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chemical process for diamond growth is still under study and is complicated by the very wide variety of diamond growth processes used. Using CVD, films of diamond can be grown over large areas of substrate with control over the properties of the diamond produced. In the past, when high pressure high temperature (HPHT) ...	{ "page_id": 6111, "title": "Chemical vapor deposition" }
in this. By regulating the processing parameters—especially the gases introduced, but also including the pressure the system is operated under, the temperature of the diamond, and the method of generating plasma—many different materials that can be considered diamond can be made. Single-crystal diamond can be made cont...	{ "page_id": 6111, "title": "Chemical vapor deposition" }
In strong-field laser physics, ponderomotive energy is the cycle-averaged quiver energy of a free electron in an electromagnetic field. == Equation == The ponderomotive energy is given by U p = e 2 E 2 4 m ω 0 2 {\displaystyle U_{p}={e^{2}E^{2} \over 4m\omega _{0}^{2}}} , where e {\displaystyle e} is the electron charg...	{ "page_id": 8853472, "title": "Ponderomotive energy" }
one uses the atomic unit of electric field, then the ponderomotive energy is just U p = E 2 4 ω 0 2 . {\displaystyle U_{p}={\frac {E^{2}}{4\omega _{0}^{2}}}.} == Derivation == The formula for the ponderomotive energy can be easily derived. A free particle of charge q {\displaystyle q} interacts with an electric field E...	{ "page_id": 8853472, "title": "Ponderomotive energy" }
Rouging is a form of corrosion found in stainless steel. It can be due to iron contamination of the stainless steel surface due to welding of non-stainless steel for support columns, or other temporary means, which when welded off leaves a low chromium area. There are three classes of rouging: Class I, Class II, and Cl...	{ "page_id": 24188897, "title": "Rouging" }
The proton radius puzzle is an unanswered problem in physics relating to the size of the proton. Historically the proton charge radius was measured by two independent methods, which converged to a value of about 0.877 femtometres (1 fm = 10−15 m). This value was challenged by a 2010 experiment using a third method, whi...	{ "page_id": 51320802, "title": "Proton radius puzzle" }
energy electrons into 20cm long tube of liquid hydrogen. The resulting angular distribution of the electron and proton are analyzed to produce a value for the proton charge radius. Consistent with the spectroscopy method, this produces a proton radius of about 0.8775(5) fm. === 2010 experiment === In 2010, Pohl et al. ...	{ "page_id": 51320802, "title": "Proton radius puzzle" }
artefact === Randolf Pohl, the original investigator of the puzzle, stated that while it would be "fantastic" if the puzzle led to a discovery, the most likely explanation is not new physics but some measurement artefact. His personal assumption is that past measurements have misgauged the Rydberg constant and that the...	{ "page_id": 51320802, "title": "Proton radius puzzle" }
the 2010 muon spectroscopy result. These authors suggest that the older spectroscopic analysis did not include quantum interference effects that alter the shape of the hydrogen lines. In 2019, another experiment for the spectroscopy Lamb shift used a variation of Ramsey interferometry that does not require the Rydberg ...	{ "page_id": 51320802, "title": "Proton radius puzzle" }
A taxocene (from Greek τάξις and κοινός) is a taxonomically related set of species within a community. An example of a taxocene would be "fishes in a pond," as the fishes are closely related to one another (i.e., the fishes are more closely related, by evolutionary descent, to each other than any fish is related to any...	{ "page_id": 16455654, "title": "Taxocene" }
The molecular formula C11H10 may refer to: Methano[10]annulenes 1,5-Methano[10]annulene 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Methylazulenes 1-Methylazulene 2-Methylazulene 4-Methylazulene 5-Methylazulene 6-Methylazulene Methylnaphthalenes 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene	{ "page_id": 24385510, "title": "C11H10" }
Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity, also known as the R = T model, or simply JT gravity (after physicists Roman Jackiw and Claudio Teitelboim), is a theory of gravity with dilaton coupling in one spatial and one time dimension. It should not be confused with the CGHS model or Liouville gravity. The action is given by S = 1 κ ∫ ...	{ "page_id": 30480361, "title": "Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity" }
The Swedish Chemical Society (Swedish: Svenska kemisamfundet) was established in 1883 and is a nonprofit organisation to promote the development of chemistry in Sweden. The society is based on Wallingatan, Stockholm. Kemivärlden Biotech (ISSN 1653-5596) is the monthly magazine of the Swedish Chemical Society. The socie...	{ "page_id": 46995434, "title": "Swedish Chemical Society" }
CubeSat Particle Aggregation and Collision Experiment (Q-PACE) or Cu-PACE, was an orbital spacecraft mission that would have studied the early stages of proto-planetary accretion by observing particle dynamical aggregation for several years. Current hypotheses have trouble explaining how particles can grow larger than ...	{ "page_id": 59709418, "title": "Q-PACE" }
from the Cosmic Girl airplane over the Pacific Ocean. As of March 2021, however, contact was not established with the satellite after it reached orbit, and the spacecraft was declared lost and the mission ended. == Objectives == The main objective of Q-PACE was to understand protoplanetary growth from pebbles to boulde...	{ "page_id": 59709418, "title": "Q-PACE" }
The term runaway electrons (RE) is used to denote electrons that undergo free fall acceleration into the realm of relativistic particles. REs may be classified as thermal (lower energy) or relativistic. The study of runaway electrons is thought to be fundamental to our understanding of High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. ...	{ "page_id": 10360813, "title": "Runaway electrons" }
stronger than the braking force from collisions with other particles in the plasma. The friction force electrons feels increases monotonically with momentum until the thermal momentum p t h = 2 m e T e {\displaystyle p_{th}={\sqrt {2m_{e}T_{e}}}} is reached, after which it decreases to a very small but finite value as ...	{ "page_id": 10360813, "title": "Runaway electrons" }
of runaway electrons are however generated by secondary mechanisms. Knock-on collisions can multiply the population of seed runaway electrons generated by primary mechanisms. Furthermore, since the energies of runaway electrons is far higher than the ionization energy of ions in the plasma, bound electrons may also con...	{ "page_id": 10360813, "title": "Runaway electrons" }
The molecular formula C17H18O5, molar mass: 302.32 g/mol, exact mass: 302.115423686 u, may refer to: Diffutidin, a flavan Funicin Isonotholaenic acid, a dihydrostilbenoid Notholaenic acid Proxicromil, an antihistamine	{ "page_id": 30480366, "title": "C17H18O5" }
Ecological overshoot is the phenomenon which occurs when the demands made on a natural ecosystem exceed its regenerative capacity. Global ecological overshoot occurs when the demands made by humanity exceed what the biosphere of Earth can provide through its capacity for renewal. Scientific use of the term in the conte...	{ "page_id": 68360178, "title": "Ecological overshoot" }
is increasingly compromising the Earth's ecosystem. The red section of the graph indicates that the global population have been accruing a global ecological overshoot since 1970. This means that the rate at which we are using natural resources exceeds the time required by the ecosystems to regenerate the resources and ...	{ "page_id": 68360178, "title": "Ecological overshoot" }
to the one planet level or less. A recent review of the World 3 demographic model by KPMG also concludes that humans need to rethink their pursuit of economic growth or anticipate collapse by 2040. For countries that have already achieved social affluence, although their social performance and resource utilization leve...	{ "page_id": 68360178, "title": "Ecological overshoot" }
well known symptom of ecological overshoot is the rising extinction rate. Pandemics of zoonotic diseases, like COVID-19 also become increasingly likely with overpopulation and global travel because we encroach on wildlife habitats and accelerate the spread. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologica...	{ "page_id": 68360178, "title": "Ecological overshoot" }
economists have been challenging the wisdom of this prevailing discipline for many years. Those suggesting a new economic paradigm can be considered collectively as advocates for degrowth. == See also == Anthropocene – Proposed geologic epoch for the timespan of significant human impact on the Earth Earth Overshoot Day...	{ "page_id": 68360178, "title": "Ecological overshoot" }
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy...	{ "page_id": 66000884, "title": "List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }
list of nominated noteworthy chemists, physicists and engineers, there have still been other scientists who were overlooked for the prize in chemistry such as Per Teodor Cleve, Jannik Petersen Bjerrum, Ellen Swallow Richards, Alice Ball, Vladimir Palladin, Sergey Reformatsky, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Alexey Favorsky, Rosa...	{ "page_id": 66000884, "title": "List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }
Inorganic ions in animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity. In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids as well as performing a number ...	{ "page_id": 858101, "title": "Inorganic ions" }
(an acidic solution), allowing a greater rate of transportation. Co2+- cobalt ions are present in the human body in amounts from 1 to 2 mg. Cobalt is observed in the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen, and considerably smaller quantities in the pancreas, brain, and serum. Cobalt is a necessary component of vitamin B12 an...	{ "page_id": 858101, "title": "Inorganic ions" }
voltage-dependent potassium ion channel. The four domains fold together, forming a central pore. That central pore of the sodium ions dictates the selectivity of the channel: both ionic radius and ionic charge are key in channel selectivity. ==== Cl− channels ==== Chloride ion channels vary from many other ion channels...	{ "page_id": 858101, "title": "Inorganic ions" }
The molecular formula C7H15Cl2N2O2P (molar mass: 261.09 g/mol, exact mass: 260.0248 u) may refer to: Ifosfamide (IFO) Cyclophosphamide (CP)	{ "page_id": 24319990, "title": "C7H15Cl2N2O2P" }
Gravitational plane waves are described as "non-flat solutions of Albert Einstein’s empty spacetime field equation". They are a special class of a vacuum pp-wave spacetime. In general relativity, the may be defined in terms of Brinkmann coordinates by d s 2 = [ a ( u ) ( x 2 − y 2 ) + 2 b ( u ) x y ] d u 2 + 2 d u d v ...	{ "page_id": 1447929, "title": "Gravitational plane wave" }
The Allan–Robinson reaction is the chemical reaction of o-hydroxyaryl ketones with aromatic anhydrides to form flavones (or isoflavones). If aliphatic anhydrides are used, coumarins can also be formed. (See Kostanecki acylation.) == Mechanism == The o-hydroxyaryl ketone first undergoes tautomerization to form the respe...	{ "page_id": 4593660, "title": "Allan–Robinson reaction" }
The molecular formula C18H18 (molar mass: 234.33 g/mol, exact mass: 234.1409 u) may refer to: Cyclooctadecanonaene, or [18]annulene Retene	{ "page_id": 24385535, "title": "C18H18" }
Pomeranchuk's theorem, named after Soviet physicist Isaak Pomeranchuk, states that difference of cross sections of interactions of elementary particles κ 1 + κ 2 {\displaystyle \kappa _{1}+\kappa _{2}} and κ 1 + κ 2 ¯ {\displaystyle \kappa _{1}+{\bar {\kappa _{2}}}} (i. e. particle κ 1 {\displaystyle {\kappa _{1}}} wit...	{ "page_id": 51517440, "title": "Pomeranchuk's theorem" }
Bette Korber is an American computational biologist focusing on the molecular biology and population genetics of the HIV virus that causes infection and eventually AIDS. She has contributed heavily to efforts to obtain an effective HIV vaccine. She created a database at Los Alamos National Laboratory that has enabled h...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
viral partial and complete genomes was influential and widely cited. She became a visiting faculty member at the Santa Fe Institute in 1991, continuing in that position until 2011. == Research == Korber conducts her research at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where she began in 1990. Her approach involves applying comp...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
the virus mutates rapidly, creating multiple variants that may not be recognized by immune system components specific to the original infecting virus. The most variable region is the surface of the virus, but there is also some variation of the internal proteins involved in virus replication, which may be attacked by t...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
T cells (killer cells). Also, Korber and her collaborators have developed a graphical analysis called Epigraph that can generate promising antigens with a mixture of epitopes. Korber explains that the approach of designing a protein via computer, combining bits of known proteins that provoke immune responses, had never...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
and became friends with him. She said, "At a time when kindness seemed rare, I really appreciated his generous spirit and encouragement. I think he would have been pleased about this award". === Dating the HIV-1 virus === In the history of HIV/AIDS virus with regard to when and where HIV originated, Edward Hooper had p...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
crown-like appearance. Her strategies can examine millions of global genomes stored by GISAID, and it flags mutations that vary from the original Wuhan sequence by at least a minimum specified threshold amount. Using this strategy, she and colleagues identified a particular Spike mutation, Aspartic acid (Asp) to Glycin...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
Corporation's 100 Most Influential Minds of the Decade 2004: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award 2002: Los Alamos National Laboratory Fellow 2001: Distinguished Alumna of CSULB 1997: Elizabeth Glaser Scientist, for work on pediatric AIDS, presented by Hillary Clinton == Other work == In 2019, Korber led a series of lectures ...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
Marburg virus lethal challenges by pan-filovirus T-cell epigraph vaccine". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (2): e1007564. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007564. PMC 6394903. PMID 30817809. Kong, R.; Louder, M. K.; Wagh, K.; Bailer, R. T.; Greene, K.; Gao, H.; Taft, J. D.; Gazumyan, A.; Liu, C.; Nussenzweig, M. C.; Korber, B.; Montefiori...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
Gao, F.; Lang, D.; Novitsky, V.; Haynes, B.; Hahn, B. H.; Bhattacharya, T.; Korber, B. (2002). "Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection". Science. 296 (5577): 2354–2360. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.2354G. doi:10.1126/science.1070441. PMID 12089434. S2CID 39452987. Goulder, P. J. R.; Brander, C.; Yang, Y.; Trembla...	{ "page_id": 58464262, "title": "Bette Korber" }
PTFE fiber is a chemically resistant material. It is used in woven form in certain pump packings as well as in nonwoven form in hot gas bag filters for industries with corrosive exhausts. Because PTFE is relatively insoluble and has a very high melting point, PTFE fibers can not be fashioned from conventional melt or s...	{ "page_id": 38082568, "title": "PTFE fiber" }
The Serine octamer cluster in physical chemistry is an unusually stable cluster consisting of eight serine molecules (Ser) implicated in the origin of homochirality. This cluster was first discovered in mass spectrometry experiments. Electrospray ionization of an aerosol of serine in methanol results in a mass spectrum...	{ "page_id": 3938313, "title": "Serine octamer cluster" }
take place through so-called substitution reactions of serine clusters. In these reactions, a serine monomer in a cluster can be replaced by another small biologically relevant molecule. For instance Ser8 reacts with glucose (Glc) to the Ser6 + Glc3 + Na+ cluster. Moreover, the cluster of synthetic L-glucose with Ser8 ...	{ "page_id": 3938313, "title": "Serine octamer cluster" }
Transmethylation is a biologically important organic chemical reaction in which a methyl group is transferred from one compound to another. An example of transmethylation is the recovery of methionine from homocysteine. In order to sustain sufficient reaction rates during metabolic stress, this reaction requires adequa...	{ "page_id": 13834257, "title": "Transmethylation" }
Caldithrix is a genus of thermophilic and anaerobic bacteria, currently assigned to its own phylum. == See also == List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera == References ==	{ "page_id": 34347026, "title": "Caldithrix" }
Haplogroup C-V20 (also known as Haplogroup C1a2) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup C1a, one of the descendants of Haplogroup C1 (The other is C1a1 in Japan with an average amount of 5%). Haplogroup C-V20 is now distributed in Europe, North Africa, West Asia, and South Asia wi...	{ "page_id": 55384092, "title": "Haplogroup C-V20" }
Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with va...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
by an object in particular direction is the same as displacement. The SI unit of displacement is the metre. If x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} is the initial position of an object and x 2 {\displaystyle x_{2}} is the final position, then mathematically the displacement is given by: Δ x = x 2 − x 1 {\displaystyle \Delta x=x_{...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
_{1}} and t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} is the time at which the object was at position x 2 {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{2}} The magnitude of the average velocity \| v avg \| {\displaystyle \left\|\mathbf {v} _{\text{avg}}\right\|} is called an average speed. ==== Instantaneous velocity ==== In contrast to an average velocity,...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
{v} _{2}-\mathbf {v} _{1}} is the change in velocity over the time interval Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta t} then mathematically, a avg = Δ v Δ t = v 2 − v 1 t 2 − t 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} _{\text{avg}}={\frac {\Delta \mathbf {v} }{\Delta t}}={\frac {\mathbf {v} _{2}-\mathbf {v} _{1}}{t_{2}-t_{1}}}} The instantaneous...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
f + v i ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {d} ={\frac {t}{2}}\left(\mathbf {v} _{\text{f}}+\mathbf {v} _{\text{i}}\right)} Here, v i {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{\text{i}}} is the initial velocity v f {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{\text{f}}} is the final velocity a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } is acceleration d {\displaystyle \m...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
References == == Further reading == Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1966), Physics, Chapter 3 (Vol I and II, Combined edition), Wiley International Edition, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-11527 Tipler P.A., Mosca G., "Physics for Scientists and Engineers", Chapter 2 (5th edition), W. H. Freeman and compan...	{ "page_id": 16652317, "title": "Linear motion" }
Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells; conversely, somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as somat...	{ "page_id": 18487326, "title": "Germline mosaicism" }
allele can produce offspring expressing the phenotype as dominant through germline mosaicism. A situation may also arise in which the parents have milder phenotypic expression of a mutation yet produce offspring with more expressive phenotypic variance and a more frequent sibling recurrences of the mutation. Diseases c...	{ "page_id": 18487326, "title": "Germline mosaicism" }
or Southern Blot analysis, to look for variations on relevant genes connected to the disorder. == Recurrence rate == The recurrence rate of conditions caused by germline mosaicism varies greatly between subjects. Recurrence is proportional to the number of gamete cells that carry the particular mutation with the condit...	{ "page_id": 18487326, "title": "Germline mosaicism" }
The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium. In Gram-negative bacteria an outer membrane is also included. This envelope is not present in the Mollicutes where the cell wall is absent. Bacterial cell envelopes fall into two major categories: a Gram-positive type which stains pur...	{ "page_id": 595999, "title": "Cell envelope" }
(or low %G+C Gram-positive organisms). Bacteria within the Deinococcota group may also exhibit Gram-positive staining behavior but contain some cell wall structures typical of Gram-negative organisms. Imbedded in the Gram-positive cell wall are polyalcohols called teichoic acids, some of which are lipid-linked to form ...	{ "page_id": 595999, "title": "Cell envelope" }
for passive transport of many ions, sugars and amino acids across the outer membrane. These molecules are therefore present in the periplasm, the region between the plasma membrane and outer membrane. The periplasm contains the peptidoglycan layer and many proteins responsible for substrate binding or hydrolysis and re...	{ "page_id": 595999, "title": "Cell envelope" }
peptidoglycan in the cell wall of their infectious forms. Instead, the extracellular forms of these Gram-negative bacteria maintain their structural integrity by relying on a layer of disulfide bond cross-linked cysteine-rich proteins, which is located between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in a manner analogo...	{ "page_id": 595999, "title": "Cell envelope" }
Crunchiness is the sensation of muffled grinding of a foodstuff. Crunchiness differs from crispness in that a crisp item is quickly atomized, while a crunchy one offers sustained, granular resistance to jaw action. While crispness is difficult to maintain, crunchiness is difficult to overcome. Crunchy foods are associa...	{ "page_id": 13178917, "title": "Crunchiness" }
A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream is a 2016 documentary film about genetics, eugenics, and social inequality in the United States. The film was directed by Stephanie Welch and distributed exclusively by Bullfrog Films. == Content == A Dangerous Idea claims that contemporary genetics is a resur...	{ "page_id": 60758058, "title": "A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream" }
including so many interviews with critics of the scientists the film was criticizing, such as James Watson and Charles Murray. == References == == External links == Official website A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream at IMDb A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream at Rotten ...	{ "page_id": 60758058, "title": "A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream" }
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap. The saponification of ethyl acetate gi...	{ "page_id": 268331, "title": "Saponification" }
In a classic laboratory procedure, the triglyceride trimyristin is obtained by extracting it from nutmeg with diethyl ether. Saponification to the soap sodium myristate takes place using NaOH in water. Treating the soap with hydrochloric acid gives myristic acid. == Saponification of fatty acids == The reaction of fatt...	{ "page_id": 268331, "title": "Saponification" }
(Australia/Europe/Asia)) burn hotter than most flammable liquids, rendering a standard class B extinguisher ineffective. Such fires should be extinguished with a wet chemical extinguisher. Extinguishers of this type are designed to extinguish cooking fats and oils through saponification. The extinguishing agent rapidly...	{ "page_id": 268331, "title": "Saponification" }
deformation often described as "blooming" or "efflorescence", and may also contribute to the increased transparency of certain paint layers within an oil painting over time.: 16, 19 Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings and many details are unresolved.: 19 At present, retouching is the only known restorati...	{ "page_id": 268331, "title": "Saponification" }
LATE is a term that describes a prevalent medical condition with impaired memory and thinking in advanced age, often culminating in the dementia clinical syndrome. In other words, the symptoms of LATE are similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. The acronym LATE stands for Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephal...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
same brain as) other pathologic changes that are also associated with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease(s). LATE has a large impact on public health. Clinical-pathologic correlation studies have established that the presence of LATE-NC is associated with impairments in memory and thinkin...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
is the chief pathology present, is typically relatively slow. The term dementia refers to a clinical syndrome, rather than a particular disease process – it can be caused by many different subtypes of brain disease, which often occur in combination with each other. Thus, many different diseases including LATE contribut...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
or other sources may have worse outcomes with a given burden of LATE-NC in the brain. There is indication from broader dementia research that higher educational attainment and engaging in mentally stimulating activities might delay the onset of clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether this directly affe...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
=== TDP-43 (Transactive response DNA-binding protein) is a nuclear protein involved in regulating gene expression by binding to and modifying nucleic acids. More specifically, TDP-43 plays critical roles in RNA processing, including splicing, stability, and transport. In healthy cells, TDP-43 is predominantly found in ...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
(ARTAG). == Diagnosis == The diagnosis of LATE in live individuals is challenging because the symptoms of LATE overlap with those of other types of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, and there are no specific clinical biomarkers (as of early 2025), to predict the presence of the pathology. Thus, at present LATE ...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
these signals may support the diagnosis of LATE by ruling out significant amyloid or tau misfolded proteins in the brain (which would in turn indicate the presence of Alzheimer's disease). FDG-PET scans may also be used to predict the presence of an underlying LATE-NC disease. Biomarkers for neuronal damage such as tau...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
disease at diagnosis, the presence and degree of cerebrovascular disease and of other comorbidities (particularly whether Alzheimer's disease pathology is also present), and individual patient factors. Understanding the progression, expected outcomes, and influencing factors is crucial for managing LATE effectively and...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
However, LATE has been identified in all the populations for which it has been evaluated, in studies around the world. The recognition and reporting of LATE may vary depending on the local healthcare system's capacity to diagnose and record cases of dementia, particularly in settings where detailed neuropathological ex...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
LATE was distinguished from other memory disorders of aging, and from other TDP-43 proteinopathies, and provided a universal terminology as required to facilitate communication (and raise awareness) among clinicians and researchers. There has been some debate and discussion as to optimal nomenclature for this condition...	{ "page_id": 60626989, "title": "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy" }
Nandini Mukherjee (née Mukhopadhyay) is an Indian computer scientist. She is a professor of department of computer science and engineering of Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. == Education == Mukherjee took her Madhyamik examination from Kamala Girls' High School. She studied for her higher secondary examinations fr...	{ "page_id": 42342446, "title": "Nandini Mukherjee" }
associated with the movement for self-reliance in science and technology through the Forum of Scientists, Engineers and Technologists (FOSET) and the Vigyan Mancha. She is secretary of the West Bengal Free Software Mancha (FSMWB). She is active in the All India Democratic Women's Association, and is a state secretariat...	{ "page_id": 42342446, "title": "Nandini Mukherjee" }
The molecular formula C20H14 (molar mass: 254.32 g/mol, exact mass: 254.1096 u) may refer to: 1,1'-Binaphthyl Triptycene	{ "page_id": 24188977, "title": "C20H14" }
Barbulanymphidae is a family of protists. This family comprises two genera: Barbulanympha Urinympha == References ==	{ "page_id": 79566898, "title": "Barbulanymphidae" }
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from gen...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in December 2010. The Convention's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, created in 2010, include the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The meetings of the Parties to the Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in Nassau,...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
168 signatures. It entered into force on 29 December 1993. The Convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. I...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
is Astrid Schomaker. The previous executive secretaries were: David Cooper (2023–2024), Elizabeth Maruma Mrema (2020–2023), pl:Cristiana Pașca Palmer (2017–2019), Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias (2012–2017), Ahmed Djoghlaf (2006–2012), Hamdallah Zedan (1998–2005), Calestous Juma (1995–1998), and Angela Cropper (1993–199...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
=== The CBD Secretariat, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, operates under UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme. Its main functions are to organize meetings, draft documents, assist member governments in the implementation of the programme of work, coordinate with other international organizations, and collec...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
Parties == As of 2016, the Convention has 196 Parties, which includes 195 states and the European Union. All UN member states—with the exception of the United States—have ratified the treaty. Non-UN member states that have ratified are the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine. The Holy See and the states with...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species recovery programs and other mechanisms long in place in the US for species conservation. Singapore established a detailed National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. The National Biodiversity Centre of Singapore represents Singapore in the Co...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (2002) === In April 2002, the Parties of the UN CBD adopted the recommendations of the Gran Canaria Declaration Calling for a Global Plant Conservation Strategy, and adopted a 16-point plan aiming to slow the rate of plant extinctions around the world by 2010. === Nagoya Protocol ...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Upon the launch of Agenda 2030, CBD released a technical note mapping and identifying synergies between the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. This helps to understand the contributions of biodiversity to achi...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
national jurisdiction (BBNJ or High Seas Treaty). The central mechanism is area-based planning and decision-making. It integrates EBSAs, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and High Seas (Marine Protected Areas) with Blue Growth scenarios. There is also linkage with the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. == Critic...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
and medical researchers have expressed alarm at plans to expand the protocol to make it illegal to publicly share genetic information, e.g. via GenBank. William Yancey Brown, when with the Brookings Institution, suggested that the Convention on Biological Diversity should include the preservation of intact genomes and ...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
of the Parties to the Convention took place in February 2004, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. === 2006 COP 8 === The eighth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in March 2006, in Curitiba, Brazil. === 2008 COP 9 === The ninth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in May 2008, i...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
conference gave a mid-term evaluation to the UN Decade on Biodiversity (2011–2020) initiative, which aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of nature. The meeting achieved a total of 35 decisions, including a decision on "Mainstreaming gender considerations", to incorporate gender perspective to the analy...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
Twenty-one action-oriented draft targets were provisionally agreed in the October meeting, to be further discussed in the second session: an in-person event that was originally scheduled to start in April 2022, but was rescheduled to occur later in 2022. The second part of COP 15 ultimately took place in Montreal, Cana...	{ "page_id": 6198, "title": "Convention on Biological Diversity" }
American Megafauna is a board game on the topic of evolution designed by Phil Eklund, and published by Sierra Madre Games in 1997. While the game is not an attempt to be a simulation, a variety of genuine evolutionary factors are incorporated in the game, ranging from Milankovich cycles to dentition. The game can be pl...	{ "page_id": 7018553, "title": "American Megafauna" }
both environmental and living animal competition (represented by other players and wandering Immigrant animals that encroach upon the continent). Play time varies between 60–180 minutes depending on the number of participants and various rules being utilized. The next projected title in the series, Bios: Genesis (abiog...	{ "page_id": 7018553, "title": "American Megafauna" }
Hydroxyvaleric acid or hydroxypentanoic acid may refer to the following compounds: α-Hydroxyvaleric acid (2-hydroxyvaleric acid) β-Hydroxyvaleric acid (3-hydroxyvaleric acid) γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (4-hydroxyvaleric acid) ω-Hydroxyvaleric acid (5-hydroxyvaleric acid), a ω-hydroxy acid The carboxylate of the acid is hydr...	{ "page_id": 78190655, "title": "Hydroxyvaleric acid" }

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