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why does apple constantly run out of iphone's on launch date?	_URL_0_ > THEY CREATE THE ILLUSION OF SCARCITY TO INCREASE DEMAND > Luxury goods marketers have long realized that scarcity (real or perceived) makes a product more desirable and in demand. Scarcity not only increases the value of a product, it propels the procrastinators and all us who want to be part of the trend...	[ "On the Monday following the iPhone 6S's launch weekend, Apple announced that they had sold 13 million models, a record-breaking number that exceeded the 10 million launch sales of the iPhone 6 in 2014. In the months following the launch, Apple saw its first-ever quarterly year-over-year decline in iPhone sales, at...
if we cna raed wehn teh ltetrs are lkie tihs, why can’t we understand easily when speech is run backwards or scrambled?	The scrambled-word effect you refer you is mostly fake, the product of a hoax chain email that was passed around 10 or 15 years ago. There isn't actually much research about this effect, and most examples are hand-crafted to be very easy to decode. Uginsrrsnpiluy inidadluvis wniitrg pehrass wcihh uiiltze liheetgnr ...	[ "TMoA is classified as a non-fluent aphasia that is characterized by a significantly reduced output of speech, but good auditory comprehension. Auditory comprehension skills remain intact because the arcuate fasciculus and Wernicke's area are not impaired. Individuals with TMoA also exhibit good repetition skills a...
What is tickling and why don't other animals do it?	YES! BOOM! Read it and weep ask science! You all thought this was a silly question. There is an extensive literature on rat tickling and rat laughter. It is the long-term project of Jaak Panksepp, who's exploring the neural basis of positive affect. Here is a nice review by him in [Science](_URL_0_) As to the spe...	[ "Tickling is defined by many child psychologists as an integral bonding activity between parent and children. In the parent-child concept, tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust-bond developed so that parents may touch a child, in an unpleasant way, ...
Can the blade of an expensive stainless survival knife really be that different from a reasonable quality chefs knife?	I know a good bit about blades for use in combat, survival and cooking. Cooking knives, excepting butcher's knives and cleavers, are made from high carbon steel (1095 steel is fairly typical for a high end cooking knife) and go through only a cursory tempering process. Because of how they're used, there's no need for...	[ "In order to improve the chef's knife's multi-purpose abilities, some owners employ \"differential sharpening\" along the length of the blade. The fine tip, used for precision work such as mincing, might be ground with a very sharp, acute cutting bevel; the midsection or belly of the blade receives a moderately sha...
how is measured the thermical sensation, the temperature that we feel	Thermoception (yes, that's actually what this is called) isn't actually sensing temperature, but sensing heat flux (or, the movement of heat into or out of your body). Because heat flux is determined in part by temperature differences, the greater the difference in temperature between you and the object you're touching...	[ "A feeling thermometer, also known as a thermometer scale, is a type of visual analog scale that allows respondents to rank their views of a given subject on a scale from \"cold\" (indicating disapproval) to \"hot\" (indicating approval), analogous to the temperature scale of a real thermometer. It is often used in...
how does cool sculpting work to freeze away fat	It crystallizes fat cells which are dead once broken down. Then the dead cells get taken away by the body as waste. The amount of cells that crystallize varies, and I've heard it's not the most comfortable thing in the world. The best answer to weight loss is still exercise and a balanced diet.	[ "The shaving process is a finishing operation where a small amount of metal is sheared away from an already blanked part. Its main purpose is to obtain better dimensional accuracy, but secondary purposes include squaring the edge and smoothing the edge. Blanked parts can be shaved to an accuracy of up to 0.025 mm (...
why does hydrogen peroxide works so well as a disinfectant? how does a substance necessary for life turns into another that easily becomes toxic?	Hydrogen peroxide is two oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms stuck together, but this is incredibly unstable. Oxygen does not like to be stuck to other oxygens, except for perhaps O2, but even that isn't particularly stable, hence why it will readily burn and become CO2 and H2O. Hydrogen peroxide would much rather ...	[ "Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive ga...
Why do we twist and turn our tongue in precision-demanding situations (i.e. fitting a thread in a needle's eye)?	So, this is more of a neuroscience question and this was made slightly famous with the legendary Michael Jordan dunk, in which he sticks his tongue out while in the air. The human tongue has a large representation on the cortex, the somatosensory cortex located on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. This cortex...	[ "Appropriate motion and strength of the tongue are vital for eating, swallowing, and breathing. Tongue motion plays a fundamental role in the development of oral and facial structures, as insufficient tongue motion may cause many body malfunctions.\n", "Experiments that have studied the Tip-of-the tongue (TOT) ph...
what is the difference between butter and margarine?	Margarine is a non-dairy product created as a substitute for butter. While originally made from animal fat in the 1800s, today the primary ingredients include vegetable oil, water, salt, emulsifiers, and some also include milk.	[ "Butter is made from the butterfat of milk, whereas modern margarine is made mainly of refined vegetable oil and water. In some places in the United States, it is colloquially referred to as oleo, short for oleomargarine. In Britain, it can be referred to colloquially as marge. Margarine consists of a water-in-fat ...
Why didn't Prussia and Austria-Hungary get in the colonial game?	I can't speak for Austria-Hungary, but my understanding was that Bismark always saw it as a waste of time and money. The total costs of conquest, maintenance and defense from other European powers was, at least for sub-Saharan Africa, much higher than the benefits. While there were a lot of individuals who became spect...	[ "This colonial move made by the Austrians was primarily to justify the naval aspirations of several Austrian ministers. The Hungarian Parliament had been for some time opposed to naval expansion, and the Austrians had slowly been pressuring the Hungarians for increased naval expenditures in the national budget. Wit...
Did Stalin enjoy a higher standard of living that the average Soviet citizen? If so, how did he justify it?	There are two things related to the original question that are in order to be addressed. First, the idea of 'average Soviet citizen' is a pretty vague term, given rather substantial disparity of standards of living between various social groups in the USSR. Rural population, especially people in kolhozes (collective fa...	[ "Overall, between 1960 and 1989, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries). According to Stanley Fischer and William Easterly, growth could have been faster. By their calculation, per capita income of Soviet Union in 1989 should have been ...
why do mother, father, and daughter end with -er and son doesn't/seems so different from the other three?	All of those words have roots in [Proto Indo European](_URL_0_) languages, dating back at least 5000 years. And the difference in the ending existed even then: - Mother = meH₂tér - Father = pH₂tér - Daughter = dhugH₂-tér - Son = suHnú Nouns in PIE were very complex, with three different genders and eight different ca...	[ "Two mothers, for example, are equivalent, because each has a similar pattern of connections with a husband, children, etc. The two mothers do not have ties to the same husband or the same children, so they are not structurally equivalent. Because different mothers may have different numbers of husbands and childre...
During the Cold War, did the people who operated nuclear weapons in nuclear weapon countries receive special training to ensure that they would actually carry out orders?	Yes. Human reliability was considered a key aspect of deterrence theory. In the US this was especially stressed, and any indication that one might not carry out the orders would lead to one not being assigned to nuclear duties. (The case of Harold Hering is instructive on this — in the 1970s, he asked, while being trai...	[ "The United States was the first country to manufacture nuclear weapons and is the only country to have used them in combat, with the separate bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. Before and during the Cold War, it conducted over a thousand nuclear tests and tested many long-range nuclear weapons del...
Was Ireland ruled by the English for 800 years?	I have recommended this book elsewhere on the subreddit, but from a 20th century angle I really rate Making Sense of the Troubles by David McVea and David McKittrick. It explains, in a clear and non-partisan way, the context and effects of the 1922 partition of Ireland, which was the root cause of violence in the Nor...	[ "Although parts of Ireland had been under English control since the twelfth century, the English (after 1706 British) government was in control of the entire island by 1700. By this time, several wars had occurred, including the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Cromwellian conquest (1649–1653), and the Williamite W...
In the later Medieval ages (1300 - 1500) were heavily armored spearmen ever deployed?	Yes. Specifically, in the Hundred Years War both the English and French fielded dismounted men-at-arms who wielded shortened lances as spears. The English did this at Crecy, among other battles, and the French copied them at Poitiers. In the mid-14th century, these dismounted men at arms would have worn plate limb def...	[ "From the 11th to 14th centuries when medieval jousting was still practised in connection to the use of the lance in warfare, armour evolved from mail (with a solid, heavy helmet, called a \"great helm\", and shield) to plate armour. By 1400, knights wore full suits of plate armour, called a \"harness\" (Clephan 28...
How can a black hole have an electric field around it?	Virtual photons don't really travel at c. In fact, it's kind of vacuous to assign a speed to virtual particles at all (the only way I can think of is to assign it every possible speed at once). Virtual particles are just a name for certain parts of equations, and don't really behave similarly to real particles at all. ...	[ "A charged black hole is a black hole that possesses electric charge. Since the electromagnetic repulsion in compressing an electrically charged mass is dramatically greater than the gravitational attraction (by about 40 orders of magnitude), it is not expected that black holes with a significant electric charge wi...
Was there female hysteria over musicians prior to the 20th century?	Oh lordy lordy yes. The castrati were wading knee-deep in fawning women, and men too for that matter. Farinelli's arrival in London in 1734 was met with a great deal of hysteria. The legendary chant "One God, One Farinelli!" comes from this time period, and its blasphemy makes "Beiber Fever" look pretty lame, even if...	[ "During the early 20th century, the number of women diagnosed with female hysteria sharply declined. This decline has been attributed to many factors. Some medical authors claim that the decline was due to gaining a greater understanding of the psychology behind conversion disorders such as hysteria.\n", "The ter...
What was the status of women in the neolithic period? and what caused the change if there was any?	'The Neolithic' is kind of a broad period; we could be talking about anything between the rise of agriculture in the Near East around 8000 BC to the start of the Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia around 1600 BC. Because this is such a broad and diverse period, it makes just as much sense to look at contemporary or near-...	[ "In preindustrial societies, menarche typically occurred later than in current industrial societies. After menarche, menstruation was suppressed during much of a woman's reproductive life by either pregnancy or nursing. Reductions in age of menarche and lower fertility rates mean that modern women menstruate far mo...
Which language was spoken during negotiations between Finland and Russia in the interwar period?	I'd dare to say that during the negotiations of the Talvisota was Russian, since most of the finnish officers and politicians were born during the Czar's reign. -The ''lingua franca'' at time was French, but English started to be regarded as a viable option too -Indeed it is in some aspects, but I wouldn't know how ...	[ "During World War II, the secret protocol in Molotov-Ribbentrop pact enabled the Winter War (1939–40), a Soviet attack on Finland. Finland and Nazi Germany were \"co-belligerents\" against Soviet Union during Continuation War (1941–44), but a separate peace with Soviet Union led to the Finnish-German Lapland War (1...
what does it mean to "optimize" a game?	I'll give you a quick example, as I recently released a game on mobile, a platform where you're particularly constrained on resources. There's other kinds of optimizations, especially ones that are much more "lower level", but this is one example that came to mind. In my game, there's an effect where you can freeze an...	[ "Adaptive optimizing is a method in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of parts of a program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade-off between just-in-time compiling and interpreting instructions. At another level, adapt...
why is the indian stereotype so common in "comedy" tv-shows?	because people can find stereotypes funny. Possibly Indian shows have stereotypes of Americans as a comedic part of them. Certainly most countries stereotype people inside and outside their country. Sometimes for hate reasons, other times for comedy reasons.	[ "The typical Indian soap opera is by-far the most common genre on Indian television. Fiction shows (which also includes thriller dramas and sitcoms) are extremely popular among Indian audiences, as they reflect real family issues portrayed in a melodramatic fashion.\n", "Unlike the season based production in most...
Meteorologists of AskScience: Some questions about hurricane tracking	Differentiating between "computer models" and "ensemble models" is a misnomer. An ensemble system uses a series of models that all differ slightly in some way or another. Often, they are all simulations using the same model, but each member of the ensemble is changed very slightly and allowed to diverge from the othe...	[ "The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model is a specialized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and is used to forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones. The model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Naval Resear...
have we ever found a 'sleeping t rex'? i mean, what did a tyrannosaurus look like sleeping? are they more like horses or dogs?	> Have we ever found a 'sleeping T Rex'? By necessity all the fossils of dinosaurs or anything else we have found have been dead. This generally limits our ability to determine what pose they would take while sleeping.	[ "\"Tyrannosaurus\" becomes depicted as Horner imagines it: a big, slow-moving animal, traveling across the landscape in search of a carcass. Horner thinks \"Tyrannosaurus\" would have a repulsive look: A dark body, a red head, and it would give off a terrible smell. This would help it frighten away other meateaters...
In most my classes right now, I have been told to assume that fluid is incompressible. Curious about what happens when you try to compress a fluid?	It compresses. We assume liquids (and gases in some cases) to be incompressible because in many cases the change in volume is so small that it is insignificant. For example, a mass of water at atmospheric pressure has the same volume as the same mass of water at 10 atmospheres to three decimal places. In reality th...	[ "Incompressible flow does not imply that the fluid itself is incompressible. It is shown in the derivation below that (under the right conditions) even compressible fluids can – to a good approximation – be modelled as an incompressible flow. Incompressible flow implies that the density remains constant within a pa...
what would happen to the sun if it was dowsed in water	It would actually get hotter. Water usually puts out fires because the water prevents the fire from getting more oxygen to sustain itself. However, the sun isn't a big ball of stuff on fire. It is powered by its own gravity. The sun crushes down on its center so hard that the hydrogen therein fuses together into heli...	[ "In solar water disinfection (often shortened as \"sodis\"), microbes are destroyed by temperature and UVA radiation provided by the sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic PET bottle or plastic bag, oxygenated by shaking partially filled capped bottles prior to filling the bottles all the way, and left in th...
how do lakes and landlocked seas get populated with aquatic life?	An important thing to remember is that bodies of water that are cut off from other water often were connected in the past. Sea levels were higher in the past, connecting currently isolated bodies of water. Large scale flooding does the same.	[ "The organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes. The deep waters, however, contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order mysida), the deepwater scud (a crustacean of the order amphipoda),...
why can't we just cover a proportion of the desert with solar panels to provide the world with energy?	So electricity. It needs to be moved and can only be used as generated without significant infrastructure. So lets just look at moving Electricity from Arizona to say Maine. Line losses. Electricity needs to be at high voltages to move it. that is why AC won out over DC. Not because Tesla rocked and Edison was a jackw...	[ "In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly ...
why is youtube getting steadily worse?	I'm sure there is someone who can explain it better but I'll try. Youtube uses DASH playback, it loads the video you watch in chunks. When you watch till a certain point, they will load the next chunk. What it does is save Youtube bandwidth so they won't waste it when you buffer the whole video but only watch part of ...	[ "On November 4, 2017, \"The New York Times\" published an article about the \"startling\" videos slipping past YouTube's filters and disturbing children, \"either by mistake or because bad actors have found ways to fool the YouTube Kids algorithms\". On November 6, author James Bridle published on Medium a piece ti...
Do the Axis have any famous units like the ones recognized on the Allied side like Easy Company or The Rats of Tobruk?	The Italian [Xa Flottiglia MAS](_URL_1_) are considered the inspiration for the US Navy Seals. They conducted unconventional underwater warfare in WW2, attaching pilot-able torpedoes to the bottom of ships hulls and sank various British freighters, tankers, the Cruiser HMS York, and the battleships HMS Valiant and HMS ...	[ "Axis America are a group of bio-genetic saboteurs and spies who have been created by the Axis powers during World War II. The objective of their creation was to cripple the American homeland security.\n", "Axis & Allies is a series of World War II strategy board games. Originally designed by Larry Harris and pub...
If the "race" of people known as Normans were so successful in the 11th century, why is it that the "race" seems to have died out?	The Normans come from Viking descent and settled the area now known as Normandy, they were legitimized as land holding vassals, Rolo to be specific, to the French Crown in about 917. From that point on it appears that the Normans spread out from Normandy with a handful heading south to Italy and then north in 1066, pr...	[ "The Norman race has a human appearance and is the race that was played in RO1. They use the Job System, allowing them to switch their job at will and take advantage of specialty skills. The original appearance of the Norman, a very childish look, was re-designed for a more mature look. The race's name may likely b...
Is there any solid studies about sleep cycles and the benefits of each?	Yes, there are. However, that's a lot of information to review...in lieu of me typing a novel, is there a more specific question you have?	[ "As a consequence the field of sleep medicine has become an increasingly popular sub-specialty of medicine. In order to provide evidence for this medical specialty, sleep epidemiology provides data on the incidence and prevalence of good and poor sleep. This then allows the collection of evidence for the causes and...
How true is the claim that the Holodomor famine was a man made famine by the Soviet Union to crush Ukranian Nationalism?	We have featured answers to this and related questions from time to time, and among the most relevant are [So I'm reading Volume Two of Stephen Kotkin's 'Stalin' and in it he argues that the famine in Ukraine was not deliberate. Is this a break with mainstream history regarding the issue?](_URL_2_), with u/Kieslow...	[ "The Holodomor famine has been frequently described as a deliberate \"Terror-Famine\" campaign organized by the Soviet authorities against the Ukrainian population. It resulted in deaths of millions of ethnic Ukrainians of starvation in peacetime. Entire nations and ethnic groups were collectively punished by the S...
Are electric and magnetic fields relative?	You're right, electric and magnetic fields change according to the frame of reference. A pure electric field in a certain frame may change to a combination of electric and magnetic fields in another frame. That link is actually what ultimately led to the development of the theory of special relativity by Einstein and o...	[ "According to Maxwell's equations, a spatially varying electric field is always associated with a magnetic field that changes over time. Likewise, a spatially varying magnetic field is associated with specific changes over time in the electric field. In an electromagnetic wave, the changes in the electric field are...
Is there a reason why phone screens are made of glass and not something harder to crack, like plastic?	Glass is harder and isn't scratched as easily as plastic. This at least was the reason [Apple](_URL_0_) screens were made from glass.	[ "Some owners however complain that the all-glass construction leads to a phone that is fragile and easily broken. Additionally, if the earlier phones are left on a smooth surface, an alarm with vibration will cause the phone to \"walk\" off the surface and fall. The glass screen is also sensitive to breakage due to...
History of the...Banana?	Hi! So I took a class at my university this past semester called Geography of Commodities and one of the things we actually studied was the banana! Most of the information here is coming from a pair of books that I had to read a couple chapters out of. The first is *[Banana: The Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World...	[ "The history of the 'banana republic' began with the introduction of the banana fruit to the U.S. in 1870, by Lorenzo Dow Baker, captain of the schooner \"Telegraph\", who bought bananas in Jamaica and sold them in Boston at a 1,000% profit. The banana proved popular with Americans, as a nutritious tropical fruit t...
please explain to me how prisons are allowed to be privatized, and what their purpose is compared to public (as in, are they better for prisoners, better for the state, etc?)	Prisons are allowed to be privitized because local and state governments passes laws saying they were allowed to be privitized. The purpose was an effort to reduce the incredibly high cost of prisons (and lots of corruption by people who have financial gain from it--which from any perspective or stance on the situati...	[ "Many critics of private prisons argue that prison privatization serves as a large agent for cultivating and feeding into the prison-industrial complex in the United States. John W. Whitehead, constitutional attorney and founder of the Rutherford Institute asserts \"Prison privatization simply encourages incarcerat...
What is the difference between DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase?	So, I'm sure you already know the distinction between Type I Topoisomerases (creates single stranded cuts in DNA, no ATP required, relaxes negative and positive supercoils in eukaryotes) and Type II Topoisomerases (creates a double stranded break, requires ATP, relieves positive and negative supercoils). So DNA Gyrase...	[ "Type I topoisomerases are ATP-independent enzymes (except for reverse gyrase), and can be subdivided according to their structure and reaction mechanisms: type IA (bacterial and archaeal topoisomerase I, topoisomerase III and reverse gyrase) and type IB (eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzym...
why is vanilla considered the "neutral" or "natural" ice cream flavour?	It was so good, so versatile and so available that it became boring. It was overexposed, overdone and copied poorly so often and for so long that the general population forgot how good it really is when done well. It got buried under a mountain of its own success.	[ "Vanilla is frequently used to flavor ice cream, especially in North America and Europe. Vanilla ice cream, like other flavors of ice cream, was originally created by cooling a mixture made of cream, sugar, and vanilla above a container of ice and salt. The type of vanilla used to flavor ice cream varies by locatio...
how is it that during wwii, many european landmarks like the eiffel tower or westminster abbey survived years of bombings?	You don't bomb randomly, you normally aim for industry and infrastructure. Also many buildings were heavily damaged and restored afterwards.	[ "The cathedral suffered fourteen hits by aerial bombs during World War II. Badly damaged, it nevertheless remained standing in an otherwise completely flattened city. The twin spires were an easily recognizable navigational landmark for Allied aircraft bombing.\n", "Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of Lon...
How are data coverage maps for Verizon, AT & T, etc. generated?	My time to SHINE! I worked for a company called [MobileComm](_URL_0_). They rig up rental cars with power inverters to power laptops connected to an array of cellphones that make various call types, call lengths, and data transfers. They then drive around in areas of a given city and test specific carriers' signal ...	[ "CoverageRight is composed of licensed GIS file datasets that identify the marketed coverage of wireless operators in the United States and worldwide. It enables users to perform spatial analyses, monitor competitive build-outs, analyze coverage trends and assemble roaming footprints. This data has been utilized by...
how do companies benefit from giving [x amt.] dollars off coupons?	The business issuing the coupon hopes that people who receive them might make a purchase they might otherwise not (thus earning some revenue), and/or to choose their product over the competition (possibly building loyalty to the product/brand).	[ "The use of coupons in retail is an attempt to distinguish customers by their reserve price. The assumption is that people who go through the trouble of collecting coupons have greater price sensitivity than those who do not. Thus, making coupons available enables, for instance, breakfast cereal makers to charge hi...
How do invertebrates, like the octopus, protect their vital organs?	The octopus brain is behind its eyes, and yes it is fairly small. Octopi have a very developed intelligence, and as we refine methodologies for studying octopus behaviour and intelligence their intellect is becoming very apparent. They can change the shape of their bodies quite dramatically, with the [Indonesian Mimic ...	[ "The highly sensitive suction cups and prehensile arms of octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish allow them to hold and manipulate objects. However, unlike vertebrates, the motor skills of octopuses do not seem to depend upon mapping their body within their brains, as the ability to organize complex movements is not thou...
exactly how does a tesla valve work?	Oh damn tesla valves are genius. This video will probably explain it better than I can: _URL_0_ The idea is that gas will always follow the easiest path it sees, ie, forward. In one direction, there's only one forwards each time a junction is found, so the gas just goes down there. However, going the other way, every ...	[ "Poppet valves are used in most reciprocating engines to open and close the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder head. The valve is usually a flat disk of metal with a long rod known as the \"valve stem\" attached to one side.\n", "A Tesla valve, called by Tesla a valvular conduit, is a fixed-geometry passive...
How signifigant is america compared to civilizations past?	You do realize /r/murica is a joke subreddit, right? Anyway, there's really no way to estimate what you mean by "significant", and, if you're going to compare the US to Rome, than no. America, as a superpower, existed since, what, WW1? WW2? that's about a 100 years. The British and Spanish empires existed for far lon...	[ "There is a growing consensus among American historians and political scientists that the United States during the American Century grew into an empire resembling in many ways Ancient Rome. Currently, there is a debate over implications of imperial tendencies of U.S. foreign policy on democracy and social order.\n"...
Physics of a remote control helicopter in a car	No. This is why we wear seat belts. This is just simply mechanics. The helicopter is floating in an inertial frame along with the air in the car and, at least initially, the car. Let's say everything is traveling at 60mph relative to the street. All of a sudden the cars starts decelerating. From the helicopter's frame,...	[ "A remote control vehicle is defined as any vehicle that is teleoperated by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. A remote control vehicle or RCV differs from a robot in tha...
can the us declare bankruptcy?	Sort of, although 'bankruptcy' is the wrong term. A sovereign state cannot declare bankruptcy because there is no-one to declare to. Instead they could announce they would fail to honour their debt obligations and default on the debt. This would cause massive shockwaves throughout the global economy since US debt is co...	[ "Bankruptcy in the United States is a matter placed under federal jurisdiction by the United States Constitution (in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 4), which empowers Congress to enact \"uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States\". Congress has enacted statutes governing bankruptcy, pri...
why is it that while at work, i feel like i have to constantly use the bathroom, but at home at night, i rarely do?	Two ideas: 1. You're staying hydrated better at work. I know I did when I worked in an office. 2. You're less stimulated and more aware of the need, so you have a lower threshold for actually stopping what you're doing and going to the bathroom. In short, I know the title says biology, but I doubt the actual answ...	[ "A survey by the National Sleep Foundation has found that 30% of participants have admitted to sleeping while on duty. More than 90% of Americans have experienced a problem at work because of a poor night's sleep. One in four admit to shirking duties on the job for the same reason, either calling in sick or napping...
Would certain stars become invisible at high-enough speeds?	Stars emit a very wide spectrum, of which visible light is but a narrow slice. As you sped up, visible wavelengths would shift out of the visible range, but sub-visible wavelengths such as infrared, microwaves, and longer radio waves would simultaneously shift into view. Most stars would grow dimmer, since their radiat...	[ "In 1913, Willem de Sitter argued that if this was true, a star in a double-star system would usually have an orbit that caused it to have alternating approach and recession velocities, and light emitted from different parts of the orbital path would then travel towards us at different speeds. For a nearby star wit...
What would happen if the universe's electromagnetic force was the strongest compared to the other forces?	Then atoms can't be stable, em force can drag the proton out of the nucleus, overpowering the strong force. All matter will interact via electron capture and form dense neutron stars and uncharged blackholes. Proton decay can't happen due to em force overpowering the weak force responsible for nuclear reactions.	[ "All of the known forces of the universe are classified into four fundamental interactions. The strong and the weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force...
why do people go to college to get an art degree?	How much can you improve on your own? I could spend all day for years trying to teach myself to play the trumpet, but I'll only improve bit by bit. If I were to work with a professional trumpet player every day, I'll get better much faster. Colleges have dozens of art professionals who will help you and direct your ...	[ "Since World War II, artist training has become the charge of colleges and universities and contemporary art has become an increasingly academic and intellectual field. Prior to World War II an artist did not need a college degree. Since that time the Bachelor of Fine Arts and then the Master of Fine Arts became re...
What is actually happening when I press a key on a computer?	It will be different on different systems, but a quick overview: * you pressing the key will close a circuit in the keyboard * the [keyboard controller chip](_URL_0_) will translate that into a "make code" (there is a corresponding "break code" when you release the key) * the keyboard controller then signals an i...	[ "Computer programmers historically used \"Press any key to continue\" (or a similar text) as a prompt to the user when it was necessary to pause processing. The system would resume after the user pressed any keyboard button.\n", "When pressing a keyboard key, the key contacts may \"bounce\" against each other for...
the point of viruses.	The point? Life doesn't really need a point. It simply exists because it can.	[ "A virus is a biological infective agent that infect living hosts and reproduces inside the host cells. Viral infect all forms of life; can cause disease in humans, animals, plants and even insects. The science of studying viruses also called as Virology. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that di...
Were there "detectives" in the Middle Ages?	There is no direct overlay between our notions of police, detection, or framework of justice to effectively answer this - an explanation of how law and order worked across the middle ages is a herculean task. As such, I can only answer a fragment of this from my specific field which is France in the 13-14th century. I ...	[ "BULLET::::- Anthony Perron, \"Fugitives from the Cloister: Law and Order in William of Æbelholt's Denmark,\" in \"Law and Learning in the Middle Ages\", ed. Helle Vogt and Mia Münster-Swendsen (Copenhagen, 2006), pp. 123–36.\n", "The renowned crime writers of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction were mostly Briti...
How comparable is the rise of nationalist and racist ideologies in the mid 20th century as opposed to now?	This submission has been removed because it involves current events. To keep from discussion of politics, we have a [20-year rule](_URL_0_) here. You may want to try /r/ask_politics or another current-events focused sub. For further explanation of this rule, feel free to consult [this Rules Roundtable](_URL_1_).	[ "Authors such as Hannah Arendt, in her 1951 book \"The Origins of Totalitarianism\", have said that the racist ideology (\"popular racism\") which developed at the end of the 19th century helped legitimize the imperialist conquests of foreign territories and the atrocities that sometimes accompanied them (such as t...
why the us has troops in germany and japan.	I can only answer you the german part. As far as I know, most of the US troops in germany are from [EUCOM](_URL_0_). As the US already had bases in germany after the second world war, they just kept part of them as strategic points for all europe based actions, which are mainly NATO missions. As germany is very central...	[ "The term has been used to describe German and Japanese international involvement during and after Gulf War I. Their history made both countries unable to commit troops to the coalition because of restrictions placed into their constitutions when they were drawn up under allied occupation following World War II (se...
How did soldiers colloquially address each other during the War of 1812?	Most likely as his rank. Private Smith. Maybe just his name is there was a closeness or relaxed situation, or maybe in the interest of time or stress but unlikely between an officer and the ranks. Mr. Smith would be if he was a junior officer and a senior officer was addressing him. Though this was usually more true i...	[ "William Day (October 23, 1715 in Springfield, Massachusetts – March 22, 1797 in Sheffield) was a Springfield, Massachusetts (United States), sea captain who acted against America's enemies in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. In 1777 he received the first gun salute to an American ...
why does relaxing/removing drug laws lead to a decrease in drug use?	Because harsh drug laws start people down a spiral. You get arrested, potentially lose your job, maybe spend some time in jail, and when your charges are done you don't have much else to do than go get high, repeat cycle. If you give people reasonable social alternatives, maybe drugs don't feel like the only option An...	[ "Drug policy reform, also known as drug law reform, is any proposed changes to the way governments respond to the socio-cultural influence on perception of psychoactive substance use. Proponents of drug policy reform believe that prohibition of drugs—such as cannabis, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and hallucinogen...
What happened to investors during the Great Depression who managed to hold onto their assets? Were they fine a few years down the line if the companies they invested in didn't collapse? Are there noable examples?	It depends on when and how they bought. If you got some stocks in 1920, paying out of your hard-earned wages, you were fine; July 1920 is a convenient starting point because the Dow Jones is at about 1000 then. It goes down to about 750 at the nadir of the crash, but recovers the 1000 level by 1933 and from there it's ...	[ "Many firms, individuals, and hedge funds went bankrupt or suffered heavy losses due to purchasing commodities at high prices only to see their values decline sharply in mid to late 2008. Many manufacturing companies were also crippled by the rising cost of oil and other commodities such as transition metals.\n", ...
What exactly happens if you drink alcohol after a workout day?	Follow up questions: What is better for muscular growth, working out and drinking, or not working out and drinking? How does timing come into play in such a circumstance?	[ "The metabolic processes required for alcohol elimination deplete essential vitamins and electrolytes. Furthermore, alcohol is a diuretic, causing excretion of electrolytes through urination. After a night of drinking, the resulting lack of key B and C vitamins, as well as potassium, magnesium, and zinc may cause f...
i assume seeds have no scent, and birds can't smell them. how do they ever stumble upon bird feeders?	_URL_0_ According to this article, they primarily use sight to find bird feeders, and then call other birds to the food source.	[ "Although bumblebees cannot apparently communicate resource location, it appears that foraging activation can communicate which floral species was particularly rewarding through scent, as the activated nestmates show preference for the odour brought home by the returning forager.\n", "Though the Japanese quail po...
What comes out of nuclear power stations' chimneys?	You are probably thinking of [cooling towers](_URL_1_), which are used sometimes in nuclear power plants but are used in many other types of plants as well. The main output of a cooling tower is heat. In order to maintain its [thermodynamic cycle](_URL_0_), a power plant must reject waste heat into the environment. ...	[ "Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue gas stacks and are generally external structures, as opposed to those built into the wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork. Today the use of rein...
How did the federal government’s treatment of Black freedmen compare with that of Native Americans? What group do you think got off better and why?	This will be incredibly difficult to source due to the broad nature of the question (which, curiously, sounds like a high school test question), but I'll give you my opinion. I've researched and written on Native American history for years, so you can take it or leave it. The federal government didn't want to deal wi...	[ "Corruption, lack of accountability, and racial violence resulted in \"one of the harshest and most exploitative labor systems known in American history.\" African Americans, mostly adult males, due to “vigorous and selective enforcement of laws and discriminatory sentencing,” made up the vast majority—but not all—...
what is an induction motor?	Normal motors are DC motors, synchronous AC motors, or universal motors. Induction motors are unique in that they provide torque at a wide range of RPMs while requiring no contacts that can wear out. Metals tend to resist moving magnetic fields. If you move a powerful magnet quickly past some metal, the metal will get ...	[ "An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induc...
people when they get old seem to be shorter than when they were young with at least a few inches. why??	Besides older people who 'stoop' or are unable to stand up completely straight due to arthritis and the such, the cervical discs in between each vertebrae get compressed as people get older. Each disc gets a little smaller, but with like 16 discs, even 1/16th of an inch per disc will shrink you by an inch..	[ "Short stature can also be caused by the bone plates fusing at an earlier age than normal, therefore stunting growth. Normally, the bone age is the same as the biological age but for some people, it is older. For many people with advanced bone ages, they hit a growth spurt early on which propels them to average hei...
Did Europe know about the whole of Africa in the 10 and 11th century?	No. That's part of why the Portuguese were so surprised to find that Africa curved southward so distantly in the 1470s; they had no conception of it that early. It's arguable how much knowledge existed of areas south of the Sahara, although accounts of places like Wagadu (Ghana) and Kanem-Bornu existed from the 9th c...	[ "In 1154, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi created a description of the world and a world map, the Tabula Rogeriana, at the court of King Roger II of Sicily, but still Africa was only partially known to either Christians, Genoese and Venetians, or the Arab seamen, and its southern extent unknown. There were r...
why and how do i sometimes sneeze when i'm turned on?	Nobody knows. [Sexually induced sneezing](_URL_0_) has been known of since 1897, but about all that's known is that a given person will tend to sneeze at the same point - so some people sneeze when they start getting turned on, some sneeze after orgasming. It might have something to do with the central nervous system (...	[ "The photic sneeze effect is a genetic tendency to begin sneezing, sometimes many times consecutively (due to naso-ocular reflex), when suddenly exposed to bright light. This condition tends to occur more severely after one has emerged into the light after spending time in a dark environment. Although the syndrome ...
How were the Armenian military able to so easily defeat Azerbaijan in the Nagorno Karabakh war when the Azeri military were superior in every way?	As noted the Armenians had support from the Russians, as well as what I would argue was a more determined resolve to take control over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Armenians also had the support of their diaspora, of which the American-based Armenian community was able to lobby Congress to forbid any aid to go to Azerbaijan i...	[ "The Azeri armed forces took a series of devastating defeats by Armenian forces during the 1992–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War, which resulted in the loss of control of Nagorno-Karabakh proper and seven surrounding rayons, comprising roughly 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani sources insist that Armenian vi...
continued fraction arithmetic	What about it?	[ "As explained in recurring decimals, whenever an irreducible fraction is written in radix point notation in any base, the fraction can be expressed exactly (terminates) if and only if all the prime factors of its denominator are also prime factors of the base. Thus, in base-ten (= 2×5) system, fractions whose denom...
how or why is it legal for companies like comcast and time warner cable(usa) or rogers and bell (canada) to have such obvious control over almost the entire market?	Because they (for the most part) write the very regulations that are meant to control them. Those regulations conveniently suppress competition, thus allowing the remaining large players to enjoy their legally protected monopoly.	[ "Comcast and Time Warner Cable did not directly compete for customers; there was no physical overlap in the respective service areas where they offer services. More generally, there is almost no physical overlap in the service areas of any of the US cable providers. Unlike countries where local-loop unbundling allo...
Can a blackhole exist without a singularity?	No. This was proven by Penrose in one of his famous singularity theorems. The definition of a black hole is essentially the following. Suppose there is a point from which escape to points that are very far away is impossible. The boundary of all such points in space is the event horizon of a black hole. The precise d...	[ "While in a non-rotating black hole the singularity occurs at a single point in the model coordinates, called a \"point singularity\", in a rotating black hole, also known as a Kerr black hole, the singularity occurs on a ring (a circular line), known as a \"ring singularity\". Such a singularity may also theoretic...
what are the scientifically proven causes of cancer?	That's a tough one to answer, largely because we are now discovering that there are many manifestations of cancer. This is very much a layman's definition, but in short, we can say that cancerous cells are cells that have mutated in such a way that they do not perform their usual task within the organism, but which al...	[ "In recent years it has come to the attention of researchers that many types of cancer are caused largely due to epigenetic factors. Cancer can be caused in a variety of ways due to differential methylation of histones. Since the discovery of oncogenes as well as tumor suppressor genes it has been known that a larg...
what actually happens to the body during chemo and radiation treatments?	Chemo: _URL_1_ TL;DR; Chemo works by poisoning the body carefully. The idea is that since cancer cells grow and divide quickly, they take up more of that poison quickly and die while other cells don't take in as much generally survive. Chemo just generally kills the cancer cells more than normal cells. Radiation: _UR...	[ "The treatment's ionizing radiation is an activation mechanism for apoptosis (cell death) within the targeted cancer, but it can also impact nearby healthy radiosensitive tissues, like the lumbosacral plexus. The occurrence and severity of RILP is related to the magnitude of ionizing radiation and the radiosensitiv...
What do the "real" versions of other gauge bosons do?	The other ones can be made real too, you just never see them in nature, because the W and Z bosons have huge masses (around 90 GeV/c^(2)), and the gluons are subject to QCD confinement. You can produce them in accelerator experiments, but besides that, you won’t find them around in nature. So you can’t have a Z boson ...	[ "In particle physics, a gauge boson is a force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces. Elementary particles, whose interactions are described by a gauge theory, interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons—usually as virtual particl...
why is business broadband much more expensive than residential?	Usually business connections have service and connection guarantees. For example, AT & T might promise that your business will get X speed for 99.999% of the month, guaranteed, or something. They will also make service calls with increased priority.	[ "BULLET::::- Urban access: Proponents of national broadband policy believe that it would have a positive effect on the urban poor and provide them with many more opportunities for Internet access. In impoverished urban areas, many people are unable to afford the payments to bring broadband services into their homes...
Did Freud steal the Oedipus Complex from Diderot?	Didn't know this actually, but it got my scholarly mind going, so I did some research. And I found an answer in ["The Oedipus Complex: A Philosophical Study"](_URL_0_) by Seymour Keitlen. Let me quote: "(...) [T]he idea of the Oedipus complex would have to be attributed technically to Diderot. However, it was Freud (...	[ "Sigmund Freud used the name \"the Oedipus complex\" to explain the origin of certain neuroses in childhood. It is defined as a male child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother. This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent's death, as well as the unco...
how do the battery meters in phones/laptops/other electronics 'adapt' to changing battery life as a device ages?	Short answer - badly. longer answer - they monitor the amount of energy that they are using and cross reference it with the measured battery voltage. If the battery voltage gets low enough that it's a good assumption that it's nearly dead, then the device re-calibrates its own estimate of what the capacity is.	[ "The average phone battery lasts 2–3 years at best. Many of the wireless devices use a Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery, which charges 500-2500 times, depending on how users take care of the battery and the charging techniques used. It is only natural for these rechargeable batteries to chemically age, which is why the...
"Roman Empire had Not a Single Great Mathematician" True Statement?	Oh my, I can actually answer a question that I have written about, this never happens to me! /u/toldinstone already gave a good answer, but I'll elaborate a bit. If it sounds like I am on a mission to demolish the reputation of Romans as "practical but non-scientific" as opposed to the "genius and sophisticated Greeks"...	[ "\"In the times of Henri the fourth, a Dutchman called Adrianus Romanus, a learned mathematician, but not so good as he believed, published a treatise in which he proposed a question to all the mathematicians of Europe, but did not ask any Frenchman. Shortly after, a state ambassador came to the King at Fontaineble...
Is it possible for a black hole to get so dense, and it's gravity so strong that it sucks in all matter in the universe?	This is actually a fairly easy question to answer. The question breaks down to how much energy is in the universe?? If there is enough kinetic energy, then no, it is not possible. Some mass will escape. If there isn't enough kinetic energy, then eventually, yes, the universe will collapse into a black hole. If th...	[ "Gravitational collapse requires great density. In the current epoch of the universe these high densities are only found in stars, but in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang densities were much greater, possibly allowing for the creation of black holes. High density alone is not enough to allow black hole...
Why are warm-blooded animals more intelligent than cold-blooded animals?	Advanced brains are pretty fickle and gluttonous. To perform properly, your brain requires a rather large amount of oxygen and calories and a rather narrow temperature band. Cold-blooded animals don't have the metabolism to provide that much energy to the brain, or the proper thermoregulation ability to keep an advance...	[ "It has been hypothesized that warm-bloodedness evolved in mammals and birds because it provided defense against fungal infections. Very few fungi can survive the body temperatures of warm-blooded animals. By comparison, insects, reptiles, and amphibians are plagued by fungal infections.\n", "Further studies on a...
How "professional" were the armies in Western Europe during the High Middles Ages(1066-1453)?	Your year range is extremely broad, but I understand what you're trying to say. The idea that armies consisted of armed peasants is not every correct, at least not for the time period you're speaking of. By the time of the norman invasion of england (1066), the feudal system was well under way in france, and this infl...	[ "As central governments grew in power, a return to the citizen and mercenary armies of the classical period also began, as central levies of the peasantry began to be the central recruiting tool. It was estimated that the best infantrymen came from the younger sons of free land-owning yeomen, such as the English ar...
liberalization in terms of economics and trade	It depends on what type of liberalism you are referring to. There is classical liberalism, which would be better known as libertarianism today. Classical liberal economics encourage minimal regulations and free trade, as well as low taxes and virtually no government market interference. Modern liberalism, which would b...	[ "Economic liberalization refers to the reduction or elimination of government regulations or restrictions on private business and trade. It is usually promoted by advocates of free markets and free trade, whose ideology is also called economic liberalism. Economic liberalization also often involves reductions of ta...
Were there any Muslim knightly orders comparable to the Christian ones before/during/after the crusades?	The simple answer to this is no, not in a traditional western sense. That's not to say that there weren't elite corps of troops in various points in Islamic history, though. The "elite" military of the Islamic world throughout the medieval period (after the initial Islamic conquests) tended to be slave soldiers. The ...	[ "The prominence of knightly orders in the political and military realms of the Christian kingdoms of the peninsula fluctuated with the crusader zeal of the kingdoms’ rulers; however, their power was not exclusively tied to the Crusader Kings. For instance, Ferdinand III of Castile’s reign facilitated the rise of mo...
if there's no air in space, that mean there should be little to no friction. why can't we just reach the speed of light by burning fuel in a particular direction for a while?	This works for a while, but once you actually start to get close to light speed the usual f=ma physics stop working so cleanly. At speeds that are an appreciable fraction of light speed (c) the energy required to continue accelerating begins to increase exponentially. Going from .8c to .9c takes far more energy than 0...	[ "A related issue is drag. If the near light-speed space craft is interacting with matter or energy that is moving slowly in the planetary reference frame—solar wind, magnetic fields, cosmic microwave background radiation—this will cause drag which will bleed off a portion of the engine's acceleration.\n", "Since ...
Were the Franks and the dominions of the Merovingians/Carolingians ever culturally homogenous? Did the borders defined by the Treaty of Verdun cause the national and cultural split, or vice versa? When did West and East Francia start identifying themselves as "French" or "German" rather than Franks?	Hiya!! So not a cultural historian or an early medievalist, but to be honest I would argue the idea of national cultural identity real did not come about till the 1700s or 1800s in either place. Let's consider France (mostly because I am more familiar with it and because it is slightly more organized from a nation stat...	[ "The Kingdom of Franks was partitioned during both Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties. A permanent future division took place in 842, when three sons of late Emperor Louis I partitioned the royal lands in Verdun, thus creating the division between France and Germany.\n", "During the expansion into France and G...
Do pedophiles have uncontrollable sexual urges, or are they no different from "normal" people's sexual urges in that respect?	No, our sexual urges are no less controllable than your own. That having been said, it can be quite difficult for anyone to reign in their more dangerous impulses when they feel isolated and despised with few, if any, reliably safe methods of seeking help/support with their struggles. Which puts us at particular risk...	[ "In popular usage, the word \"pedophilia\" is often applied to any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse. This use conflates the sexual attraction to prepubescent children with the act of child sexual abuse and fails to distinguish between attraction to prepubescent and pubescent or post-pube...
How does the solution of water with one solute affect the solubility with another chemical?	Phase diagrams are developed through experimentation. The change in solubility is due to complex molecular scale reactions and there are no standard models for what will happen.	[ "A solution is isotonic when its effective osmole concentration is the same as that of another solution. In biology, the solutions on either side of a cell membrane are isotonic if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. In this case the cell neither s...
What could cause a person to get headaches after they masturbate?	It's called a [postcoital headache.](_URL_0_) I've heard high blood pressure or pressor response suggested as possible causes.	[ "BULLET::::- primary sex headache: dull, bilateral headache that starts during sexual activity and becomes much worse during orgasm. These headaches are thought to be due to lower pressure in the head during sex. It is important to realize that headaches that begin during orgasm may be due to a subarachnoid hemorrh...
what exactly are the aspects of professional race car driving that make it so difficult?	This will vary a bit depending on which autosport you’re talking about, but generally speaking: * These cars are much more difficult to drive than a family sedan. Sedans are built to be comfortable; racecars are built to be fast. They are uncomfortable, hot, noisy, bumpy, windy, the controls require a lot of raw s...	[ "Due partly to the performance capabilities of modern racing cars, racing drivers require a high level of fitness, focus and the ability to concentrate at high levels for long periods in an inherently difficult environment. Racing drivers mainly complain about pains in the lumbar, shoulder and neck regions.\n", "...
how does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?	It dies. Bleach is toxic to all life. Essentially what it does is cause the proteins (the small molecular machines that do all the work in your cells) to unfold, in a similar way to what heat does. This means that the cells stop functioning, break apart and die. Bleach would do the same to bacteria, plants, and animals...	[ "BULLET::::- An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on chlorine but a...
Which classics should I read as a new history student.	Yes, reading the 'classics' of a particular period is well worth a go, if you have something specific you want to gain from them. The easiest way to find out what those books are is to find a good modern textbook on the topic at hand, with a bibliography (it should be an annotated one so they give you a sense of what ...	[ "BULLET::::- Chapter of \"The Founders and the Classics\", Mixed Government and Classical Pastoralism, David H. Kelly, Professor Emeritus, Department of Classics and General Humanities, Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043.\n", "The final section of the book, removed in later editions, consists o...
A question to all the historians out there.	It all depends on what your topic and period is. Sources and methods vary greatly depending on the types of sources people from your period left behind. I am going to discuss the process of doing research for a thesis from the perspective of a graduate student at a major research university. I am getting my master'...	[ "\"Chris Bambery’s splendid People’s History builds upon the scholarly work of others across several generations, including the renowned Scottish historian Thomas Johnson, but also a wealth of nearly forgotten researchers... One might say, more properly, that this sweeping history builds upon a social and class leg...
Is Hannah Arendt's portrayal of Adolf Eichmann historically accurate? Or was it biased to serve her thesis?	Not to discourage further responses, but you might find [this post](_URL_0_) by /u/commiespaceinvader informative.	[ "In 2005, he published a biography of SS-\"Obersturmbannführer\" Adolf Eichmann; titled \"Eichmann: His Life and Crimes\", it featured hitherto unused primary source material. The book has been noted in particular for its evaluation of Hannah Arendt's account of Eichmann's arrest, trial and sentence. In a review fo...
did the german citizens who continued to live within germany during wwii really not know about the genocide that was taking place within and around their borders?	They were aware that something was happening, but they had much bigger concerns at the time. They were fighting wars on several borders, and constant bombings made them more worried about their own skins than whatever might have happened to their Jewish neighbors. Source: Grandmother who lived in Dresden during the f...	[ "Another example is when after the war, ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe were held collectively responsible for Nazi crimes, resulting in numerous atrocities against the German population, including killings (see Expulsion of Germans after World War II and Beneš decrees).\n", "Combat operations, ethni...
Is all the matter from the Big Bang currently in existence and just expanding outward or is there fresh matter currently being created?	All the matter currently in existence is from the Big Bang (neglecting the creation of particles through energetic collisions of other particles). Nothing is traveling "outward" because there is no center to travel outward from. The Big Bang was not an explosion of matter traveling through space. It was an event in whi...	[ "The Big Bang is not an explosion of matter moving outward to fill an empty universe. Instead, space itself expands with time everywhere and increases the physical distance between two comoving points. In other words, the Big Bang is not an explosion \"in space\", but rather an expansion \"of space\". Because the F...
What's a typical breakfast-lunch-dinner in 60s America for a middle class working man?	You could try this question in /r/AskFoodHistorians as well	[ "BULLET::::- Meal structure in English cuisine – Breakfast is traditional throughout England. Lower-middle-class and working-class people, especially from the North of England, the English Midlands, and Scotland, traditionally call their midday meal \"dinner\" and their evening meal (served around 6 pm) \"tea\", wh...
Is it true that butterflies need to struggle to grow their wings?	When butterflies emerge from their chrysali they pump body fluid and hemolymph (insect blood) through the wings to expand them. I think what the speaker was saying is a very simplified take on it. Either they didn't know it's body fluid/hemolymph or they were unable to really explain it and just used the term "struggle...	[ "Butterflies without defences such as toxins or mimicry protect themselves through a flight that is more bumpy and unpredictable than in other species. It is assumed this behavior makes it more difficult for predators to catch them, and is caused by the turbulence created by the small whirlpools formed by the wings...
Did the Soviet sniper Zaystev actually exist? Or was he part of a Soviet propaganda campaign to boost morale?	Just to clarify, Vassili Zaitsev definitely existed. The account of the sniper duel is in doubt. You have already covered the basics of why that particular story is in doubt. [A similar question has an excellent answer](_URL_0_) Yes the sniper duel was more than likely fiction or propaganda. Which is a shame bec...	[ "Okhlopkov was one of the most effective snipers in the Red Army during World War II. He was granted the status of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965 (#10678) as well as an Order of Lenin, after complaints he had been overlooked for the citations due to his ethnicity (he was an ethnic Yakut).\n", "Snipers of the So...
Are the melting ice caps and glaciers causing any meaningful desalination of the ocean and if so does this present a significant risk to ocean life?	It causes a significant risk to ocean currents. Lower salt content lowers the density of water, and might hinder downwelling to occur, the process of water sinking down. This could disrupt global ocean currents.	[ "Recently, scientists have expressed concern about the potential for climate change to destabilize the Greenland ice sheet and West Antarctic Ice Sheet. An increase in global temperatures as well as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets (which causes an increase in the volume of freshwater flowing into the ocean),...
how do private number plates on cars work in the usa?	When you register the car, you can either accept a "generic" set of numbers and letters or you can pay extra to have a custom plate, sometimes referred to as a "vanity plate". Unlike in the U.K., if the ownership of the car changes hands, the license plate also changes. You can take your own license plate and move ...	[ "In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Either a government agency or a private company with express contractual authorization from the government makes plates as needed, which are then mailed to, delivered to...
What causes some beaches to be massive dropoffs?	You've got to distinguish active coastlines where sand and sediment is beeing actively deposited (such as these: _URL_0_) from inactive coastlines where whatever material is there (whether it's sand, rock or whatever) is beeing eroded away (such as: _URL_1_). Technically, only the former are called beaches, the second ...	[ "Negative consequences are expected due to sea level rise and bigger waves which cause beach erosion and contribute to an inland shifting of the coastline. This can adversely affect the beach tourism. Water sports and other tourism activities can be limited due to heavy swell. Heavy rainfalls and floods can damage ...

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