave–particle duality in the nature of light. Light simultaneously possesses the characteristics of both waves and particles, each being manifested according to the circumstances. The effect was impossible to understand in terms of the classica...
Would Australopithecus have had black or white sclera?	I'm not an expert but there was a post on here recently about how modern day and even earlier humans have more whites around their pupils to help exert more expressions which could help while trying to remain silent while hunting. If anyone can provide the question or link I'd appreciate it.	[ "The Oxypeltidae do not have any morphologic resemblance with the other cerambycids. The body is massive and characterised by a nice metallic colour, bluish or green on the head and prothorax, and red on the elytra. Their antennae and legs have a blue metallic colour.\n", "The black stork is a member of the genus...
how can cops prove you were speeding?	1 - The radars keep track of all measurements, they just have to show the measurement from when they pulled you over 2 - Dashcams can also include the speedometer that shows that in order to keep up to you, they had to speed 3 - Yes, it comes down to a cop who has no legit reason to lie about you speeding's word agai...	[ "In this case, the “deliberate indifference” accusation does not make sense, since in a high-speed chase there is no time for deliberation. Furthermore, one must remember that officers are under intense pressure in these situations, where they must “act decisively and show restraint at the same time.\" Thus the Cou...
Why did Kennedy's assassination's investigation never consider a potential Soviet plot, despite the convenience of the theory, considering Oswald's sojourn in the USSR some years prior?	Naturally, because of the existing Cold War conflict, in the immediate hours following the assassination the Americans did actually genuinely consider the possibility that the Soviets were behind the assassination, and also feared that the assassination may have been part of a wider attack on the US or government offic...	[ "The Warren Commission reported that they found no evidence that the Soviet Union was involved in the assassination of President Kennedy. The House Select Committee on Assassinations also wrote: \"The committee believes, on the basis of the evidence available to it, that the Soviet Government was not involved in th...
When did historians begin to cite their sources?	Great question! There's at least a few books around trying to answer this. Generally the credit is given to German historian [Leopold von Ranke](_URL_0_).	[ "The delineation of sources as primary and secondary first arose in the field of historiography, as historians attempted to identify and classify the sources of historical writing. In scholarly writing, an important objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources. In ori...
Where does western democracy come from?	Actually, it's probably neither. In my opinion. As you say, many Germanic tribes elected their chiefs. Some of these German tribes migrated to Britain over a period of a few hundred years in the first millennium A.D. Then the Normans invaded, and imposed an absolute monarchy. The resulting legal system in England reta...	[ "Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy. Democracy makes all forces struggle repeatedly to realize their interests and devolves power from groups o...
(usa) if you're 16 and can work - why can't you vote?	"Taxation without representation" was a slogan during the Revolutionary War. It's not a law or anything.	[ "Everyone over the age of 18 may vote at all schools where they are eligible. Parents may vote at schools in their area and any school where they have a child in attendance. Voters do not need to be citizens and are eligible at the elementary and high school in their area. Voters can vote for any combination of com...
how to live studio audiences work?	The sets are all right next to each other, usually lined up in a row or set up across from each other in a large studio. The most common sets (so for Friends it would be Central Perk, Monica's apartment, and Joey's apartment) will usually be right next to each other to make things easy on the cast and crew. Temporary...	[ "A studio audience is an audience present for the recording of all or part of a television program or radio program. The primary purpose of the studio audience is to provide applause and/or laughter to the program's soundtrack (as opposed to canned laughter). Additionally, live studio audiences produce an energy of...
why do ncaa basketball players wear arm sleeves and white tights?	Compression sleeves. Its supposed to increase blood flow and reduce recuperation time. But really they just want to look like Allen Iverson	[ "A basketball sleeve, like the wristband, is an accessory that some basketball players wear. Made out of nylon and spandex, it extends from the biceps to the wrist. It is sometimes called a shooter sleeve or an arm sleeve.\n", "Iverson continued wearing his basketball sleeve long after his elbow had healed, which...
why does alcohol stop tasting like alcohol when you're drunk?	Alcohol is a depressant to your nervous system so it dulls all your senses. Similar to if you bump into something while drunk, you don’t feel it until the next day, or why your vision gets blurry while drinking.	[ "Excessive concentrations of some alcohols other than ethanol may cause off-flavors, sometimes described as \"spicy\", \"hot\", or \"solvent-like\". Some beverages, such as rum, whisky (especially Bourbon), incompletely rectified vodka (e.g. Siwucha), and traditional ales and ciders, are expected to have relatively...
the visual acuity aka 20/20 system	This is the way it was explained to me (And I may need to go check my facts). Imagine someone is standing 20 feet away from a wall. Someone with 20/20 vision will be able to clearly read text written in letters that are 20 inches tall. 20/40 would be someone who needs text 40 inches all. EDIT: I was in fact wro...	[ "The standard definition of normal visual acuity (20/20 or 6/6 vision) is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle of one minute of arc. The terms 20/20 and 6/6 are derived from standardized sized objects that can be seen by a \"person of normal vision\" at the specified distance. For ex...
supernovae, neutron stars, and black holes.	* Supernova: when a massive star blows up, initiated by the sudden (takes less than a second) collapse of it's core. The collapse of the core is initiated when the pressure from nuclear fusion can no longer hold up against the immense gravity pushing in. There are generally two types, Ia and II. * *Neutron Star...	[ "Failed supernovae are thought to create stellar black holes by the collapsing of a red supergiant star in the early stages of a supernova. When the star can no longer support itself, the core collapses completely, forming a stellar-mass black hole, and consuming the nascent supernova without having the massive exp...
what the difference is between a galaxy, a cluster, and a galaxy cluster.	Cluster: Quite a few star systems close together Galaxy: Lots of stars orbiting a black hole Galaxy cluster: Same as cluster but with galaxies	[ "Clusters of galaxies consist of hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy, known as the brightest cluster galaxy, which, over time, tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own.\n", "A galaxy...
why do luxury car companies change their designs much less frequently than more standard car companies?	If you have a goose that lays golden eggs, why change it for a duck that lays normal eggs?	[ "Luxury cars have traditionally emphasized higher levels comfort and safety, with manufacturers often introducing new safety technologies and comfort amenities on luxury models before they trickle down to mass-market models. Numerous \"smart car\" features were found on luxury cars as early as 2009.\n", "Many ult...
why do women have periods for 3-7 days, why can’t it just all bleed out at once?	Period is uterine lining being disposed of from the body (this is not exactly blood). The purpose of the uterine lining is used to grow a baby in the womb. When the egg is released monthly and and not fertilized, the body gets rid of everything it would have been using to grow a baby. It’s not possible for it to happen...	[ "During the transition to menopause, menstrual patterns can show shorter cycling (by 2–7 days); longer cycles remain possible. There may be irregular bleeding (lighter, heavier, spotting). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is often experienced by women approaching menopause due to the hormonal changes that accompany t...
how do states like texas, florida and nevada have no state income taxes and survive ?	Lots of property taxes and business taxes. There are many ways for state government to get money, it doesn't have to be income tax.	[ "A small number of U.S. states rely entirely on sales taxes for state revenue, as those states do not levy a state income tax. Such states tend to have a moderate to large amount of tourism or inter-state travel that occurs within their borders, allowing the state to benefit from taxes from people the state would o...
Was the HRE the first Reich?	I don't know how to give a comprehensive answer beyond "Yes". The Holy Roman Empire is the first Reich, the second was the German Empire between 1871 and 1918 and the third was Hitlers Nazi Germany.	[ "The Original Reichswehreid came into effect on 14 August 1919, shortly after Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert had signed the Weimar Constitution for the German Reich (the so-called Weimar Republic). The Treaty of Versailles limited the Reichswehr to a total of 100,000 men.\n", "His main work \"Die Reichsgründung\...
How did people find things in ancient libraries?	How ancient are we talking here? [Medieval](_URL_2_) libraries kept their own catalogs for reference, and slightly-less-than modern systems such as the Robert Cotton [Collection](_URL_1_) sometimes had unique filling systems. The library of [Ashurbanipal](_URL_0_) is probably the oldest extant, and was probably organi...	[ "The Library of Alexandria was the most important collection of ancient knowledge ever assembled. The building stood for six hundred years and contained more than half a million manuscripts. Then suddenly it vanished. No trace of this literary treasure has ever been unearthed.\n", "The 'Library' exists in its own...
In what ways was the Axis alliance beneficial to Japan? Would the war have likely happened in the Pacific if they had not allied with Germany/Italy?	In that period, the slogan "don't miss the bus" was used in Japan. Nazi Germany and Italy were seen as successful, and Japan could gain power over the colonies of Germany's enemies. Japan also saw the Soviet Union as a major security threat. The [Nomonhan Incident](_URL_5_) had occurred in 1939, resulting in a Soviet...	[ "The Tripartite Pact—between the three Axis Powers of Germany, Japan and Italy—guaranteed mutual support, and this paid off for Japan in July 1941 when French weakness in the wake of the fall of France to Germany allowed Japan to occupy French Indo-China (now modern Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia). This blocked a suppl...
why are more developed countires less religious (think western europe , japan etc) whereas poorer countries tend to be more religious. if religion is equally "free" what explains this?	Part of the reason is that religion supplies an answer for things not known. The more you know, the more that religious answer no longer applies. Religion is also oppressive in terms of control. Education leads to free will and that is less people wanting to be a part of a religion. Religion also supplies hope and a se...	[ "Studies conducted by the Pew Research Center have found that, generally, poorer nations had a larger proportion of citizens who found religion to be very important than richer nations, with the exceptions of the United States and Kuwait.\n", "Citizens of the world's poorest countries are the most likely to be re...
In the later years of the Roman Empire, why were the "barbarians" considered better soldiers than the Romans?	I am on vacation for the Fourth, and so am away from my library and on mobile, so this response will unfortunately be a bit truncated. I would seriously question the assertion that during the fourth century (or at any point in Late Antiquity) barbarians were regarded as superior to domestic recruits. Barbarians were ...	[ "The Romans consistently allied themselves with certain barbarian groups outside the Empire, playing them out against rival barbarian tribes as a policy of \"divide and rule\", the barbarian allies being known as \"foederati\". Sometimes these groups were allowed to live within the Empire. Barbarians could also be ...
Why are our thoughts linguistic/auditory, and not (for example) visual?	You're talking about some pretty outmoded cognitive psychology. We don't actually have language making up our thoughts (e.g., 'i can see i'm typing, i should construct a good sentence'.) When you start to think about it a bit, you'll find that for our thoughts to be done in language it'd be such a complex garble of i...	[ "Cognitive scientists are very interested in finding out what brain structures are involved with mental imaging in order to provide consistent, localized, and more tangible evidence. It has been established that auditory imagery makes use of the right lobe since people with right lobe lesions tend to have difficult...
Where does Fracking Waste water go?	The water that is used is water that cannot be used for human consumption (not potable). The fracking also takes place well below the aquifers and unless there is a spill on the surface or the well casing fails, it will not contaminate the aquifers during fracking. The used water is disposed of at water disposal site...	[ "Landfills are planned in order to manage the flow of leachate and gas produced by the waste. Products such as PVC, which contains phthalates, and timber, that can contain chromated copper arsenate (CCA) if it has been treated, can potentially release these components into leachate. Methane, a gas with a greenhouse...
How does a vaccine against pneumonia work?	Pneumonia is a symptom, not a disease organism. It means your lungs aren't working properly and aren't clearing fluids properly. It's caused by all manner of things: viruses, bacteria, and more. You can vaccinate against many of the things that cause pneumonia, as explained elsewhere in the thread, but you can't v...	[ "Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is by vaccination against \"Streptococcus pneumoniae\" (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children), \"Haemophilus influenzae\" type B, meningococcus, \"Bordetella pertussis\", \"Bacillus anthracis\", and \"Yersinia pestis\".\n",...
Primary Sources on the subject of the Duchy of Burgundy (circa 1440-1500)	Start with the footnotes and bibliography of your secondary sources! Eleanor de Poitiers, Olivier de la Marche, Mathieu d'Eschouchy are just a few of the substantial-length-work authors I can think of off the top of my head, and I learned about all of them from reading secondary sources on court life.	[ "The Duchy of Burgundy (; ; , ) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire. Upon the 9th-century partitions, the French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were reduced to a ducal ...
why food heats faster if i double the oven temperature?	The rate of heat flow between two objects is dependent on the temperature difference between them. So two objects (the air and your food) that differ by 100 degrees will experience faster heat flow than two objects that differ by 10 degrees.	[ "A convection oven allows a reduction in cooking temperature compared to a conventional oven. This comparison will vary, depending on factors including, for example, how much food is being cooked at once or if airflow is being restricted, for example by an oversized baking tray. This difference in cooking temperatu...
atoms and us	Atoms are like Lego. Different atoms can stick together with chemical bonds to build molecules, just like you can build all sorts of things out of Lego. The molecule has its own properties and behavior, but it's still a collection of atoms (Lego) all stuck together. Your whole body, skin and bones and all, is made o...	[ "Atoms are used for a number of purposes, mostly related to communication between different clients connected to the same server. In particular, they are used in association with the properties of windows, which are described below.\n", "Atom is a system on a chip (SoC) platform designed for smartphones and table...
Can metals be gas?	Yes. Nearly all metals have a boiling point. For those that don't, the boiling point is too high and they just form plasma instead. For example, tungsten: the atmospheric pressure boiling point extrapolated from the vapor pressure curve would be 5550 °C, and by that point enough would be ionized to call it a plasma (ju...	[ "In practical applications when looking at gases permeating metals, there is a way to relate gas pressure to concentration. Many gases exist as diatomic molecules when in the gaseous phase, but when permeating metals they exist in their singular ionic form. Sieverts' law states that the solubility of a gas, in the ...
what is going on in myanmar?	Since it's history, Myanmar has been ruled by either totalitarian dictators or, more recently, a military council. In 2007, there were large pro-Democracy protests which resulted in a violent government crackdown and the death of 13 people (Burma VJ, a documentary, can shed more light on this). For some reason or anoth...	[ "The internal conflict in Myanmar is a series of primarily ethnic conflicts within Myanmar that began shortly after the country, then known as Burma, became independent from the United Kingdom in 1948. The conflict is the world's longest ongoing civil war.\n", "24 August 2018, the day before the anniversary of th...
how do solo concert performers memorize such long pieces of music	Most orchestra musicians have sheet music in front of them. Otherwise, they memorize through extensive practice and knowledge of music theory.	[ "A professional orchestra, choir or chamber ensemble (e.g., string quartet or wind quintet) rehearses a piece (or song) in order to coordinate the rhythmic ensemble, ensure that the intonation of pitches of the different sections matches exactly, and coordinate the dynamics (changes in loudness and softness) and ph...
what is the turing machine, and how did it work with the google logo?	A Turing machine is a mathematical model for a computer. Mathematicians want to have everything rigorously defined so to study computing they need a model for the computer. Turing machine is not an early computer or anything like it. It was never meant to be used as a practical device or to be actually built. But it ca...	[ "The Turing machine was invented in 1936 by Alan Turing, who called it an \"a-machine\" (automatic machine). With this model, Turing was able to answer two questions in the negative: (1) Does a machine exist that can determine whether any arbitrary machine on its tape is \"circular\" (e.g., freezes, or fails to con...
If you had a big enough magnet orbit the earth would it produce electricity of some sort?	Yeah, you don't even need a magnet, you just need a long conducting cable. Orbiting things move very fast in Earth's magnetic field and so an electromotive force is produced in the cable due to induction. That's what you'd call an [Electrodynamic tether](_URL_0_). It'd be used for powering the spacecraft itself. Orbit...	[ "The development of modern rare earth magnets makes the simple magneto alternator a more practical proposition as a power generator, as these permit a greatly increased field strength. As the magnets are compact and of light weight, they generally form the rotor, so the output windings can be placed on the stator, ...
how do digital thermometers (such as in cars) display the correct temperature? how are they programmed to measure temperature?	Electrical thermistors. They change resisrancr based on temperature, then a computer or module (such as bcm in a car) interprets the resistance value and displays the temperature. SOURCE: I am an ASE and industry certified automotive technician	[ "Thermometers utilize a range of physical effects to measure temperature. Temperature sensors are used in a wide variety of scientific and engineering applications, especially measurement systems. Temperature systems are primarily either electrical or mechanical, occasionally inseparable from the system which they ...

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