Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why would a president not choose cabinet members with longtime experience in that's cabinet's area of governance?	Qualified people will advocate for their agencies. They will effectively make the case for why their budget should not be cut and for the benefits of the work they do. Donald Trump does not want qualified people. He does not want people to advocate for their agencies. He wants people to head agencies that they clea...	[ "The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority singly or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) ves...
What were Hitler's ideas of succession? Who was to succeed Hitler should he die and what process would they have to go through to suceed as leader of his Reich?	_URL_0_ User u/searocksandtrees answered a similar question with a selection of answers from past threads. You should check them out.	[ "Two hours after Hindenburg's death, it was announced that as a result of this law, Hitler was now both Germany's head of state and head of government, thereby eliminating the last remedy by which he could be legally dismissed and cementing his status as the absolute dictator of Germany. Publicly, Hitler announced ...
How do cells know what part of the DNA to read to function?	Yeah pretty much you have it right. I mean it's a lot more complex than that but pretty much, the cell can skip over parts of the DNA that aren't needed. There's a whole subset of molecular biology that researches gene expression and how exactly cells do this. I'll try to give it a quick overview... First, you need t...	[ "The information in DNA is held in the sequence of the repeating units along the DNA chain. These units are four types of nucleotides (A,T,G and C) and the sequence of nucleotides stores information in an alphabet called the genetic code. When a gene is read by a cell the DNA sequence is copied into a very similar ...
why is it that most game developers don't include/allow modding support, when many other franchises are successful because of it?	If it's mostly/entirely played on console, there's no point. Even if it's not there's the fact that modding tools can be a bitch and they don't predict enough of a payout in extra sales to cover those costs.	[ "Mods can compete with official downloadable content however, or even outright redistribute it, and their ability to extend the lifespan of a game can work against its developers' plans for regular sequels. As game technology has become more complex, it has also become harder to distribute development tools to the ...
Sound and Waves: How does a magnet pick up sound in an electric guitar?	The strings are made of steel, right? So the magnet is attracted to the steel string. As the steel string vibrates up and down it pulls on the magnet up and down. And that vibration of the magnet inside of coils of wire (pick up coils) generates a small amount of voltage that has a waveform directly correlated to the v...	[ "On electric guitars and electric basses, the bridge conducts the vibrations to the body, but the vibrations of the strings are typically sensed by a magnetic pickup, so that an electric signal is created, which is then connected to a guitar amplifier and a speaker enclosure to produce the sound the performer and a...
How much water evaporates in an underwater nuclear explosion?	Well, according to Wikipedia, the Tsar Bomba produced 240PJ, or 2.4x10^17 J. It looks like it was detonated over land, but we can ignore that and have some fun. If we make an assumption that ~10% of its energy is absorbed by the water, that would mean 2.4x10^16 J. If the water temp is 20ºC, it would mean that it would ...	[ "Unless it breaks the water surface while still a hot gas bubble, an underwater nuclear explosion leaves no trace at the surface but hot, radioactive water rising from below. This is always the case with explosions deeper than about .\n", "Underwater nuclear tests close to the surface can disperse radioactive wat...
how exactly does sinus pressure build up when sick and why?	Imagine your sinuses are a water balloon. When it is empty it is all floppy because there isn't anything pushing on the sides of the balloon, this is a lack of pressure. When you fill the water balloon the water pushes on the insides and gives it a shape from the pressure. Now when you are sick your sinuses are filli...	[ "The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.\n", "If one or more of the paired paranasal sinuses or air ca...
how did the north star happen? does every star revolve around it?	It's a star that happens to be mostly aligned with the Earth's axis. Watching from the surface, as the planet spins the star looks like it's stationary.	[ "Due to the precession of the equinoxes (as well as the stars' proper motions), the role of North Star has passed (and will pass) from one star to another in the remote past (and in the remote future). In 3000 BC, the faint star Thuban in the constellation Draco was the North Star, aligning within 0.1° distance fro...
US Congressional Uses of Sanctions Against a Foreign Nation? [research question]	As you might guess from the flair, my speciality is labour history, so I can only offer you limited assistance with finding material that will help develop your thesis. Nonetheless, I have done quite a lot of work on South Africa, so I'm going to try and help point you in the direction of some useful resources. It see...	[ "The Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, \"CAATSA\" (, ), is a United States federal law that imposed sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia. The bill was passed on July 27, 2017, 98–2 in the Senate, after having passed the House 419–3. On August 2, 2017, President Donald Trump signed it int...
Why did the number of African American voters in the presidential election steadily decrease after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?	One variable you're not taking into account is that voter turnout for all Americans was [steadily going down](_URL_0_) during this period. Whereas the percentage of the voting-age population who participated in the 1960 election was 63.1%, [by 1996 that number had fallen to 49.1%](_URL_2_). In point of fact, the gap...	[ "In addition, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had an immediate impact on federal, state and local elections. Within months of its passage on August 6, 1965, one quarter of a million new black voters had been registered, one third by federal examiners. Within four years, voter registration in the South had more than d...
why are old people so small and short?	Gravity. As people age, their bones start to lose mass, their spine begins to collapse on itself and there's usually less muscle mass. At least that's what my doctor tells me to explain why I'm nearly a half inch shorter than I was 40 years ago.	[ "Shortness in children and young adults nearly always results from below-average growth in childhood, while shortness in older adults usually results from loss of height due to kyphosis of the spine or collapsed vertebrae from osteoporosis. The most common causes of short stature in childhood are constitutional gro...
What are the most revealing statistics that show the overwhelming progress made by modern medicine?	My area of expertise is cancer statistics. By far, the most progress we’ve made is with childhood cancer. In the 1950s, fewer than 20% of children diagnosed survived more than 5 years. Today survival is over 80%. I’d still love to see that number rise, but I think our progress is astounding. [Childhood cancer survival...	[ "In another 2005 paper, Ioannidis analyzed \"49 of the most highly regarded research findings in medicine over the previous 13 years\". The paper compared the 45 studies that claimed to have uncovered effective interventions to subsequent studies with larger sample sizes: 7 (16%) of the studies were contradicted, 7...
why is the combo of ibuprofen and alcohol so bad for you?	I believe you're confusing ibuprofen with acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is associated with liver and kidney damage when consumed with alcohol. To my knowledge ibuprofen is not. Acetaminophen is also known in some countries as Paracetamol. _URL_0_	[ "There is cross tolerance between alcohol, the benzodiazepines, the barbiturates, the nonbenzodiazepine drugs, and corticosteroids, which all act by enhancing the GABA receptor's function via modulating the chloride ion channel function of the GABA receptor.\n", "Benzoctamine, like other psychoactive drugs has th...
what needs to happen for a plane to fly into other countries' airspaces?	If it's playing nicely then it will have a filed a flight plan and be carrying a transponder which identifies it, so air traffic control are expecting it and know which plane it is when it appears on their radar. If not, and it doesn't respond to air traffic control asking what it's doing, then fighters would be scram...	[ "The United States does not recognize the right of a coastal nation to apply its ADIZ procedures to foreign aircraft not intending to enter national airspace nor does the United States apply its ADIZ procedures to foreign aircraft not intending to enter U.S. airspace. Accordingly, U.S. military aircraft not intendi...
Would a SETI program located in the Alpha Centauri System be able to detect radio signals from Earth?	Let's say a station is broadcasting at a full Megawatt of power (the strongest, to my knowledge are usually in the half-megawatt range). Let's say they have a dish (or array of dishes with equivalent collection area equal to) of d meters in radius. Their collection area is pi d^2 , but our signal is spread out over...	[ "In October 2015, the SETI Institute used the Allen Telescope Array to look for radio emissions from possible intelligent extraterrestrial life in the vicinity of the star. After an initial two-week survey, the SETI Institute reported that it found no evidence of technology-related radio signals from the star syste...
During the times corsettes where worn where they worn during pregnancies as well? Is it known how a life of wearing corsettes affected pregnancies?	hi! not discouraging other responses, but there was a similar question a month ago that's worth checking out * [Did pregnant women wear corsets in the Victorian era?](_URL_0_)	[ "During earlier times in western countries a corset was an everyday item of apparel. In some periods, children were put in stays as soon as they could sit upright or walk. It was believed that the young body was too soft to grow upright on its own. Boys stopped wearing them once they were breeched, i.e. were change...
Why do stable compounds react?	The key here is that "stable" is just a relative term. Thermodynamically, there MUST be an equilibrium between association and dissociation of a bond like R-Cl. Bringing energy to the system amounts to tilting the equilibrium closer towards the dissociated side. But it's still only a small fraction of the total number ...	[ "The stability or metastability of a given chemical system depends on its environment, particularly temperature and pressure. The difference between producing a stable vs. metastable entity can have important consequences. For instances, having the wrong crystal polymorph can result in failure of a drug while in st...
What do antivirus scanners on your PC actually look for in a file?	Virusscanners use two approaches: Signature-based scanning and heuristic scanning. Signature-based scanning involves looking for specific elements in a virus program. Some virus authors in the past left messages in their program which could be scanned for. Alternatively, certain filenames were used. Or simply the ...	[ "A specific component of anti-virus and anti-malware software, commonly referred to as an on-access or real-time scanner, hooks deep into the operating system's core or kernel and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for pro...
- the east vs west hip-hop feud	This began a while ago, in the early 1990's. Pretend there was a large african desert. In the desert, there are many different animals, but the strongest, and most powerful ones, were the Lions. The desert was kind of split into two, so you had the "Right side" and the "left side" . Each "side" had one very large, pow...	[ "The East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud from 1991 to 1997 between artists and fans of the East Coast hip hop and West Coast hip hop scenes in the United States, especially from 1994 to 1997. Focal points of the feud were East Coast-based rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (and his New York-based label, Bad B...
why do languages vary so widely? is any proven correlation between language and the geography of the native speaker?	Languages can be made in many, many ways and so people more or less in isolation make really different ones. Ones that grew around many others tend to make a family where there are far more similarities. The Spanish can more or less understand the Portuguese and vice-versa for example. The geography isn't inherently...	[ "Because languages develop in a given community of speakers as that society adapts to its environment, languages reflect and express the biodiversity of that area. In areas of high biodiversity, language diversity is also higher, suggesting that a greater diversity in culture can be found in these areas. In fact, m...
why am i able to remember words to a song i haven't heard in 5 years but i can't remember the name of the person i just met 5 minutes ago?	Repetition is the key here. When you repeat a task or something (such as hearing words to a song you like) over and over again the information gathered tends to move from the short-term memory into the long-term memory, therefore making it stick in your head. Hope this helps.	[ "In an interview Sherman said, \"My earliest memory is that I wanted to be a songwriter. It's a strange thing to call an 'earliest memory', I suppose. But there it is. I was, perhaps two or three years old. From where I stood, my father and uncle wrote the type of music that children loved. So that's what I wanted ...
With MRI Magnets being ridiculously strong, Why don't they affect compasses, systems, animals, etc ?	Mainly size. The Earth's magnetic field has is poles at opposite ends of the planet so the field covers the entire world. But with a magnet such as one from an MRI the polls are very close together and so the field is pretty tight, and doesn't really extend far beyond the actual magnet.	[ "MRI uses powerful magnets and can therefore cause magnetic materials to move at great speeds posing risk. Deaths have occurred. However, as millions of MRIs are performed globally each year, fatalities are extremely rare.\n", "MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and uniform. The field strength of t...
Does air resistance become harder to overcome the faster something goes?	At subsonic speeds, aerodynamic drag is directly proportional to velocity squared. Thus doubling your speed means you quadruple your drag.	[ "[274] Air resistance shows itself in two ways: by affecting less dense bodies more and by offering greater resistance to faster bodies. A lead ball will fall slightly faster than an oak ball, but the difference with a stone ball is negligible. However the speed does not go on increasing indefinitely but reaches a ...
how is it possible in the usa for (former) lobbyists to be elected into chairmen positions of federal commissions, when there is an obvious conflict of interest?	Big money runs the US government, so this kind of corruption is expected, and basically intentional.	[ "Other possible players in the lobbying arena are those who might influence legislation: House & Senate colleagues, public opinion in the district, the White House, party leaders, union leaders, and other influential persons and groups. Interest groups are often thought of as \"nonparty organizations\" which regula...
what’s a “war crime”? i hear people throw this word around so much it’s confusing.	Many, many countries signed international agreements that define what is legal and what is not legal during a time of war. For instance, executing a prisoner of war who was not resisting or threatening his captor would be highly illegal. Targeting civilian buildings where a lot of civilians are is also illegal (like ho...	[ "\"War crimes\" are \"violations of the laws or customs of war\", including \"murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps\", \"the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war\", the killing of hostages, \"the wanton destruction of cities, towns and vi...
Is there any evidence that prehistoric peoples had language?	Yes. Prehistoric just means before written records. We know for a fact that language existed before written records did because we've been able to reconstruct things like Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European. It wasn't until later when PIE split into the many child languages like Ancient Greek and Sanskrit etc that writ...	[ "How many Pre-Indo-European languages existed is not known. Nor is it known whether the ancient names of peoples descended from the pre-ancient population actually referred to speakers of distinct languages. Marija Gimbutas (1989), observing a unity of symbols marked especially on pots, but also on other objects, c...
if the world is round and rotates, how do we appear to be standing upright at all times?	Because gravity pulls us toward the center of the planet. Just like if you take a plunger and stick it on a beach ball, it doesn't matter the orientation of the ball, the stick of the plunger sticks away from the center.	[ "The shape of the Universe as described in Jainism is shown alongside. Unlike the current convention of using North direction as the top of map, this uses South as the top. The shape is similar to a part of human form standing upright.\n", "Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Ear...
when we bend our elbows/knees why don’t our blood vessels flowing, like a hose?	Our arms an legs bend, not fold. When a hose folds it cuts the liquid supply, when it bends the flow is uninterrupted. There is too much going on in the limbs with bone, muscle, adamantium, cartilage, etc, to fold.	[ "The falciform ligament can become canalised if an individual is suffering from portal hypertension. Due to the increase in venous congestion, blood is pushed down from the liver towards the anterior abdominal wall and if blood pools here, will result in dilatation of veins around the umbilicus. If these veins radi...
superdelegates...	Keep in mind that the population as a whole doesn't really vote for the DNC representative directly. Much like the electoral college as the real last step for voting for president, the real candidate selection process involves "delegates" who attend the big event where the party selects its nomination. Those delegates ...	[ "Superdelegates are elected officials and members of the Democratic National Committee who will vote at the Democratic National Convention for their preferred candidate. Also known as \"unpledged delegates,\" they comprise 15% of the convention (712 votes out of 4,763) and they may change their preference at any ti...
what properties do cooking oils contain that make them beneficial for cooking?	They should be cheap to produce in large quantities. They need to withstand high temperatures without burning (despite what some other user said). They must be non-toxic, not including any carcinogenic compounds they form when they're used.	[ "Cooking oils are composed of various fractions of fatty acids. For the purpose of frying food, oils high in monounsaturated or saturated fats are generally popular, while oils high in polyunsaturated fats are less desirable. High oleic acid oils include almond, macadamia, olive, pecan, pistachio, and high-oleic cu...
Was there any form of public transport in the Roman Empire similar to what we find today in that it had standardised routes and fees?	I have removed all of the comments below, including a lot of discussion about the History Channel. Please remember the Rules for Ask Historians before posting. There is no need to "fill the void", if you don't really know the answer and are not ready to back it up. Someone knowledgeable will come along in a little whi...	[ "The cursus publicus (Latin: \"the public way\"; , \"dēmósios drómos\") was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, later inherited by the Eastern Roman Empire. It was system based on obligations placed on private persons by the Roman State. They provided as contrac...
Why are ice cubes white towards the centre but transparent towards the edges?	The water freezes from the outside edges towards the centre. At the start, there is still enough liquid water present to keep the dissolved gasses in solution so the ice at the edges is clear. At a certain point though, there is no longer enough water to hold the dissolved gasses and since it is now surrounded by ice, ...	[ "Douglas Hofstadter, in the July 1982 issue of \"Scientific American\", pointed out that Cubes could be coloured in such a way as to emphasise the corners or edges, rather than the faces as the standard colouring does; but neither of these alternative colourings has ever become popular.\n", "On the original class...
the mathematics behind the vanishing point (as best as you can)	Objects are typically located in three dimensional space, but when they are displayed, like in a computer game, in two dimensions, you need to do a projection. This is like taking a picture, it takes a three dimensional object and spits out a two dimensional image. This image is dependent on where you are located when...	[ "The vanishing point theorem is the principal theorem in the science of perspective. It says that the image in a picture plane of a line in space, not parallel to the picture, is determined by its intersection with and its vanishing point. Some authors have used the phrase, \"the image of a line includes its vanish...
how do whales regulate their temperature in the vastly different seas they travel?	The blood going to vessels in the skin (outside the blubber) is shut off to raise body temperature in the cold, and increased to cool off in the tropics.	[ "An alternate theory is that sperm whales, including \"Livyatan\", can alter the temperature of the wax in the organ to aid in buoyancy. Lowering the temperature increases the density to have it act as a weight for deep-sea diving, and raising the temperature decreases the density to have it pull the whale to the s...
if everything in universe is made of lots different chemical elements, then how on earth exist things like human cell, flesh, neurotransmitter, heart, nucleus, etc?	> like, does dna have structure like say N5H3O8, something like that Of course. After all, DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. [The wikipedia page has good images for the chemicals making it up.](_URL_0_) The key is that chemistry is a bit more complex than it would seem at first. Its not as rigid as x chemical is...	[ "This is probably the only place on Earth where one can find all five elements (fire, water, sky, earth and air) from which all material things in the universe are made, according to Hindu and Buddhist traditions.\n", "Although five times more elements are metals than nonmetals, two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and ...
how do celebrities get their "premium" usernames on social networks (like @justinbieber, etc...)? and if they pay for these usernames, how much? how does such a purchase usually pass off?	Awesome, something that I can answer! Background about me: I currently have over 200 unique twitter usernames that I have 'saved' and occasionally sell to others. Lots of 3 character usernames, with a couple 1/2 letter ones as well. Work for a big brand that spends over 500k monthly on Twitter/FB. If an account dire...	[ "A celebrity is something you have to become, although the spouses and offspring of celebrities get an extra boost. Celebrities are granted access to better clubs and VIP lounges. They are given discounts around town. Like free drinks or food at the club. They are invited to hang out at exclusive parties with other...
why does it matter that fat cells don't ever go away when losing weight?	Nutritionist here. Think of fat cells like empty water balloons kept in a bucket. If the water balloons are empty, they'll be able to get filled with water more quickly as compared to when they are partially or completely filled. Similarly, more the water in the bucket, more water can enter the balloon. Simple physics...	[ "It has been known since the 1970s that when fat cells become too big, they may become bloated and dysfunctional, or \"sick\". It has also been known since the 1940s that if fat gain occurs in the belly or abdominal (visceral) region, that this is another example of sick fat that promotes metabolic diseases. Finall...
why are many english words used in asian culture?	Speaking from the Chinese language, its because Chinese is a very old language, and new things are being invented in the West. So when something becomes new to them, and they learn the English name, most of the time they try and make it sound similar in their language.	[ "While the term may refer to spoken English, it is more often used to describe written English. In Japan, it is common to add English text to items for decorative and fashion purposes. Such text is often added to create a cosmopolitan feeling rather than to be read by native English speakers, and so may often be me...
why are some atoms able to violate the octet rule in covalent bonding?	Chemist here: All answers referring to d orbitals are flat out wrong. The idea that an element can handle only as many bonds as it has valence orbitals is false. Multiple bonds can be made from a single orbital and many valence orbitals don't participate in bonding. The main reason that elements below the second row ...	[ "The octet rule is only applicable to main group elements and there are many molecules that do not obey the octet rule. These molecules can be divided into two types: unstable intermediates that react so as to attain stability, and stable molecules that follow other electron counting rules. Although stable odd-elec...
How did the Japanese start the "kamikaze"/suicide ethos into its people?	In short, it was because of the extremely successful and pervasive effectiveness of the Japanese Imperial propaganda department. They were very persuasive in convincing the Japanese civilians as well as Japanese soldiers that Allied troops were the scum of the Earth and the worst thing that could possibly happen to y...	[ "Kamikaze is a word of Japanese origin, which in the English language usually refers to suicide attacks carried out by Imperial Japan's military aviators against Allied ships towards the end of the Pacific campaign of World War II, by crashing their explosive-filled planes into warships to stop and block the advanc...
if israel just vanished overnight, would the tensions in the middle east get better? what would happen?	I'm willing to bet things would be worse world-wide is such an event happened. Mass panic would erupt since a nation, quite literally, disappeared and people would be wondering who would be next. Some would take it as a religious sign, signaling the apocalypse, no doubt leading to chaos and instability.	[ "In October 2011, the new American Defense Secretary, Leon Panetta, suggested that Israeli policies were partly responsible for its increasing diplomatic isolation in the Middle East. The Israeli government responded that the problem was the growing radicalism in the region, rather than their own policies.\n", "M...
what are the differences between the functions of a president, chairman, ceo, cfo, and coo in the corporate structure?	The management of most corporations starts with a Board of Directors. The Board of Directors represent the interest of the shareholders and investors. In public companies, Directors are elected to the Board by the shareholders. In private companies, the Directors may be appointed by the owners/investors. Th...	[ "In a similar vein to the COO the title of corporate President as a separate position (as opposed to being combined with a \"C-Suite\" designation, such as \"President and CEO\" or \"President and COO\") is also loosely defined. The President is usually the legally recognized highest rank of corporate officer, rank...
why are pencils hexagonal while pencil crayons, pens, and mechanical pencils are round?	The way they are made. Crayons are basically extruded. They flood molds with colored wax and the crayons are cooled and solidified pushed out and wrapped. Mechanical pencils are melted plastic shoved into molds and then put together. Pencils are made with two sandwiched, half pencil, pieces with lead between them. The...	[ "Another class of applications of the Reuleaux triangle involves cylindrical objects with a Reuleaux triangle cross section. Several pencils are manufactured in this shape, rather than the more traditional round or hexagonal barrels. They are usually promoted as being more comfortable or encouraging proper grip, as...
Books about Steppe Warriors	I can't recommend the following books enough: * Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe by Robert Drews * Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age by The Kazakh/American Research Project * *The Horse The Wheel and Language - How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes S...	[ "The Steppe (), subtitled \"The Story of a Journey\", is a novella by Russian writer Anton Chekhov. In a narrative that drifts with the thought processes of the characters, Chekhov evokes a chaise journey across the steppe through the eyes of a young boy sent to live away from home, along with several companions, i...
the best soccer leagues, and players and what i should watch.	Start watching the English Premier League...The season just ended a few weeks ago with a good finish. Manchester City won the season by only 2 points with Liverpool in 2nd place and Chelsea in 3rd. Its fast paced soccer that is the most popular league in the world. A lot of good players	[ "League-based programming includes the National Premier Leagues (NPL) and Premier Leagues, a collection of US Club Soccer's top leagues from around the country. Champions of the various NPLs advance to the NPL Finals, the organization's annual league-based national championship competition. In addition, US Club Soc...
How/what does an electroencephalogram detect?	You are correct in assuming that the EEG is a result of EPSP/IPSP contribution from pyramidal cortical cells. This is due to collective current sinks/sources resulting from these synaptic activities. Here's a simple [illustration](_URL_0_) detailing the phenomenon. As for the specifics of cranial electrode placements...	[ "Electroencephalography, or EEG, measures brain activity through electrodes attached to the scalp of a subject. The object is to identify the recognition of meaningful data through this activity. Images or objects are shown to the subject while questioning techniques are implemented to determine recognition. This c...
how come cutscenes aren't preloaded in video games? like a 4k hd video?	It depends on how the cutscene is rendered (how it is drawn in the game). If it's a scripted cutscene, then everything is being shown in the actual game itself, which means everything has to be loaded as if you were playing the game even though you probably can't control anything except for the camera if that. If it'...	[ "Pre-rendered cutscenes are animated and rendered by the game's developers, and take advantage of the full array of techniques of CGI, cel animation or graphic novel-style panel art. Like live-action shoots, pre-rendered cutscenes are often presented in full motion video.\n", "Cutscenes often feature \"on the fly...
i don't really "feel" like a male. how come people experiencing gender dysphoria "feel" like the other gender?	The way I try to imagine it is if I woke up tomorrow as a man (not my original gender). Nothing wrong with being a man so no offense, but I'd be horrified. This is not who I am. I'd spend every waking minute of my life from then on trying to change my body into a girl's, because that's what feels right. Of course this ...	[ "Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person feels due to their birth-assigned sex and gender not matching their gender identity. People who experience gender dysphoria are typically transgender. Evidence from studies of twins suggests that gender dysphoria not only has psychological causes, but may have biologi...
if earth had rings like saturn, how would that affect sending satellites into orbit?	Short answer: life would be very difficult trying to orbit satellites in the presence of rings. Rings exist in circular orbits in a very flat plane exactly above the equator (the equatorial plane). Satellites would need to avoid passing through this plane at the same altitude as the rings or they're likely to hit a r...	[ "However, calculations performed after the recent detection of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea indicate that satellites orbiting Rhea could have stable orbits. Furthermore, the suspected rings are thought to be narrow, a phenomenon normally associated with shepherd moons. However, targeted images t...
if conjoined twins share a stomach, do they both feel full or hungry at the same time?	It's hard to make general statement about conjoined twins because literally every case is different, but the feeling of hunger is regulated by hormones, most importantly Leptin and Ghrelin, which circulate in the blood. So if the conjoined twins share their circulatory system (which they have to if they share a stoma...	[ "Pim and Ploy are twins both conjoined at the stomach. Pim is very sweet and protective of Ploy, though Ploy's nature is harsh and jealous. The girls promised each other to stay together until they die.\n", "The twins are joined at the abdomen and pelvis, have four arms, and three legs, two of which are fused int...
if everyone says california is so expensive, how do people afford to live there?	Some make so much money it doesn't matter -- if you make $200k/yr, it's not a big deal. Others request and accept cost of living adjustments from their employers. -- in Kansas, a position might be worth $60k/yr. In SF, it might be $90k/yr Others just live in small places, drive small cars, and enjoy the sun.	[ "California has a major hospitality and tourism economy. According to California’s Travel website (www.visitcalifornia.com), California had 335 million visitors in 2009 that spent approximately $87.8 billion. California has the largest share of visitors in the U.S. domestic travel market. A majority of the tourists...
why does the visible light spectrum appear cyclic to the human eye if the spectrum is based on specific linear wavelengths of light?	It doesn't appear cyclic to the human eye. It appears cyclic to the human brain. Our eyes can detect 3 "regions" of color: red, green, and blue. If we detect some combinations of those, we typically perceive that as an "in-between" color. For example, orange light stimulates both the red and green sensing cells...	[ "Whereas the human eye sees color of visible light in mostly three bands (long wavelengths - perceived as red, medium wavelengths - perceived as green, and short wavelengths - perceived as blue), spectral imaging divides the spectrum into many more bands. This technique of dividing images into bands can be extended...
Do we have evidence to prove that the Pyramids in Bosnia were constructed 10,000 years ago to even 24,000 years ago?	They are just ordinary mountains. A few cranks (most definitely not archaeologists) have been trying to convince people they're pyramids for years now, and unfortunately had some success within Bosnia, but there is zero support for the theory amongst actual archaeologists and never has been. There are no chambers or ...	[ "The 'Bosnian pyramid complex' is a pseudoarchaeological notion to explain the formation of a cluster of natural hills in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2005, Semir Osmanagić, also known as Sam Osmanagich, a Bosnian businessman now based in Houston, Texas, has claimed that these hills are the largest human-m...
since a normal human can run 8-10 mph but top athletes can run over 20 mph, if a cheetah "trained", could it potentially sprint much faster?	Almost all cheetahs are clones of each other. Theoretically every cheetah is already a top athlete since they are all pretty much identical. [source](_URL_0_)	[ "In April 2007 Habana competed against a cheetah in a 100-meter race to help raise awareness of the imminent danger of the cheetah being classified as an endangered species, according to De Wildt officials. He lost, because cheetahs can run 70 mph, instead of 22 mph.\n", "The cheetah is the world's fast animal an...
why do you feel hot when you have a blanket on, cold when you take the blanket off but if you leave one leg out of the blanket, it’s perfect?	When the blanket is on there is too much insulation so your body warms up. With the blanket off there is too little. So you need something in between. Having a leg out allows heat to leave your body. Therefore, you’ve achieved that in between that you needed.	[ "A blanket is a piece of soft cloth large enough either to cover or to enfold a great portion of the user's body, usually when sleeping or otherwise at rest, thereby trapping radiant bodily heat that otherwise would be lost through convection, and so keeping the body warm. \n", "Therefore, the longer one stays up...
if source code is readable, and executable programs are not, what happens to cause that?	what is lost is variable names, method names that make the program human readable. while you can probably figure out what mystring.left(5) does just by looking at it, you probably won't be able to tell what "on the object at memory location 0x12343, invoke method in library 0x342424 at location 0x242425"	[ "Source code viruses are a subset of computer viruses that make modifications to source code located on an infected machine. A source file can be overwritten such that it includes a call to some malicious code. By targeting a generic programming language, such as C, source code viruses can be very portable. Source ...
Prior to the US Civil War, was it common practice to euthanize slaves who were too old or sick to work?	If I can expand - what about sterilizing slaves to control population? Or abortion?	[ "Records show that one quarter of the 66 people living under slavery at Doctor Brome's plantation in St. Mary's City escaped during the Civil War and at least two of them then joined the Union Army. Even before slavery was legally abolished, the Union Army had a policy allowing enslaved men to gain their freedom if...
Is there a psychological reason why people with NO attraction to their own family members, find incest so arousing?	There is a psychological effect known as the Westermarck effect which basically prevents us from having sexual attraction to our siblings. We are conditioned throughout our lives to seek sexual partners outside our immediate kin groups. One of the ways this manifests is in the dampening down of feelings of attraction t...	[ "Sexual activity between adult close relatives is sometimes ascribed to genetic sexual attraction. This form of incest has not been widely reported, but evidence has indicated that this behavior does take place, possibly more often than many people realize. Internet chatrooms and topical websites exist that provide...
what happens to all the water after a hurricane/flood? does it just recede back into a body of water?	Civil engineering major here with background in water resources and hydrology. In urban and suburban areas, eventually the majority of the water will go into the wastewater system to either be reclaimed (cleaned for use) or the excess will be directed through the appropriate channels to points that can accommodate the ...	[ "When hurricanes surge upon shore from the ocean, salt is introduced to many freshwater areas and raises the salinity levels too high for some habitats to withstand. Some are able to cope with the salt and recycle it back into the ocean, but others can not release the extra surface water quickly enough or do not ha...
Why does buoyant force only work for fluids?	There is no mechanism preventing it. In fact, if you gently shake the container, the larger pieces _will_ rise to the top. This is known as the [Brazil nut effect](_URL_0_). Buoyancy exists in fluids because they are free to flow and fill a container, which is what allows them to "push out" a buoyant object. Likewise,...	[ "The buoyant force component is in the inward radial direction. It is in the opposite direction to the particle's centrifugal force because it is on a volume of fluid that is missing compared to the surrounding fluid. Using formula_9 for the density of the fluid, the buoyant force is:\n", "Buoyancy force is the d...
How closely (i.e. distance from the surface) can something orbit the Earth?	Below about 200 km (120 miles), orbits decay rapidly due to atmospheric friction. On the moon, where there is no atmosphere, there is really no minimum orbital altitude, though you couldn't really put something in orbit a foot off the ground since the ground isn't perfectly flat. Almost all satellites are in Low Earth ...	[ "The distance between the Earth's and the Moon's surfaces is, on average, approximately . This distance is sometimes used in the same manner as the circumference of the Earth; that is, one might say that a large number of objects laid end-to-end \"would reach all the way to the Moon and back two-and-a-half times\"....
Around 400 before christ, when Greece became a democracy. What was the tasks of the king?	I think you have the wrong view of how Greece worked in those days. Greece was divided into a multitude of city states, some of the allied in Legues, but not all. These city states were spread from the Crimea to Iberia, with Sicily and southern Italy (Magna Graecia, or larger Greece) as prominent places. Some of thes...	[ "During and after the Greek War of Independence (1821–29), a series of elections for national assemblies had taken place, and promulgated a series of liberal constitutions that enshrined democratic principles. Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Greece, established in 1832 under the Bavarian prince Otto, disregarded the e...
what forces, on a molecular level, hold together a solid object and how are those affected when the object breaks in separate pieces?	It kind of depends on what sort of material you are talking about. I'll give you one example in (a bit of) detail, and then I will just name a couple of other forces that also could (not should per se) play a role. Here it goes: Basically every molecule has an interaction with it's neigboring molecule, that interactio...	[ "In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as...
Does the age at which someone begins puberty affect anything for the person's life later on down the line?	This is just something I remember from a report I did on adolescent psychology but one of the most affected areas is self-esteem. Girls who hit puberty early are more likely to get male attention, negative and positive. It is usually from boys that are older than she is. The more negative attention, the lower the se...	[ "Age of onset of puberty is influenced by many factors such as genetics, nutritional status, ethnicity and environmental factors including socio-economic conditions and geographical location. A decline of age at onset of puberty from 17 years of age to 13 years of age has occurred over a period of 200 years until t...
Why is the derivative of the volume of a sphere equal to its surface area?	Consider a sphere of radius r, where you want to increase the volume very slightly. You can do this by adding a layer of paint, covering the entire surface area, with a tiny thickness dr. The volume of paint you've added to the sphere is dV=(area)\*dr. Integrate both sides, which acts like adding infinitely many tiny...	[ "is the cosine of the angle between and . A simple consequence of this formula is that if \"u\" is a harmonic function, then the value of \"u\" at the center of the sphere is the mean value of its values on the sphere. This mean value property immediately implies that a non-constant harmonic function cannot assume ...
why do i max out at around 3.2mbps wired and 2.5mbps wireless download speed when i pay for 30mbps?	I'm pretty sure you know this already, but what they sell you is in mega bits per second, and when downloading it is displayed in mega bytes per second. Every 8 bits is 1 byte, so a 30mbps connection is a 3.75 MB per second. If you are downloading at 3.2 MB per second and not mbps like you say in the title then the...	[ "BULLET::::- 11 April - The Ministry of Communications and Information announced that Wireless@SG speeds will increase from 2Mpbs to 5Mpbs by end-2016, as well as the doubling of hotspots to 20,000 by 2018.\n", "Because of its location, Internet in Kiribati is much more expensive than in other regions. 500MB can ...
which is better for the environment on the small scale: using a plastic fork once to save water on cleaning silverware, or washing and reusing a stainless steel fork so a plastic fork won't end up in a landfill?	Considering the resources that go into extracting, refining, and machining the material in the steel fork, you'd have to use the SS fork hundreds if not thousands of times before you came out ahead from an energy expenditure standpoint. There was a study done with ceramic vs. styrofoam coffee cups asking basically the...	[ "Use of recycled water in industrial settings is increasing as strained freshwater supplies are decreasing. Recycled water is used industrially in pulp and paper plants and in the cooling towers and boilers of power plants. It can also be used for mixing concrete and other applications that do not involve consumpti...
How Historically accurate is "Hellstorm-Death of Nazi Germany, 1944-1947" by Thomas Goodrich. It backs up all its claims with large amounts of detailed proofs, citations, sources on each and every page. However a lot of people call it Neo Nazi propoganda to gain sympathy for Nazi. What is the truth	It is a piece of Nazi propaganda, plain and simple. The problems with this book start right in the text describing it: It talks about the millions who perished in the greatest mass migration known to men, meaning the flight and forcible expulsion of Germans from the Red army and from Eastern Europe, the "post-war deat...	[ "Oxford historian Harrison Ashcroft, preparing to publish his biography of Adolf Hitler entitled \"Herr Hitler\" along with his daughter Emily Ashcroft, receives a letter from a stranger in West Berlin informing them that the book could be wrong if published with the popular version of Hitler's suicide as its end. ...
If written to once and then left turned off (no power, in a dry temperature-regulated environment), how long would flash memory last until you can no longer read it?	There is no one answer. Each manufacturer makes different claims about the shelf life of their flash memory products. A common estimates is [around 10 years](_URL_0_). A product sheet (from a company I won't mention) that I have next to me claims "_25 years of daily usage_", with daily usage clarified later in the shee...	[ "A flash memory storage system with \"no wear leveling\" will not last very long if data is written to the flash. Without wear leveling, the underlying flash controller must permanently assign the logical addresses from the operating system (OS) to the physical addresses of the flash memory. This means that every w...
why does water evaporate faster outdoors than indoors?	Yes, temperature. But also other factors, such as humidity and wind. _URL_0_ There are definitely less wind indoor, so that's a big factor. If you have a puddle in a small room, as the puddle evaporate, the room gets more humid, thus slowing slowing down the evaporation. In the outdoors, the humidity quickly dispers...	[ "Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheri...
why do pharmacists complete 4 years of post-grad schooling learning about drugs but physicians actually pick the drugs to use.	Pharmacists are the last line of defense against a patient taking a drug or combination of drug that may be harmful, especially if that patient is taking over the counter drugs/supplements or filling prescriptions from multiple doctors. Because of this, knowledge of the function of many drugs and potential drug inte...	[ "There are different requirements of schooling based on the area of pharmaceuticals a student is seeking. In the United States, the general pharmacist will attain a Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (Pharm.D.). The Pharm.D. can be completed in a minimum of six years, which includes two years of pre-pharmacy classes, and fo...
why is the president immune from the ethics laws, when the ethics in government act of 1978 expressly states otherwise?	Standard disclaimer: political, keeping bias to a minimum. The current President is immune to ethics laws because the majority party at the moment (the Republicans) aren't holding him to those ethics laws. Simply put: right now, they're a police officer who's blatantly looking the other way as someone's getting mugge...	[ "The Court held that the independent counsel provision of the Ethics in Government Act did not violate the principle of separation of powers because it did not increase the power of one branch at the expense of another. Instead, even though the President cannot directly fire an Independent Counsel, the person holdi...
What are some lesser known Genocides in World History?	The definition of Genocide is VERY slippery and controversial, but if we can at least agree that it involves intentionally attempting to wholly eradicate a specific ethnic group, then I would mention the Zunghar Genocide perpetrated by the Qing Dynasty as one of the lesser known tragedies in world history. The Zunghar...	[ "Considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century, the Herero and Namaqua Genocide was perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in German South West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled again...
why, with all our advancements in telecommunications and phone technology, has phone call audio quality stayed virtually the same as ten or twenty years ago?	In simplest terms; because the telephone system is an internetwork of individual links, it is limited by the least capable link in the system. Think of having a road between two cities that starts out as a five-lane Interstate highway, drops to a dirt road, then goes back to a five-lane highway and then arrives at the ...	[ "Traditional telephone calls continue to be the industry's biggest revenue generator, but thanks to advances in network technology, Telecom today is less about voice and increasingly about text (messaging, email) and images (e.g. video streaming). \n", "The communication circuits of the public switched telephone ...
How fictitious is the current modern perception of the samurai?	Early days of the Meiji era? The 廃刀令 (Order to restrict carrying of sword) was issued in Meiji 9, 1876, with the earliest discussion to going all the way back in Meiji 3, 1870. The order restricted carrying to sword to soldiers and police. On top of that, the Meiji restoration had a important policy that is to strip ...	[ "Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and \"The Tale of th...
why can soup (with meat) be stored at room temperature?	If it is in a sealed can, it is safe because the cans were superheated to kill all bacteria they might have had in them and since then have had no way to get outside bacteria in. The issue with keeping food warm too long is that it allows bacteria to thrive. But if there are no bacteria to begin with and no way for an...	[ "Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a few vegetables...
why do gas giants have such strong gravities?	Their density is lower, but they're also vastly bigger than earth or similar planets. The increase in volume means that they still have a lot more mass than smaller, denser planets, and that's what dictates their gravitational pull.	[ "For gas giants, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, beca...
How does a respiratory infection spread from cell to cell inside of a host?	You almost had it in the first section. After the cell produces many copies of the virus, the new virus particles head toward the membrane of the cell and push out, taking part of the membrane with them to provide a protective layer. Those new virus particles then all go out and infect new cells and the cycle continu...	[ "Bacteria typically enter the lung with inhalation, though they can reach the lung through the bloodstream if other parts of the body are infected. Often, bacteria live in parts of the upper respiratory tract and are continuously being inhaled into the alveoli, the cavities deep in the lungs where gas exchange take...
why is the bell pepper so big, while it's mostly empty on the inside?	The plants and animals that we use for food have nearly all been domesticated and bred to fit human needs and desires. They are much different than the wild ancestors which were much smaller and denser. _URL_0_	[ "The terms \"bell pepper\" (US, Canada), \"pepper\" or \"sweet pepper\" (UK, Ireland, Malaysia), and \"capsicum\" (Australia, India, New Zealand and Pakistan) are often used for any of the large bell-shaped peppers, regardless of their color. The vegetable is simply referred to as a \"pepper\", or additionally by c...
What was the plan for Nunavik (northern Quebec region governed by the Inuit) if Quebec had gained independence in the 1980 referendum? Did the separatists say what they would do about the JBNQA (the 1975 agreement giving the Inuit control over the northern third of the province)?	The question is a bit vague, inasmuch as it does not specify who was doing the planning. On the side of the PQ, the notion of Québec partition was simply deemed untenable, and that international law was a sufficient garantee against it ([source](_URL_4_)). However, at the federal level, the opposite was at least cons...	[ "Rosemarie Kuptana, then the President of ITK, declared on July 27, 1995, that the Inuit of northern Quebec would boycott the October 30, 1995, referendum on sovereignty which failed to address self-government and land claim issues.\n", "In addition to declaring Quebec a sovereign country, the bill lays out sever...
why is ancestry from spain important to the u.s. census (hispanic) but ancestry from other latin cultures like italy or portugal isn't?	With regard to the U.S. Census, Hispanic doesn't mean from Spain -- it means people from Mexico and Latin America, ie. Spanish speakers. Hispanics make up about 17% of the U.S. population currently.	[ "Concerning immigrants and people of European ancestry, 89% of the population has some form of European roots, mostly from Spain. During the colonization and establishment of Mexico, there was a constant flow of Spanish immigrants. There have also been large influxes during instabilities in Spain, such as during th...
why do i need glasses if i've got irises?	The Iris doesn't focus, it controls how much light enters your pupil. The lens focuses by changing shape with tiny little muscles. You need glasses because the lens is too rigid and the muscles are too weak.	[ "BULLET::::- Iris recognition - A form of authentication that uses data linked to features associated with the colored part of the eye of a user. It involves analyzing the patterns of the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. It uses a fairly normal camera and does not require close contact between the eye...
how google stores caches of so many websites	There are a few methods that Google uses. The primary one is that Google spends plenty on continually adding more servers, server space, and improving their ability to manage that ever-growing space. Also, copies of crawled websites compress better than many types of data. Google once released that they're able to co...	[ "The browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual users. This technique takes advantage of the fact that the web browser will use resources stored within the cache instead of downloading them from the website when it determines that the cache already has the most up-to-da...
if alcohol helps kill bacteria and fights bad breathe (like mouthwash), why does your breathe smell like death after a night of drinking ?	Because the alcohol doesn't kill ALL of the bacteria in there and those little greebly bastards reproduce right quickly. Then there's good odds that you didn't brush your teeth before passing out into a drunken stupor. That means there's all sorts of dilute sugar solution from the beer or wine that you drank (the alc...	[ "Alcohol is added to mouthwash not to destroy bacteria but to act as a carrier agent for essential active ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol which help to penetrate plaque. Sometimes a significant amount of alcohol (up to 27% vol) is added, as a carrier for the flavor, to provide \"bite\". Because o...
How do water-powered batteries like this work? Are they pretty much useless?	take a look at [this](_URL_0_) - it's not powered by the water, that's just the electrolyte. the power comes from the dissimilar metals which make up the anode & cathode, at least one of which will be consumed by the reaction. they're not useless, but yeah, there are more efficient ways of making a battery.	[ "Typically, a large variety of aqueous solutions can be used in place of plain water. This battery type is specifically designed to pollute less (see environmentally friendly claims) due to the lesser use or the absence of heavy metals. Water-activated batteries have been used in radiosondes that shouldn't contain ...
how did “hello” become the default greeting when you answer the phone?	Nobody liked 'Ahoy!' which is what the creator of the telephone wanted the standard greeting to be.	[ "The use of \"hello\" as a telephone greeting has been credited to Thomas Edison; according to one source, he expressed his surprise with a misheard \"Hullo\". Alexander Graham Bell initially used \"Ahoy\" (as used on ships) as a telephone greeting. However, in 1877, Edison wrote to T. B. A. David, president of the...
What are some salient points about the West Coast Salish peoples and associated cultures that should be more well known?	What really differentiated the people of the PNW (Kwakiutle, Haida, Coast Salish, Squamish, ect. ect.) from many of the other tribes around North America was how settled they were, compared to even the most agriculturally based Aboriginal societies such as the Iriqouis in the east. Because they (and we) live in a re...	[ "The Coast Salish cultures differ considerably from those of their northern neighbours. It is one of the few Indigenous cultures along the coast with a patrilineal, not matrilineal, culture. They are also one of the few peoples on the coast whose traditional territories coincide with contemporary major metropolitan...
i'm told that my daughter (14 months) shouldn't have red meat, because it's hard for her body to process. why is red meat harder to digest than other meats?	A well respected pediatrician at my medical school taught me that all types of meat were appropriate early foods (or beikost) as they tend to be rich in nutrients that complement breast milk, especially iron. She recommended meat puree in particular.	[ "Understanding the health impact of red meat is difficult because it is not a uniform product, with effects varying based on fat content, processing and preparation. Processed red meat, in particular, is linked to higher mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There is some epidemiological asso...
Why didn't the French just give Winston Churchill their Navy, instead of forcing his hand to destroy it?	By the terms of the armistice France signed with Germany the French Fleet was supposed to be demiliterized in a French port. Admiral Darlan scattered the French navy to French ports in Africa that were loyal to the Vichy French. The incomplete Jean Bart went to Casablanca, ...	[ "After the fall of France, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill feared that, in German or Italian hands, the ships of the French Navy would pose a grave threat to the Allies. He therefore insisted that French warships either join the Allies or else adopt neutrality in a British, French, or neutral port. Churchi...
what does it mean that the eu is "imposing sanctions" on ukrainian official?	What do sanctions do? The sanctions are: * Ukrainian officials are not allowed to enter Europe anymore. * Assets of Ukranian officials are frozen at the moment. They can't access their European bank account any more, they can't sell European stock anymore, ... The basic message from Europe to the current officia...	[ "International sanctions were imposed during the Ukrainian crisis by a large number of countries against Russia and Crimea following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, which began in late February 2014. The sanctions were imposed by the United States, the European Union (EU) and other countries and inter...
do dogs have a sense of right or wrong?	They don't have a sense of guilt like we might sometimes think they do. Rather, they know something they did was bad because they know that will be punished (because it's happened before... same way they know how to sit on command). They do it for the same reason any human misbehaves - they either don't think of the co...	[ "As pointed out by philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke and Hume, some animals are also clearly capable of a type of \"associative thinking\", even to the extent of associating causes and effects. A dog once kicked, can learn how to recognize the warning signs and avoid being kicked in the future, but this does not m...
how can a seemingly small amount of poison or venom be so eefective. 100 mg of venom from a black mamba snake is enough to kill a 100kg adult human. how is this possible?	I believe that poison works by interfering with your nerve cells. Many others work this way. If that is the case the molecules bind to the receptors at the very end of nerve cells that they use to communicate with the next one down the line. Nerve cells are long and skinny, so you're disabling a fairly large cell by me...	[ "The Black Mamba can inject between 100–120 mg venom in one bite. Comparing the LD results with the amount of venom that can be injected shows that one bite is fatal. For humans a dose of 10–15 mg is enough to be fatal.\n", "Based on how sensitive monkeys were to the venom, Whaler (1971) estimated 14 mg of venom ...
How is glass made?	There are many different compositions of glass. In scientific terms, a glass is a solid that lacks any well-defined crystal structure. By far the most common is Soda-lime glass. The raw ingredients for which are silica sand (silicon dioxide, SiO2), sodium oxide, and calcium oxide. Small amounts of many other chemical...	[ "Primary glass production involves the combination of the raw materials Soda, Lime and Silica, heated at specific temperatures in order to produce a basic glass compound (see Glass and Anglo-Saxon Glass). Traditionally, glass has been made from either the mixture of ground quartz stones (providing the silica) and p...
When did Bank Heists become a thing?	I'll let the experts elaborate but simple answer is "when banks were invented" ... While that might an exaggeration, highway-robbery and highwaymen are certainly a very old "tradition" and a driving force behind banks - ie not carrying money/valuables around Seems by 1880's in USA bank robberies were fairly common ....	[ "In October 1907, the United States experienced a bank run on the Knickerbocker Trust Company, forcing the trust to close on October 23, 1907, provoking further reactions. The panic was alleviated when U.S. Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou and John Pierpont \"J.P.\" Morgan deposited $25 million and $35...
Do holocaust deniers have any valid points?	Every time this subject comes up I link to [this](_URL_0_) thread. But honestly you can sort of read between the cracks of what you posted to see that whomever was claiming that obviously has an agenda. For example: > No German plans were ever found mentioning any plans to exterminate Jews. So that book about Jew...	[ "The claims of deniers are grounded in flawed research, biased statements, and, in some cases, deliberately falsified evidence. Courts of law have also rejected Holocaust denial claims (see Fred A. Leuchter and David Irving) and laws against holocaust denial have been passed in 14 European countries. The Nizkor Pro...
Where were the marines during the Wild West time period?	In short, yes, the Marines were utilized for amphibious landings. In a bit more length, the Marine Corps was declining. The U.S. Civil War, shortly before the Wild West time period (1865-1895) delegated the Marine Corps to blockade duty. They were poorly, if ever, utilized in battle for the Northern States. Soon af...	[ "In World War II the US Marines had four camps in the Pauatahanui area; at Judgeford, at the Porirua side of the foot of the Haywards Hill, at Motukaraka, and in the Moonshine Valley. The Judgedford camp accommodated 3,755 men, the Moonshine camp had a recreation hall and a vehicle servicing depot, and the Haywards...
what's the difference between amd and nvidia gpus?	Ford and Chrysler both make cars. The cars have four tires, steering wheel and a horn! Both Ford and Chrysler vehicles get you from point A to point B. Video cards all share a primary goal. Deliver video information to a display port.	[ "With respect to discrete GPUs, found in add-in graphics-boards, Nvidia's GeForce and AMD's Radeon GPUs are the only remaining competitors in the high-end market. Along with its nearest competitor, the AMD Radeon, the GeForce architecture is moving toward general-purpose graphics processor unit (GPGPU). GPGPU is ex...
why, when we are being put under anesthesia, does it give you a burning sensation up your arm, or from the point in which the anesthesia was administered.	If you're talking about getting it through an IV it's actually the cool temperature of the fluid going through your veins. Even lukewarm water can give that sensation since we have such a high body temp	[ "Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek \"without sensation\") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient ...
For all those b & w photos of construction workers at death-defying heights, how often did we actually lose workers on the job?	Fatalities certainly did occur. During the five years of construction of Hoover Dam for example there were [96 fatalities directly related to construction](_URL_0_). And a good number of these were falls.	[ "As least 16 workers had died during the construction from 1951 to 1959, and no figure is known for the construction during the first years. A large number of the workers eventually died from silicosis, a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust.\n", "BULLET::::- The BBC r...
how come glass breaks when it hits the ground, but marbles bounce and hardly take damage?	Spheres. Spheres distribute the shock of hitting the ground very evenly. A marble can still break, but it's less likely to than a cube, prism, or sheet.	[ "Exposure of a glass surface to moisture, either in solution or from humidity in the atmosphere, causes chemical reactions to occur on and below the surface of the glass. The exchange of alkali metal ions (from within the glass) and hydrogen ions (from outside) can cause chemical and structural changes to the glass...

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