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the g20 summit. | It's the biggest 20 industrial and threshold nations coming together and arguing about the most important current and future challenges. How we're going about globalisation, what we're going to do about North Korea, what we're going to do against climate change. It's all discussed there in those few days. It's nothing ... | [
"The 2010 G20 Toronto summit was the fourth meeting of the G20 heads of state/government, to discuss the global financial system and the world economy, which took place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during June 26–27, 2010. The summit's priorities included evaluating the progre... |
How did ancient Asian steppe warriors fight each other? | I'm loving the questions this week. I'm gonna have some fun with this and go into everything from warfare to military equipment. I'll mostly be using the Scythians, Alans, and Huns as examples, but much of this applies to other cultures and I'll expound on that some.
Information on Steppe Warfare is primarily gleaned ... | [
"The steppe peoples quickly came to dominate Central Asia, forcing the scattered city states and kingdoms to pay them tribute or face annihilation. The martial ability of the steppe peoples was limited, however, by the lack of political structure within the tribes. Confederations of various groups would sometimes f... |
why does it seem the larger any particular group get, the more stupid it becomes. are human beings just naturally inclined to be dumb? | Human beings, like many species, are highly social animals. We are strongly driven to ensure we "fit in" with the larger group. This has advantages of course, which is why we do it, but it also has huge disadvantages, including the ability to stop thinking clearly and go along with the herd because of the misguided sen... | [
"Stupid people are seen as a group, more powerful by far than major organizations such as the Mafia and the industrial complex, which without regulations, leaders or manifesto nonetheless manages to operate to great effect and with incredible coordination.\n",
"Carlo Maria Cipolla, an economic historian, is famou... |
Is there any evidence that being put under anesthetic permanently alters your behavior, personality, or mental health? | It is well established that some patients (especially older people) show temporary signs of delusion, halllucinations, memory loss and other mental and cognitive changes after surgery involving anesthesia.
This condition is known as postoperative delirium or postoperative cognital dysfunction and although anesthesia ... | [
"Very rare causes of awareness include drug tolerance, or a tolerance induced by the interaction of other drugs. Some patients may be more resistant to the effects of anesthetics than others; factors such as younger age, obesity, tobacco smoking, or long-term use of certain drugs (alcohol, opiates, or amphetamines)... |
why do so many animals, excluding humans, have retractable 'male genitalia'? | Most animals are much closer to the ground than we are, and dragging your frank and beans around would damage them. Other than that, they also have to consider the target that blood-vessel rich genitals present in a fight.
Mostly though, I suspect that you'll find distance of abdomen from the ground correlates to smal... | [
"Because of the strong sexual selection affecting the structure and function of genitalia, they form an organ system that evolves rapidly. A great variety of genital form and function may therefore be found among animals.\n",
"A lack of research on the vagina and other female genitalia, especially for different a... |
in computer software, what is the difference between a program, service, thread, process etc.? | A program is a very general term for any piece of software. Your internet browser is a program. Your word processor is a program. iTunes is a program. Each app on your smart phone is a program.
A process can be thought of as a program that is running. On the same computer, you can have the same program running multipl... | [
"The term \"software system\" should be distinguished from the terms \"computer program\" and \"software\". The term computer program generally refers to a set of instructions (source, or object code) that perform a specific task. However, a software system generally refers to a more encompassing concept with many ... |
suppose I dropped you in constantinople in 659 and then in 1167, what differences would you expect to see? | Any answer is inevitably going to be patchy. Our knowledge of the seventh century is much poorer than what we have for the twelfth. We are much better informed about religious foundations than the demography of housing, for example. For a general and highly readable account of the city at the end of the twelfth century... | [
"After the Fall of Constantinople, the quarter was renamed after Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (Eyüp in Turkish), a companion (\"Ansari\") of Muhammad who fell in the First Arab Siege of Constantinople in 674–678. In 1581, Christians were prohibited from living there.\n",
"BULLET::::- 1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottom... |
Could we replace eating with nutrient injection intravenously? | Yes, [Total Parenteral Nutrition](_URL_0_) is a reasonably common intervention, used when for whatever reason a patient cannot tolerate oral food. Its normally used only in the short term (weeks/months) but it can replace normal digestion indefinitely. There are a number of important side effects, especially an increas... | [
"B taken in a low-solubility, non-chewable supplement pill form may bypass the mouth and stomach and not mix with gastric acids, but acids are not necessary for the absorption of free B not bound to protein; acid is necessary only to recover naturally-occurring vitamin B from foods.\n",
"Work done by scientists i... |
Did British military officers during the Napoleonic Wars receive training? | Please bear in mind that Cornwell is a novelist and is trying to create an atmosphere in which his "working class hero" can be seen to be particularly successful. A dilettante officer wouldn't last long on active service in the field, so although they existed, they weren't as significant as Cornwell would have us belie... | [
"After the fall of France the British Army went through a period of reorganisation, and anti-aircraft units of the Royal Artillery trained on the site, as well as a reconnaissance battalion of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. The camp then became a Battle Training Camp, staffed by a cadre of officers and non-com... |
why does the water in the coffee pot *refuse* to pour neatly from the spout, no matter how slowly i pour, dribbling down the front instead until it's half empty? | Surface adhesion, which is closely related to surface tension, which is basically water's property to cling to surfaces. A rougher, more coarse surface is easier for water to adhere to (more surface area). But what you actually need to do is pour faster...pouring slowly makes it more likely to cling and dribble down th... | [
"The desired quantity of water is poured into the water chamber of the pot and the desired amount of a fairly coarse-ground coffee is placed in the top chamber. It is important that the water level be below the bottom of the coffee chamber.\n",
"When the lower chamber is almost empty, bubbles of steam mix with th... |
How does a charged particle not lose all of its energy even though it constantly generates an electromagnetic field? | The electrostatic field of a charge *has* or *carries* a certain amount of energy and information. It does not need a *constant input* of energy or information from the charge. It does not "emanate" or "flow" outwards from the charge.
It's like a dress, not a waterfall. You don't need to constantly produce fabric to h... | [
"This does not mean that individual positive and negative charges cannot be created or destroyed. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles such as electrons and protons. Charged particles can be created and destroyed in elementary particle reactions. In particle physics, charge conservation means that in r... |
why can't we harness the vaporized fossil fuel from engine exhaust and use it again? | The exhaust from a standard combustion engine isn't "vaporized fossil fuel"; the fuel doesn't vaporize, it combusts, which converts the fuel into energy and then chemical byproducts. Those byproducts are what is exhausted.
None of those byproducts are particularly energy dense like gasoline is, so recapturing them wo... | [
"Natural gas is a fossil fuel, and when it burns to create heat it adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. But the additional concern is that natural gas releases less carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than oil does - especially heavy oil, or synthetic crude. So, a relatively clean non-renewable fossil fuel... |
why has it become virtually impossible for politicians on either side to work across party lines? why has "bipartisan" become such a dirty word? | It gives their voters the illusion that they’re fighting for what they want, but the rival party won’t let them get any new laws passed. In reality, they all work together and pass whatever the lawmakers want. | [
"Bipartisanship has been criticized because it can obscure the differences between parties, making voting for candidates based on policies difficult in a democracy. Additionally, the concept of bipartisanship has been criticized as discouraging agreements between more than two parties, thus exercising a tyranny of ... |
the different types of logical fallacies | There's tons so off the top of my head, and like you're five:
Strawman: Arguing with a self-constructed and more simplified assertion than the one your debate partner is actually making. Tantamount to building a scarecrow Hulk Hogan then beating it up and claiming you kicked Hulk Hogans ass, hence the title.
Appeal... | [
"Fallacies are commonly divided into \"formal\" and \"informal\". A formal fallacy can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as propositional logic, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be for... |
If fish can remove oxygen from water, then why can't (or haven't) we created SCUBA gear that can do the same? | Fish are cold blooded, so they need much lesser oxygen than humans (hot blooded).
In water, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm^3/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm^3/L.
An average diver with a fully closed-circuit rebreather needs 1 L (roughly 1 qt) of oxygen per minute. As a result, at least 1... | [
"If used underwater, the liquid-oxygen tank must be well insulated against heat coming in from the water. As a result, industrial sets of this type may not be suitable for diving, and diving sets of this type may not be suitable for use out of water. The set's liquid oxygen tank must be filled immediately before us... |
If the testes are on the outside of the body because they need to be at a temperature lower than the body temperature, how come men living in deserts or other hot climates aren't sterile? | Sweaty balls. In hot climates your balls can still be lower than body temperature because sweaty balls. Your surface temperature can drop lower than body temperature with the cooling effects of sweat. Hotter balls do result in lower fertility though. | [
"The male reproductive system contains two main divisions: the testes where sperm are produced, and the penis. In humans, both of these organs are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the testes outside the abdomen facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive about... |
How do brass instruments work? | Not just brass, but from my simple understanding, the vibrations from the mouthpiece/reed are amplified as they pass through the instrument. The shape of the instrument affects the tone and pitch. | [
"A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called \"labrosones\", literally meaning \"lip-vibrated instruments\".\n",
"Brass instrument valves are valves used... |
what does a pilot see when they say turbulence is to be expected for the next x duration of the flight? how do they know how rough it is going to be? why can't they just go higher or lower than whatever the weather is? | It depends where it is.
Sometimes it's possible to see bad weather visually - large cumulus clouds are nearly always turbulent. Other times it shows up on the weather radar - a device which sends out a radar signal that bounces off of water droplets and shows how big the droplets are.
Clear Air Turbulence is the one ... | [
"Once an aircraft enters conditions under which the pilot cannot see a distinct visual horizon, the drift in the inner ear continues uncorrected. Errors in the perceived rate of turn about any axis can build up at a rate of 0.2 to 0.3 degrees per second. If the pilot is not proficient in the use of gyroscopic fligh... |
In medieval warfare, did all soldiers have shields with their lord's coat of arms or is that just a Game of Thrones thing? | Okay, so you're kind of mixing two concepts up a bit here: heraldry and livery. Soldiers have basically always decorated their equipment, but after heraldry became fully established in the 13th century, to bear a coat of arms, whether on shield or surcoat or whatever, was to claim nobility. The specific arrangement of ... | [
"Older writers trace origins of supporters to their usages in tournaments, where the shields of the combatants were exposed for inspection, and guarded by their servants or pages disguised in fanciful attire. However, medieval Scottish seals afford numerous examples in which the 13th and 14th century shields were p... |
definition of a parsec for an amateur astronomer | 3.26 light-years or the distance of an object where the orbit of the Earth around the sun creates a visual **P**arallax of one **ar**c**sec**ond
Parallax is the difference in apparent position of an object viewed from two different spots like how an object shifts a bit when you look out just your left eye is just your... | [
"The parsec is defined as being equal to the length of the longer leg of an extremely elongated imaginary right triangle in space. The two dimensions on which this triangle is based are its shorter leg, of length one astronomical unit (the average Earth-Sun distance), and the subtended angle of the vertex opposite ... |
why do languages from far away cultures have similarities? | They are literally copying the word. Japan did not have cake until the idea was brought there by Westerners. Similarly they call bread *pan,* the Portuguese word, because that's who introduced baked bread to Japan. | [
"When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Through sustained language contact over long periods, linguistic traits diffuse between languages, and languages belonging to different families may converge to become more similar. In areas where many... |
how can detectives and others match someone's handwriting to a specific person? | The answer is they can't enough for it to hold up in court. They can use it as a detective tool but it is sort of like the lie detector, it doesn't hold up in court. | [
"BULLET::::- Graphology – psychological test based on a belief that personality traits unconsciously and consistently influence handwriting morphology—that certain types of people exhibit certain quirks of the pen. Analysis of handwriting attributes provides no better than chance correspondence with personality, an... |
what happens in your body when you take antidiarrheal medicine? | The most common antidiarrheal medicine is an opioid drug, like morphine, but it doesn't get absorbed from the GI tract very much at all. Opioid drugs really slow down your intestines, so much that addicts often have issues with chronic constipation. When you take this medicine, it basically slows down your gut so tha... | [
"Antimotility drugs such as loperamide and diphenoxylate reduce the symptoms of diarrhea by slowing transit time in the gut. They may be taken to slow the frequency of stools, but not enough to stop bowel movements completely, which delays expulsion of the causative organisms from the intestines. They should be avo... |
why are some people so prone to cavities? | There is no such thing as 'soft teeth'. With the exception of some rare disease the composition of human enamel is more or less the same.
There are 3 things that contribute to cavities:
1) Something to cause decay - usually food. Fermentable carbohydrates and acid foods are the main contributors. This is why people t... | [
"Another factor which affects the risk of developing cavities is the stickiness of foods. Some foods or sweets may stick to the teeth and so reduce the pH in the mouth for an extended time, particularly if they are sugary. It is important that teeth be cleaned at least twice a day, preferably with a toothbrush and ... |
Why do we work so hard to keep dandelions out of
our yards in America? Are they harmful somehow? | Dandelions are actually good for gardens. They draw nutrients into the soil and attract pollinators. Visually, they can be unappealing, however.
[Source](_URL_0_) | [
"Urban gardens are generally created to make a positive contribution to their communities. However, some arguments have been made that urban gardens promote gentrification because they are placing their needs above those of the underrepresented groups in their community. Urban gardens could be used as a “gentrifica... |
lenz's law | So it starts with electromagnetic induction. Simply put, a changing or moving magnetic field generates an electric field, and a changing or moving electric field generates a magnetic field. This is simple enough - it's how electromagnets work, and how we generate electricity using spinning turbines.
You can set ... | [
"Gauss's law describes the relationship between a static electric field and the electric charges that cause it: The static electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges, and the net outflow of the electric field through any closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by the... |
How can fluid pressure only be dependent of density, height and gravitational pull? | It sounds like the first figure is the one that bothers you (the narrow column of water on top of the larger tank of water).
Let's instead think of it as a single tall column of water (extended all the way down from the top to the bottom of the tank). This single column of water is surrounded by other stuff (for the ... | [
"The pressure of a static fluid does not depend on the shape, total mass or surface area of the fluid. It is directly proportional to the fluid's specific weight – the force exerted by gravity over a specific volume, and its vertical height. However, a fluid also experiences pressure that is induced by surface tens... |
why do volcanoes contain lava, or do they make it by melting rock or something else? maybe better asked as, where does lava come from? | Molten rock is what is in the centre of our earth where it's very, very, hot. Pressure within the volcano builds and eventually erupts. No one "makes" lava, it's a natural product | [
"Lava is molten rock generated by geothermal energy and expelled through fractures in planetary crust or in an eruption, usually at temperatures from . The structures resulting from subsequent solidification and cooling are also sometimes described as \"lava\". The molten rock is formed in the interior of some plan... |
How were the Watergate hearings, and Nixon's resignation, covered in Soviet media? | As a followup, how was Nixon covered prior to that? Was he mentioned often at all? | [
"On August 5, 1974, the White House released a previously unknown audio tape from June 23, 1972. Recorded only a few days after the break-in, it documented the initial stages of the cover-up: it revealed Nixon and Haldeman had conducted a meeting in the Oval Office where they discussed how to stop the FBI from cont... |
How is it that a 1.3 gig torrent file can support 1080i but because DVD's were inadequate blueray had to be created? | The codecs you'll find used for popular torrents are more lossy than the codec used for Blu-Ray. For videos with equal resolutions, the smaller one will have a lower bitrate, which can mean more compression artifacts, less color accuracy/depth, and/or a lower frame rate. Some Blu-rays us a lossless audio codec, but any... | [
"In the past with the first two types, the digital copy files based on existing files included only the main audio track (often only stereo) and no subtitles, compared to the multiple audio tracks and multiple subtitle options available from DVD and Blu-ray. Also, the quality was limited by the bitrate used to enco... |
what's the joke behind r/circlejerk now only allowing gawker links? | A guy on Gawker published violentacrez's real name, which caused a lot of subreddits to ban all Gawker links. | [
"BULLET::::- Rickrolling – A phenomenon involving posting a URL in an Internet forum that appears to be relevant to the topic at hand, but is, in fact, a link to a video of Rick Astley's \"Never Gonna Give You Up\". The practice originated on 4chan as a \"Duckroll\", in which an image of a duck on wheels was what w... |
how do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the us handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana? | They report that their employer paid them to operate a retail shop. The IRS wants to know what you got paid, not what the shop sells. OK, there are some banking issues, so your boss had to pay you in cash. From the IRS perspective, also not a problem, they want to know how much you got paid, not how it was paid to y... | [
"Because the distribution and use of marijuana is illegal on a federal level, budtending salaries vary per state. However as of 2014, the general hourly income for a budtender is $11–12 per hour. One of the perks of being a budtender is that many dispensaries give discounts of their product to their employees. Budt... |
why in many nations some people want civil unions on top of state-sanctioned marriages? what are the differences supposed to be? | Because marriage carries certain connotations that people may not want.
You said that you can get not religious marriages, but marriages are still viewed as being explicitly religious to a vast majority of people, so it still has religious connotations. | [
"Of the countries that recognise and perform same-sex marriages some still allow couples to enter civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom, whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have terminated their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new o... |
Can a white dwarf gain material and become a neutron star? | That's what leads to one kind of supernova: the star gains enough mass from a companion star to collapse into a neutron star - or rather, it would if it didn't go supernova in that instant.
The problem is that a white dwarf consists of carbon (mostly), and carbon can undergo fusion if pressure and temperature are high... | [
"If a white dwarf is in a binary star system and is accreting matter from its companion, a variety of phenomena may occur, including novae and Type Ia supernovae. It may also be a super-soft x-ray source if it is able to take material from its companion fast enough to sustain fusion on its surface. A close binary s... |
vector graphics | Do you mean the old oscilloscope-style vector graphics or the modern of vector graphics? | [
"The term \"vector graphics\" is mainly used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display. Vector graphics can be uploaded to online databases for other designers to download and manipulate, speeding up the creative pr... |
why newly discovered stars or planets or any celestial bodies were given "code-like" name? for example wise 1828+2650 | They're systematic names and indeed encode information. For example, WISE indicates that the object was found by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, a space telescope. The numbers specify coordinates in the sky relative to Earth's equator: the right ascension is 18h 28m and the declination is 26° 50'. It's more in... | [
"In ancient times, only the Sun and Moon, a few stars, and the most easily visible planets had names. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need to be able to assign systematic designa... |
how do live football field graphics appear beneath the players? | You had the right idea already. It is indeed chroma key. The cameras are simply good enough that they can distinguish between the green of the grass and the green in uniforms. They actually need to continually reset the chroma key as the color of the grass changes as the sun moves or when shadows show up on the field. | [
"In all three games, the game always kept the same visual style: the main screen is a bird's eye view of the stadium facility (where clicking on the grass brings the squad selection screen or in the stands for the stadium builder) and all screens are presented like the player was inside an office (\"TCM 2004\" used... |
Historians of Reddit, during the time of slavery in the USA, (or slavery in any country/civilization) was there anything that was frowned upon from one slave owner to another? | In early 19th-century North Carolina judicial opinion about this question, of the limits of a master's authority over his slaves, was largely divided in two. While several judges were reluctant to admit that a slave had any rights whatsoever, others found that a master did not have the power to murder a slave for eithe... | [
"Many Native American tribes practiced some form of slavery before the European introduction of African slavery into North America; but none exploited slave labor on a large scale. The arrival of the Europeans ushered in the Atlantic slave trade, where Africans were sold into chattel slavery into the American conti... |
how exactly did they calculate age during the old testament? | The story of the old testament spans thousands of years. But Humans have known what a "year" was for long before that. People noticed seasons, and counted time by them for aeons - before Human history started.
No, they weren't as... accurate as we are now, but -- roughly speaking -- a year was still one rotation of t... | [
"Genesis 5 and 11 include the age at which each patriarch had the descendant named in the text and the number of years he lived thereafter. Many of the ages given in the text are implausibly long, but would have been considered modest in comparison to the ages given in the Sumerian King List and similar accounts th... |
why is it that a person can't take a large amount of over the counter pain relievers, like tylenol or ibuprofen, to get the same effects as stronger pain killers like vicodin or hydrocodone? | Different method of action. Opioids like hydrocodone and Oxy work by binding to neuroreceptors(neuro means brain) which send a depressive signal, which basically means that the signal numbs your central nervous system.
I don't remember the exact MoA of the others so to just put it simply, ibuprofen and aspirin work by... | [
"Over-the-counter drugs, like acetaminophen, aspirin, or NSAIDs(ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen), can be effective but tend to only be helpful as a treatment for a few times in a week at most. For those with gastrointestinal problems (ulcers and bleeding) acetaminophen is the better choice over aspirin, however bot... |
Why, in a history point of view, is Germany called Allemagne/Alemania in latin languages, Germany in English and Deutschland in German | The name *Deutschland* (German) and other similar names (like *Duitsland* in Dutch and *Tyskland* in Danish) is derived from the Old High German word *diutisc*, which meant 'of the people'. This in turn comes from a Germanic word meaning 'folk' (leading to Old High German *diot*, Middle High German *diet*), and was use... | [
"\"Germania\" was the Roman term for the area east of the Rhine and north of the Danube and up to the islands of the Baltic Sea (its namesake originates from Julius Caesar, who used it in his treatise on the Gallic Wars, \"Commentarii de Bello Gallico\"). The Germanic core area, \"Magna Germania\", was located in a... |
Do individual atoms move in the wind? | Wind is convection that is caused by weather and the sun. The actual air molecules are moving around due to the interaction between pockets of air having different qualities and the heating/cooling of the surface of the Earth throughout the night/day cycle.
| [
"The forces between the atoms are assumed to be linear and nearest-neighbour, and they are represented by an elastic spring. Each atom is assumed to be a point particle and the nucleus and electrons move in step (adiabatic approximation):\n",
"Atoms are constantly moving in one of four different ways. Atoms can s... |
why humans are born with parts we can live without (appendix, wisdom teeth, male nipples, etc) | Evolution doesn't craft a perfect organism from scratch, it has to work with the parts it had from the previous iterations.
Sometimes useless pieces get left in because there's no real reason to remove them. | [
"Human infants are also almost always born with assistance from other humans because of the way that the pelvis is shaped. Since the pelvis and opening of birth canal face backwards, humans have difficulty giving birth themselves because they cannot guide the baby out of the canal. Non-human primates seek seclusion... |
How does premature birth affect development throughout life (epigenetics?) | First of all be aware of correlation and causation - your ADD may or may not be related to premature birth.
Secondly, epigenetics usually refers specifically to traits that occur due to chemical modifications of DNA that don't involve a change in the sequence, and that are heritable. I.e. epigenetics specifically ref... | [
"Epigenetics has a strong influence on the development of an organism and can alter the expression of individual traits. Epigenetic changes occur not only in the developing fetus, but also in individuals throughout the human life-span. Because some epigenetic modifications can be passed from one generation to the n... |
how does spilled water left alone dry at room temperature? | Molecules in a liquid bounce move around inside the liquid. If you make the liquid hotter, the molecules move faster, and if you make the liquid colder, the molecules move slower. Water molecules that are near each other form weak bonds, kiiiind of like magnets pulling on each other (but not exactly). That's what cause... | [
"Dry water, an unusual form of \"powdered liquid\", is a water–air emulsion in which tiny water droplets, each the size of a grain of sand, are surrounded by a sandy silica coating. Dry water actually consists of 95% liquid water, but the silica coating prevents the water droplets from combining and turning back in... |
How were the christian kingdoms in the iberia able to beat back such a dominant muslim force ? | Note that this isn't an answer to the whole scope of your question, but only for a certain period of the whole Reconquista.
By 1009, [Spain was divided between Al-Andalus and the christian Kingdoms (León, Pamplona, Aragón and the Coumty of Barcelona).](_URL_0_) The other half of Iberia was governed by the Caliphate of... | [
"In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the \"Reconquista\". By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, an... |
Hypothetically, if we could blow Venus out further from the sun, could it harbor life? | Isnt the main problem with Venus the fact that its atmosphere is so thick and made up largely of greenhouse gases? So even if we somehow blew Venus out into the habitable zone, we would still need to introduce micro-organisms to change the composition of the atmosphere to be less toxic and to curb the greenhouse effect... | [
"When Turner and Snead finally reach Venus, they are furious and threaten to assault their supervisor. The latter explains that if they had read the written instructions he gave them, they would have known that they could adjust the intensity of the Deflection Field, thus allowing some solar radiation through and k... |
Helicobacter pylori? | In 1989, RNA sequencing showed that it did not belong in the *Campylobacter* genus, so it was placed in its own genus, *Helicobacter*.
[Source](_URL_0_) | [
"Rhodanobacter panaciterrae is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of \"Rhodanobacter\" which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field from Liaoning in China.\n",
"Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a Gram-negative, microaeroph... |
Did Catholic Kings and Emperors go to confession? Do we know what they might have confessed, or if they ever had to do 'Hail Marys' as punishment, and so on? | Medieval kings and emperors were very much obliged to go to confession and perform penance as needed. They were baptized and thus members of the Christian community bound to receive all the sacraments the laity received. They would confess to ordinary priests or bishops as they desired, though, just as other laity, if ... | [
"According to legend, the Habsburg dynasty owned a piece of the True Cross on which Jesus was crucified. Though it is impossible to prove its authenticity, the holy relic was set in gold and worn by at least two Holy Roman Emperors, Maximilian II and Ferdinand III. Ferdinand III’s last consort, Empress Eleanora, wa... |
Where did the traditional image of Cleopatra come from? | Not to discourage any further answers but you'll probably enjoy these older posts by /u/cleopatra_philopater:
[Most people see Cleopatra as an Egyptian, but she was actually Greek. What is her real story and how did we come to the legends about her?](_URL_1_)
[Where did the popular image of Cleopatra with bangs come ... | [
"Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins, as well as ancient carved cameos, such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berli... |
What happens to family surnames when someone horrible becomes associated with it i.e Hitler? | Regarding the 'Hitler' last name at least, you should check out [this thread](_URL_0_). | [
"Before the birth of Adolf Hitler the family surname had many variations that were often used almost interchangeably. Some of the common variances were Hitler, Hiedler, Hüttler, Hytler, and Hittler. Alois Schicklgruber (Adolf's father) changed his name on 7 January 1877 to \"Hitler\", which was the only form of the... |
how do they name guns and what do the numbers at the end of the names mean? | It depends. Some examples:
Winchester 94AE (rifle)
Winchester is the manufacturer, gun design patented in 1894 ('94). AE stands for "angle eject", allowing the shooter to mount an optic on top of the rifle
Glock 17 (pistol)
Named after Gaston Glock, designer of pistol. 17 refers to the number of patents filed at ... | [
"The origin of the English word \"gun\" is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. \"Domina Gunilda\" was the name given to a remarkably large ballista, a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at Windsor Castle during the 14th century. This name in turn may ha... |
How are we able to know of the existence of exoplanets and even categorize them as "Earth-like" when we barely have images of Pluto in our Solar System? | Its all about light wave frequency, when the planet moves in front of a star it is orbiting the light we see reflected off the surface of the plant gives off certain frequencies, which gives us an idea of its chemical make up. Also the relative position of the plant in its given system. | [
"There are known exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system that orbit a star, as of ; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System. Within , there are 97 exoplanets listed as confirmed by the NASA Exoplanet Archive. Among the over 400 known stars within 10 parsecs, 54 have be... |
If we can only see 3 dimensions how do we know theres 10? | A problem with this question is that it's not clear what 'dimension' means in a physical sense. If lots of people look at something unfamiliar, do you think they'll agree about whether something is a dimension? For example, do you think that electrical charge is a dimension? What about time?
In some situations, it ... | [
"Another analogue in higher dimensions is to find sets of points that do not all lie in the same plane (or hyperplane). For the no-four-coplanar problem in three dimensions, it was reported by Ed Pegg, Oleg567 et al, that 8 such points can be selected in a 3x3x3 grid (exactly one solution up to rotation/reflection)... |
Did Athenian males have to complete mandatory military service time? | There are two answers to the question, depending on what you mean by "mandatory military service time".
If you mean to ask whether all Athenian citizens in the Classical period were liable to military service, the answer is yes. When a male Athenian citizen turned 18, they would be enrolled in their deme registry. All... | [
"Since 2009, Greece has mandatory military service of 9 months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. However, as the Armed forces had been gearing towards a completely professional army, the government had announced that the mandatory military service period would be cut to 6 months by 2008 or even aboli... |
What did Japan know about the outside world before European contact? | Japan became really isolationist only after European contact, and during the whole sakoku period (1633-1853), there was still contact with the Dutch, Chinese, Ryūkyū Kingdom (present day Okinawa) and Korea, so they got information on the world from several sources. Those interested in the outside world would be able t... | [
"In 1543, Europeans reached Japan for the first time when a junk belonging to the Chinese wokou pirate lord Wang Zhi carrying Portuguese traders shipwrecked on Tanegashima. The Portuguese introduced the arquebus to the Japanese during this chance encounter, which gave the Japanese, undergoing the bloody Sengoku per... |
What has changed about the way Western parents would name their children? As we go back in time, are names given based on meaning? | Giving names based on meaning is still very much in practices in the Middle-East and South Asia. Even when people are named after others, the meaning of the name is still known. For example: Muhammad meaning one who is praised, Khalid meaning one who has a long life, Ali meaning one who is elevated, etc. | [
"A child's given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a naming ceremony, with family and friends in attendance. In most jurisdictions, a child's name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate, or its e... |
why are the recommend servings written on food so little? | It's a strategy by the manufacturer to show the calories per serving as small in the consumer's eyes. I've noted a package containing more than 500 calories will be split into two servings.
But if the contents are cookies or easily divided into a quantity usually consumed in a sitting then they'll base serving size o... | [
"Serving suggestion is a disclaimer used on food packaging. The phrase is used as legal fine print with a picture of the product. The picture attempts to portray the manufacturer's food in the most favorable or appetizing way possible, sometimes including other foods that the package does not contain. For example, ... |
Where battles in the middle ages just as chaotic as they seem in the movies? | See [here](_URL_0_) for a recent post of mine on this subject. The article linked ITT by /u/Silver_Agocchie is also useful, and cites extensively from Phil Sabin's "The Face of Roman Battle" (*Journal of Roman Studies* 90 (2000) 1-17) which is one of the most important publications shaping the modern understanding of h... | [
"The fighting styles in movies set in the Medieval or Renaissance period may be unrealistic and historically inaccurate. Most fight choreographers use a mix between Asian martial arts and sports fencing to re-enact fight scenes. This generally due to the look of the fighting asked for by the director. If the direct... |
how are restaurants able to keep soda carbonated and ready to serve? | They don't. Inside the soda machine are containers of syrup and a tank of compressed CO2. The two are mixed together at the time the drink is dispensed. On a small/home scale, you can look at a SodaStream system to see how it works. | [
"In many modern restaurants and drinking establishments, soda water is manufactured on-site using devices known as carbonators. Carbonators use mechanical pumps to pump water into a pressurized chamber where it is combined with from pressurized tanks at approximately . The pressurized, carbonated water then flows t... |
If I shut a plastic bottle full of tap water, how long will it take for the water not to be safe to drink? | Assuming the bottle of water has never been opened after factory production, bacteria are not an issue.
When it comes to the degradation of the plastic (Polyethylene), two substances may contaminate the water. The first one is acetaldehyde, which only results in a change in taste, the second one is antimony and is sli... | [
"The article quoted Erik Olson, an analyst for the Natural Resources Defense Council, as saying \"This is a really big deal... If schools go over 20 parts per billion, they immediately take the water out of production.\" WASA recommended that residents let the tap run for 30 seconds to one minute before using it to... |
why are interest rates set by the fed and not the banks making the loans? | The Fed does not set interest rates. That is done by the market itself. The Fed sets the rate for bank to bank loans that fall under Federal regulations. The Fed rate does have some effect on what banks charge in interest (especially long term and mortgage), but it is not a direct correlation. | [
"Federal student loan interest rates are established by Congress and listed in § 20 U.S.C. § 1087E(b). Because the interest rates are established by Congress, interest rates are a political decision. In 2010, the federal student loan program ran a multibillion-dollar \"negative subsidy\", or profit, for the federal... |
my rent keeps going up but my salary does not, what is the societal expectation or gain? | Christ said, "The poor you will always have with you." You need not worry about every neighborhood gentrifying. By the time the last ghetto is turned into chic lofts, the chic lofts of today will be the ghetto.
Generally speaking the only thing your landlord and your employer have in common is you. Your employer wi... | [
"Economic conclusions are subject to interpretation by the public. Rent control that lowers rents for some can work to raise rents for others. Is it to be deemed 'good for society' if the total benefit amount to those favored with lower rents via rent control is cancelled by the program's unintended effect of raisi... |
Does the moon/sun's gravitational pull affect how high I can jump height on earth? | Overhead and underneath are actually the same. In one case you are pulled more towards the Moon/Sun than Earth (making jumping easier), in the other case Earth is pulled more towards it than you (making jumping easier as well, as this time you jump away from them). In terms of Moon/Sun, the hardest time to jump is when... | [
"The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 . Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational a... |
Why were public executions considered entertainment in for the longest time? | The initial reason for public executions- as well as any cruel and unusual punishment- was that it was supposed to impress upon all, especially criminals, the awful consequences of crime. Displaying the bodies, or even just heads, of convicted criminals was thought to do the same. There was also a sense of retributio... | [
"Execution of criminals and dissidents has been used by nearly all societies since the beginning of civilizations on Earth. Until the nineteenth century, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative to ensure deterrence and incapacitation of criminals. In pre-modern times the execu... |
what are the differences between a condo, townhouse, and apartment? | Condos (aka condominiums) are a form of ownership. There are apartment condos, townhouse condos, and even detached condos. Anyone who describes a condo as similar to an apartment simply hasn't experienced the variety of condos and doesn't understand the legal meaning. All condo means is that you generally just own outr... | [
"Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are often referred to as \"condos\", thus referring to the type of ownership rather than to the type of dwelling. Since apartment style condos are the most common, when someone refers to a \"condo\", many erroneously assume that it must be an apartment-styl... |
the difference between local banks, national banks, credit unions, etc and why should i care? | Generally, anyone can open an account at local or national banks. If you travel, it will be easier to get more cash from your accounts/find a bank/atm if they are with a larger chain. Think about it like your favorite local restaurant vs McDonalds. Both provide the same general services, but their actual products might... | [
"In the United States, community banks are a common institution. The US tends to follow a more traditional money-lending model in this way, but still incorporates collective ideals in that the community banks are locally owned. They remain specific to individual neighborhoods, and are thus more able to respond to c... |
How are extraordinarily high temperatures contained/dissipated ? | > How do you contain 6.6 billion degree temperatures?
Not to hijack your question, but this got me thinking: is there an "upper limit" for temperature? | [
"High temperatures due to a manifestation of viscous dissipation cause non-equilibrium chemical flow properties such as vibrational excitation and dissociation and ionization of molecules resulting in convective and radiative heat-flux.\n",
"When a gas of Bose particles is cooled down to temperatures very close t... |
how do certain types of music sound good to some and unbearable to others? | What you're really asking is, why is aesthetic subjective? | [
"According to Sevdaliza, \"I think my sound would mostly be described as pure and raw. I'm not necessarily drawn to a genre, but to a process, or towards a certain mood like melancholy. The interesting thing is that the music my music gets compared to is not necessarily music I've listened to, which makes it super ... |
why must my car be a "sauna" in winter, or else my windows are all fogged over with zero visibility? | In the winter, the outside air is almost certainly colder than the inside of your car. When the warm air inside hits the (cold) window, it cools down quickly and any water in that air condenses into a liquid form, forming fog (tiny water droplets coating the inside of the window).
Heating the windows with the defroste... | [
"They are available in many designs, including accordion fold, roll up, etc. There are also permanently installed sun shades built directly into the window frame. Some vehicles can be equipped with power sun shades that move up and down with a touch of a button. Some retractable sun shades are attached with an adhe... |
how do aircraft manufacturers deliver smaller planes (that cannot fly across the ocean ) to other continents ? | 1. Ranges for passenger aircraft have large safety margins
2. Not having cargo, passengers, or even an interior increases range
3. Flying from Newfoundland to Iceland is about the same as flying from Denver to New York | [
"Aircraft carriers are warships that evolved from balloon-carrying wooden vessels into nuclear-powered vessels carrying scores of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Since their introduction they have allowed naval forces to project air power great distances without having to depend on local bases for staging aircraft... |
If Jupiter has so much mass, why is it still a gas planet and not a solid?? | > If Jupiter has so much mass, why is it still a gas planet and not a solid??
Because most of the material of which it is made is has low atomic mass and high vapor pressure. The rocky planets farther in (including Earth) are composed mainly of refractory elements that have higher atomic mass low vapor pressures and... | [
"Given the planet's high mass, it is likely that 47 Ursae Majoris b is a gas giant with no solid surface. Because the planet has only been detected indirectly, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. Due to its mass it is likely to have a surface gravity 6–8 times that of Earth. Ass... |
do chefs have to like the food they cook? | They don't have to like it, but they should be able to appreciate what others like in it, so they can make cooking decisions that reflect those tastes. | [
"Expert chefs are required to have knowledge of food science, nutrition and diet and are responsible for preparing meals that are as pleasing to the eye as they are to the palate. After restaurants, their primary places of work include delicatessens and relatively large institutions such as hotels and hospitals.\n"... |
how is it possible that extinct species are "brought back to life"? | Outside of science fiction movies, it isn't currently possible. Theoretically, you could use cloning methods to insert DNA from an extinct species into the egg of a existing close relative. | [
"There are many species that have gone extinct as a direct result of human activity. Some examples include the dodo, the great auk, the Tasmanian tiger, the Chinese river dolphin, and the passenger pigeon. An extinct species can be revived by using allelic replacement of a closely related species that is still livi... |
When a car (in movement) hits a stationed car (same type) face to face, will the damages on each car be different? | I have read the replies, and I feel I should mention the car in motion will have an engine, transmission, and tires/wheels that more in motion. It might not be much different, but certainly the wheels/tires will have angular momentum much different from the stationary vehicle. The axles, camshaft, and a few other parts... | [
"Road traffic accidents usually involve impact loading, such as when a car hits a traffic bollard, water hydrant or tree, the damage being localized to the impact zone. When vehicles collide, the damage increases with the relative velocity of the vehicles, the damage increasing as the square of the velocity since i... |
Did past (before 1800s) heads of state visit other nations, for whatever reason, like heads of state do today? | Sigurd I, King of Norway has his journeys chronicled in the [Heimskringla](_URL_0_). While he campaigned in Palestine, he spent many years journeying to and from the Holy Land as a guest of various kings and emperors, travelling through England, Spain, Sicily, Constantinople, Bulgaria, Hungary, Pannonia, Suabia, Bavari... | [
"Several foreign states recognized the Central Government and sent ambassadors: the United States, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Sardinia, Sicily and Greece. The French Second Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland installed official envoys to keep contact with the Central Gov... |
Why did WW2 ruin the economy of the British Empire but revitalize that of the United States? | -The UK had already been damaged horribly by the losses of The Great War. While the UK had lost over 2% of its population during WWI, as well as endured the most expensive war in history for 4 years, the US had only lost a little over .1% of its population from 1917-1918 and only was on a "total war" economy for a litt... | [
"After the end of World War II, the British economy had again lost huge amounts of absolute wealth. Its economy was driven entirely for the needs of war and took some time to be reorganised for peaceful production. Britain's economic position was relatively strong compared to its devastated European neighbors - in ... |
Was Alaska considered a colony by the Russians? And if so, then what did they produce/extract from there? | **Yes. Furs.**
Through the end of the Russian era, the principal product of Russian America (Alaska) was the fur trade. Of paramount value were sea otters, and the Russian-American Company traveled across the Pacific Ocean in pursuit of these otters, ranging as far as southern California to find them.
The sea otter t... | [
"The territory that today is the U.S. state of Alaska was settled by Russians and controlled by the Russian Empire; Russian settlers do not only include ethnic Russians, they also include Russified Ukrainians, Russified Romanians (from Bessarabia), and native Siberians, including Yupik, Mongolic peoples, Chukchi, K... |
the idea of silver/gold/platinum | Reddit gets money, poster gets a false sense of achievement, and the giver gets to feel good about themselves for spending money | [
"\"Silver and Gold\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton. It was released in June 1991 as the second single from the album \"Eagle When She Flies\". The song reached number 15 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Carl Perkins, Greg Perkins and... |
why do flies gather around the eyes of cows and horses but not around human eyes? | We have hands to rub excess mucus away and prevent buildup of globs of it in which bacteria could turn that lovely eye snot into a super cheesecake for flies. Cows and horses cannot do this so they have essentially fly dinner plates under their eyes. | [
"Stalk-eyed flies, as the name implies, typically possess eyestalks (in all but the two genera listed above). Their eyes are mounted on projections from the sides of the head, and the antennae are located on the eyestalks, unlike stalk-eyed flies from other families. Though both males and females of most species ha... |
do euro countries still keep track of there old currencies? why or why not? | what do you mean? do european countrys that are in EU and use euros as official currency keep the tract of the previous currency they used? the answer is no becouse you cant keep track of somthing that no longer exists. | [
"Some governments have abandoned their national currencies in favour of the common currency of a currency area such as the \"\"eurozone\"\" and some, such as Denmark, have retained their national currencies but have pegged them at a fixed rate to an adjacent common currency. On an international scale, the economic ... |
What is the prevailing opinion on "Why the West Rules... For Now" here on AskHistorians? | [I liked it](_URL_0_). And I think you are misunderstanding his point at the last chapter, I don't remember him ever saying that in 2070 Germans will in unison cast Goethe into the fire in favor of Chinese novels. He does say that the lopsided cultural balance between West and East will start altering, which I think is... | [
"His 2010 book, \"Why the West Rules—For Now\", compares East and West across the last 15,000 years, arguing that physical geography, rather than culture, religion, politics, genetics, or great men, explains Western domination of the globe. \"The Economist\" has called it \"an important book—one that challenges, st... |
How do particle accelerators sync with the particles? | The particles are often bunched before injection into a series of accelerating cavities. So you can tune the frequency of the cavity to the desired value, and have the buncher pinch off bunches of particles in synch with the RF in the cavity.
Then you also have the advantage of [phase stability](_URL_0_), where whethe... | [
"Particle accelerators routinely accelerate and measure the properties of particles moving at near the speed of light, where their behavior is completely consistent with relativity theory and inconsistent with the earlier Newtonian mechanics. These machines would simply not work if they were not engineered accordin... |
why are some nfl teams generally better than others over extended periods of time? aren't new teams drafted every season? | New players are drafted not teams. The teams with the best draft strategy over several years normally end up being better. Many players that are drafted are not as good as hoped and others are better than expected. Basically it's a crap shoot. The best teams have good front office management (drafting, hiring staff, et... | [
"The National Football League (NFL), despite being considered the most generous in its revenue sharing and the strictest with its salary cap, has had far more difficulty bringing expansion teams up to par with their more established brethren: since the AFL–NFL merger. The soonest that any of the six expansion teams... |
What's the origin of Irish gypsies/ travellers and do they have any relation to Romani gypsies? | A very good question that—would that I had a better answer for it.
I have had little cause to study any theoretical ethnogenesis, unfortunately. I *can* tell you Traveller origins are not well understood, with many competing hypotheses; ranging from the pre-Celtic, to Cromwellian or Famine displacements. However, thos... | [
"Genetic evidence has shown that the Romani people (\"Gypsies\") originated from the Indian subcontinent and mixed with the local populations in Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. In the 1990s, it was discovered that Romani populations carried large frequencies of particular Y chromosomes (inherited paterna... |
How many mechanisms are there in the brain that induce sleepiness? | Free adenosine's the major endogenous signalling molecule. As an organism stays awake, levels increase and this makes you sleepy. Caffiene is an antagonist at this receptor, hence why it makes you less sleepy.
Ambien's an agonist at GABA, similar to benzodiazapenes and alcohol. It increases inhibitory nuerotransmissio... | [
"The majority of sleep neurons are located in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA). These sleep neurons are silent until an individual shows a transition from waking to sleep. The sleep neurons in the preoptic area receive inhibitory inputs from some of the same regions they inhibit, including the tubermammillar... |
How do irregularities (such as sunspots) develop in the Sun? | The cause of sun spots is due to the charged surface of the sun swirling around and allowing a magnetic field to be created similar to [eddy currents](_URL_0_). Each sun spot is produced in pairs and when these pairs come into contact with one another a process called [magnetic reconnection](_URL_2_) occurs and a [coro... | [
"Solar faculae are bright spots that form in the canyons between solar granules, short-lived convection cells several thousand kilometers across that constantly form and dissipate over timescales of several minutes. Faculae are produced by concentrations of magnetic field lines. Strong concentrations of faculae app... |
How was Trudeau compared to Mulroney, more beneficial to Canada? | I disagree with the premise of the Question. I don't think you can really say that Trudeau was very beneficial to the country while at the same time Mulroney was not beneficial to the country. Yes, Trudeau enacted the Constitution Act of 1982 and the charter of rights and freedoms, but at the same time his economic mis... | [
"Trudeau remains well regarded by many Canadians. However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents. Trudeau's strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian Michael Bliss puts it, \"one... |
what is the format of the afl/nfl from the start of season to the superbowl? | AFL isn't a thing anymore; it merged with the NFL many years ago.
There's a preseason, but results there don't affect a team's progression. The season proper starts with the "regular season." Each of the 32 teams plays 16 games over a 17-week season. The teams are organized into two conferences (AFC and NFC) of 16 tea... | [
"The leagues' owners chose the name \"AFL–NFL Championship Game\", but in July 1966 the \"Kansas City Star\" quoted Hunt in discussing \"the Super Bowl — that's my term for the championship game between the two leagues\", and the media immediately began using the term. Although the league stated in 1967 that \"not ... |
what are raw photos? | A RAW image refers to the proprietary file type from some camera's manufacturer. It is a non-compressed digital image that contains all image data captured by that camera. In other words, the data for *each and every pixel* is preserved during storage, with no compression or editing. That means that an image taken with... | [
"RawTherapee is computer software for processing photographs. It comprises a subset of image editing operations specifically aimed at non-destructive post-production of raw photos and is primarily focused on improving a photographer's workflow by facilitating the handling of large numbers of images. It is notable f... |
What can politicians do to help scientists? | * stop others from trying to legislate truth
* pay school teachers more
* fund science, basic research with minimum strings attached EXCEPT force the results to be free and accessible to everyone | [
"Political scientists study matters concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behaviour and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many f... |
what is the benefit of having the large hadron collidor? | Scientific understanding is it own benefit. Other benefits will follow once the science is better understood.
No scientist working on all the underlying physics thought about medical imaging technology at the time, but yet, x-ray, CAT Scan, PET scan, MRI, fMRI... are all the result of studying cutting edge physics. Q... | [
"The Large Hadron Collider is very prone to multipacting due to the tight spacing (25 ns) of its proton bunches. During Run 1 (2010–2013) science operation mainly used beams with 50 ns spacing, while 25 ns beams were only employed for short tests in 2011 and 2012. In addition to using a ribbed beam screen designed ... |
why are the lights inside buildings, skyscrapers, etc... always on at night? are they actually used by people or is the a requirement to make the night skyline look good? | They aren't always on. However yes many of the buildings are still used by people at night. Cleaning crews. Security. Renovations. People just working late. Etc. | [
"Natural light is maximised by the orientation of its living rooms with bedrooms located on the inner or courtyard side of the building to minimize noise from the street. Each apartment has a balcony with louvred screens on rollers to provide shade and privacy. They are designed to be an extension of the living spa... |
My Great Grandfather was killed in WW1. | I was able to find a letter he wrote, dated August 31st, 1918. I'm not an expert on battles but if it helps anyone who might be able to help there aren't that many battles after that. I don't know how long he would've lingered after being wounded but the battles leading up to November 7th with about a months worth of w... | [
"Henry Weston Farnsworth (August 7, 1890 – September 28, 1915) was one of the first Americans killed as a soldier in World War I. He was a \"newspaper correspondent, world traveler, adventure-seeker, avid reader, and member of the French Foreign Legion.\"\n",
"BULLET::::- Nathan Bedford Forrest III (1905–1943), b... |
Why does light bend when it refracts? | Because of two things: 1) as you say, the speed of light is different in different media and thus the wavelength must be different in different media, and 2) because energy and momentum must be conserved at an interface. As a result of this conservation you cannot have any "kinks" in a wave, and a peak in the first med... | [
"When light enters a material with higher refractive index, the angle of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence and the light will be refracted towards the normal of the surface. The higher the refractive index, the closer to the normal direction the light will travel. When passing into a medium wit... |
When we say a chemical is odorless, do we mean that it is odorless to humans, or that it is truly odorless? | When we talk about odorless we are saying that the human nose is unable to detect it.
Typically compounds that have an odor have a small amount of vapors which come off the compound. When these compounds enter your nasal cavity it interacts with the sensors there giving you the sense of smell; however, your nose is ... | [
"There is also a specific anosmia to the odor in some humans; they are unable to smell specific odors, but have, otherwise, a normal sense of smell. However, this should, by no means, be regarded as indicative for being labeled as a pheromone, as it is true of over 80 olfactory compounds.\n",
"Although all indivi... |
why is it bad to plug extension cords into one another? like i know it’s bad, but why? | Extension cords are designed to carry a certain amount of current over a fixed distance (length of the cord). Daisy chaining cords (plugging cords together) increases this distance and thus increases the extension cord’s resistance.
Without getting into the mathematics and physics of it, essentially this results in g... | [
"The plug sides are shaped to improve grip and make it easier to remove the plug from a socket-outlet. The plug is polarised, so that the fuse is in the side of the supply. The flexible cord always enters the plug from the bottom, discouraging removal by tugging on the cable, which can damage the cable. Rewireable ... |
Why did the Nazis devote resources to accelerating the Holocaust as they were losing the war? | The proposition that the Third Reich doubled down on its genocide as it started to lose the war is a very popular one, but it is not one that exactly fits the chronology of genocide. For one thing, the first steps to envisioning a Jew-free Europe were broached amidst German victory. The German Foreign Ministry came up ... | [
"In 1978, Sebastian Haffner wrote that in December 1941, Hitler began to accept the failure of his primary goal—to dominate Europe, after his declaration of war against the United States, and his withdrawal—was compensated for by his secondary goal: the extermination of the Jews. As the Nazi war machine faltered du... |
Do we have any journals from Europeans were marooned at sea during the age of exploration? | Indeed we do, albeit the ones we do have come along towards the end of the Golden Age of Piracy. In fact, the fictional story of Robinson Crusoe is thought to be based off of the real story if Scottish buccaneer and self-inflicted castaway [Alexander Selkirk](_URL_0_). He was rescued, much like his fictional counterpar... | [
"The first Europeans known to visit the Green Head coast were Dutch sailors in the 1600s, sailing to Indonesia for trade. Several Dutch ships were wrecked on the Western Australian reefs, among them the \"Vergulde Draeck\" (Gilt Dragon). Abraham Leeman and crew from the \"Waeckende Boey\", while searching in the sh... |
I am a high school student and I have a few questions for anyone that works in a field related to history. | These links should not discourage further replies, but here are some recent threads, which may be of interest:
_URL_0_ with answers from u/restricteddata, u/Dire88, u/alriclofgar and others
_URL_4_ by u/uncovered-history and others
_URL_5_ by u/itsallfolklore, u/restricteddata, u/hesh582, u/alriclofgar and ot... | [
"Summit high school offers a variety of programs in history, including World History. Instructors emphasize the importance of understanding how people in past times thought about their situation, and encourage students to see the multiplicity of factors underlying historical events as well as how individuals change... |
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