Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why did the outcome of the usa election matter so much to russia?	Truthfully; because Russia sees itself on the outside, looking in, and they're desperate to retain their seat at the table, particularly given the fact that their chair is, due to historical reasons, just as big as that of the US. As the world becomes more globalized and interconnected, Russia's power wanes. This is p...	[ "A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin found that, among 938 global elections examined, the United States and Russia (including its predecessor, the Soviet Union) combined had involved themselves in about one out of nine (117), with the majority of those (68%) being through covert, rather than overt, actions. The same study...
Did any royal heir try to fake his own death, run away, or take on a new disguise to avoid the burdens of power?	Sorry, we don't allow ["trivia seeking" questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of disjointed, partial responses, and not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about an historical event, period, or person, please feel free...	[ "A person does not become an heir before the death of the deceased, since the exact identity of the persons entitled to inherit is determined only then. Members of ruling noble or royal houses who are expected to become heirs are called heirs apparent if first in line and incapable of being displaced from inheritin...
How is hybrid fruit produced?	If you pollinate a grapefruit tree with tangerine pollen (which can easily be done on small scales — just rub a small paintbrush on tangerine anthers and dab it on grapefruit stigmas), you won’t immediately get intermediate fruit: any seeds produced will be hybrids, but fruit phenotype is determined by the mother t...	[ "Hybrid fruits are created through the controlled speciation of fruits that creates new varieties and cross-breeds. Hybrids are grown using plant propagation to create new cultivars. This may introduce an entirely new type of fruit or improve the properties of an existing fruit.\n", "Crossing two genetically diff...
Olympus mons question	Lots of good Mars comparisons [here](_URL_0_)	[ "Olympus is notable in Greek mythology as the home of the Greek gods, on Mytikas peak. It is also noted for its exceptional biodiversity and rich flora. It has been a National Park, the first in Greece, since 1938. It is also a World Biosphere Reserve.\n", "Olympus Mons (; Latin for Mount Olympus) is a very large...
Has there been a short-lived society that focused on the abundance of survival needs and didn't use any currency in our past?	As far as I'm aware only in pre-history. Pre-historic 'tribes' wouldn't have had a need for a currency as they would have a specific role within the tribe, such as flint-knapping or hunting. There could be more modern examples but I'm not aware of any.	[ "It is sometime hard to imagine today, an age where people use their surrounding environment as the only source for survival. At the very rise of African civilization the essential tools to survival were found through the use of wood and stone tools. These tools proved to work well enough for hunting and farming, b...
why does it normally hail shortly after really hot weather?	Hail is created by strong updrafts. Updrafts are created by hot weather (warm air rises). Its really cold at the altitude that clouds are at. When precipitation falls, it starts frozen, then melts as it drops into warmer air. This gives us rain. If there is a strong updraft, the falling ice gets blown back up into t...	[ "Hail fog sometimes occurs in the vicinity of significant hail accumulations due to decreased temperature and increased moisture leading to saturation in a very shallow layer near the surface. It most often occurs when there is a warm, humid layer atop the hail and when wind is light. This ground fog tends to be lo...
Depiction of Europeans in art by non-Europeans pre-industrial revolution	There are many depictions of 16th and 17th Century Europeans in Iran, like in murals in Isfahan. Europeans often traveled and lived there. Many Dutch and Portuguese are shown in murals on the Chehel Sotun reception palace _URL_2_ _URL_0_ These tiles in the Metropolitan Museum in NY show a romantic scene _URL...	[ "Starting in the 1870s, thousands of African sculptures arrived in Europe in the aftermath of colonial conquest and exploratory expeditions. They were placed on view in museums such as the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro, founded in 1878 in Paris, and its counterparts in other European cities. At the time, these ...
Why aren't submarines black/grey?	> & #49;2. Why are submarines painted black? > > Submarines are painted black to help them hide. It is essential for submarines to hide while doing their job. The black color has proven to best help the submarine hide in the ocean. _URL_0_	[ "In early 2006, \"Torbay\" was the participant in an experiment in the use of colour schemes to reduce the visibility of submarines from the air. The standard black paint of Royal Navy submarines was replaced by a carefully selected shade of blue. This was the result of research that found that black was the worst ...
some batteries can't be recharged while others can	Rechargeable batteries use a reversible chemical reaction to generate electricity, and are designed to be able to be recharged. Alkaline batteries (and other non-rechargeable types) use a chemical reactions that aren't meant to be reversible, and often have other differences to rechargeable batteries (e.g. higher volta...	[ "Batteries with greatest energy density such as metal-air fuel cells usually cannot be recharged in purely electric way. Instead, some kind of metallurgical process is needed, such as aluminum smelting and similar.\n", "Manufacturers do not support recharging of disposable alkaline batteries, and warn that it may...
How do beta-blockers lower resting heart rate but do not impact physical stress performances?	I think there's a fundamental misunderstanding here. Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, act by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors throughout the body. beta-1 receptors, when stimulated, cause an increase in heart rate, among other effects. beta-2 receptors, when stimulated, cause a whole bunch of other things such a...	[ "Beta-blocker medicines also can slow the heart rate and decrease how forcefully the heart contracts. Beta blockers may slow the heart rate to a dangerous level if prescribed with calcium channel blocker-type medications.\n", "By reducing sympathetic stimulation of the heart, beta blockers decrease heart rate, bl...
Why are the Middle East and North Africa deserts?	It turns out there's a strong tendency for land at ± 30° Latitude to become desert. In the Northern Hemisphere there's the American Southwest, the Sahara, the Arabian Desert, etc. In the Southern hemisphere there's the Atacama Desert, the Kalahari, the Australian Outback, and so on. This isn't just coincidence, but is ...	[ "North Africa is a relatively thin strip of land between the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean, stretching from Moroccan Atlantic coast to Egypt. Currently, the region comprises seven countries or territories, from west to east: Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. The region has been influ...
Since Muslims washed 5 times a day in the 1300s, could that be the reason Islamic counties generally didn’t get the bubonic plague like Europeans did?	> Islamic counties [sic] generally didn't get the bubonic plague like Europeans did Sorry for asking, but what is the main source for your premise above? The following is just a summary of the post I commented in [What was the response to the Black Death like in the Islamic world?](_URL_0_), about a year ago: * ...	[ "Early Muslim conquest of these lands in the 7th and 8th centuries did not introduce direct persecution. However, Muslim apostasy was curbed by threat of death, and many nominal Christians began to gradually defect to Islam to avoid discrimination and heavy taxation. This type of subtle oppression stifled Christian...
why can't i take a full on clear picture of the night sky with all of its stars with my iphone?	The iPhone (and most point-and-shoot cameras, for that matter) tries to automatically decide how long to collect light. On a bright day, enough light is arriving that the picture only needs a short exposure. On a darker day, the picture needs a longer exposure. Shooting the night sky is tricky: most of the sky is blac...	[ "Due to skyglow, people who live in or near urban areas see thousands fewer stars than in an unpolluted sky, and commonly cannot see the Milky Way. Fainter sights like the zodiacal light and Andromeda Galaxy are nearly impossible to discern even with telescopes.\n", "4. There are no stars in any of the photos; th...
What were the trading centers of Western Europe during late antiquity/the early middle ages, and how big were they?	It seems you can't talk about post-Roman Western Europe without causing a debate about the actual extent of ruralization. My view is that it is that across the board, the extent of destruction by the evil bearded barbarians is exaggerated because of a few very specific, very violent incidents (justifiably) mentioned...	[ "The fall of the Roman empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade however continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, Middle East, India, China and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For insta...
how do the hsbc key authenticators work?	Key authenticators usually work in a similar way. There is a clock and a secret, unique algorithm in the key generator, with the algorithm known to the verifying party. The algorithm will take the input time, round it to the nearest 30 seconds or so, and run it through the algorithm. The algorithm generates from that "...	[ "The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the gsm core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that i...
why do commercial flights take longer going to a destination then coming back when they fly the same distance and course? why can planes fly faster at higher altitudes?	They take longer going west because they're heading against the general wind direction. Same route going east, the wind is helping so it's faster. Higher altitude: the air is thinner, less friction.	[ "The \"world's longest flight\" has disputed status due to the generality of such a claim. While the distance between two cities is constant, aircraft do not follow a straight path but will adjust the flight path based on headwinds and tailwinds and other weather events, and to avoid flying over certain countries b...
how do people with no money buy businesses?	They do have money. How do you think they bought the $1000 plane ticket	[ "\"Money Can't Buy\" is a song by American recording artist Ne-Yo, released on May 29, 2014 as the first single for his sixth studio album \"Non-Fiction\" (2015). The song features American rapper Jeezy and was produced by DJ Montay, Jaytez, D Lumar, and Jesse \"Corparal\" Wilson.\n", "\"It is said that with mone...
why does a small wet stain on a shirt dry in minutes but a wet shirt takes hours?	Because a wet shirt has much more water soaked into it than a little spill. On top of that, the air itself can only contain so much water vapor, so if the air isn't particularly hot or dry, the shirt might saturate the water in the air all by itself, requiring waiting for the wetter air to disperse before more water...	[ "Stains sometimes occur. Some women prefer darker colored fabrics which do not show stains as much as light colored fabrics do. Causes of staining do not include allowing the blood to dry, but using hot water when washing the pad will, as hot water sets protein stains (blood). Often, soaking pads for at least 4-6 h...
Who are some famous scientists who are NOT rich white men?	As a computer scientist, I must mention Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. From his name the word "algorithm" is derived. He was a Persian mathematician. His works were translated in Europe and he was regarded as inventor of Algebra there. He also did some great work in astronomy and geography. There were also many more...	[ "Harriet Zuckerman’s \"Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States\", is based on many sources of research evidence, including a series of forty-one extended interviews with American winners of the Nobel Prize for science.\n", "This list of black inventors and scientists documents many of the African A...
what does the jockey do during a horserace and what is the "skill" behind horse racing?	The Jockey can cause the horse to speed up or slow down. The horse does not run at "full speed" for the whole race. Horses can't run that far at top speed. So the Jockey decides when to change the pace. The Jockey also decides where in space the horse should be relative to other horses and the rail. The Jockey gui...	[ "Harness racing is a form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait (a trot or a pace). They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, occupied by a driver, although in Europe, jockeys riding directly on saddled trotters (\"trot monté\" in French) is also conducted.\n", "Horserace is a dri...
why are people saying that the ebola virus is not as transmittable as suggested?	It's transmittable through fluid particles when you sneeze, and those particles are ^not ^air	[ "Lobel adds that besides Ebola, there are other \"bad\" viruses out there, which the developed world prefers to ignore so long as they aren't affected. This has resulted in little research into other infectious diseases, with the Ebola outbreak becoming a \"wake-up call\": \"Infectious diseases have not gone away,\...
modern and post-modern discourse	I can fill in philosophy. Modern philosophy saw science and scientific thinking as being very important. People and things could be handled like variables and all calculations could be made on equations. From this we saw Kantianism which sought a sort of moral calculation was constantly happening in our head, and he...	[ "The ancient Greeks (among others) had much to say on discourse; however, some scholars consider Austria-born Leo Spitzer's \"Stilstudien\" (\"Style Studies\") of 1928 the earliest example of \"discourse analysis\" (DA). Michel Foucault translated it into French . However, the term first came into general use follo...
As a politician how was Adolf Hitler?	If you want to get a look at Hitler's campaign promises, a good place to start would be his ["Appeal to the German People](_URL_0_)," his first national radio address, delivered on February 1, 1933. Hitler's themes here: * End the influence of Communism in Germany. * Restore Germany as a fully independent power. *...	[ "Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party (\"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\"; NSDAP). He rose to power as Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and later \"Führer\" in 1934. During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Eu...
if i shine a flashlight towards the night sky, how far does the light travel?	It just keeps on going until it hits something. That could be a bird, a plane, a cloud, the ISS, another planet, a distant galaxy... The torch is a pretty weak light source, and the light intensity follows an inverse square law (IE if you're "X" times the distance away from the torch, the light is only 1/X^2 times a...	[ "\"The light will consist of two groups of three powerful lamps each; the whole revolving once in two minutes, and showing a flash of light of five seconds' duration every minute, with intervals of 55 seconds of darkness. The centre of the light is 197 feet above high water level, and at the height of 18-feet may b...
Do trees/plants have an immune system or something similar to one?	I read in the Hidden Life of Trees that their roots form a network through which they can share nutrients and send signals. Also a particular species, don't remember which, emit a chemical through their leaves when they're being chewed which makes them bitter. Any trees downwind would also be triggered by the chemica...	[ "Plant immune systems show some mechanistic similarities with the immune systems of insects and mammals, but also exhibit many plant-specific characteristics. The two above-described tiers are central to plant immunity but do not fully describe plant immune systems. In addition, many specific examples of apparent P...
how do a pair of headphones create a 3d / surround sound effect?	Due to the way different frequencies in sound bend at different rates, there is very subtle tonal differences in sounds that come from below, above, or behind you when compared to those directly in front or to one side. By applying these frequency alterations to a sound it can be made to seem like it is coming from tho...	[ "Waves launched a Kickstarter campaign in 2016 to help fund the production of Waves Nx, a technology that transmits 3D audio on headphones in stereo or 5.1/7.1 surround sound. The technology generates a three-dimensional virtual audioscape that allows users to \"detect which direction sounds are coming from.\"\n", ...
It's 350 A.D. in Roman Gaul. I, a peasant farmer, have just murdered my neighbor. What happens to me?	Our knowledge of Late Roman law is biased by a “top-down” perspective: we tend have a good knowledge of how it worked at the top (in the imperial court), and a poor knowledge of provincial/vulgar law; but I can try to give you a few leads. In this case, you would probably be arrested by bucellarii, members of a priva...	[ "In the winter of 54–53 BC the Carnutes (who lived between the rivers Seine and Loire in central France) killed Tasgetius, a pro-Roman king who had been installed by Caesar. Caesar sent one legion to winter there. Soon after, the previously pacified Eburones (who lived in the Ardennes region of Belgium and part of ...
What is th history of "unique names" among suburban white populations?	This is perhaps not a top level comment, so mods, do what you will with it. What makes you think these are "unique" names? Kirsten is a pretty old name and quite common both in the U.S. and in Scandinavia. Its peak popularity was in 1994 (source: the Social Security Index of baby names, [here](_URL_0_). There's no ...	[ "White City was founded in 1871 by a colony from Chicago. It was named for F.C. White, superintendent of the Neosho division of the M-K-T Railroad, which was built on the land in 1868, prior to the existence of the community. Prior to the naming of the community, other names considered were \"New Chicago\" (because...
censorship of sex/nudity but not graphic violence on american tv.	Ultimately it's because of the kids. A kid can watch one character bash the head of another character and whether it's blood on the floor or a cartoonish misshapen head the kid can say wow that's going to hurt that's going to cause damage Etc and assume that that's a bad idea. On the other hand a kid watching sexual...	[ "On some VCDs and DVDs produced in Thailand, the censors sometimes take a hard line against depictions of nudity, sex, smoking, the presence of alcohol and guns being pointed at people, images that are forbidden on broadcast television. In other instances, violent acts might pass through uncut, but sex and nudity w...
are all the environmentally conscientious counties just wasting their time with their climate change fighting efforts if other major polluting countries don't care and are doing nothing at all?	Climate change is a matter of how much. So even if other people are making it worse, you can still choose to make it even worse or to reduce your part.	[ "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries has emerged as a new potential to complement ongoing climate policies. The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation\".\...
How much concentrated weight would we need to place on the surface of the earth at one spot to be able to shorten the orbit of the earth around the sun by one day?	I think a better version of this question would be how many saturn 5 rockets would it take to to reduce the earths orbit by one day.	[ "In the Earth example, the Earth (5.97×10 kg) orbits the Sun (1.99×10 kg) at a distance of 149.6 million km, or one astronomical unit (AU). The Hill sphere for Earth thus extends out to about 1.5 million km (0.01 AU). The Moon's orbit, at a distance of 0.384 million km from Earth, is comfortably within the gravitat...
why do non important things get "stuck" in our memory?	Richard Dawkins introduced the word meme to explain the behavior of thoughts, songs and ideas. A meme would be any idea, song, etc that reproduces itself within the human culture, and it needs to be within human minds to do that. One might invent an idea, song, etc and share it with another person whose mind automatica...	[ "'Memory, not the notebook, holds the key. I try to keep a notebook when I'm on the move (largely because writing it makes one feel that one's at work, despite all appearances to the contrary) but hardly ever find anything in the notebook that's worth using later...Memory, though, is always telling stories to itsel...
How much better at combat could a skilled swordsman be than an average one?	Most fighting would happen on the battlefield. And there was very few duel-like situations on the battlefield, and there was very little fencing between swordsmen on the battlefield. From the ancient era up to the age of pike and musket, battles were fought between organised ranks of (at least somewhat) armoured men w...	[ "After using two long swords proficiently enough, mastery of a long sword, and a \"companion sword\", most likely a wakizashi, will be much increased: \"When you become used to wielding the long sword, you will gain the power of the Way and wield the sword well.\"\n", "The Swordsman is an Olympic level athlete wi...
How did/do nativ american names work?	For Sitting Bull specifically, his name in Lakota was Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake. Tȟatȟáŋka means "a bull bison"; Íyotake is a form of the verb "to sit", so yes, Sitting Bull is close translation of his name. Of course, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake wasn't his original name, but one he inherited from his father later in life. For a mo...	[ "Opal was among the 100 most popular names for girls born in the United States from 1900 to 1920 and remained among the top 500 most popular names for girls there until 1950. It was last ranked among the 1,000 most popular names for girls in the United States in the 1950s. It was the 344th most common name for fema...
Did Roman Emperors actually believe in the existence of humanoid Gods and their myths?	All of the emperors, so far as we know, believed to some degree in the existence of the traditional Olympian gods. Believing in the myths was another matter entirely. In both Greece and Rome, the myths were incidental to religious practice; it was generally assumed that what you thought about the gods mattered much l...	[ "Unlike the Greek gods, Roman gods were originally considered to be numina: divine powers of presence and will that did not necessarily have physical form. At the time Rome was founded, Diana and the other major Roman gods probably did not have much mythology per se, or any depictions in human form. The idea of god...
how does coffee take on different notes of flavor?	Usually its not the coffee making those tastes. Their other substances added to it afterwards. There isn't a vanilla coffee plant unfortunately.	[ "In 2016, Kansas State University researchers identified 110 aromas and tastes associated with the flavor of coffee. The coffee “dictionary” pinpoints exact dimensions of the flavor, though it remains a work in progress.\n", "Coffees from Sumatra are known for smooth, sweet body that is balanced and intense. Depe...
no pain during brain surgery, but why are headaches common?	Because a headache isn't a "brainache" The source of the pain isn't inside your brain. While the brain itself cannot feel pain, the face, eyes, ears, sinuses, neck, scalp, skull, and jaw areas as well as the meninges (membranes that surround the brain) are full of blood vessels, muscles, and other tissues that contain ...	[ "Head pain is expected in most patients immediately after acoustic neuroma surgery (acute phase) because of the incision, variations in cerebrospinal fluid pressure, muscle pain, or even meningitic pain. It typically responds to appropriate medications and resolves within several weeks. Headache that persists for m...
Was there ever armed conflict between Sparta and Rome?	In fact there is one instance of armed conflict, in the very brief and very one-sided campaign of T. Quinctius Flamininus against king Nabis of Sparta in 196 BCE, [documented in Livy 34.22-40](_URL_0_). Flamininus proclaimed freedom for the Greek city-states at the Isthmia festival that year; but Nabis had gained pos...	[ "During the Punic Wars, Sparta was an ally of the Roman Republic. Spartan political independence was put to an end when it was eventually forced into the Achaean League after its defeat in the decisive Laconian War by a coalition of other Greek city-states and Rome and the resultant overthrow of its final king Nabi...
Why are there so few elements that are liquid at room temperature?	Because in order to have a 'room' you need to have solid elements? More seriously, this should be seen the other way around: life has developped on earth because Earth has a good balance of solid/liquid/gaseous elements. Additionally, the liquid phase can be seen as an intermediate between solid and gaseous phases. T...	[ "Only two elements are liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure: mercury and bromine. Four more elements have melting points slightly above room temperature: francium, caesium, gallium and rubidium. Metal alloys that are liquid at room temperature include NaK, a sodium-potassium metal alloy, galin...
why do hospitals and asylums get abandoned?	The Asylums were often abandoned because funding from the Federal Government and State Governments that provided for the indigent people in them was ended in 1950s. Some argued for the stopping because it was felt that institutionalization was not good. But instead of providing a replacement for the asylums people with...	[ "\"Asylums\" has been credited with helping catalyze the reform of mental health systems in a number of countries, leading to reductions in the numbers of large mental hospitals and of the individuals locked up in them. It has also been influential in the anti-psychiatry movement.\n", "All that is left of the old...
Why, mechanistically, does an iron core amplify the magnetic field induced by a solenoid coil?	Iron increases the field because it is ferromagnetic. The electrons in all materials generate tiny magnetic fields. However in most materials, the electrons are arranged more or less randomly so the magnetic fields all tend to cancel out. Ferromagnetic materials are special because their electrons tend to actually al...	[ "In experiments with an early induction coil in 1837, he found that replacing the solid iron core with a core made of a bundle of parallel iron wires greatly increased the output voltage. As was later discovered, this was because the divided core prevented eddy currents from flowing in the core. Eddy currents, circ...
why isnt there a synthetic oil that we could use instead of paying the big bucks for the natural stuff? i understand that there may be a synthetic oil out there..but why aren't we using it 100% of the time?	Well there is. That is to say, we know how to make kinds of synthetic oil. The problem is, there's none of it lying around. And making it costs energy. Wich is exactly what we want to get from all that oil. There's a ton of energy in oil in an easy to transport shape. So, you'd have to make the artificial oil, where'...	[ "Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made. Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. The base material, however, is still overwhelmingly cr...
are regular people allowed to sue the government?	Yes, as long as there has been a breach of either statutory law, common law, or there is growing public need for common law to be formed. Then a civil court will hear the case. Since the government is an entity and not an individual, it is not heard under the criminal court. Unless it is an individual from the governme...	[ "The circumstances by which a foreign government may sue or be sued in federal and state courts are narrowed by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.\n", "Congress authorized persons who were sued by citizens of another state, in the courts of the plain...
Looking for Video Game historians who would be willing to talk about the 1983 video game crash for a documentary	I was working as a cartridge programmer at [General Computer](_URL_0_) in 1982 and 1983. I worked on Robotron for the 7800 console, and on Fractalus. What would you like to know?	[ "The game was \"save[d] from the memory hole of history\" by video game historian Frank Cifaldi and his archivist organization The Video Game History Foundation (VGHF). He believes the game is a great example of history that might have been lost had he not recovered documents for his archival non-for-profit organiz...
Why do the bows of ships under the water line have that long hot dog shaped extension?	It's called a bulbous bow. It reduces drag on larger ships. It's less efficient the smaller the ship gets, so you usually only see it on large tankers and heavy-duty ships. Somebody smarter than me can probably explain why exactly it reduces drag, but only for large ships.	[ "Bolger evolved the concept of traditional sharpies and by squaring off the bow and stern to give the longest useful waterline. Most were configured as yawls (with main mast quite far forward and a small mizzen far aft). The bow on these designs is cut off and blunt and the sterns are vertical. In some designe an o...
how do apps like google maps or waze determine traffic speeds on small side streets?	Same way they do on major highways. By crowdsourcing the data. Every android phone is a databpoint for Google. Every waze app user is a data point for waze. When waze started out, there wasn't even all the roads mapped. They used waze users to map the roads with incentives like pacman fruit markers.	[ "BULLET::::- Traffic: The application's traffic congestion map shows the route marks with different colours based on the current traffic along the route. The traffic is measured by data from local road services such as highway cameras, as well as speed and location information from other Android devices that are ac...
why do same day memories feel more distant after a nap?	Memories that happen before bed get stored as short term memories. As soon as you go to sleep, your brain files all of those memories in that day in your long term memories which is why same say events may seem a day or more away even if it happened that same day just before you nap.	[ "The link between memory, sleep, and dreams becomes more significant in studies analyzing memory consolidation during sleep. Research has shown that NREM sleep is responsible for the consolidation of facts and episodes in contrast to REM sleep that consolidates more emotionally related aspects of memory. The correl...
how are a model of shoes/sneakers/... are priced the same even tho the sizes are different?	[This article presents a breakdown of the manufacturing cost of a shoe.](_URL_1_) It states that from the $70 dollars you pay for a pair of sneakers, $35 dollars go to the end retailer, 20$ to the brand/designer, and $15 to the factory. So the manufacturing cost is only $15. Further in the article there is a [breakd...	[ "Clothing is measured in inches, not centimeters. American shoes sizes are measured on different scales for children, men, and women but all sizes are derived from inches. Major multi-national apparel brands including Nike, Adidas, Hanes, and Levi's often sell the same inventory worldwide, with tags containing both...
why did bob dylan go electric?	It was the new wave of sound at the time. Bob dylan is a very much experimental folk singer and he wanted to experiment and experience this new wave of music and thank god he did. It catapulted him to new heights and gave us great songs	[ "BULLET::::- Bob Dylan (born 1941) owned a black-and-white early 1960's Telecaster with a maple cap fretboard, which became one of his first electric guitars, shaping his controversial electric sound. He used this guitar on his epic 1966 tour of Australia and Europe and then Robbie Robertson adopted it for his use ...
is there an evolutionary benefit to snoring, or is it just a side effect of sleeping that we have to deal with?	Our bodies aren't perfect - not everything we have or do has an evolutionary benefit. Snoring just happens when our air passages are slightly blocked when we sleep.	[ "Snoring is known to cause sleep deprivation to snorers and those around them, as well as daytime drowsiness, irritability, lack of focus and decreased libido. It has also been suggested that it can cause significant psychological and social damage to sufferers. Multiple studies reveal a positive correlation betwee...
how do governments remove/retire old currency from circulation?	[Usually, it is the role of the banks](_URL_0_) to collect old notes and put new ones in circulation (when you get bank notes at an ATM usually you will get recent or new notes). About the euro, it was per-country. In France, there was a one-and-half-month range during which vendors had to accept both Franc (the old c...	[ "The withdrawal of a country's lowest-denomination coins from circulation (usually a one-cent coin or equivalent) may either be through a decision to remove the coins from circulation, or simply through ceasing minting.\n", "A Federal Reserve Bank can retire notes that return from circulation, which entitles it t...
why was the company alphabet, inc. founded as the parent of google and affiliates earlier this month?	To give the parent company a way of getting involved in risky projects without connecting those projects to the google name. Basically, with the sort of company they are, they like trying to develop new technologies. If those technologies are a hit, great, more money for them. But if those new endavours are a failure,...	[ "Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mountain View, California. It was created through a corporate restructuring of Google on October 2, 2015, and became the parent company of Google and several former Google subsidiaries. The two founders of Google assumed executive roles in th...
With advancements in storage transfer rate, is there potential to unify storage and RAM? If so, how would computing differ from the current model?	Network, Storage, ram, and cache are all on severely different timescales. If it takes cache a second, it takes ram a day. If it takes ram a day, it takes storage a year. If it takes storage a year, it takes network a century If storage was as fast as ram, computing would be much, much faster.	[ "Theoretically, a reduced cell size would have allowed denser storage, which in turn could (when used with large blocks) have improved access times by reducing the physical distance that data would have to travel to exit a block. For a large cache memory (as typically found in a high-performance microprocessor), Z-...
how does consuming alcohol destroy short term memory and turn you into a "different" and aggressive person?	As someone who has very little short term memory and is an aggressive person, I too am interested in this.	[ "Various studies have also given rise to proof of links between general alcohol consumption and its effects on memory capacity. These studies have shown in particular, how the inebriated or intoxicated individual makes poorer associations between words and objects than does the sober individual. Later blackout-spec...
how does adding more video memory to your integrated graphics work ?	Integrated graphics chips take some of your shared system memory and use it for graphics. So, if you have 8 gigabytes total of system memory and dedicate 1GB of it for graphics then the rest of the system is left with 7GB to use. On most computer it's possible to change how much memory is dedicated to graphics. The wa...	[ "Video memory may be used for storing other data as well as the screen image, such as the Z-buffer, which manages the depth coordinates in 3D graphics, textures, vertex buffers, and compiled shader programs.\n", "Video Memory is built in RAM installed on the video card that provides the graphics card with its own...
How do you find primary sources for things in other countries that don't speak English?	If you don't speak the target language then your best bet is an edited collection of primary sources. Often, historians will collect significant or interesting primary sources, translate them and publish them with a commentary. There are also online databases for various collections of primary sources which you can sea...	[ "In addition, there are various religious pamphlets and audio recordings, as well as \"The Christian Science Monitor\", an international newspaper. Reading rooms in countries that speak other languages often have a limited stock of English-language reading material; those in large cities in anglophone countries usu...
what happens to your sweat/pores when you wear antiperspirant?	The aluminium in the antiperspirant mixes with you sweat to make a gel like plug which blocks your pores. The more pores that are plugged, the less you will sweat.	[ "Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains.\n", "A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask (hide) body odor due to bacterial brea...
Would it make sense for humans (and other animals) to have a much higher occurrence of females than males?	Your intuition about how evolution works is slightly off. Let's imagine for a moment a population with a highly biased sex ratio, such that 90% of individuals born in the population were female. In this case, being male is highly reproductively advantageous, because you get to mate with a bunch of different females, wh...	[ "In species that have high levels of male physical competition and aggression over females, males tend to be larger and stronger than females. Humans have modest general body sexual dimorphism on characteristics such as height and body mass. However, this may understate the sexual dimorphism regarding characteristi...
the russian military's current capabilities	In terms of what? They are (arguably) the second most powerful nation on earth. WAY behind the US of course but still significantly powerful. The real trouble is that they are fully geared up to fight wars of 40 years ago.. They have lots of tanks, aircraft and ships but not much by way of stealth abilities (more t...	[ "The Russian Navy (VMF) will be cut almost by half, from 240 to 123 units. On the other hand, its fighting capability will be bolstered by bringing various units to 100% of their full wartime strength. Other planned changes are the offloading of non-military assets such as housing, the outsourcing of some jobs to c...
Is there any record where someone has punched a sitting US President?	Might not be what you're looking for, but Teddy Roosevelt (who else?) actually went blind in his left eye due to a boxing match in the White House. He was fighting a young artillery officer when he was punched so hard in the face a blood vessel in his eye burst, leaving him virtually blind. Source: _URL_0_ *"He lost t...	[ "BULLET::::- More than ten Indianapolis Colts and about 20 Cleveland Browns players knelt on one knee while the remaining players locked arms during the playing of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" in Indianapolis, Indiana. The actions were met by boos from the crowd at Lucas Oil Stadium. Indiana is the home state of Vi...
what would happen if a toilet was flushed at the equator?	The jets in the bowl direct the rotation. It has little to do with the corealis effect	[ "It is a commonly held misconception that when flushed, the water in a toilet bowl swirls one way if the toilet is north of the equator and the other way if south of the equator, due to the Coriolis effect – usually, counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. In reality,...
the carried interest tax loophole	Carried interest is payments made to a manager of an investment fund, generally as a percentage of the profits of that fund. The tax rules in the US treat those payments as capital gains rather than regular income, which means they're taxed at a lower rate. The maximum tax rate for long-term capital gains is 20%, as ...	[ "BULLET::::- Understating interest rates by exploiting loophole in the Truth in Lending Act of 1968 which allows auto makers to classify \"Finance Charges,\" i.e. interest, as part of the \"Amount Financed,\" thus reducing or even eliminating finance charges to create \"zero percent\" loans.\n", "The Interest Tax...
How is Bragg's Law used when it comes to compounds, as opposed to single elements?	Bragg's Law is the same regardless of whether the crystal is a pure element or a compound. It tells us at which angle a plane with spacing d will diffract. The second equation tells us what the spacing for a given plane is. It is important to remember that it is only valid for a given crystal system (the equation y...	[ "Raoult's law gives an approximation to the vapor pressure of mixtures of liquids. It states that the activity (pressure or fugacity) of a single-phase mixture is equal to the mole-fraction-weighted sum of the components' vapor pressures:\n", "Henry's law may be derived by setting the chemical potentials of carbo...
why are western nations criticised if they don't take in refugees, but others aren't?	In addition to the other comments, countries like China have a terrible track record on human rights and so no one is surprised when they don't step up to the plate to help out at a humanitarian crisis.	[ "The United Nations stated that the ban will adversely affect the world's refugees. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi, stated that refugees were not criminals but “ordinary people forced to flee war, violence and persecution in their home countries”.\n", "In recent years, the public as well as pol...
With Mansu Musa being supposedly the richest person in history, what sort of extravagant and opulent things did Musa I of Mali have/could afford?	While Mansa Musa has become a pretty well-known ruler over the past few years, at least in part because of the way various internet articles have portrayed him as "the richest man in history", the truth is that we have little to nothing in the way of contemporary sources about his rule in Mali, as opposed to his pilg...	[ "BULLET::::- Emperor Musa I of Mali arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca, accompanied by an entourage numbering in the thousands, and with hundreds of pounds of gold. This display of wealth garners the Mali Empire a place on European maps in 1395. On his return journey, he peacefully annexes Timbuktu. He is said t...
When falling into a black hole, it is said that you would be able to witness the universe progress at an incredible rate but doesn't that require you to see things move trough space faster than light?	This is actually false, as we discussed in a [very similar question](_URL_0_) a few hours ago.	[ "The exponential expansion of the scale factor means that the physical distance between any two non-accelerating observers will eventually be growing faster than the speed of light. At this point those two observers will no longer be able to make contact. Therefore, any observer in a de Sitter universe would see ev...
What kinds of factors drove Europe to integrate after WW2? Were the rise of the US and USSR significant?	Well, I think it's helpful to look at this in the broader geopolitical context. 1: Conflicts often arise when the balance of power is multipolar. That's how I would describe Europe during the years prior to the second World War. 2: After World War II, a couple key developments happened. The United States, which had b...	[ "During the Cold War, the division of the world into two rival blocs had served to legitimize a broad and diffuse alliance not only with the Western European nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) but many countries in the developing world. Starting in the late 1980s, however, the regimes of the E...
Did Lincoln actually free the slaves out of a moral need for abolitionism or was it a calculated maneuver in a time of war?	I am in no way an expert. I am a history buff though and in particular have read on the Civil War a bit. Please downvote or correct my post for error if necessary. From my understanding of everything, abolition was never the main goal of Lincoln leading up to and during the start of the Civil War. The preservation of ...	[ "Abolitionists had long been urging Lincoln to free all slaves. In the summer of 1862, Republican editor Horace Greeley of the highly influential New York Tribune wrote a famous editorial entitled \"The Prayer of Twenty Millions\" demanding a more aggressive attack on the Confederacy and faster emancipation of the ...
why do mobile phones, unlike a laptop, still operate smoothly despite not being shutdown for days/weeks?	Nothing in theory means your laptop or other generic computing device need to be restarted. In practice it tends to be bad programming causing things like memory leaks or issues that accumulate over time. Plenty of servers and datacentre computers measure their uptime in years.	[ "When a mobile is idle, it is mostly listening to a paging channel. Once a mobile has parsed all the network overhead information, it \"registers\" with the network, then optionally enters \"slotted-mode\". Both of these processes are described in more detail below.\n", "Apple said in December 2017 that the reaso...
What does the Milky Way orbit around?	The Milky Way's disk is orbiting around the center, which is made of several billion stars. Although being spread around, the disk is not orbiting the black hole at the very center, because its mass of roughly 4.3 million solar masses isn't high enough to take expalin the orbits of the Milky Way's stars. Addiotionall...	[ "The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center. Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other. However, R...
how retirement works and how long term savings plans work.	You have a number of different questions here. I will do my best to answer them all. 1) 401k - A 401k is a program that the most larger companies operate. Under this deal the employee (you) puts in some amount of money from their pay (salary, wages etc.) into an investment account and the company puts in a matching a...	[ "A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order to receive defined benefits upon retir...
How would I measure the volume of a soluble powder?	Might look at a non-polar liquid like mineral oil. Though I don't know off hand if there are any other issues you might need to worry about.	[ "The powder is placed inside a pycnometer of known volume, and weighed. The Pycnometer is then filled with a fluid of known density, in which the powder is not soluble. The volume of the powder is determined by the difference between the volume as shown by the pycnometer, and the volume of liquid added (i.e. the vo...
What's the state of matter that reached maximum entropy?	Any system that is in true thermodynamic equilibrium is at maximum entropy. The system could be any state of matter, e.g. 2 liquid phases in equilibrium or a gas and a solid in equilibrium.	[ "The entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the number of states that the gas could have while satisfying these constraints. In classical physics, the number of states is infinitely large, but according to quantum mechanics it is finite. Before the advent of quantum mechanics, this infinity was regularized by ...
what causes older computers to die?	One of the most common failures in a PC is the capacitors. Electrolytic capacitors are "filled" with a product that allows them to function, however long periods on non-use, freak reverse current moments, long periods of use, and basically farting sideways while not speaking the correct phrase in their presence can le...	[ "A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrol...
How did a city in as remote a place as Las Vegas develop into, of all things, a center of gambling, luxury, and tourism? How did this come about?	Las Vegas had long been an important stop on the Old Spanish Trail, the route from Santa Fe to Southern California. It had been intermittently settled, and a series of forts erected to protect the important watering spot. Once the Mormons settled in Utah, it increased in importance as it was on the closest route to the...	[ "The settlement of Las Vegas was founded in 1905 after opening of a railroad that linked Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. The stopover attracted some farmers (mostly from Utah) to the area, and fresh water was piped in to the settlement. In 1911, the town was incorporated as part of the newly founded Clark County. U...
What do we know about the theatre slang "break a leg" for "good luck"?	Alan Dundes, in his article "Towards a Metaphorical Reading of 'Break a Leg': A Note on Folklore of the Stage," in Western Folklore 53.1 (Jan. 1994), explores the origins of the phrase and the tradition of saying "break a leg" as a wish of good luck to an actor before a performance. Dundes explains that the expressio...	[ "Equivalent to the English actor's idiom \"break a leg\", the expression reflects a theatrical superstition in which wishing a person \"good luck\" is considered bad luck. The expression is commonly used in Italy off stage, as superstitions and customs travel through other professions and then into common use, and ...
How could the Western Front stalemate have been broken earlier in WW1?	Really, the generals in WWI were not stupid. They weren't fighting in the trenches because they liked it, or because they lacked imagination or the capacity to adapt to innovation. Quite the opposite in fact, as John Terraine sets out in White Heat, the pace of technological change and tactical innovation in WWI was ...	[ "The Western Front became an extremely bloody battleground of trench warfare. The stalemate lasted from 1914 until early 1918, with ferocious battles that moved forces a few hundred yards at best along a line that stretched from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The British imposed a tight naval blockade in the No...
how does slipstream work?	If by slipstream, you mean cars, I can explain. When a car (or any other moving object) pushes through air out of the way, it leaves a space behind it where air hasn't come back yet. This can be demonstrated in a pool by pushing your hand under the water, then moving it to the side fast enough. If it is done correctl...	[ "A slipstream is a region behind a moving object in which a wake of fluid (typically air or water) is moving at velocities comparable to the moving object, relative to the ambient fluid through which the object is moving. The term slipstream also applies to the similar region adjacent to an object with a fluid movi...
the sensation of time passing more quickly as you grow older.	The longer you live, each day is taking up a smaller and smaller percentage of your life, which makes it feel shorter, and overall makes life pass pretty quickly.	[ "BULLET::::- Physicist Adrian Bejan presents an explanation of why time seems shorter as we get older, which can be attributed to \"the ever-slowing speed at which images are obtained and processed by the human brain as the body ages.\"\n", "Many older adults claim time speeds up as they get older, which can be e...
how does home schooling work? is there a specific curriculum you must follow? also, do you have to report the child's progress to anyone?	depends on the state	[ "'Home Learning' is a homework solution for schools to set and manage students homework. This included 250,000 self-marking questions which have been written in line with the national curriculum. This solution also has a formative feedback feature.\n", "The compulsory school-age starts at 6 and lasts for 9 years ...
How difficult was it for the United States to convert to a war economy when it entered WW2?	Massively difficult, in the ordinary sense, although all countries faced such difficulties and the US perhaps had no worse a time of it than other states with smaller peacetime economies. The US actually started converting to a war economy in May 1940, a year and a half before it entered the war officially. The econo...	[ "The end of World War I saw the rise in the economic power of the United States due to their active trade and support of the Allied Nations in the war. Their supplying of agricultural and manufactured goods to these nations greatly boosted their economy, while the economies of Germany, France, and Great Britain suf...
how does the military "fight for our freedom"?	Marketing. If we said that it's fighting for the commercial, economical and political interests of our country, nobody would support it.	[ "Its military duties include preserving and protecting national security, state, property, public peace, and public order, and assisting other security forces in case of emergency, civil unrest, war; repressing riots; reinforcing martial law and mobilization; fighting and apprehending suspected criminals, terrorist...
how does every single person have unique dna? how are there so many variants?	Humans have over 19,000 separate genes, many of which may vary freely from one person to another. So the number of possible combinations is way way more than the number of people who have ever lived.	[ "The fact that every human has a unique genetic code is the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Versions of a trait, known as alleles, occur at different frequencies in different human populations; populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tend to differ more.\n", "Homology bet...
How common are gaseous planets?	Based on observations by the Kepler Space Telescope, smaller radius (rocky) planets are more common than large radius planets. See Figure 2 in Borucki et al. 2011 ([ApJ ADS link](_URL_0_), [arXiv PDF](_URL_1_)).	[ "Theoretical studies of such planets are loosely based on knowledge about Uranus and Neptune. Without a thick atmosphere, it would be classified as an ocean planet instead. An estimated dividing line between a rocky planet and a gaseous planet is around 1.6-2.0 Earth radii. Planets with larger radii and measured ma...
I have heard that if a man and a woman who are the same height and weight drink the same amount of alcohol the woman will be more Intoxicated than the man. Can this be scientifically proven? If so what cause this?	Yes, it can and is generally true! Alcohol dehydrogenase is the chemical responsible for processing alcohol in the body. Different people produce this at different rates, and typically young females produce it slower than young males.	[ "A study has shown that alcohol consumption is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. Excluding energy under-reporters slightly attenuated these associations. After controlling for energy under-reporting, it was observed that increasing alc...
If there was a fly on a boat and it was hovering mid-air, would it be travelling the same speed as the boat?	I'm not claiming this is the perfect answer, I'm only an engineering freshman, but here goes.... The answer really depends on how high up the fly is in comparison to the boat... When we are in cars, everything in it is going the same speed...so if you let go of a ball, it will not lose or gain forward momentum...this i...	[ "A similar thing occurs when an airplane travels at the speed of sound. The overlapping wave crests disrupt the flow of air over and under the wings. Just as a boat can easily travel faster than the wave it produces, an airplane with sufficient power can travel faster than the speed of sound (supersonic).\n", "Th...
how did coming out of the closet become assosiated with the homosexual movement?	Pretty sure it's an evolution of the idea of having "Skeletons in your closet". If you are secretly gay, that's a big skeleton in your closet, which becomes "you are a closeted gay", which then means you come out "of the closet".	[ "Gay people in the pre-war years [pre-WWI]... did not speak of coming out of what we call the gay closet but rather of coming out \"into\" what they called homosexual society or the gay world, a world neither so small, nor so isolated, nor... so hidden as closet implies\n", "In late 20th-century America, the clos...
why can the potus repeatedly call media outlets, such as cnn and msnbc, 'fake' without getting sued for slander?	It is really hard to sue the president for anything. The sense behind this law is so his political enemies can't just tie him down with lawsuits. For serious things the president can be impeached but that is a major political event. The system assumed presidents would be sensible adults. This may have been misguided.	[ "CNN mentioned Occupy Democrats in an online article about identifying misleading news, citing it as an example of a website using unverified photographs and videos. The example purported to show a female being ejected by police from a restroom for \"not looking like a woman\" due to a controversial law passed by N...
why does it feel hotter when the sun is beating on me, but the temperature on the thermometer remains the same?	So the sun is warming the surface of the Earth, which in turn warms the air near to it. So if you were standing in the shade, you would feel this temperature, as the air in turn warms you. But if you are out in the sunshine, then not only is that process occurring, but the sun is also warming you the same as it warms ...	[ "BULLET::::- Coronal heating problem: Why is the Sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface? Why is the magnetic reconnection effect many orders of magnitude faster than predicted by standard models?\n", "BULLET::::- Coronal heating problem: Why is the Sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so...
how did the kama sutra become a global phenomenon when indian culture is generally very conservative? was it a "hit" there too ?	I would argue you're making a philosophical mistake in equating conservatism with sexual prudence. In the West, Christianity demonized sexuality. But many other cultures regard it as a neutral, if not revered, facet of life. You must also understand that the terms "liberal" and "conservative" do not represent any speci...	[ "Conservative views of sexuality are now the norm in the modern republic of India, and South Asia in general. It is often argued that this is partly related to the effect of colonial influence, as well as to the puritanical elements of Islam in countries like Pakistan (e.g. the Islamic revivalist movements, which h...
what's a bond? (finance)	You give me a thousand bucks now, I'll give you your thousand bucks back plus some additional money on top at the end of a set period. It is a form of debt - you're not buying equity in the company. You're not going to get huge returns if the company all of a sudden triples its stock prices. You're getting a set amount...	[ "Thus a bond is a form of loan or IOU: the \"holder\" of the bond is the lender (creditor), the \"issuer\" of the bond is the borrower (debtor), and the \"coupon\" is the interest. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long-term investments, or, in the case of government bonds, to finance curren...
why are there no native speakers of the latin language and why are people still learning it today?	A point I havent seen anyone else make is that because it isn't a spoken language the meanings of words don't shift, the shift in meaning is called semantic change and it describes how words like Gay which used to mean lighthearted and awful which used to mean inspiring wonder have different meanings nowadays. Latin is...	[ "The immense linguistic diversity in Latin America is what in part gave rise to demand for programs that would integrate indigenous languages into educational policy. Brazil, for example, has the largest number of indigenous languages with approximately 180. Additionally, in some nations, the majority of speakers n...
how could cities like new york build extensive subway lines in the early 20th century, but these days it seems like a simple extension of a current line costs an arm and a leg?	When the subways were first built there wasn't much in the ground. Now a hundred years later, there's a bunch in the ground. Sewage, water mains, cable, electricity, it all has to be rerouted if a new route cuts through them. The subways weren't cheap in the first place. It cost about 35m for the original subway whic...	[ "By the time the first subway opened in 1904, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city built most of the lines and leased them to the compan...
Why are heavy duty wires not made of one solid wire?	Higher strength, way better flexibility (thick wire is technically a rod). Also - the [skin effect](_URL_0_) which makes the AC electricity run on the outer shell of the wire, which makes more wires - more surface.	[ "M13486 wire has gained popularity in recent years due to its widespread use for all types of military ground vehicles, including tanks, trailers, trucks, and jeeps. The wire is also used in exposed situations due to its resistance to abrasion, fluids, and weather. Additionally, the MIL-Spec wire is recognized for ...
Did Liberation Theology have any actual lasting impact on the structure or methods of the Church?	> Then we had back-to-back fanatically anti-communist popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, from 1978 to 2013--a previous poster in this thread (name since removed) The Catholic Church's stance on communism long predates John Paul II. For modern Catholic economic thought, the common starting point is [Rerum Novarum]...	[ "The best-known form of liberation theology is that which developed within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s, arising principally as a moral reaction to the poverty and social injustice in the region. The term was coined in 1971 by the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, who wrote one of th...
On a physical level, is there a difference between PTSD and extreme anxiety that does not stem from a traumatic event?	Therapy would be very similar. Acute stress disorder becomes PTSD after three months if the person is still experiencing symptoms such as flashback, intrusive thoughts, avoiding, nightmares, and somatic symptoms. Medicine for anxiety and depression can be used for ASD, PTSD, and anxiety. Anxiety is mostly an over stimu...	[ "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to \"trauma- and stressor-related disorders\" in DSM-V) that results from a traumatic experience. Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullyi...
when i put air into my tires in the winter after the pressure goes down because of the cold, why don't the tires explode when the pressure rises back in the spring?	Tyres leak air faster at higher than rated pressures, largely due to valve losses, though some is lost through the rubber itself. This means as the pressure in your tyre rises, it leaks faster, so it falls, a self regulating feedback loop	[ "Cold inflation pressure is the inflation pressure of tires before the car is driven and the tires warmed up. Recommended cold inflation pressure is displayed on the owner's manual and on the placard (or sticker) attached to the vehicle door edge, pillar, glovebox door or fuel filler flap. Drivers are encouraged to...
why does a webpage jump around on its own if i am scrolling through it and it is still loading? shouldn't it recognize that i am scrolling and not jump to where it wants to go?	A "feature" known as reflow. It's present in a lot of major web browsers. When the HTML of a page changes (not limited to but is the biggest culprit), it triggers a reflow. The web browser recalculates how it should display and by default it will bring the page back to the top. So you're looking at a Web page readin...	[ "In the most common situation this means that when a user clicks a hyperlink in a web browser, the browser sends a request to the server holding the destination webpage. The request may include the field, which indicates the last page the user was on (the one where they clicked the link).\n", "Web pages usually c...
when you open your mouth underwater, why doesn't the water immediately flood your mouth and go down your throat?	It does immediately flood your mouth, but it doesn't go down your throat for the same reason you can pour a cup of water into your mouth without it immediately falling down your throat: the muscles in your tongue, pharynx and esophagus allow you to control when you want something to go down your throat (i.e. swallowing...	[ "When their mouth is above the water, they quickly exhale and inhale instead of calling for help. Because of their arm movements and focus on lifting their mouth out of the water, they cannot wave, kick their feet, swim to a rescuer, or grasp a rope or other rescue equipment. They may be misunderstood as \"playing ...
I really tried but my question about this relativity paradox can not be boiled down to 300 characters, so here is my question mark -- > ?	Note: I'm going to use v=0.99c here, as it makes the math easier and covers the same concepts. You're missing length contraction. When an object is moving near the speed of light relative to you, not only does time move more slowly for that object, it's length is contracted by the same factor in the direction of motio...	[ "Another paradox associated with relativity is Supplee's paradox which seems to describe two reference frames that are irreconcilable. In this case, the problem is assumed to be well-posed in special relativity, but because the effect is dependent on objects and fluids with mass, the effects of general relativity n...

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