Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
the main radiation-related quantities and units. == Spacecraft radiation challenges == Spacecraft, both robotic and crewed, must cope with the high radiation environment of outer space. Radiation emitted by the Sun and other galactic sources, and trapped in radiation "belts" is more dangerous and hundreds of times more...	{ "page_id": 333692, "title": "Radiation protection" }
radiation, has been considered to potentially combat radiation in a feasible way. So far, the cost of equipment, power and weight of active shielding equipment outweigh their benefits. For example, active radiation equipment would need a habitable volume size to house it, and magnetic and electrostatic configurations o...	{ "page_id": 333692, "title": "Radiation protection" }
that x-rays could kill experimental animals, could cause a pregnant guinea pig to abort, and that they could kill a fetus. He also stressed that "animals vary in susceptibility to the external action of X-light" and warned that these differences be considered when patients were treated by means of x-rays. Before the bi...	{ "page_id": 333692, "title": "Radiation protection" }
Ahmadi, Use of Semi-Dipole Magnetic Field for Spacecraft Radiation Protection. == External links == [3] - "The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" - M.A. Boyd, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems. "Halving-thickness for various materia...	{ "page_id": 333692, "title": "Radiation protection" }
The artificial sweetener aspartame has been the subject of several controversies since its initial approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1974. The FDA approval of aspartame was highly contested, beginning with suspicions of its involvement in brain cancer, alleging that the quality of the initial r...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
safety data. In 1996, the controversy reached a wider audience with a 60 Minutes report that discussed criticisms of the FDA approval process and concerns that aspartame could cause brain tumors in humans. The 60 Minutes special stated that "aspartame's approval was one of the most contested in FDA history." Around the...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
U.S. Attorney Samuel Skinner was requested to "open a grand jury investigation into whether two of Searle's aspartame studies had been falsified or were incomplete." Skinner withdrew from the case when he was considering a job offer from the law firm Sidley & Austin, Searle's Chicago-based law firm, a job he later took...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
Samuel Skinner, in taking a job with a law firm retained by Searle during an investigation into Searle, and Arthur Hull Hayes, in taking a job with Searle's public relations agency following aspartame's approval, fueled conspiracy theories. Because of the approval controversy, Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum requested an ...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
lack of evidence. A year and a half later, Conlon also was hired by Sidley & Austin. Concern about conflict of interest in this case inflamed the controversy, and Senator Metzenbaum investigated in 1981 Senate Hearings. In 1989, the U.S. Senate approved the nomination of Sam Skinner to be Secretary of Transportation, n...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
Environmental Conference." Specifically, the hoax websites allege that aspartame is responsible for multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, and methanol toxicity, causing "blindness, spasms, shooting pains, seizures, headaches, depression, anxiety, memory loss, birth defects" and death. A proliferation of websites, many wi...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
the Multiple Sclerosis Foundation is suing the FDA for collusion with Monsanto ... Bogus, totally bogus. You've got to be careful of these Internet hoaxes. When you read health information online, be sure to know the source of the information you are reading, okay? == Government action and voluntary withdrawals == In 1...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
South African retailer Woolworths announced it was removing aspartame-containing foods from its own-brand range. In 2010, the British Food Standards Agency funded a clinical study of people who claimed to experience side-effects after consuming aspartame. The double blind controlled study has been concluded and found n...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
from the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) to the FDA endorsed by thirteen occupational safety and health experts expressed the ERF studies merited reevaluation of aspartame's safety in humans. After reviewing the foundation's claims, the EFSA and the FDA discounted the study results finding significant ...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
types despite standing research that induced tumors "can and should be differentiated from naturally occurring tumors";: 667 insufficient/incomplete/conflicting methodology and data collection/reporting in multiple areas; and the U.S. National Toxicology Program's finding that the ERF had misdiagnosed hyperplasias as m...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
it was first made available and identified significant shortcomings in the studies on which IARC relied." == See also == Canderel Equal (sweetener) NutraSweet == References == == External links == Centers for Disease Control: Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use International Programme on Chemical...	{ "page_id": 6821757, "title": "Aspartame controversy" }
The molecular formula C12H17N (molar mass: 175.27 g/mol) may refer to: 2-Benzylpiperidine 4-Benzylpiperidine Indanylaminopropane 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 4-Phenylazepane Phenylethylpyrrolidine	{ "page_id": 24385398, "title": "C12H17N" }
The Human Genetics Society of Australasia (HGSA) is a membership organization for individuals in the field of human genetics who primarily practise in the Oceania region. Members typically hold both a qualification in human genetics and work in the field. Membership is drawn from clinical, laboratory and academic speci...	{ "page_id": 68818816, "title": "Human Genetics Society of Australasia" }
The group agreed that a small working group should be charged with setting up a human genetics society for the region. Subsequently, the Human Genetics Society of Australasia was formally incorporated in South Australia in 1977 to serve the Australia and New Zealand region. The original group consisted of 19 Foundation...	{ "page_id": 68818816, "title": "Human Genetics Society of Australasia" }
Genetic Counsellors Australasian Society for Inborn Errors of Metabolism Australasian Cancer Genetics Group == HGSA annual scientific meeting == The Annual Scientific Meeting of the HGSA is a conference of international regard. It has been held annually since 1977, usually in early August. The meeting features plenary ...	{ "page_id": 68818816, "title": "Human Genetics Society of Australasia" }
Geneticists (AACG), a Special Interest Group of the HGSA, has direct ties with the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), which is the body that oversees training and accreditation in clinical genetics in Australasia. The AACG advises the RACP on curricula and training requirements. In addition, members of th...	{ "page_id": 68818816, "title": "Human Genetics Society of Australasia" }
Orations == References == == External links == The Human Genetics Society of Australasia Speciality Societies of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians National Alliance of Self-Regulating Health Professions	{ "page_id": 68818816, "title": "Human Genetics Society of Australasia" }
The molecular formula C16H15Cl2N (molar mass: 256.75 g/mol) may refer to: Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline (DMS), also known as norsertraline Indatraline	{ "page_id": 24385402, "title": "C16H15Cl2N" }
The junction tree algorithm (also known as 'Clique Tree') is a method used in machine learning to extract marginalization in general graphs. In essence, it entails performing belief propagation on a modified graph called a junction tree. The graph is called a tree because it branches into different sections of data; no...	{ "page_id": 4855682, "title": "Junction tree algorithm" }
algorithm. The algorithm makes calculations for conditionals for belief functions possible. Joint distributions are needed to make local computations happen. === Underlying theory === The first step concerns only Bayesian networks, and is a procedure to turn a directed graph into an undirected one. We do this because i...	{ "page_id": 4855682, "title": "Junction tree algorithm" }
Given a triangulated graph, weight the edges of the clique graph by their cardinality, \|A∩B\|, of the intersection of the adjacent cliques A and B. Then any maximum-weight spanning tree of the clique graph is a junction tree. So, to construct a junction tree we just have to extract a maximum weight spanning tree out of ...	{ "page_id": 4855682, "title": "Junction tree algorithm" }
Probability Distributions." https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1301/1301.7394.pdf	{ "page_id": 4855682, "title": "Junction tree algorithm" }
The molecular formula C14H18FNO2 (molar mass: 251.297 g/mol, exact mass: 251.1322 u) may refer to: 4-Fluoromethylphenidate Lubazodone	{ "page_id": 24385408, "title": "C14H18FNO2" }
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids. The importance of this subject st...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
the early development of computational quantum chemistry include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson's 1935 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – with Applications to Chemistry, Eyring, Walter and Kimball's 1944 Quantum Chemistry, Heitler's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics – with Applications to Quantum Chemistry, and later...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
a simple linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method to determine electron energies of molecular orbitals of π electrons in conjugated hydrocarbon systems) of molecules, ranging in complexity from butadiene and benzene to ovalene, were generated on computers at Berkeley and Oxford. These empirical methods were ...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
accurate quantum chemical methods, to find stationary points on the energy surface as the position of the nuclei is varied. Storing and searching for data on chemical entities (see chemical databases). Identifying correlations between chemical structures and properties (see quantitative structure–property relationship ...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
experimentally like pKa's of compounds. Methods like density functional theory can be used to model drug molecules and find their properties, like their HOMO and LUMO energies and molecular orbitals. Computational chemists also help companies with developing informatics, infrastructure and designs of drugs. Aside from ...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
experimental information about protein-small molecule interactions. RCSB: Stores publicly available 3D models of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) and small molecules (drugs, inhibitors) ChEMBL: Contains data from research on drug development such as assay results. DrugBank: Data about mechanisms of drugs can be...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
calculations are termed post–Hartree–Fock methods. By continually improving these methods, scientists can get increasingly closer to perfectly predicting the behavior of atomic and molecular systems under the framework of quantum mechanics, as defined by the Schrödinger equation. To obtain exact agreement with the expe...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
given by the potential energy surfaces. In general, the potential energy surfaces are coupled via the vibronic coupling terms. The most popular methods for propagating the wave packet associated to the molecular geometry are: the Chebyshev (real) polynomial, the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method (MCTDH)...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
Usually, second order splitting is the most that is done because higher order splitting requires much more time to calculate and is not worth the cost. Higher order methods become too difficult to implement, and are not useful for solving differential equations despite the higher accuracy. Computational chemists spend ...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
Hückel method proposed by Roald Hoffmann. Sometimes, Hückel methods are referred to as "completely empirical" because they do not derive from a Hamiltonian. Yet, the term "empirical methods", or "empirical force fields" is usually used to describe molecular mechanics. === Molecular mechanics === In many cases, large mo...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
orientations and conformations where appropriate. It is a random sampling method, which makes use of the so-called importance sampling. Importance sampling methods are able to generate low energy states, as this enables properties to be calculated accurately. The potential energy of each configuration of the system can...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
costs in chemistry algorithms == The computational cost and algorithmic complexity in chemistry are used to help understand and predict chemical phenomena. They help determine which algorithms/computational methods to use when solving chemical problems. This section focuses on the scaling of computational complexity wi...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
entity or using clever mathematical approximations. === Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) === ==== Algorithm ==== Combines quantum mechanical calculations for a small region with molecular mechanics for the larger environment. ==== Complexity ==== The complexity of QM/MM methods depends on both the size of ...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
approximations and algorithmic improvements. === Standard CCSD and CCSD(T) method === ==== Algorithm ==== CCSD and CCSD(T) methods are advanced electronic structure techniques involving single, double, and in the case of CCSD(T), perturbative triple excitations for calculating electronic correlation effects. ==== Compl...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
chemistry is not an exact description of real-life chemistry, as the mathematical and physical models of nature can only provide an approximation. However, the majority of chemical phenomena can be described to a certain degree in a qualitative or approximate quantitative computational scheme. Molecules consist of nucl...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
that use what are called molecular mechanics (MM).In QM-MM methods, small parts of large complexes are treated quantum mechanically (QM), and the remainder is treated approximately (MM). == Software packages == Many self-sufficient computational chemistry software packages exist. Some include many methods covering a wi...	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1610 (Open Access) Archived 9 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine CCL.NET: Computational Chemistry List, Ltd. == See also == == References ==	{ "page_id": 6019, "title": "Computational chemistry" }
In differential geometry, the radius of curvature, R, is the reciprocal of the curvature. For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For surfaces, the radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that best fits a normal section or combinations thereof. == Def...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
d 2 x d t 2 , {\textstyle {\ddot {x}}={\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}},} y ˙ = d y d t , {\textstyle {\dot {y}}={\frac {dy}{dt}},} and y ¨ = d 2 y d t 2 . {\textstyle {\ddot {y}}={\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}.} Heuristically, this result can be interpreted as R = \| v \| 3 \| v × v ˙ \| , {\displaystyle R={\frac {\left\|\mathbf {v} \rig...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
vectors v and w, namely v · v, v · w, and w · w. Thus the radius of curvature must be a function of the three scalars \|γ′(t)\|2, \|γ″(t)\|2 and γ′(t) · γ″(t). The general equation for a parametrized circle in ℝn is g ( u ) = a cos ⁡ ( h ( u ) ) + b sin ⁡ ( h ( u ) ) + c {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} (u)=\mathbf {a} \cos(h(u)...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}''(t)&=\rho ^{2}h'(t)h''(t)\\\|{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}''(t)\|^{2}&=\rho ^{2}\left(h'^{\,4}(t)+h''^{\,2}(t)\right)\end{aligned}}} These three equations in three unknowns (ρ, h′(t) and h″(t)) can be solved for ρ, giving the formula for the radius of curvature: ρ ( t ) = \| γ ′ ( t ) \| 3 \| γ ′ ( t ) \| ...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
of any points, R = ⁠a2/b⁠. The radius of curvature of an ellipse as a function of the geocentric coordinate t {\displaystyle t} with tan ⁡ t = y x {\displaystyle \tan t={\frac {y}{x}}} is R ( t ) = ( b 2 cos 2 ⁡ t + a 2 sin 2 ⁡ t ) 3 / 2 a b . {\displaystyle R(t)={\frac {(b^{2}\cos ^{2}t+a^{2}\sin ^{2}t)^{3/2}}{ab}}.} ...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
Stoney formula. The topography of the stressed structure including radii of curvature can be measured using optical scanner methods. The modern scanner tools have capability to measure full topography of the substrate and to measure both principal radii of curvature, while providing the accuracy of the order of 0.1% fo...	{ "page_id": 18421631, "title": "Radius of curvature" }
Bioburden is normally defined as the number of bacteria living on a surface that has not been sterilized. The term is most often used in the context of bioburden testing, also known as microbial limit testing, which is performed on pharmaceutical products and medical products for quality control purposes. Products or c...	{ "page_id": 36116358, "title": "Bioburden" }
then placed onto Soybean-Casein Digest Agar and incubated in order to be able to determine the total aerobic microbial count (TAMC). In the Plate Count Method, the sample of drug product to be tested and Soybean-Casein Digest Broth is poured into a Petri dish. The Petri dish is then incubated. The most probable number ...	{ "page_id": 36116358, "title": "Bioburden" }
collect airborne pathogens larger than 0.3 microns. == References == https://www.watertechnologies.com/products/analyzers-instruments/sievers-soleil	{ "page_id": 36116358, "title": "Bioburden" }
Kinematic diffraction is an approximation for diffraction of waves. It assumes that the waves are only scattered once, neglecting multiple scattering. For linear wave equations, it involves summing the contribution of the partial waves emanating from different scatterers, where only the incident field drives the scatte...	{ "page_id": 52959107, "title": "Kinematic diffraction" }
In organic chemistry, endo–exo isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or "syn", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo is reserved for the isomer with the subst...	{ "page_id": 2627469, "title": "Endo–exo isomerism" }
The molecular formula C10H11NO2 (molar mass: 177.20 g/mol, exact mass: 177.0790 u) may refer to: Acetoacetanilide MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) TDIQ	{ "page_id": 24385422, "title": "C10H11NO2" }
Landolt–Börnstein is a collection of property data in materials science and the closely related fields of chemistry, physics and engineering published by Springer Nature. == History == On July 28, 1882, Dr. Hans Heinrich Landolt and Dr. Richard Börnstein, both professors at the "Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule" (Agricul...	{ "page_id": 6756239, "title": "Landolt–Börnstein" }
(1950) was published in line with the revised general frame. The basic idea was to have four volumes instead of one, each of which was to cover different fields of the Landolt–Börnstein under different editors. Each volume was given a detailed table of contents. Two major restrictions were also imposed. The author of a...	{ "page_id": 6756239, "title": "Landolt–Börnstein" }
The molecular formula C11H13NO2 may refer to: Fenmetramide Idrocilamide MDAT 5,6-Methylenedioxy-N-methyl-2-aminoindane	{ "page_id": 24385424, "title": "C11H13NO2" }
In organic chemistry, the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) sequence rules (also the CIP priority convention; named after Robert Sidney Cahn, Christopher Kelk Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog) are a standard process to completely and unequivocally name a stereoisomer of a molecule.: 26 The purpose of the CIP system is to assign an R...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
though the IUPAC documentation presents a thorough introduction, it includes the caution that "it is essential to study the original papers, especially the 1966 paper, before using the sequence rule for other than fairly simple cases.": 26f A recent paper argues for changes to some of the rules (sequence rules 1b and 2...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
number Z receives higher priority. If there is still a tie, each atom in each of the two lists is replaced with a sublist of the other atoms bonded to it (at distance 3 from the stereocenter), the sublists are arranged in decreasing order of atomic number Z, and the entire structure is again compared atom by atom. This...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
containing one or more cycles, one must first expand it into a tree (called a hierarchical digraph) by traversing bonds in all possible paths starting at the stereocenter. When the traversal encounters an atom through which the current path has already passed, a phantom atom is generated in order to keep the tree finit...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
in the direction 1 → 2 → 3. If the thumb points in the direction of the fourth substituent, the enantiomer is R; otherwise, it is S. It is possible in rare cases that two substituents on an atom differ only in their absolute configuration (R or S). If the relative priorities of these substituents need to be established...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
answer) contains atoms a and b adjacent to the spiro carbon, and the other contains a′ and b′. The configuration at C may then be assigned as for any other stereocentre. === Examples === The following are examples of application of the nomenclature. == Describing multiple centers == If a compound has more than one chir...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
as the (S,R) form. In meso compounds the R and S stereocenters occur in symmetrically positioned pairs. == Relative configuration == The relative configuration of two stereoisomers may be denoted by the descriptors R and S with an asterisk (). (R,R*) means two centers having identical configurations, (R,R) or (S,S); ...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
to the prochiral center from the Re-face will not always lead to an (S)-stereocenter, as the priority of the chemical group has to be taken into account. That is, the absolute stereochemistry of the product is determined on its own and not by considering which face it was attacked from. In the above-mentioned example, ...	{ "page_id": 6034, "title": "Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules" }
Glycoinformatics is a field of bioinformatics that pertains to the study of carbohydrates involved in protein post-translational modification. It broadly includes (but is not restricted to) database, software, and algorithm development for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate sy...	{ "page_id": 15275923, "title": "Glycoinformatics" }
Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of the operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of chemistry, ...	{ "page_id": 6038, "title": "Chemical engineering" }
1850. By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States. == History == === New concepts and innovations === In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developing chemical reactors. While the predominance of unit operations in chem...	{ "page_id": 6038, "title": "Chemical engineering" }
agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States. In time, the systematic application of safety principles to chemical and other process plants began to be considered a specific discipline, known as process safety. === Recent progress === Advancements in computer science fou...	{ "page_id": 6038, "title": "Chemical engineering" }
operations (such as crystallization, filtration, drying and evaporation) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors. On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit opera...	{ "page_id": 6038, "title": "Chemical engineering" }
research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments, by scaling up theoretical chemical reactions, to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a project engineer. Chemical engineers ser...	{ "page_id": 6038, "title": "Chemical engineering" }
The molecular formula C27H29NO11 (molar mass: 543.52 g/mol, exact mass: 543.1741 u) may refer to: Doxorubicin, a drug used in cancer chemotherapy Epirubicin, an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy	{ "page_id": 24319897, "title": "C27H29NO11" }
Hay steaming is a method of treating hay to reduce the airborne respirable dust which naturally occurs in hay, causing respiratory problems in both humans and horses when in close contact. The method encompasses a steam generator which produces the steam and a connecting hose to direct the steam into a closed, sealed v...	{ "page_id": 21436315, "title": "Hay steaming" }
in horses, though it is generally agreed to be undesirable. Importantly, studies have shown homemade hay steamers to have some beneficial effect in reducing dust and mould spores and, when normally acceptable n-values are used to process the results data, the difference is material but not extreme. == Soaking versus st...	{ "page_id": 21436315, "title": "Hay steaming" }
uses around 4 litres of water per cycle, most of which is absorbed by the hay or released into the air as steam leaving just a small amount of non-polluting waste water. Wyss et al. (2016) warned soaked hay left for up to three days before being fed or horses finish consuming it, has very high bacterial counts and is c...	{ "page_id": 21436315, "title": "Hay steaming" }
dust == Dust in hay consists of a collection of naturally occurring dust particles which include organic plant and soil particles and potentially allergenic mould, fungi, bacteria, mite faeces, endotoxins and beta glucans, all of which have the potential to contribute to the development of airway inflammation and equin...	{ "page_id": 21436315, "title": "Hay steaming" }
Germany, and other European countries are increasingly being fed steamed hay. == See also == Hermetic storage == References ==	{ "page_id": 21436315, "title": "Hay steaming" }
The molecular formula C16H21NO2 (molar mass: 259.34 g/mol, exact mass: 259.1572 u) may refer to: Nortilidine Propranolol Ramelteon Troparil	{ "page_id": 24385435, "title": "C16H21NO2" }
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a chemical database founded in 1978 by Günter Bergerhoff at the University of Bonn in Germany and I. D. Brown at McMaster University in Canada. It is now produced by FIZ Karlsruhe in Europe and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It seeks to contain in...	{ "page_id": 3676061, "title": "Inorganic Crystal Structure Database" }
The molecular formula C12H13N (molar mass: 171.24 g/mol, exact mass: 171.1048 u) may refer to: AGN-1135, a drug Rasagiline, a drug N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine, a dye More than 400 other chemical compounds == References ==	{ "page_id": 24385440, "title": "C12H13N" }
Clathrin-independent endocytosis refers to the cellular process by which cells internalize extracellular molecules and particles through mechanisms that do not rely on the protein clathrin, playing a crucial role in diverse physiological processes such as nutrient uptake, membrane turnover, and cellular signaling. Whil...	{ "page_id": 76027809, "title": "Clathrin-independent endocytosis" }
contents. Microtubules are stabilizes by beta-1 integrins and integrin signaling that promote the recycling of caveolae. Using electron microscopy imaging techniques, the Cavin 1 marker is a particularly good indicator of the pathways that the caveolae vesicle takes. The dynamic nature of such vesicles show that they h...	{ "page_id": 76027809, "title": "Clathrin-independent endocytosis" }
the pinching off and remodeling of the cellular plasma membrane. CDC42-regulated dynamin independent pathways are the main route of non-clathrin, non-caveolar uptake of fluid-phase internalization. Most CDC42-regulated endocytic pathways have large and wide surface invaginations and sometimes involves the recruitment o...	{ "page_id": 76027809, "title": "Clathrin-independent endocytosis" }
until the correct ligand binds and the cargo is sorted to a FEME carrier. While the exact mechanisms by which the receptors sorts the cargo to the specific carriers, it is suggested that during cargo capture, the endphillion levels rise to be greater than the critical concentration (Cc) and initiate bending of the memb...	{ "page_id": 76027809, "title": "Clathrin-independent endocytosis" }
(STxB), a glycosphingolipid (GSL)-binding toxin, and cholera toxin B. These toxins have the ability to induce membrane invagination upon binding to their surface receptor. It was previously thought that cortical actin dynamics aided in the curvature upon binding. However, it is now believed that Endophilin-A2 is also a...	{ "page_id": 76027809, "title": "Clathrin-independent endocytosis" }
The molecular formula C16H28N4O8 may refer to: Alcaligin DOTA (chelator), also known as tetraxetan	{ "page_id": 56694688, "title": "C16H28N4O8" }
Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("sodic soils"), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including: large...	{ "page_id": 7870371, "title": "Dispersion (geology)" }
ESP exceeds 5%, dispersive behaviour becomes possible, and is highly likely where ESP exceeds 15%. == Managing dispersive soils == The best management approach to these soils is simply to avoid their disturbance. Maintaining vegetation cover of the soil is also important to minimize soil dispersion. In agricultural sys...	{ "page_id": 7870371, "title": "Dispersion (geology)" }
The Optogalvanic effect is the change in the conductivity of a gas discharge induced by a light source (typically a laser). This effect has found many applications in atomic spectroscopy and laser stabilization. == Introduction == In general, neutral atoms/molecules are generated in a gas discharge, and some of these n...	{ "page_id": 37820320, "title": "Optogalvanic effect" }
ResFinder is a database that captures antimicrobial resistance genes from whole-genome data sets. The database uses BLAST in order to accomplish this. The database allows inputs of full sequences, partial sequences, or short sequence reads from other sequencing platforms. Additionally, users can set their own threshold...	{ "page_id": 61151141, "title": "ResFinder" }
The molecular formula C21H24N2O2 (molar mass: 336.427 g/mol) may refer to: Apovincamine, an alkaloid Catharanthine Dehydrosecodine LY-272,015 S-15535, a piperazine drug Tabersonine	{ "page_id": 24385446, "title": "C21H24N2O2" }
In ecology, sulfide intrusion refers to an excess of sulfide molecules (S2-) in the soil that interfere with plant growth, often seagrass. Seagrass bed sediment (soil) is typically anoxic, containing a reduced form of sulfur: hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S is a phytotoxin that results from anaerobic digestion, the decompo...	{ "page_id": 49158055, "title": "Sulfide intrusion" }
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. The subject is based upon a three-dimensional Euclidean space with fixed axes, ...	{ "page_id": 6050, "title": "List of equations in classical mechanics" }
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\theta }} = unit vector tangential to the angle. == Dynamics == === Precession === The precession angular speed of a spinning top is given by: Ω = w r I ω {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Omega }}={\frac {wr}{I{\boldsymbol {\omega }}}}} where w is the weight of the spinning...	{ "page_id": 6050, "title": "List of equations in classical mechanics" }
of Newton, see Euler's laws of motion. These extend the scope of Newton's laws to rigid bodies, but are essentially the same as above. A new equation Euler formulated is: I ⋅ α + ω × ( I ⋅ ω ) = τ {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\alpha }}+{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times \left(\mathbf {I} \cdot {\boldsymbol...	{ "page_id": 6050, "title": "List of equations in classical mechanics" }
and acceleration in one frame F; primed quantities refer to position, velocity and acceleration in another frame F' moving at translational velocity V or angular velocity Ω relative to F. Conversely F moves at velocity (—V or —Ω) relative to F'. The situation is similar for relative accelerations. == Mechanical oscilla...	{ "page_id": 6050, "title": "List of equations in classical mechanics" }
Stellar parallax is the apparent shift of position (parallax) of any nearby star (or other object) against the background of distant stars. By extension, it is a method for determining the distance to the star through trigonometry, the stellar parallax method. Created by the different orbital positions of Earth, the ex...	{ "page_id": 202661, "title": "Stellar parallax" }
and the eighth sphere (the fixed stars). James Bradley first tried to measure stellar parallaxes in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his telescope, but he instead discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of Earth's axis, and catalogued 3,222 stars. === 19th and 20th centuries === Measu...	{ "page_id": 202661, "title": "Stellar parallax" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.