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The nitrogen–phosphorus detector (NPD) is also known as thermionic specific detector (TSD) is a detector commonly used with gas chromatography, in which thermal energy is used to ionize an analyte. It is a type of flame thermionic detector (FTD), the other being the alkali flame-ionization detector (AFID also known as ... | {
"page_id": 15603775,
"title": "Nitrogen–phosphorus detector"
} |
The molecular formula C22H30O4 (molar mass: 358.47 g/mol) may refer to: Bolinaquinone Canrenoic acid Cannabichromenic acid Gestonorone acetate, or gestronol acetate Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid | {
"page_id": 33757250,
"title": "C22H30O4"
} |
In phylogenetics, a single-access key (also called dichotomous key, sequential key, analytical key, or pathway key) is an identification key where the sequence and structure of identification steps is fixed by the author of the key. At each point in the decision process, multiple alternatives are offered, each leading ... | {
"page_id": 16717893,
"title": "Single-access key"
} |
and available under certain conditions. Multiple diagnostic keys may be offered for the same group of organisms: Diagnostic keys may be designed for field (field guides) or laboratory use, for summer or winter use, and they may use geographic distribution or habitat preference of organisms as accessory characteristics.... | {
"page_id": 16717893,
"title": "Single-access key"
} |
second lead may exist or not. Furthermore, if the alternative lead statements are complex (involving more than one characteristic and possibly "and", "or", or "not"), two alternative statements are significantly easier to understand than couplets with more alternatives. However, the latter consideration can easily be a... | {
"page_id": 16717893,
"title": "Single-access key"
} |
At the end of each lead some form of pointer (a numbering system, hyperlinks, etc.) create the connection to the couplets that follow this lead. The nested style gives an excellent overview over the structure of the key. With a short key and moderate indentation it can be easy to follow and even backtrace an erroneous ... | {
"page_id": 16717893,
"title": "Single-access key"
} |
Plant strategies include mechanisms and responses plants use to reproduce, defend, survive, and compete on the landscape. The term “plant strategy” has existed in the literature since at least 1965, however multiple definitions exist. Strategies have been classified as adaptive strategies (through a change in the genot... | {
"page_id": 48764998,
"title": "Plant strategies"
} |
which focused on resource partitioning as strategies to deal with competition. More recently, additional strategies have been introduced. In 1998, the L-H-S strategy scheme was introduced as an alternative to Grime's C-S-R scheme. The L-H-S strategy focuses on leaf and seed mass traits to classify plant strategies, not... | {
"page_id": 48764998,
"title": "Plant strategies"
} |
construction. They persist in high nutrient, low disturbance environments, and “rapidly monopolize resource capture by the spatially-dynamic foraging of roots and shoots.” Stress-tolerators, found in high stress, low disturbance habitats, allocate resources to maintenance and defenses, such as anti-herbivory. Species a... | {
"page_id": 48764998,
"title": "Plant strategies"
} |
In 1998, Mark Westoby proposed a plant ecology strategy scheme (PESS) to explain species distributions based on traits. The dynamic model incorporated a three axes trade-off among specific leaf area (SLA), canopy height at maturity, and seed mass. SLA is defined as the area per unit dry mass of mature leaves, developed... | {
"page_id": 48764998,
"title": "Plant strategies"
} |
theme: plants must make trade-offs between where and how to allocate resources. Whether that's allocation to growth, reproduction, or maintenance, plants are responding to their environment by employing strategies that allow them to persist, survive, and reproduce. Plants may have multiple strategies to survive at diff... | {
"page_id": 48764998,
"title": "Plant strategies"
} |
Joshua Zak (Hebrew: יהושע זק; 26 September 1929 – 14 March 2024) was an Israeli theoretical physicist and writer known for the Zak transform, Zak phase and the Magnetic Translation Group. He received the 2022 Israel Prize and 2014 Wigner medal. == Honors and awards == Wigner Medal (2014) Israel Prize, for his achieveme... | {
"page_id": 65935430,
"title": "Joshua Zak"
} |
The molecular formula C3H7NO3 (molar mass: 105.09 g/mol, exact mass: 105.0426 u) may refer to: Isopropyl nitrate (IPN) Isoserine Serine | {
"page_id": 24189002,
"title": "C3H7NO3"
} |
Teresa Camacho Badani (Cochabamba, 22 February 1984) is a Bolivian biologist who is the chief of herpetology at the Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny in Cochabamba. She is known for her work in preserving the Sehuencas water frog and the Titicaca water frog. == Education == Camacho Badani started working with ... | {
"page_id": 70260812,
"title": "Teresa Camacho Badani"
} |
Quinteros, there had been a male specimen of the Sehuencas frog, the only one of its kind, but this was insufficient to guarantee its preservation, so it began a fundraising campaign to finance an expedition to the Bolivian cloud forest in Carrasco National Park. The image of the campaign was a frog named Romeo. The ca... | {
"page_id": 70260812,
"title": "Teresa Camacho Badani"
} |
the city of Cochabamba (2019) Named (along with K'ayra Center) a Disney Conservation Hero by Disney Conservation Fund (2020) == References == | {
"page_id": 70260812,
"title": "Teresa Camacho Badani"
} |
The molecular formula C16H18N2O (molar mass: 254.33 g/mol) may refer to: Amphenone B, or amphenone Elymoclavine Epoxyagroclavine Lysergol Setoclavine | {
"page_id": 36116556,
"title": "C16H18N2O"
} |
Huang Kun (Chinese: 黄昆; September 2, 1919 – July 6, 2005) was a Chinese physicist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award (the highest science award in China) by President Jiang Zemin in 2001. Born in Beijing, China, in 1919, Huang graduate... | {
"page_id": 4003918,
"title": "Huang Kun"
} |
Cothenius Medal is a medal awarded by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (known as the Leopoldina) for outstanding scientific achievement during the life of the awardee. The medal was created to honour Christian Andreas Cothenius, who was the personal physician to Frederick the Great. In 1743, Cothenius... | {
"page_id": 75765840,
"title": "Cothenius Medal"
} |
The following is a list of software packages and applications for biocybernetics research. == Data formats and specifications == Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX) CellML Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment (MIASE) Minimum information required in the annotation of ... | {
"page_id": 34150484,
"title": "List of biomedical cybernetics software"
} |
Pycniospores are a type of spore found in certain species of rust fungi. They are produced in special cup-like structures called pycnia or pynidia. Almost all fungi reproduce asexually with the production of spores. Spores may be colorless, green, yellow, orange, red, brown or black. == Other types of spore == Sporangi... | {
"page_id": 20125781,
"title": "Pycniospore"
} |
Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science, toxicology, epidemiology, environmental engineering, and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant of interest and the organism being considered. These are the final ste... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
and desired exposures during cleanup, e.g., zero exposure if an alternate source of clean water, e.g., bottled water, temporarily replaces the public water supply, and expected exposures when target pollutant concentrations will have been reached following the remediation of the waste site . == Definition == Exposure a... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
to reach people, exposure analysts work backwards to determine its source. After the identification of the source, it is important to find out the most efficient way to reduce adverse health effects. If the contaminant reaches a person, it is very hard to reduce the associated adverse effects. Therefore, it is very imp... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
through any route. The possible routes of exposure are: inhalation, if the contaminant is present in the air; ingestion, through food, drinking or hand-to-mouth behavior; and dermal absorption, if the contaminant can be absorbed through the skin. Exposure to a contaminant can and does occur through multiple routes, sim... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
particular individuals or populations two approaches are used, primarily based on practical considerations: === Direct approach === The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents. The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or with... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
to estimate concentrations found in the breathing zone (personal) or samples collected in general areas can be used to estimate human exposure by integrating time and activity patterns. Validated and semi-validated air sampling methods are published by NIOSH, OSHA, ISO and other bodies. Surface or dermal sampling measu... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
or consumer product sampling coupled with information such as activity/location diaries. Mathematical exposure models may also be used to explore hypothetical situations of exposure. === Exposure factors === Especially when determining the exposure of a population rather than individuals, indirect methods can often mak... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
humans, either in terms of their characteristics (e.g., body weight) or behaviors (e.g., amount of time spent in a specific location, which affects exposure duration). These characteristics and behaviors can carry a great deal of variability and uncertainty. In the case of lifetime average daily dose, variability perta... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
human exposures to environmental chemicals, the following systemic errors have been known to occur: an ever increasing number of chemicals registered for use and difficulty of regulatory agencies to keep track. Many producers use the term 'confidential business information' to withhold information, so exposure data are... | {
"page_id": 6690902,
"title": "Exposure assessment"
} |
A laurel wreath is a symbol of triumph, a wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen. It was also later made from spineless butcher's broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) or cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). It is worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a ... | {
"page_id": 4135000,
"title": "Laurel wreath"
} |
god a passionate love for the river nymph Daphne. He shot Daphne with the lead arrow, instilling in her a hatred of Apollo. Apollo pursued Daphne until she begged to be free of him and was turned into a laurel tree. Apollo vowed to honor Daphne forever and used his powers of eternal youth and immortality to render the ... | {
"page_id": 4135000,
"title": "Laurel wreath"
} |
wore laurel wreaths. In 1902, the chain of mountain laurel was introduced; since then, tradition has been for seniors to parade around the campus, carrying and linked by the chain. The mountain laurel represents the bay laurel used by the Romans in wreaths and crowns of honor. At Reed College in Portland, Oregon, Unite... | {
"page_id": 4135000,
"title": "Laurel wreath"
} |
== Media related to Laurel wreaths in heraldry at Wikimedia Commons Laurel wreaths are commonly used in heraldry. They may be used as a charge in the shield, around the shield, or on top of it. Wreaths are a form of headgear akin to circlets. In heraldry, a twisted band of cloth holds a mantling onto a helmet. This typ... | {
"page_id": 4135000,
"title": "Laurel wreath"
} |
selection by said festival. Veteran filmmakers know that even if well they are already known, the recognition of a prestigious festival for a premiere will often serve to provide valuable earned media to drive viewers to the box office. == Wreath of service == The "wreath of service" is located on all commissioner posi... | {
"page_id": 4135000,
"title": "Laurel wreath"
} |
In theoretical physics, a constraint algebra is a linear space of all constraints and all of their polynomial functions or functionals whose action on the physical vectors of the Hilbert space should be equal to zero. For example, in electromagnetism, the equation for the Gauss' law ∇ ⋅ E → = ρ {\displaystyle \nabla \c... | {
"page_id": 5118041,
"title": "Constraint algebra"
} |
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for immunity. IL-2 is part of the body's natural response to micro... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
(called IL-2 transduction) can take place via 3 different signaling pathways; they are: (1) the JAK-STAT pathway, (2) the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and (3) the MAPK/ERK pathway. The signalling is commenced by IL-2 binding to its receptor, following which cytoplasmatic domains of CD122 and CD132 heterodimerize. This leads t... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
NFAT has multiple family members, all of them are located in cytoplasm and signaling goes through calcineurin, NFAT is dephosphorylated and therefore translocated to the nucleus. AP-1 is a dimer and is composed of c-Jun and c-Fos proteins. It cooperates with other transcription factors including NFkB and Oct. NFkB is t... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
location. In fish, IL-2 shares a single receptor alpha chain with its related cytokines IL-15 and IL-15-like (IL-15L). This "IL-15Rα" receptor chain is similar to mammalian IL-15Rα, and in tetrapod evolution a duplication of its coding gene plus further diversification created mammalian IL-2Rα. Sequences, and structura... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
=== Pharmaceutical analogues === Aldesleukin is a form of recombinant interleukin-2. It is manufactured using recombinant DNA technology and is marketed as a protein therapeutic and branded as Proleukin. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a black box warning and in several European coun... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
chemotherapy. Intralesional IL-2 is commonly used to treat in-transit melanoma metastases and has a high complete response rate. ==== Local application ==== In preclinical and early clinical studies, local application of IL-2 in the tumor has been shown to be clinically more effective in anticancer therapy than systemi... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
lung endothelial cells expressing high-affinity IL-2R. These cells, as a result of IL-2 binding, causes increased vascular permeability. Thus, intravascular fluid extravasate into organs, predominantly lungs, which leads to life-threatening pulmonary or brain oedema. Other drawbacks of IL-2 cancer immunotherapy are its... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
to be ineffective in preventing progression to an AIDS diagnosis in two large clinical trials published in 2009. More recently low dose IL-2 has shown early success in modulating the immune system in disease like type 1 diabetes and vasculitis. There are also promising studies looking to use low dose IL-2 in ischaemic ... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
media that promoted lymphocyte proliferation.: 16 In the mid-1970s, it was discovered that T-cells could be selectively proliferated when normal human bone marrow cells were cultured in conditioned medium obtained from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes.: 712 The key factor was isolated from culture... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
from patients, activated with IL-2, then reinfused. Novartis acquired Chiron in 2006 and licensed the US aldesleukin business to Prometheus Laboratories in 2010 before global rights to Proleukin were subsequently acquired by Clinigen in 2018 and 2019. == References == == External links == Proleukin website IL-2 Signali... | {
"page_id": 1120353,
"title": "Interleukin 2"
} |
Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society,... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
new record in the annals of the University of Calcutta, which is yet to be surpassed. After completing his MSc, Bose joined the Science College, Calcutta University as a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the theory of relativity. It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress. Quantum th... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
French translations of original papers on Einstein's special and general relativity in 1919. In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined as Reader in the Department of Physics of the recently founded University of Dhaka (in present-day Bangladesh). Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced co... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
each state having volume h3, and discarding the distinct position and momentum of the particles. Bose adapted this lecture into a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta" and sent it to Albert Einstein with the following letter: Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the accompanying a... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
interpretation is now called Bose–Einstein statistics. This result derived by Bose laid the foundation of quantum statistics, and especially the revolutionary new philosophical conception of the indistinguishability of particles, as acknowledged by Einstein and Dirac. When Einstein met Bose face-to-face, he asked him w... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
Physics at Dhaka University. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka University and was the Dean of the Faculty of Science there until 1945. Bose designed equipment himself for an X-ray crystallography laboratory. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy,... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
in Salt Lake, Calcutta. Bose became an adviser to the then newly formed Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He was the president of the Indian Physical Society and the National Institute of Science. He was elected general president of the Indian Science Congress. He was the vice president and then the presid... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
Landau kept a list of names of physicists which he ranked on a logarithmic scale of productivity ranging from 1 to 5. Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Landau awarded a rank of 1 to Bose along with the founding fathers of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger, and others. Land... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
Heat and thermodynamics. Pitaevskii, Lev; Stringari, Sandro (2003), Bose–Einstein Condensation, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wali, Kameshwar C (2009), Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times (selected works with commentary), Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-279-070-5 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Satye... | {
"page_id": 71777,
"title": "Satyendra Nath Bose"
} |
The molecular formula C12H14N2O (molar mass: 202.25 g/mol, exact mass: 202.1106 u) may refer to: Acetryptine, also known as 5-acetyltryptamine (5-AT) N-Acetyltryptamine BK-NM-AMT Coerulescine Pinoline Tetrahydroharmol 1Z2MAP1O | {
"page_id": 24385638,
"title": "C12H14N2O"
} |
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. For many molecule... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
atoms (and in 1926 he also coined the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy). He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure, in which valence electrons (those in the outer shell) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols. Pairs of electrons located between atom... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
the atomic orbitals of participating atoms. == Types of covalent bonds == Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds. Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A s... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity. Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures. == One- and three-electron bonds == Bonds with one... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
paramagnetic, indicating the presence of unpaired electrons. Pauling proposed that this molecule actually contains two three-electron bonds and one normal covalent (two-electron) bond. The octet on each atom then consists of two electrons from each three-electron bond, plus the two electrons of the covalent bond, plus ... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
bonds, which otherwise are equivalent. === Hypervalence === Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher coordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule. This is explained by the three-center four-electron bond ("3c–4e") model wh... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
bonded valence configuration, followed by performing a linear combination of contributing structures (resonance) if there are several of them. In contrast, for molecular orbital theory, a linear combination of atomic orbitals is performed first, followed by filling of the resulting molecular orbitals with electrons. Th... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
while the simple valence bond approach overestimates it. Modern calculations in quantum chemistry usually start from (but ultimately go far beyond) a molecular orbital rather than a valence bond approach, not because of any intrinsic superiority in the former but rather because the MO approach is more readily adapted t... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
A ( E ) {\displaystyle g_{|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }^{\mathrm {A} }(E)} is the contribution of the atomic orbital | n , l , m l , m s ⟩ {\displaystyle |n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle } of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g ( E ) {\displaystyle g(E)} of the solid g ( E ) = ∑ A ∑ n , l ∑ m l , m s g | n , ... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
})\right|} where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed. According to this definition, the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is C A , B = − | c m A − c m B | {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {A,B} }=-\left|cm^{\mathrm {A} }-cm^{\mathrm {B} }\right|} where, for simpli... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
and Covalent Bonds". Department of Chemistry University of Oxford. Retrieved 2012-02-05. "Chemical Bonds". Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved 2012-02-05. == External links == Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine Structure and Bonding in ... | {
"page_id": 6246,
"title": "Covalent bond"
} |
Neural cryptography is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the application of stochastic algorithms, especially artificial neural network algorithms, for use in encryption and cryptanalysis. == Definition == Artificial neural networks are well known for their ability to selectively explore the solution spac... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
of multilayer neural networks in hardware. One example of a public-key protocol is given by Khalil Shihab . He describes the decryption scheme and the public key creation that are based on a backpropagation neural network. The encryption scheme and the private key creation process are based on Boolean algebra. This tec... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
( x ) = { − 1 if x < 0 , 0 if x = 0 , 1 if x > 0. {\displaystyle \operatorname {sgn}(x)={\begin{cases}-1&{\text{if }}x<0,\\0&{\text{if }}x=0,\\1&{\text{if }}x>0.\end{cases}}} If the scalar product is 0, the output of the hidden neuron is mapped to −1 in order to ensure a binary output value. The output of neural netw... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
(\tau ^{A}\tau ^{B}))} Random walk: w i + = g ( w i + x i Θ ( σ i τ ) Θ ( τ A τ B ) ) {\displaystyle w_{i}^{+}=g(w_{i}+x_{i}\Theta (\sigma _{i}\tau )\Theta (\tau ^{A}\tau ^{B}))} Where: Θ ( a , b ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Theta (a,b)=0} if a ≠ b {\displaystyle a\neq b} otherwise Θ ( a , b ) = 1 {\displaystyle \Theta (a,b)=... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
≠ Output(E): Parties A and B update their tree parity machines, but the attacker can not do that. Because of this situation his learning is slower than the synchronization of parties A and B. It has been proven, that the synchronization of two parties is faster than learning of an attacker. It can be improved by increa... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
hidden neuron is calculated as a sum of all exclusive disjunctions (exclusive or) of input neurons and these weights: σ i = θ N ( ∑ j = 1 N w i j ⊕ x i j ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}=\theta _{N}(\sum _{j=1}^{N}w_{ij}\oplus x_{ij})} (⊕ means XOR). The function θ N ( x ) {\displaystyle \theta _{N}(x)} is a threshold func... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
Stochastic neural network Shor's algorithm == References == Neuro-Cryptography 1995 - The first definition of the Neuro-Cryptography (AI Neural-Cryptography) applied to DES cryptanalysis by Sebastien Dourlens, France. Neural Cryptography - Description of one kind of neural cryptography at the University of Würzburg, Ge... | {
"page_id": 12589161,
"title": "Neural cryptography"
} |
The Recombination detection program (RDP) is a computer program used to analyse nucleotide sequence data and identify evidence of genetic recombination. Besides applying a large number of different recombination detection methods it also implements various phylogenetic tree construction methods and recombination hotspo... | {
"page_id": 25827435,
"title": "Recombination detection program"
} |
Granularity (also called graininess) is the degree to which a material or system is composed of distinguishable pieces, "granules" or "grains" (metaphorically). It can either refer to the extent to which a larger entity is subdivided, or the extent to which groups of smaller indistinguishable entities have joined toget... | {
"page_id": 792684,
"title": "Granularity"
} |
systems may be coarse-grained is simply bound by the accuracy in the dynamics and structural properties one wishes to replicate. This modern area of research is in its infancy, and although it is commonly used in biological modeling, the analytic theory behind it is poorly understood. == Computing == === Parallel compu... | {
"page_id": 792684,
"title": "Granularity"
} |
of data refers to the size in which data fields are sub-divided. For example, a postal address can be recorded, with coarse granularity, as a single field: address = 200 2nd Ave S #358, St. Petersburg, FL 33701-4313 USA or, with fine granularity, as multiple fields: street address = 200 2nd Ave S #358 city = St. Peters... | {
"page_id": 792684,
"title": "Granularity"
} |
A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water. Many processes in chemistry can be impeded by the presence of water; therefore, it is important that water-free reagents and techniques are used. In practice, however, it is very difficult to achieve perfect dryness; anhydrous compounds gradually absorb water from the a... | {
"page_id": 268397,
"title": "Anhydrous"
} |
will increase in wetness if they are not properly stored. Organic solutions can be dried using a range of drying agents. Typically following a workup the organic extract is dried using magnesium sulfate or a similar drying agent to remove most remaining water. Anhydrous acetic acid is known as glacial acetic acid. == G... | {
"page_id": 268397,
"title": "Anhydrous"
} |
The Howard Bros. Circus is a ¾-inch-to-the-foot scale replica of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus located on the Ringling Estate in Sarasota, Florida. It includes a complete reproduction of the entire circus (circa the 1920s). == History == The name for the circus comes from the name of the creator, Howard C. ... | {
"page_id": 15276142,
"title": "The Howard Bros. Circus"
} |
In organic synthesis, cyanation is the attachment or substitution of a cyanide group on various substrates. Such transformations are high-value because they generate C-C bonds. Furthermore nitriles are versatile functional groups. == Cyanation to form sp3 nitriles == Typically, alkyl nitriles are formed via SN1 or SN2-... | {
"page_id": 18159730,
"title": "Cyanation"
} |
a means of converting aniline derivatives to benzonitriles. The cyanation is generally postulated to be two-electron, while with radical mediators in absence of metals, the reaction is likely radical. === With arene as a two-electron nucleophile === Metalated arenes can be cyanated with electrophilic cyanide sources, i... | {
"page_id": 18159730,
"title": "Cyanation"
} |
The molecular formula C14H19FN2 may refer to: 5-Fluoro-DET 6-Fluoro-DET | {
"page_id": 75962483,
"title": "C14H19FN2"
} |
A shadow biosphere is the hypothesis of a hypothetical microbial biosphere of Earth that would use radically different biochemical and molecular processes from that of currently known life. Although life on Earth is relatively well studied, if a shadow biosphere exists, it may still remain unnoticed because the explora... | {
"page_id": 4986999,
"title": "Shadow biosphere"
} |
University of Colorado (Boulder), argues that desert varnish, whose status as biological or nonbiological has been debated since the time of Darwin, should be investigated as a potential candidate for a shadow biosphere. Existence of a shadow biosphere could mean that life has independently evolved on Earth more than o... | {
"page_id": 4986999,
"title": "Shadow biosphere"
} |
The Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research (VCR/LTER) project is funded by the National Science Foundation. The VCR/LTER project's research activities focus on the mosaic of transitions and steady-state systems that comprise the barrier-island/lagoon/mainland landscape of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Re... | {
"page_id": 14293114,
"title": "Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research"
} |
Cellular stress response is the wide range of molecular changes that cells undergo in response to environmental stressors, including extremes of temperature, exposure to toxins, and mechanical damage. Cellular stress responses can also be caused by some viral infections. The various processes involved in cellular stres... | {
"page_id": 39983227,
"title": "Cellular stress response"
} |
Because conditions such as high temperatures often cause proteins to denature, this mechanism enables cells to determine when they are subject to high temperature without the need of specialized thermosensitive proteins. Indeed, if a cell under normal (meaning unstressed) conditions has denatured proteins artificially ... | {
"page_id": 39983227,
"title": "Cellular stress response"
} |
stress: aggregation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen causes the UPR to be activated. Chronic ER stress produces endogenous or exogenous damage to cells and activates UPR, which leads to impaired intracellular calcium and redox homeostasis. Cancer cells may become dependent on stress res... | {
"page_id": 39983227,
"title": "Cellular stress response"
} |
Barney Pell (born March 18, 1968) is an American entrepreneur, angel investor and computer scientist. He was co-founder and CEO of Powerset, a pioneering natural language search startup, search strategist and architect for Microsoft's Bing search engine, a pioneer in the field of general game playing in artificial inte... | {
"page_id": 15800444,
"title": "Barney Pell"
} |
the Computational Sciences Division (now the Intelligent Systems Division) at NASA Ames Research Center, where he oversaw a staff of 80 scientists working on information retrieval, search, knowledge management, machine learning, semantic technology, human centered systems, collaboration technology, adaptive user interf... | {
"page_id": 15800444,
"title": "Barney Pell"
} |
Inc., a U.S. company developing mobile, software and hardware technology solutions for the parking industry. LocoMobi was winner of the Tie50 Award in 2014. Pell is also an associate founder of Singularity University and a Machine Learning Fellow at the Creative Destruction Lab at the Rotman School of Management From 1... | {
"page_id": 15800444,
"title": "Barney Pell"
} |
The molecular formula C13H12N2O (molar mass: 212.25 g/mol, exact mass: 212.0950 u) may refer to: Harmine, a beta-carboline enzyme inhibitor 1,3-Diphenylurea, a cytokinin plant hormone | {
"page_id": 24385658,
"title": "C13H12N2O"
} |
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only ... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
single displacement reaction. Different chemical reactions are used during chemical synthesis in order to obtain the desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often ca... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was dev... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word "yields". The tip of the arrow ... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time. The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by isomeriz... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
for example NaCl + AgNO 3 ⟶ NaNO 3 + AgCl ↓ {\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl + AgNO3 -> NaNO3 + AgCl(v)}}} == Chemical equilibrium == Most chemical reactions are reversible; that is, they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates. These rate... | {
"page_id": 6271,
"title": "Chemical reaction"
} |
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