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The Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal (Japanese: 小林製薬紅麹サプリメント問題) is an ongoing widespread supplement contamination that was first noted on 22 March 2024, resulting in numerous health problems to people taking the supplements in Japan and Taiwan. Up to 80 people died after taking the supplements, with at least 500 more h...	{ "page_id": 77272393, "title": "Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal" }
to the death to provide further information on the contamination and its spread. == Health issues == According to Dr. Ryuta Fujimura of the Department of Nephrology at the Higashiosaka Municipal Medical Center, who examined the hospitalized patients, the symptoms common to the victims were severe damage to the renal tu...	{ "page_id": 77272393, "title": "Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal" }
the European Union have expressed safety concerns, Germany issued a warning not to consume it, and Taiwan recommends that people with chronic diseases seek professional medical advice before taking it. The mold used to make red yeast rice is called "koji mold", with there being several types of koji mold. The type most...	{ "page_id": 77272393, "title": "Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal" }
floor. === Puberulic acid === The red yeast rice that caused the health problems was made at a factory in Osaka. The unknown substance found in the product was found to be puverulic acid, derived from blue mold, but there have only been six research papers on puverulic acid, and research into it has been very limited. ...	{ "page_id": 77272393, "title": "Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal" }
be established. == List of major recalled products == == Reactions == Kobayashi Pharmaceutical began airing an apology commercial on April 6, 2024, showing an apology displayed in black text on a white background, stating: "Kobayashi Pharmaceutical offers an apology and request. We deeply apologize for the inconvenienc...	{ "page_id": 77272393, "title": "Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal" }
In chemistry and related fields, the molar volume, symbol Vm, or V ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {V}}} of a substance is the ratio of the volume (V) occupied by a substance to the amount of substance (n), usually at a given temperature and pressure. It is also equal to the molar mass (M) divided by the mass density (ρ): V m...	{ "page_id": 70989, "title": "Molar volume" }
M i v i {\displaystyle V_{\rm {m,i}}={M_{i} \over \rho _{i}^{0}}=M_{i}v_{i}} == Ideal gases == For ideal gases, the molar volume is given by the ideal gas equation; this is a good approximation for many common gases at standard temperature and pressure. The ideal gas equation can be rearranged to give an expression for...	{ "page_id": 70989, "title": "Molar volume" }
work at NIST in 1974. The interest stems from that accurate measurements of the unit cell volume, atomic weight and mass density of a pure crystalline solid provide a direct determination of the Avogadro constant. The CODATA recommended value for the molar volume of silicon is 1.205883199(60)×10−5 m3⋅mol−1, with a rela...	{ "page_id": 70989, "title": "Molar volume" }
Nodamuvirales is an order of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect eukaryotes. The name of the group is a contraction of "Nodamura virus" and -virales which is the suffix for a virus order. == Taxonomy == The following families are recognized: Nodaviridae Sinhaliviridae == References ==	{ "page_id": 63771982, "title": "Nodamuvirales" }
This is a list of datasets for machine learning research. It is part of the list of datasets for machine-learning research. These datasets consist primarily of images or videos for tasks such as object detection, facial recognition, and multi-label classification. == Object detection and recognition == === 3D Objects =...	{ "page_id": 73733460, "title": "List of datasets in computer vision and image processing" }
Volatolomics is a branch of chemistry that studies volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by a biological system, under specific experimental conditions. == Etymology == According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the suffix ‘omics’ refers to ‘the totality of some sort’. In biology, ‘omics’ techniques are used for t...	{ "page_id": 46863701, "title": "Volatolomics" }
biotic interactions taking place aboveground and belowground between plants, insects and phytopathogens. == References ==	{ "page_id": 46863701, "title": "Volatolomics" }
The molecular formula C10H7NO4 (molar mass: 205.17 g/mol, exact mass: 205.0375 u) may refer to: 6-Hydroxykynurenic acid Xanthurenic acid, or xanthurenate	{ "page_id": 24384853, "title": "C10H7NO4" }
International Workshop on 1 & 2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing (commonly referred to as 1&2DM or even 2DM) - international meeting devoted to problems in one- and two-directional magnetisation of ferromagnetic materials. Link to the next workshop == Scope == Basic problems, magnetisation processes, domain...	{ "page_id": 14292311, "title": "International Workshop on 1 & 2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing" }
Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom - 20–22 September 2022 (https://2dm2022.com/) 15th - Grenoble, France - 2018 (https://2dm2018.sciencesconf.org) 14th - Tianjin, China - 2016 (http://2dm2016.net/) 13th - Torino, Italy - 2014 (https://web.archive.org/web/20171024165622/http://www.2d-m.it/) 12th - Wien, Austria - 2012 (http...	{ "page_id": 14292311, "title": "International Workshop on 1 & 2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing" }
The firehose instability (or hose-pipe instability) is a dynamical instability of thin or elongated galaxies. The instability causes the galaxy to buckle or bend in a direction perpendicular to its long axis. After the instability has run its course, the galaxy is less elongated (i.e. rounder) than before. Any sufficie...	{ "page_id": 22615385, "title": "Firehose instability" }
^{2}h \over \partial t\partial x}+u^{2}{\partial ^{2}h \over \partial x^{2}},\,} provided the bend is small enough that the horizontal velocity is unaffected. Averaged over all stars at x {\displaystyle x} , this acceleration must equal the gravitational restoring force per unit mass F x {\displaystyle F_{x}} . In a fr...	{ "page_id": 22615385, "title": "Firehose instability" }
centrifugal force that the stars exert on the sheet, is destabilizing. For sufficiently long wavelengths: λ = 2 π / k > λ J = σ u 2 / G Σ {\displaystyle \lambda =2\pi /k>\lambda _{J}=\sigma _{u}^{2}/G\Sigma } the gravitational restoring force dominates, and the sheet is stable; while at short wavelengths the sheet is u...	{ "page_id": 22615385, "title": "Firehose instability" }
Since the elongation of a stellar system with this anisotropy is approximately 15:1 — much more extreme than observed in real galaxies — bending instabilities were believed for many years to be of little importance. However, Fridman & Polyachenko showed that the critical axis ratio for stability of homogeneous (constan...	{ "page_id": 22615385, "title": "Firehose instability" }
roughly 3:1 is again close to critical, in agreement with N-body simulations for thickened disks. If the stellar velocities are azimuthally biased, the orbits are approximately circular and so the dominant modes are angular (corrugation) modes, δ z ∝ e i m ϕ {\displaystyle \delta z\propto e^{im\phi }} . The approximate...	{ "page_id": 22615385, "title": "Firehose instability" }
The Wiltshire cure is a traditional English technique for curing bacon and ham. The technique originated in the 18th century in Calne, Wiltshire; it was developed by the Harris family. Originally it was a dry cure method that involved applying salt to the meat for 10–14 days. Storing the meat in cold rooms meant that l...	{ "page_id": 32052570, "title": "Wiltshire cure" }
The Mediterranean Institute of Fundamental Physics, commonly known as MIFP, is a private independent non-governmental institution created in order to unite scientists in different countries around the world working in all fields of physics. MIFP is a non-profit organization whose main goal is to provide efficient and f...	{ "page_id": 35722587, "title": "Mediterranean Institute of Fundamental Physics" }
the world after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. With a support from Dr. Giuseppe Eramo, University of Rome II Tor Vergata, MIFP was founded on 1 July 2010, and Prof. Alexey Kavokin, University of Southampton, was appointed its Scientific director. The institute started function within the campus of the University...	{ "page_id": 35722587, "title": "Mediterranean Institute of Fundamental Physics" }
Latin America in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. March 2012 MIFP convenes the ESF Workshop on "Polaritonics: Form Basic Research to Device Applications". March 2012 2 March Meeting of MIFP in Rome, combined with the Project Meeting of the European Network SIMTECH: "New century of superconductivity: Materials, Ideas, Thech...	{ "page_id": 35722587, "title": "Mediterranean Institute of Fundamental Physics" }
members which are elected by the Members of MIFP at the March Meetings of the Institute. Each member is elected for a five-year period. At quarterly meetings the members of Scientific Council decide on the general scientific strategy of MIFP and approve the addition of the new members of the Institute according to the ...	{ "page_id": 35722587, "title": "Mediterranean Institute of Fundamental Physics" }
Androstenediol sulfate, also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3β-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a urinary metabolites of androstenediol. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androstenediol by steroid sulfotransferase and can be desulfated back into androstenediol by st...	{ "page_id": 54596960, "title": "Androstenediol sulfate" }
Imbrasia epimethea is a species of moth belonging to the family Saturniidae. It was first described by Dru Drury in 1773 from the Calabar coast. == Description == Upper side: antennae strongly pectinated; the extremities appearing like threads. Thorax light brown, tinged with red. Abdomen grey brown. Anterior wings lig...	{ "page_id": 44438881, "title": "Imbrasia epimethea" }
biokoensis Darge, 1988 == References ==	{ "page_id": 44438881, "title": "Imbrasia epimethea" }
Wear is a scientific journal publishing papers on wear and friction. The papers may fall within the subjects of physics, chemistry, material science or mechanical engineering. It is published by Elsevier. == See also == List of periodicals published by Elsevier == External links == Wear homepage	{ "page_id": 8263012, "title": "Wear (journal)" }
geWorkbench (genomics Workbench) is an open-source software platform for integrated genomic data analysis. It is a desktop application written in the programming language Java. geWorkbench uses a component architecture. As of 2016, there are more than 70 plug-ins available, providing for the visualization and analysis ...	{ "page_id": 39982437, "title": "GeWorkbench" }
Tolivirales is an order of RNA viruses which infect insects and plants. Member viruses have a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The virions are non-enveloped, spherical, and have an icosahedral capsid. The name of the group is a syllabic abbreviation of "tombusvirus-like" with the suffix -virales indicating a ...	{ "page_id": 63772005, "title": "Tolivirales" }
The Medard W. Welch Award is given to scientists who demonstrated outstanding research in the fields pertinent to the focus areas of the American Vacuum Society, which are "the basic science, technology development, and commercialization of materials, interfaces, and processing." It was established in 1969 in memory of...	{ "page_id": 17569127, "title": "Medard W. Welch Award" }
An electrolithoautotroph is an organism which feeds on electricity. These organisms use electricity to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter by using electrons directly taken from solid-inorganic electron donors. Electrolithoautotrophs are microorganisms which are found in the deep crevices of the ocean. The warm,...	{ "page_id": 49223016, "title": "Electrolithoautotroph" }
A Biological Indicator Evaluation Resistometer (BIER) vessel is a piece of equipment used to determine the time taken to reduce survival of a given organism by 90% (also known as a log 1 reduction). The name derives from how the equipment is used. A BIER vessel evaluates the resistance of biological indicators to moist...	{ "page_id": 23795049, "title": "Biological indicator evaluation resistometer" }
The molecular formula C7H10O5 may refer to: Diethyl oxomalonate, the diethyl ester of mesoxalic acid Shikimic acid, a cyclohexene, cyclitol, and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid	{ "page_id": 23729513, "title": "C7H10O5" }
A slip bond is a type of chemical noncovalent bond whose dissociation lifetime decreases with tensile force applied to the bond. This is the expected behaviour for chemical bonds, but exceptions, like catch bonds exist. == References ==	{ "page_id": 50795883, "title": "Slip bond" }
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is a rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages. All bacteria have ribosomal genes,...	{ "page_id": 3937644, "title": "Ribotyping" }
A glycosyl acceptor is any suitable nucleophile-containing molecule that will react with a glycosyl donor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the acceptor is the member of this pair which did not contain the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. Since the nucleophilic atom of the acceptor is t...	{ "page_id": 22484332, "title": "Glycosyl acceptor" }
An anti-vibration compound is a temperature-resistant mixture of a liquid with fine particles, which is used to reduce oscillations in calender rolls and to dampen vibrations in fabricated structures like machine beds and housings. == Use == Vibration may limit the performance of a calender or paper machine. It can hav...	{ "page_id": 2430317, "title": "Anti-vibration compound" }
The T7 expression system is utilized in the field of microbiology to clone recombinant DNA using strains of E. coli. It is the most popular system for expressing recombinant proteins in E. coli. By 2021, this system had been described in over 220,000 research publications. == Development == The sequencing and annotatin...	{ "page_id": 68883824, "title": "T7 expression system" }
by the Lac repressor. In order to initiate transcription, an inducer must bind to the lac repressor and prevent it from inhibiting the gene expression of the T7 gene. Once this happens, the gene can be normally transcribed to produce T7 RNA polymerase. T7 RNA polymerase, in turn, can bind to the T7 promoter on the expr...	{ "page_id": 68883824, "title": "T7 expression system" }
In physics, mechanics is the study of objects, their interaction, and motion; classical mechanics is mechanics limited to non-relativistic and non-quantum approximations. Most of the techniques of classical mechanics were developed before 1900 so the term classical mechanics refers to that historical era as well as the...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
will continue to have the same motion. In this way, Aristotle was the first to approach something similar to the law of inertia. However, he believed a vacuum would be impossible because the surrounding air would rush in to fill it immediately. He also believed that an object would stop moving in an unnatural direction...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. He also claimed that projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless ...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
plane; his correct theory of accelerated motion was apparently derived from the results of the experiments. Galileo also found that a body dropped vertically hits the ground at the same time as a body projected horizontally, so an Earth rotating uniformly will still have objects falling to the ground under gravity. Mor...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
dot notation for time derivatives. Leonhard Euler extended Newton's laws of motion from particles to rigid bodies with two additional laws. Working with solid materials under forces leads to deformations that can be quantified. The idea was articulated by Euler (1727), and in 1782 Giordano Riccati began to determine el...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
fixed point. In 1898, Jacques Hadamard published an influential study of the chaotic motion of a free particle gliding frictionlessly on a surface of constant negative curvature, called Hadamard's billiards. Hadamard was able to show that all trajectories are unstable, in that all particle trajectories diverge exponent...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
objects. Quantum mechanics describing atomic and sub-atomic phenomena was also updated in the 1915 to quantum field theory, that would lead to the Standard Model of elementary particles and elementary interactions like electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction. Quantum mechanics recovers classic...	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
of classical field theory == Notes == == References ==	{ "page_id": 3114255, "title": "History of classical mechanics" }
Lenarviricota is a phylum of RNA viruses that includes all positive-strand RNA viruses that infect prokaryotes. Some members also infect eukaryotes. Most of these viruses do not have capsids, except for the genus Ourmiavirus. The name of the group is a syllabic abbreviation of the names of founding member families "Lev...	{ "page_id": 63772022, "title": "Lenarviricota" }
James G. Wilson (1915–1987) was an embryologist and anatomist, known for his Six Principles of Teratology. In 1960, he co-founded The Teratology Society, and was since then one of its most active members. == Six principles == Along with this new awareness of the in utero vulnerability of the developing mammalian embryo...	{ "page_id": 1578359, "title": "James G. Wilson" }
Teratology). == See also == Teratology Developmental biology == References == Brent, R.L. 1989. In memoriam: James G. Wilson (1915–1987). Teratology 39:317–319. Wilson, J.G., Warkany, J. 1985. The history of organized Teratology in North America. Teratology 31:285–296. Warkany, J. Handbook of Teratology, ed. J.G. Wilso...	{ "page_id": 1578359, "title": "James G. Wilson" }
Graph neural networks (GNN) are specialized artificial neural networks that are designed for tasks whose inputs are graphs. One prominent example is molecular drug design. Each input sample is a graph representation of a molecule, where atoms form the nodes and chemical bonds between atoms form the edges. In addition t...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
Open source libraries implementing GNNs include PyTorch Geometric (PyTorch), TensorFlow GNN (TensorFlow), Deep Graph Library (framework agnostic), jraph (Google JAX), and GraphNeuralNetworks.jl/GeometricFlux.jl (Julia, Flux). == Architecture == The architecture of a generic GNN implements the following fundamental laye...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
can be expressed as message passing neural networks (MPNNs). Let G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} be a graph, where V {\displaystyle V} is the node set and E {\displaystyle E} is the edge set. Let N u {\displaystyle N_{u}} be the neighbourhood of some node u ∈ V {\displaystyle u\in V} . Additionally, let x u {\dis...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
one node will be able to communicate with nodes that are at most n {\displaystyle n} "hops" away. In principle, to ensure that every node receives information from every other node, one would need to stack a number of MPNN layers equal to the graph diameter. However, stacking many MPNN layers may cause issues such as o...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
) {\displaystyle \sigma (\cdot )} is an activation function (e.g., ReLU), A ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {A} }}} is the graph adjacency matrix with the addition of self-loops, D ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {D} }}} is the graph degree matrix with the addition of self-loops, and Θ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Thet...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
data. A multi-head GAT layer can be expressed as follows: h u = ‖ k = 1 K σ ( ∑ v ∈ N u α u v W k x v ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {h} _{u}={\overset {K}{\underset {k=1}{\Big \Vert }}}\sigma \left(\sum _{v\in N_{u}}\alpha _{uv}\mathbf {W} ^{k}\mathbf {x} _{v}\right)} where K {\displaystyle K} is the number of attention hea...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
{e} _{uv}]\right))}{\sum _{z\in N_{u}}\exp({\text{LeakyReLU}}\left(\mathbf {a} ^{T}[\mathbf {W} \mathbf {x} _{u}\Vert \mathbf {W} \mathbf {x} _{z}\Vert \mathbf {e} _{uz}]\right))}}} where a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } is a vector of learnable weights, ⋅ T {\displaystyle \cdot ^{T}} indicates transposition, e u v {\dis...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
a GRU cell. The initial node features x u ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{u}^{(0)}} are zero-padded up to the hidden state dimension of the GRU cell. The same GRU cell is used for updating representations for each node. == Local pooling layers == Local pooling layers coarsen the graph via downsampling. We present he...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
. The sigmoid ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle {\text{sigmoid}}(\cdot )} operation makes the projection vector p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } trainable by backpropagation, which otherwise would produce discrete outputs. === Self-attention pooling === We first set y = GNN ( X , A ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} ={\text{GNN}}(\mathbf {...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
to be closely related to the heterophily problem, e.g. graph fraud/anomaly detection, graph adversarial attacks and robustness, privacy, federated learning and point cloud segmentation, graph clustering, recommender systems, generative models, link prediction, graph classification and coloring, etc. In the past few yea...	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
== External links == A Gentle Introduction to Graph Neural Networks	{ "page_id": 68162942, "title": "Graph neural network" }
The molecular formula C23H28O6 (molar mass: 400.46 g/mol, exact mass: 400.1886 u) may refer to: Enprostil Schisandrin B	{ "page_id": 26809738, "title": "C23H28O6" }
Carol Lynn Alpert is an American science communication and public engagement expert and the Director of Strategic Projects at the Museum of Science (MOS). She is also an Associate in Applied Physics in the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University and Co-Director of the NSF Center...	{ "page_id": 63247761, "title": "Carol Lynn Alpert" }
accelerate advancement, and partnerships between research institutes and science museums. She lectures at MIT on how to communicate research. == Awards and honors == In October 2018 she was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in the section on General Interest in Science and Engi...	{ "page_id": 63247761, "title": "Carol Lynn Alpert" }
The molecular formula C17H17ClN6O3 (molar mass: 388.81 g/mol, exact mass: 388.1051 u) may refer to: Eszopiclone Zopiclone	{ "page_id": 24384914, "title": "C17H17ClN6O3" }
In chemistry, redistribution usually refers to the exchange of anionic ligands bonded to metal and metalloid centers. The conversion does not involve redox, in contrast to disproportionation reactions. Some useful redistribution reactions are conducted at higher temperatures; upon cooling the mixture, the product mixtu...	{ "page_id": 28841365, "title": "Redistribution (chemistry)" }
In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction. The term is used colloquially to refer to these manipulations, which may include: deactivating any unreacted reagents by quenching a reaction. cooling the reaction mixture or adding an antis...	{ "page_id": 10163607, "title": "Work-up" }
then in an ice bath to recrystallize benzoic acid. The recrystallized benzoic acid crystals are collected on a Buchner funnel and are allowed to air-dry to give pure benzoic acid. === Dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol === This dehydration reaction produces the desired alkene (3) from an alcohol (1). The reaction is p...	{ "page_id": 10163607, "title": "Work-up" }
and leave the product in the dichloromethane (organic layer). The aqueous and organic layers are allowed to separate. This process is typically performed in a separatory funnel. The aqueous layer is collected and extracted once with dichloromethane. The organic phase is collected and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate...	{ "page_id": 10163607, "title": "Work-up" }
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. The protein is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position on the molecule. Naming conventions for enzymes are based on the substrate acted upon and the chemical process performed. Biochemically, this enzyme is involved in t...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
Cyp21 gene, which locus is located between complement component C4 and TNX gene, along with Cenpa. CYP21A2 in humans is located in chromosome 6, in the major histocompatibility complex III (MHC class III) close to the Complement component 4 genes C4A and C4B, the Tenascin X gene TNXB and STK19. MHC class III is the mos...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
relies on breaking the DNA into small fragments, sequencing them, and then assembling them back together based on their overlaps. However, because of the high homology and variability of the CYP21A2 and its pseudogene, the fragments cannot be mapped unambiguously to either copy of the gene. This can lead to errors or g...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
which is not always feasible or practical. Therefore, to analyze the CYP21A2 gene accurately, a more specialized and sensitive method is needed, such as targeted long-read sequencing, which can sequence longer DNA fragments and capture more information about the gene structure and variation. However, this method is not...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
mammals. Instead, they rely on 11-deoxycortisol, a product of a reaction catalyzed by CYP21, as their primary glucocorticoid hormone with mineralocorticoid properties. This suggests the presence of a complex and highly specific corticosteroid signaling pathway that emerged at least half a billion years ago during early...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenase enzymes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. Steroid 21-hydroxylase is essential for the biosynthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. == Mechanism == Steroid 21-hydroxyla...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
autosomal recessive disorder. There are multiple forms of CAH, defined as classical and nonclassical forms based on the amount of enzyme function still present in the patient. The classical forms occur in approximately 1 in 10000 to 1 in 20000 births globally, and includes both the salt-wasting (excessive excretion of ...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
conditions === There is ongoing research on how Genetic variants in the CYP21A2 gene may lead to pathogenic conditions. A variant of this gene has been reported to cause autosomal dominant posterior polar cataract, suggesting that steroid 21-hydroxylase may be involved in the extra-adrenal biosynthesis of aldosterone a...	{ "page_id": 8852888, "title": "21-Hydroxylase" }
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. The Punnett squ...	{ "page_id": 529817, "title": "Punnett square" }
dominant, while the opposite is true for homozygous recessive. Heterozygous pairs always have a dominant phenotype. To a lesser degree, hemizygosity and nullizygosity can also be seen in gene pairs. == Monohybrid cross == "Mono-" means "one"; this cross indicates that the examination of a single trait. This could mean ...	{ "page_id": 529817, "title": "Punnett square" }
that the genes are not linked, so that the two genes do not tend to sort together during meiosis. The following example illustrates a dihybrid cross between two double-heterozygote pea plants. R represents the dominant allele for shape (round), while r represents the recessive allele (wrinkled). A represents the domina...	{ "page_id": 529817, "title": "Punnett square" }
(2005). Biology (7 ed.). Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8053-7146-8. OCLC 71890442. == External links == Online Punnett Square Calculator Online Punnett Square Calculator, monohybrid and dihybrid, autosomal and sex-linked	{ "page_id": 529817, "title": "Punnett square" }
The molecular formula C19H29NO2 (molar mass: 303.44 g/mol, exact mass: 303.2198 u) may refer to: Bornaprolol Nexeridine	{ "page_id": 41555364, "title": "C19H29NO2" }
The molecular formula C6H8O3 (molar mass: 128.13 g/mol, exact mass: 128.0473 u) may refer to: 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan Adipic anhydride Dihydrolevoglucosenone Dihydrophloroglucinol Furaneol HOCPCA Sotolon	{ "page_id": 23729581, "title": "C6H8O3" }
Waru Waru is an Aymara term for the agricultural technique developed by pre-Hispanic people in the Andes region of South America from Ecuador to Bolivia; this regional agricultural technique is also referred to as camellones in Spanish. Functionally similar agricultural techniques have been developed in other parts of ...	{ "page_id": 15865266, "title": "Waru Waru" }
of water (either fluvial water, rainwater or phreatic water) and subsequent drainage. The drainage aspect of this method makes it particularly useful in many areas subjected to risks of brutal floods, such as tropical parts of Bolivia and Peru where it emerged. Raised field agricultural methods have been used in many o...	{ "page_id": 15865266, "title": "Waru Waru" }
of the University of Chicago in 1984, in Tiwanaku, Bolivia as well as Puno, Peru. Research on Waru Waru and its effectiveness in the past has led to a resurgence of the technique amongst contemporary Aymara- and Quechua-speaking native peoples in Bolivia and Peru. By utilizing this centuries-old technique, modern peopl...	{ "page_id": 15865266, "title": "Waru Waru" }
Spanish accounts of the Lake Titicaca region mentioned the different types of agriculture utilized by the native peoples in detail, however there was never any mention of raised fields in their records. The lack of Spanish accounts strongly suggests that these Waru Waru were no longer in use by the time the conquistado...	{ "page_id": 15865266, "title": "Waru Waru" }
The Perkin rearrangement (coumarin–benzofuran ring contraction) is a rearrangement reaction in which a 2-halocoumarin in the presence of hydroxide undergoes a ring contraction to form a benzofuran. The name reaction recognizes William Henry Perkin, who first reported it in 1870. Several proposals have been made for the...	{ "page_id": 22025651, "title": "Perkin rearrangement" }
In thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the graph of a curve. It is a useful and common tool, particularly because it helps to visualize the heat transfer during a ...	{ "page_id": 28906930, "title": "Temperature–entropy diagram" }
The molecular formula C7H19N3 may refer to: Spermidine, a polyamine compound found in ribosomes and living tissues Tris(dimethylamino)methane, the simplest representative of the tris(dialkylamino)methanes of the general formula (R2N)3CH	{ "page_id": 23729594, "title": "C7H19N3" }
Botourmiaviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants and fungi. The family contains 12 genera. Members of genus Ourmiavirus infect plants and the other genera infect fungi. The member viruses have genomes which range from 2900 to 4800 nucleotides. == Structure == Ourmiaviruses are the only me...	{ "page_id": 63772093, "title": "Botourmiaviridae" }
Cytonuclear (or mito-nuclear) discordance describes the discrepancy in phylogenetic relationships using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) versus nuclear genes (or nuclear DNA, nDNA). In other words, mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences may lead to different, if not contradictory, phylogenetic trees that show the relationsh...	{ "page_id": 76551613, "title": "Cytonuclear discordance" }
The Povarov reaction is an organic reaction described as a formal cycloaddition between an aromatic imine and an alkene. The imine in this organic reaction is a condensation reaction product from an aniline type compound and a benzaldehyde type compound. The alkene must be electron rich which means that functional grou...	{ "page_id": 2954685, "title": "Povarov reaction" }
addition without formation of the cis isomer. This is in contrast to traditional Diels–Alder reactions, which are stereospecific based on the alkene geometry. In 2013, Doyle and coworkers reported a Povarov-type, formal [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction between donor-acceptor cyclopropenes and imines (Scheme 3). In the firs...	{ "page_id": 2954685, "title": "Povarov reaction" }
Steroid 11β-hydroxylase, also known as steroid 11β-monooxygenase, is a steroid hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Named officially the cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial, it is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP11B1 gene. The enzyme is involved in the bios...	{ "page_id": 8852928, "title": "Steroid 11β-hydroxylase" }
grouped by catalytic activity of the CYP11B1 isozyme: strong activity: 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone; medium activity: progesterone to 11β-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to 21-deoxycortisol, androstenedione to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione; testosterone to 11β-hydroxy...	{ "page_id": 8852928, "title": "Steroid 11β-hydroxylase" }
Distillation is a process in which we separate components of different vapour pressure. One fraction leaves overhead and is condensed to distillate and the other is the bottom product. The bottom product is mostly liquid while the overhead fraction can be vapour or an aerosol. This method requires the components to hav...	{ "page_id": 50075073, "title": "Modelling Condensate Distillation Coloumn" }
the desired compound in it are V n − 1 {\displaystyle V_{n-1}} and Y n − 1 {\displaystyle Y_{n-1}} . === Outlet === Flow rate of the liquid phase and molar fractions of the desired compound in it are v n {\displaystyle v_{n}} and y n {\displaystyle y_{n}} . Flow rate of the vapour phase and molar fractions of the desir...	{ "page_id": 50075073, "title": "Modelling Condensate Distillation Coloumn" }

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