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KRP stands for kinesin related proteins. bimC is a subfamily of KRPs and its function is to separate the duplicated centrosomes during mitosis. == Role in mitotic repair == Kinesin-13 MCAK (Mitotic Centromere-Associated Kinesin) is a KRP that is involved in resolving errors during mitosis involving kinetochore-microtub... | {
"page_id": 3086747,
"title": "KRP (biochemistry)"
} |
The molecular formula C15H11I4NO4 may refer to: Dextrothyroxine Levothyroxine, or L-thyroxine Thyroxine (or T4) | {
"page_id": 20126106,
"title": "C15H11I4NO4"
} |
In quantum information theory, a set of bases in Hilbert space Cd are said to be mutually unbiased if when a system is prepared in an eigenstate of one of the bases, then all outcomes of the measurement with respect to the other basis are predicted to occur with an equal probability of 1/d. == Overview == The notion of... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
, | f d ⟩ } {\displaystyle \{|f_{1}\rangle ,\dots ,|f_{d}\rangle \}} in Hilbert space Cd are said to be mutually unbiased, if and only if the square of the magnitude of the inner product between any basis states | e j ⟩ {\displaystyle |e_{j}\rangle } and | f k ⟩ {\displaystyle |f_{k}\rangle } equals the inverse of the ... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
denoted by Mj, 0 ≤ j ≤ 4, is given as follows: M 0 = { ( 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) } {\displaystyle M_{0}=\left\{(1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,0),(0,0,1,0),(0,0,0,1)\right\}} M 1 = { 1 2 ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) , 1 2 ( 1 , 1 , − 1 , − 1 ) , 1 2 ( 1 , − 1 , − 1 , 1 ) , 1 2 ( 1 , − 1 , 1 , ... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
i , 1 , − i ) } {\displaystyle M_{4}=\left\{{\frac {1}{2}}(1,-i,-1,-i),{\frac {1}{2}}(1,-i,1,i),{\frac {1}{2}}(1,i,-1,i),{\frac {1}{2}}(1,i,1,-i)\right\}} == Existence problem == Let M ( d ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}(d)} denote the maximum number of mutually unbiased bases in the d-dimensional Hilbert space Cd. It... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
in this case. Searches for a set of four mutually unbiased bases when d = 6, both by using Hadamard matrices and numerical methods have been unsuccessful. The general belief is that the maximum number of mutually unbiased bases for d = 6 is M ( 6 ) = 3 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {M}}(6)=3} . == Related problems == The M... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
\omega } is a primitive root of unity, for example ω ≡ e 2 π i d {\displaystyle \omega \equiv e^{\frac {2\pi i}{d}}} then the eigenbases of X ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {X}}} and Z ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {Z}}} are mutually unbiased. By choosing the eigenbasis of Z ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {Z}}} to be the standard basis, we c... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
d {\displaystyle \omega =e^{\frac {2\pi i}{d}}} is a root of unity. Then the eigenbases of the following d + 1 operators are mutually unbiased: X ^ , Z ^ , X ^ Z ^ , X ^ Z ^ 2 , … , X ^ Z ^ d − 1 . {\displaystyle {\hat {X}},{\hat {Z}},{\hat {X}}{\hat {Z}},{\hat {X}}{\hat {Z}}^{2},\ldots ,{\hat {X}}{\hat {Z}}^{d-1}.} Fo... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
(\theta )=\exp \left[{\frac {2\pi i}{p}}\left(\theta +\theta ^{p}+\theta ^{p^{2}}+\cdots +\theta ^{p^{r-1}}\right)\right],} is an additive character over the field and the addition and multiplication in the kets and χ ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \chi (\cdot )} is that of F d {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{d}} . Then we form d +... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
1 e i ϕ ] {\displaystyle H_{4}(\phi )={\frac {1}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1&1\\1&e^{i\phi }&-1&-e^{i\phi }\\1&-1&1&-1\\1&-e^{i\phi }&-1&e^{i\phi }\end{bmatrix}}} == Entropic uncertainty relations == There is an alternative characterization of mutually unbiased bases that considers them in terms of uncertainty relations. ... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
have: H B 1 + H B 2 ≥ log ( d ) {\displaystyle H_{B_{1}}+H_{B_{2}}\geq \log(d)} for any pair of mutually unbiased bases B 1 {\displaystyle B_{1}} and B 2 {\displaystyle B_{2}} . This bound is optimal: If we measure a state from one of the bases then the outcome has entropy 0 in that basis and an entropy of log ( d ... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
{\displaystyle |\psi _{s}^{b}\rangle } and | ψ s ′ b ′ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi _{s'}^{b'}\rangle } are said to be mutually unbiased if | ⟨ ψ s b | ψ s ′ b ′ ⟩ | 2 = k > 0 , s , s ′ ∈ R {\displaystyle |\langle \psi _{s}^{b}|\psi _{s'}^{b'}\rangle |^{2}=k>0,s,s'\in \mathbb {R} } For the generalized position and momentum e... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
} , the overlap between any eigenstate of the linear combination and any eigenstate of the position operator (both states normalized to the Dirac delta) is constant, but dependent on β {\displaystyle \beta } : | ⟨ x θ | x ⟩ | 2 = 1 2 π | sin θ | , {\displaystyle |\langle x_{\theta }|x\rangle |^{2}={\frac {1}{2\pi |\s... | {
"page_id": 20191641,
"title": "Mutually unbiased bases"
} |
In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient (Qr or just Q) is a dimensionless quantity that provides a measurement of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry at a particular point in time. Mathematically, it is defined as ... | {
"page_id": 1579423,
"title": "Reaction quotient"
} |
r ( t ) = ∏ j [ a j ( t ) ] ν j , {\displaystyle Q_{\text{r}}(t)=\prod _{j}[a_{j}(t)]^{\nu _{j}},} where Пj denotes the product across all j-indexed variables, aj(t) is the activity of species j at time t, and νj is the stoichiometric number (the stoichiometric coefficient multiplied by +1 for products and −1 for start... | {
"page_id": 1579423,
"title": "Reaction quotient"
} |
and methods used. If a reaction mixture is initialized with all components having an activity of unity, that is, in their standard states, then Q r = 1 {\displaystyle Q_{\mathrm {r} }=1} and Δ r G = Δ r G ∘ = − R T ln K ( t = 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\circ }=-RT\ln K\quad (t... | {
"page_id": 1579423,
"title": "Reaction quotient"
} |
Giardia microti is a species of Diplomonad parasitic protozoan. Its hosts mainly consist of rodents in the family Cricetidae, which includes voles, mice, rats and muskrats, although they have also been detected from fish. == Recorded hosts == Giardia microti has been recorded as a parasite of the following animals: The... | {
"page_id": 73013665,
"title": "Giardia microti"
} |
An enhanceosome is a protein complex that assembles at an enhancer region on DNA and helps to regulate the expression of a target gene. == Formation == Enhancers are bound by transcription activator proteins and transcriptional regulation is typically controlled by more than one activator. Enhanceosomes are formed in s... | {
"page_id": 6363561,
"title": "Enhanceosome"
} |
complex—cooperatively bind to the upstream enhancer region upon viral infection. The interaction is mediated by a fourth protein HMG-I, which assists in stabilizing the complex by promoting inter-protein interactions. The assembled enhanceosome recruits transcriptional machinery such as RNA polymerase to the promoter r... | {
"page_id": 6363561,
"title": "Enhanceosome"
} |
The Otto Warburg Medal is awarded annually by the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (German: Gesellschaft für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie or GBM) to honour scientists who have contributed important work in the field of biological chemistry. It is named after Otto Warburg, a renowned German physi... | {
"page_id": 45029806,
"title": "Otto Warburg Medal"
} |
Polyvinyltoluene (PVT, polyvinyl toluene) is a synthetic polymer of alkylbenzenes with a linear formula [CH2CH(C6H4CH3)]n. Commercial vinyl toluene is a mixture of methyl styrene isomers. == Uses == PVT can be doped with anthracene or other wavelength-shifting dopants to produce a plastic scintillator. When subjected t... | {
"page_id": 12392878,
"title": "Polyvinyl toluene"
} |
M Amirul Islam (1918-2001) was a Bangladesh academic, researcher, and scientist. He developed the Seven Soil Tracts system, a classification of the soil of Bangladesh, which is the foundation of agriculture and soil management in Bangladesh. == Early life == Islam was born on 1 September 1918 in Noakhali District, East... | {
"page_id": 60627377,
"title": "M Amirul Islam"
} |
North Carolina State University, and United Nations Development Programme. He is a Member of Bangladesh Association for the Advancement of Science and Soil Science Society of Bangladesh. He is a fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. == Death == Islam died on 9 February 2001. == References == | {
"page_id": 60627377,
"title": "M Amirul Islam"
} |
The first meeting of the Franco–British Nuclear Forum was held in Paris in November 2007, chaired by the Minister for Energy and the French Industry Minister. The working groups are focusing on specific areas for collaboration. A follow-up meeting on the issue in London was planned for March 2008, but did not take plac... | {
"page_id": 9247154,
"title": "Franco-British Nuclear Forum"
} |
According to the vital force theory, the conduction of water up the xylem vessel is a result of vital action of the living cells in the xylem tissue. These living cells are involved in ascent of sap. Relay pump theory and Pulsation theory support the active theory of ascent of sap. Emil Godlewski (senior) (1884) propos... | {
"page_id": 3807667,
"title": "Vital theory"
} |
Coconut milk powder is a fine, white powder used in Southeast Asian and other cuisines. Coconut milk powder is manufactured through the spray drying process of raw unsweetened coconut cream and is reconstituted with water for use in recipes that call for coconut milk. Many commercially available coconut milk powders li... | {
"page_id": 4397492,
"title": "Coconut milk powder"
} |
The extension Poly(A) Test (ePAT) describes a method to determine the poly(A) tail lengths of mRNA molecules. It was developed and described by A. Jänicke et al. in 2012. The method consists of three separate steps: in the first step, the poly-adenylated RNA is hybridised to a DNA oligonucleotide featuring a poly-deoxy... | {
"page_id": 38017461,
"title": "Extension Poly(A) Test"
} |
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products. However, there are some differences between standard methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume that nitrogen released from organic compounds is... | {
"page_id": 20847034,
"title": "Theoretical oxygen demand"
} |
Crameria is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Its only species, Crameria amabilis, was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. == Description == Upperside: head brown. Antennae filiform. Thorax and abdomen yellow brown. Superior wings fine darkish red, with several yellow spo... | {
"page_id": 44439996,
"title": "Crameria amabilis"
} |
Potassium selective electrodes are a type of ion selective electrode used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of potassium concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis. These electrodes are typical ion exchange resin membrane electrodes, using valinomycin, a po... | {
"page_id": 1513917,
"title": "Potassium selective electrode"
} |
A quark star is a hypothetical type of compact, exotic star, where extremely high core temperature and pressure have forced nuclear particles to form quark matter, a continuous state of matter consisting of free quarks. == Background == Some massive stars collapse to form neutron stars at the end of their life cycle, a... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
provided that it is possible for a star to be large enough to collapse beyond a neutron star but not large enough to form a black hole. If they exist, quark stars would resemble and be easily mistaken for neutron stars: they would form in the death of a massive star in a Type II supernova, be extremely dense and small,... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
individual neutrons break down into their constituent quarks (up quarks and down quarks), forming what is known as quark matter. This conversion may be confined to the neutron star's center or it might transform the entire star, depending on the physical circumstances. Such a star is known as a quark star. === Stabilit... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
quark stars transform into strange quark matter before the external temperature and pressure conditions of the early Universe makes them unstable, they might turn out stable, if the Bodmer–Witten assumption holds true. Such primordial strange stars could survive to this day. == Characteristics == Quark stars have some ... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
object the centripetal force of faster rotation would eject matter from the surface, so detection of a pulsar of millisecond or less period would be strong evidence of a quark star. Observations released by the Chandra X-ray Observatory on April 10, 2002, detected two possible quark stars, designated RX J1856.5−3754 an... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
of which has been observed and studied in laboratories: Robert L. Jaffe 1977, suggested a four-quark state with strangeness (qsqs). Robert L. Jaffe 1977 suggested the H dibaryon, a six-quark state with equal numbers of up-, down-, and strange quarks (represented as uuddss or udsuds). Bound multi-quark systems with heav... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
Paul; "Wish Upon a Quark Star", Popular Science, June 2002 Drake; Marshall; Dreizler; Freeman; Fruscione; Juda; Kashyap; Nicastro; et al. (2002). "Is RX J185635-375 a Quark Star?". Astrophysical Journal. 572 (2): 996–1001. arXiv:astro-ph/0204159. Bibcode:2002ApJ...572..996D. doi:10.1086/340368. S2CID 18481546. Krivoruc... | {
"page_id": 203200,
"title": "Quark star"
} |
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is the method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. When experiments are performed using well-defined surfaces of single-crystalline samples in a continuously pumped ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, then this experimental techni... | {
"page_id": 1251777,
"title": "Thermal desorption spectroscopy"
} |
controlled by the PID control algorithm, with the controller being either a computer or specialised equipment such as a Eurotherm. Other methods of measuring desorption are Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) or using infrared detectors, thermal conductivity detectors etc. == Quantitative interpretation of TPD data == T... | {
"page_id": 1251777,
"title": "Thermal desorption spectroscopy"
} |
v ( σ ) {\displaystyle v(\sigma )} pre-exponential factor [Hz] as a function of σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , E act ( σ ) {\displaystyle E_{\text{act}}(\sigma )} activation energy of desorption [kJ/mol] as a function of σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , R {\displaystyle R} gas constant [J/(K mol)], T {\displaystyle T} temperat... | {
"page_id": 1251777,
"title": "Thermal desorption spectroscopy"
} |
system [m3], We assume that S {\displaystyle S} is indefinitely large so molecules do not re-adsorp during desorption process and we assume that P / α {\displaystyle P/\alpha } is indefinitely small compared to d P d t {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P}{\mathrm {d} t}}} and thus: (equation 3) a r ( t ) = d P d t . {... | {
"page_id": 1251777,
"title": "Thermal desorption spectroscopy"
} |
2 / β e − E a c t / R T m . {\displaystyle E_{\text{act}}/{RT_{m}}^{2}=\sigma _{0}v_{2}/\beta e^{-E_{\mathrm {act} }/RT_{m}}.} M. Ehasi and K. Christmann described a simple method to determine the activation energy of the second order. Equation 6 can be changed into: (equation 6a) ln ( σ 0 T m 2 ) = − E act / R T + l... | {
"page_id": 1251777,
"title": "Thermal desorption spectroscopy"
} |
The digestive rate model (DRM) (of foraging) is related to optimal foraging theory in that the model describes the diet selection that animals should perform in order to maximize the energy (or nutrients) available to them. It differs from the main body of Optimal Foraging Theory in stating that animals can select food... | {
"page_id": 23730626,
"title": "Digestive rate model"
} |
large intraspecific difference in the digestive tract of the knots. == See also == Behavioral ecology Human behavioral ecology Optimal foraging == References == | {
"page_id": 23730626,
"title": "Digestive rate model"
} |
Orbital tuning refers to the process of adjusting the time scale of a paleoenvironmental proxy record so that the observed fluctuations correspond to the Milankovitch cycles in the Earth's orbital motion. This is typically done to correct for dating uncertainty or in cases where dating is not possible, such as beyond t... | {
"page_id": 4135363,
"title": "Orbital tuning"
} |
or recapture missing portions of sediment records that have been lost or affected. Orbital tuning is often used as a countermeasure to effects such as the mixing of top layer sediments by biotic interactions and/or other disturbances to samples. Methods have been developed to support results adjusted by orbital tuning ... | {
"page_id": 4135363,
"title": "Orbital tuning"
} |
The proton spin crisis (or proton spin puzzle) is a theoretical crisis precipitated by a 1987 experiment by the European Muon Collaboration (EMC), which tried to determine the distribution of spin within the proton. Physicists expected that the quarks carry all a proton's spin. However, not only was the total proton sp... | {
"page_id": 36313540,
"title": "Proton spin crisis"
} |
the quark's instantaneous spin was measured. In a polarized proton target, all the protons' spins take the same direction, and therefore it was expected that the spin of two out of the three quarks would cancel out and the spin of the third quark would be polarized in the direction of the proton's spin. Thus, the sum o... | {
"page_id": 36313540,
"title": "Proton spin crisis"
} |
2022 AAPPS Bulletin, Keh-Fei Liu calculated that quark spin contributes about 40% of the angular momentum, quark orbital angular momentum contributes about 15%, and gluon orbital angular momentum contributes about 40%. Given various error bars on both theoretical calculations and on experiments, this too is consistent ... | {
"page_id": 36313540,
"title": "Proton spin crisis"
} |
Fischer esterification or Fischer–Speier esterification is a special type of esterification by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction was first described by Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier in 1895. Most carboxylic acids are suitable for the reaction, but the alcohol ... | {
"page_id": 530887,
"title": "Fischer–Speier esterification"
} |
the absence of catalysts, esters tend to eventually hydrolyse in the presence of water. Several steps can be taken to turn this unfavourable reaction into a favourable one. The reaction mechanism for this reaction has several steps: Proton transfer from acid catalyst to carbonyl oxygen increases electrophilicity of car... | {
"page_id": 530887,
"title": "Fischer–Speier esterification"
} |
result in poor atom economy. For example, in reacting ethanol with acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate forms and acetic acid is eliminated as a leaving group, which is considerably less reactive than an acid anhydride and will be left as a byproduct (in a wasteful 1:1 ratio with the ester product) if product is collected i... | {
"page_id": 530887,
"title": "Fischer–Speier esterification"
} |
away from the reagents and byproducts, but reaction rate can be slowed because overall reaction temperature can be limited in this scenario. A more inconvenient scenario is if the reagents have a lower boiling point than either the ester product or water, in which case the reaction mixture must be capped and refluxed a... | {
"page_id": 530887,
"title": "Fischer–Speier esterification"
} |
standard esterification mechanism. An example of this method is the acylation of 3-phenylpropanol using glacial acetic acid and TBATB. The reaction generates the ester in 15 minutes in a 95% yield without the need to remove water. == See also == Fischer glycosidation - the coupling of an alcohol and a sugar == Referenc... | {
"page_id": 530887,
"title": "Fischer–Speier esterification"
} |
Ergostane is a tetracyclic triterpene, also known as 24S-methylcholestane. The compound itself has no known uses; however various functionalized analogues are produced by plants and animals. The most important of these are the heavily derivatised withanolides. However simpler forms do exist, such as the sterane campest... | {
"page_id": 41621960,
"title": "Ergostane"
} |
Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions. == Aeration... | {
"page_id": 5315016,
"title": "Aeration"
} |
such as aquarium fish or fish farm To increase oxygen content of wort (unfermented beer) or must (unfermented wine) to allow yeast to propagate and begin fermentation. To dispel other dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide or chlorine. In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water. To induce mixin... | {
"page_id": 5315016,
"title": "Aeration"
} |
A list of groups who are anti-vaccine, vaccine-critical, or vaccine hesitant. == Global == White Rose (disinformation group) World Chiropractic Alliance == Europe == === Austria === Democratic – Neutral – Authentic MFG Austria – People Freedom Fundamental Rights === Denmark === Freedom List === Finland === Crystal Part... | {
"page_id": 68557261,
"title": "List of anti-vaccination groups"
} |
The kraft process (also known as kraft pulping or sulfate process) is a process for conversion of wood into wood pulp, which consists of almost pure cellulose fibres, the main component of paper. The kraft process involves treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide ... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
Cavities inside fresh wood chips are partly filled with liquid and partly with air. The steam treatment causes the air to expand and about 25% of the air to be expelled from the chips. The next step is to saturate the chips with black and white liquor. Air remaining in chips at the beginning of liquor impregnation is t... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
=== The excess black liquor contains about 15% solids and is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator. After the first step the black liquor has about 20–30% solids. At this concentration the rosin soap rises to the surface and is skimmed off. The collected soap is further processed to tall oil. Removal of the soap... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
a lime kiln where it is converted to calcium oxide (lime). 3. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Calcium oxide (lime) is reacted with water to regenerate the calcium hydroxide used in Reaction 2: 4. CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 The combination of reactions 1 through 4 form a closed cycle with respect to sodium, sulfur and calcium and is the mai... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
northern softwoods this consists mainly of raw turpentine. === Screening === Screening of the pulp after pulping is a process whereby the pulp is separated from large shives, knots, dirt and other debris. The accept is the pulp. The material separated from the pulp is called reject. The screening section consists of di... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
(cellulose fibers containing approximately 5% residual lignin) produced by the pulping is first washed to remove some of the dissolved organic material and then further delignified by a variety of bleaching stages. In the case of a plant designed to produce pulp to make brown sack paper or linerboard for boxes and pack... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
leave most of the lignin in the fibers. The hydrophobic nature of lignin interferes with the formation of the hydrogen bonds between cellulose (and hemicellulose) in the fibers needed for the strength of paper (strength refers to tensile strength and resistance to tearing). Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, b... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
maintenance break, or when an extended power outage occurs. Control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor. In modern mills, where well-dried solids are burned in the recovery boiler, hardly any sulfur dioxide leaves the boiler. ... | {
"page_id": 1186262,
"title": "Kraft process"
} |
Neural modeling field (NMF) is a mathematical framework for machine learning which combines ideas from neural networks, fuzzy logic, and model based recognition. It has also been referred to as modeling fields, modeling fields theory (MFT), Maximum likelihood artificial neural networks (MLANS). This framework has been ... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
. {\displaystyle {\vec {X}}(n)=\{X_{d}(n)\},d=1..D.} , where D is the number or dimensions necessary to describe individual neuron's activation. Top-down, or priming signals to these neurons are sent by concept-models, Mm(Sm,n) M → m ( S → m , n ) , m = 1.. M . {\displaystyle {\vec {M}}_{m}({\vec {S}}_{m},n),m=1..M.} ,... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
learning. In perception, concept-models correspond to objects; in cognition models correspond to relationships and situations. Learning is an essential part of perception and cognition, and in NMF theory it is driven by the dynamics that increase a similarity measure between the sets of models and signals, L({X},{M}). ... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
combining these quantities into the overall similarity measure, L, they are multiplied by r(m), which represent a probabilistic measure of object m actually being present. Combining these elements with the two principles noted above, a similarity measure is constructed as follows: L ( { X → ( n ) } , { M → m ( S → m , ... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
are constantly modified. Usually, the functional forms of models, Mm(Sm,n), are all fixed and learning-adaptation involves only model parameters, Sm. From time to time a system forms a new concept, while retaining an old one as well; alternatively, old concepts are sometimes merged or eliminated. This requires a modifi... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
accurate, and the similarity measure more crisp, the value of the similarity increases. The maximization of similarity L is done as follows. First, the unknown parameters {Sm} are randomly initialized. Then the association variables f(m|n) are computed, f ( m | n ) = r ( m ) l ( X → ( n | m ) ) ∑ m ′ = 1 M r ( m ′ ) l ... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
the stationary states of an MF system are the maximum similarity states. When partial similarities are specified as probability density functions (pdf), or likelihoods, the stationary values of parameters {Sm} are asymptotically unbiased and efficient estimates of these parameters. The computational complexity of dynam... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
computation of complexity, MN ~ 106000. An alternative computation by searching through the parameter space, yields lower complexity: each pattern is characterized by a 3-parameter parabolic shape. Fitting 4x3=12 parameters to 100x100 grid by a brute-force testing would take about 1032 to 1040 operations, still a prohi... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
a variable number of blob models and parabolic models; their number, location, and curvature are estimated from the data. Until about stage (g) the algorithm used simple blob models, at (g) and beyond, the algorithm decided that it needs more complex parabolic models to describe the data. Iterations stopped at (h), whe... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
the hierarchy, a purpose of helping to recognize a more general concept, say of a "concert hall," a model of which contains rows of chairs. From time to time a system forms a new concept or eliminates an old one. At every level, the NMF system always keeps a reserve of vague (fuzzy) inactive concept-models. They are in... | {
"page_id": 19208664,
"title": "Neural modeling fields"
} |
This is a list of the 29 molecules of chlorinated propane in order of number of chlorine atoms. == Monochloro == 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane == Dichloro == 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane == Trichloro == 1,1,1-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,2,2-Trichloropro... | {
"page_id": 70326745,
"title": "List of chlorinated propanes"
} |
Mary Elizabeth Lynch Pillion (January 18, 1921 – June 8, 1990) was an American chemist with the United States Army from the late 1940s into the 1970s. == Early life == Elizabeth Lynch was from Lawrence, Massachusetts, the daughter of Michael Francis Lynch and Abigail F. Scott Lynch. == Career == Pillion was a chemist a... | {
"page_id": 69081562,
"title": "Elizabeth Pillion"
} |
localized warming of various skin areas" (1948, with M. E. Bader, and M. B. Macht) "The Effects of Various Amino Acids on Peripheral Blood Flow and Skin Temperature" (1948, with M. B. Macht) "Changes in skin temperature and blood flow of hand following ingestion of certain amino acids" (1948, with M. B. Macht) "Control... | {
"page_id": 69081562,
"title": "Elizabeth Pillion"
} |
The Caribbean Initiative is an initiative of the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). It focuses on the Insular Caribbean - an ecologically coherent unit with unique biodiversity where conservation and natural resource management issues are at the heart of the challenge of sustainable development.... | {
"page_id": 27335131,
"title": "Caribbean Initiative"
} |
initial period of two years, while the Initiative becomes fully established, IUCN Caribbean has been placed under the responsibility of the Regional Office for Mesoamerica, based in Costa Rica, to allow for administrative and management support as well as the development of links within the wider Caribbean region. The ... | {
"page_id": 27335131,
"title": "Caribbean Initiative"
} |
The molecular formula C21H25NO5 may refer to: Demecolcine, a drug used in chemotherapy Diacetyldihydromorphine, an opioid analgesic MIBE, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen MR-2096, an opioid analgesic | {
"page_id": 24320476,
"title": "C21H25NO5"
} |
Tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar made of tin is bent. Variously described as a "screaming" or "crackling" sound, the effect is caused by the crystal twinning in the metal. The sound is not particularly loud, despite terms like "crying" and "screaming". It is very noticeable when a hot-dip tin-coated... | {
"page_id": 14293466,
"title": "Tin cry"
} |
The search for the Higgs boson was a 40-year effort by physicists to prove the existence or non-existence of the Higgs boson, first theorised in the 1960s. The Higgs boson was the last unobserved fundamental particle in the Standard Model of particle physics, and its discovery was described as being the "ultimate verif... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no colour charge, that couples to (interacts with) mass. It i... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
order to gradually narrow down the search area and rule out possible masses where the Higgs was unlikely, statistical analysis, and operation of multiple experiments and teams in order to see if the results from all were in agreement. == Experimental search and discovery of unknown boson == === Early limits === During ... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
CERN, the Higgs boson played no role. In fact, it does not appear to be mentioned in any of the reports until 1979. The first detailed study examining the possibilities of discovering the Higgs boson at LEP appeared in 1986. Thereafter the search for the Higgs boson became firmly established within the LEP program. As ... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
final lower bound of the Higgs mass 114.4 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level. In parallel to the direct search program, LEP made precision measurements of many observables of the weak interactions. These observables are sensitive to the value of the Higgs mass through contributions of processes containing loops of virt... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
despite $2 billion having already been spent. === Tevatron === On 1 March 2001, the Tevatron Proton-antiproton (pp) collider at Fermilab near Chicago commenced its run 2. After run 1 (1992–1996), in which the collider had discovered the top quark, Tevatron had shut down for significant upgrades focused on improving the... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
low to base any conclusions on. On 22 December 2011, the DØ collaboration also reported limitations on the Higgs boson within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, an extension to the Standard Model. Proton-antiproton (pp) collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV had allowed them to set an upper limit f... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
not these excesses were due to background fluctuations (i.e. random chance or other causes), and its statistical significance was not large enough to draw conclusions yet or even formally to count as an "observation", but the fact that two independent experiments had both shown excesses at around the same mass led to c... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
100–103 and 147–180 GeV. === Discovery of new boson === On 22 June 2012 CERN announced an upcoming seminar covering tentative findings for 2012, and shortly afterwards rumours began to spread in the media that this would include a major announcement, but it was unclear whether this would be a stronger signal or a forma... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
sigma with the boson's mass at 125.3 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.5 (sys) GeV/c2. On 14 March 2013 CERN confirmed that: "CMS and ATLAS have compared a number of options for the spin-parity of this particle, and these all prefer no spin and even parity [two fundamental criteria of a Higgs boson consistent with the Standard Model]. ... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
W and Z bosons, absence of "significant new implications" for or against supersymmetry, and in general no significant deviations to date from the results expected of a Standard Model Higgs boson. However some kinds of extensions to the Standard Model would also show very similar results; based on other particles that a... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
GeV) an excess of events with a significance of approximately 2.8 sigma above the background expectation is observed" and the BBC reporting that "interesting particle events at a mass of between 140 and 145 GeV" were found. These findings were repeated shortly thereafter by researchers at the Tevatron with a spokesman ... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
extension of the Standard Model), with an upper limit for production ranging from 90 to 300 GeV, and excluding tanβ>20–30 for Higgs boson masses below 180 GeV at 95% CL. 7 February 2012 – updating the December results, the ATLAS and CMS experiments constrain the Standard Model Higgs boson, if it exists, to the range 11... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
a boson with mass of ~126.5 GeV/c2. 31 July 2012 – the ATLAS collaboration further improved their analysis and announced the discovery of a boson with mass 126 ± 0.4 (stat.) ± 0.4 (sys) GeV/c2. Also CMS improved the significance to 5 sigma with the boson's mass at 125.3 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.5 (sys) GeV/c2. == Statistical a... | {
"page_id": 36772327,
"title": "Search for the Higgs boson"
} |
Hyalochlorella marina, the only species in the genus Hyalochlorella and also known as Dermocystidium sp., is a marine heterotrophic eukaryote with uncertain phylogenic position. == Phylogeny == Hyalochlorella marina was first classified as a fungus under the name Dermocystidium sp. Based morphology and development, it ... | {
"page_id": 72686056,
"title": "Hyalochlorella"
} |
Cellulose diacetate, sometimes called diacetate, is a synthetic polymer made by treating cellulose with acetic acid. It consists of two acetyl functional groups on each unit of D-anhydroglucopyranose of the cellulose molecule. It was first developed in the United States. It is fragile since it is based on cellulose. Wh... | {
"page_id": 36182507,
"title": "Cellulose diacetate"
} |
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