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to elongate one by one, and the longitudinal muscles then work to shorten the elongated segments. This pattern continues down the entirety of the worm, allowing it to inch along a surface. Each segment is allowed to work independently, but towards the movement of the whole worm. heteronomous metamery is the condition w...	{ "page_id": 21830377, "title": "Metamerism (biology)" }
as different from metamerism), polarity and endocrinosity. == In plants == A metamer is one of several segments that share in the construction of a shoot, or into which a shoot may be conceptually (at least) resolved. In the metameristic model, a plant consists of a series of 'phytons' or phytomers, each consisting of ...	{ "page_id": 21830377, "title": "Metamerism (biology)" }
theory conceives of the plant (especially trees) as made up of unit pipes ('metamers'), each supporting a unit amount of photosynthetic tissue. Vertical metamers are also suggested in some desert shrubs in which the stem is modified into isolated strips of xylem, each having continuity from root to shoot. This may enab...	{ "page_id": 21830377, "title": "Metamerism (biology)" }
Khimera is a software product from Kintech Lab intended for calculation of the kinetic parameters of microscopic processes, thermodynamic and transport properties of substances and their mixtures in gases, plasmas and also of heterogeneous processes. The development of a kinetic mechanism is a key stage of present-day ...	{ "page_id": 24255209, "title": "Khimera" }
C5H10 is the molecular formula of 13 hydrocarbon isomers (represented by their CAS numbers on the chart). They can be divided into cycloalkanes and alkenes. == Cycloalkanes == Cyclopentane (CAS 287-92-3) Methylcyclobutane (CAS 598-61-8) Cyclopropanes Ethylcyclopropane (CAS 1191-96-4) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane (CAS 1630-...	{ "page_id": 12262124, "title": "C5H10" }
In the south German language (of the Alemannic-speaking area, or in Switzerland), a gäu landscape (gäulandschaft) refers to an area of open, level countryside. These regions typically have fertile soils resulting from depositions of loess (an exception is the Arme Gäue ["Poor Gäus"] of the Baden-Württemberg Gäu). The i...	{ "page_id": 48962287, "title": "Gäu" }
Kinetic fractionation is an isotopic fractionation process that separates stable isotopes from each other by their mass during unidirectional processes. Biological processes are generally unidirectional and are very good examples of "kinetic" isotope reactions. All organisms preferentially use lighter isotopes, because...	{ "page_id": 2497263, "title": "Kinetic fractionation" }
to the very large equilibrium fractionation of deuterium. Therefore kinetic fractionation does not deplete 2H nearly as much, in a relative sense, as 18O. This gives rise to an excess of deuterium in vapor and rainfall, relative to seawater. The value of this "deuterium excess", as it is called, is about +10 per mil (1...	{ "page_id": 2497263, "title": "Kinetic fractionation" }
The following outline acts as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical reacti...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
of chemical processes. Chemical physics – investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes. Electrochemistry – branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solu...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics. Neurochemistry – study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
tool for this field. Analytical chemistry – analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chem...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
such as observation to analyze materials usually in liquid phase. Agrochemistry – study and application of both chemistry and biochemistry for agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and environmental monitoring and remediation. Atmospheric chemistry – branch of atmospheric sci...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
of chemical synthesis. == History == History of chemistry Precursors to chemistry Alchemy (outline) History of alchemy History of the branches of chemistry History of analytical chemistry – history of the study of separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materi...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
the study of the reactions and components of the immune system. History of medicinal chemistry – history of the discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and deve...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
study the chemistry of marine environments, including the influences of different variables. History of organic geochemistry – history of the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth History of regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry – history of the study of the spatial variatio...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. History of electrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
of thermochemistry – history of the study of energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. History of phytochemistry – history of the study of phytochemicals. History of polymer chemistry – history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
History of the petroleum industry History of the pharmaceutical industry History of the periodic table == Chemicals == Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table == Atomic theory == Atomic theory Atomic models Atomism – natural philosophy that theorizes that the worl...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
of vaporization Collision theory Activation energy Activated complex Reaction rate Catalyst === Thermochemical equations === Chemical equations that include the heat involved in a reaction, either on the reactant side or the product side. Examples: H2O(l) + 240kJ → H2O(g) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 + 92kJ Joule (J) == Chemists ==...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
radius (calculated), van der Waals radius, covalent radius Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) – electrical resistivity Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) – thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page) – thermal expansion Speeds of sound of the element...	{ "page_id": 6896, "title": "Outline of chemistry" }
The minimum ignition energy (MIE) is a safety characteristic in explosion protection and prevention which determines the ignition capability of fuel-air mixtures, where the fuel may be combustible vapor, gas or dust. It is defined as the minimum electrical energy stored in a capacitor, which, when discharged, is suffic...	{ "page_id": 21109488, "title": "Minimum ignition energy" }
The curvaton is a hypothetical elementary particle which mediates a scalar field in early universe cosmology. It can generate fluctuations during inflation, but does not itself drive inflation, instead it generates curvature perturbations at late times after the inflaton field has decayed and the decay products have re...	{ "page_id": 25303792, "title": "Curvaton" }
The Brewing Industry Research Foundation is now part of Campden BRI, a research association serving all sectors of the food and drink industry. The Brewing Division was based next to the M23 at Nutfield, and the other Divisions are located in Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, where about 250 people are employed. == Hi...	{ "page_id": 9575156, "title": "Brewing Industry Research Foundation" }
Foundation. === Important Brewing Scientist Training Ground === Many young scientists of the Brewing Industry found initial employment at this Foundation to become important contributors elsewhere in the Brewing and allied industries. === Merger === In October 2008, Campden BRI was formed by the merger of Brewing Resea...	{ "page_id": 9575156, "title": "Brewing Industry Research Foundation" }
Jay Howard Matternes (born April 14, 1933) is an American painter, paleoartist, and naturalist. His work recreating early mammals from the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene epochs was widely published in the 1950s and '60s, including in the Time Life Books series. His work is in the collection of the American Museum of ...	{ "page_id": 42539765, "title": "Jay Matternes" }
Leonidas "Leo" K. Resvanis (Greek: Λεωνίδας Ρεσβάνης; born 1944) is a Greek physicist known for his work with neutrinos. He was a Professor of Physics at the University of Athens from 1976 until he retired and became Emeritus Professor in 2011. He served as the director of the Nestor Project. Resvanis was born in Athen...	{ "page_id": 12393209, "title": "Leonidas Resvanis" }
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction; this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as parthenogenesis. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
o". Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. == Natural cloning == Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques or human intervention (i.e. artificial cloning). Natural cloning occurs thro...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication, which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, a...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
in the required orientation. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow. Additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening (alpha-factor complementation) on X-g...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use. The hardest part of SCNT is removing maternal DNA from an oocyte at metaphase II. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into a...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the donor cell's mitochondria that contain their own mitochondrial DNA are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to the egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfec...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae. Some vascular plants e.g. dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis, res...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
identical. This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed. If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother. Such...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by British scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997. Her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum, par...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
performer Dolly Parton because the cells cloned to make her were from a mammary gland cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage. When an organism cannot be cloned people will seek to genetically modify them. Recently advances in biotechnology allowed the modification of Wolfs similar to dire wolves. The company ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
produced the world's first cloned fish by inserting the DNA from a cell of a male carp into an egg from a female carp. Zebrafish: (1981) George Streisinger produced the first cloned vertebrate. Sheep: (1984) Steen Willadsen produced the first cloned mammal from early embryonic cells. In June 1995, the Roslin Institute ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
horse clone. Przewalksi's Horse: An ongoing cloning program by the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and Revive & Restore attempts to reintroduce genetic diversity to this endangered species. Kurt, the first cloned Przewalski's horse, was born in 2020. He was cloned from the skin tissue of a stallion which was preserved ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir successfully cloned the first Pashmina goat (Noori) using the advanced reproductive techniques under the leadership of Riaz Ahmad Shah. Goat: (2001) Scientists of Northwest A&F University successfully cloned the first goat which use the adu...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. Cloning humans could lead to serious violations of human rights...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
percent (and as high as 25 percent) when working with familiar species such as mice, while cloning wild animals is usually less than 1 percent successful. ===== Conservation cloning ===== Several tissue banks have come into existence, including the "Frozen zoo" at the San Diego Zoo, to store frozen tissue from the worl...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
complications, a pair of additional clones of the same individual, named Antonia and Noreen, were born to distinct surrogate mothers, and Antonia successfully reproduced later in the year. ===== De-extinction ===== One of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the woolly mammoth, but attempts to extract DNA ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
extinct gastric-brooding frog would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species. Many such "de-extinction" projects are being championed by the non-profit Revive & Restore. In 2022, scientists showed major limitations and the scale of challenge of genetic-editing-based de-extinction, suggesting resourc...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species. Anticipating this possibility, tissue samples from the last bucardo (Pyrenean ibex) were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after it died in 2000. Researche...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
theory is disputed. A 2016 study indicated that once cloned animals survive the first month or two of life they are generally healthy. However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction (IVF). Current research is attempting to overcome these...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs. In the long-running British television series Doctor Who, the Fourth Doctor and his companion Leela were ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
... filled with row upon row of 'blank' human bodies kept floating in tanks of nutrient liquid or in suspended animation", clearly fear is to be incited. In Clark's view, the biotechnology is typically "given fantastic but visually arresting forms" while the science is either relegated to the background or fictionalise...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
who discovers that he is a clone. === Cloning as resurrection === Cloning has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. In the 1976 Ira Levin novel The Boys from Brazil and its 1978 film adaptation, Josef Mengele uses cloning to create copies of Adolf Hitler. In Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Juras...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
that leads to the foundation of the Galactic Empire. Cloned soldiers are "manufactured" on an industrial scale, genetically conditioned for obedience and combat effectiveness. It is also revealed that the popular character Boba Fett originated as a clone of Jango Fett, a mercenary who served as the genetic template for...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
The project is abandoned and the clones are trapped exactly mirroring their above-ground counterparts' actions for generations. In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts. == See also == Frozen Ark The President's Council on Bioethics == ...	{ "page_id": 6910, "title": "Cloning" }
Mesangial cells are specialised cells in the kidney that make up the mesangium of the glomerulus. Together with the mesangial matrix, they form the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The mesangial cell population accounts for approximately 30-40% of the total cells in the glomerulus. Mesangial cells can be categoriz...	{ "page_id": 793343, "title": "Mesangial cell" }
originate elsewhere outside of the glomerulus and then migrate into the glomerulus during development. Human foetal and infant kidneys stained for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker for mesangial cells, demonstrated that α-SMA-positive mesenchymal cells migrate towards the glomerulus and during a later stage t...	{ "page_id": 793343, "title": "Mesangial cell" }
junctions helps regulate the process of tubuloglomerular feedback and urine formation. Damage to mesangial cells using Thy 1-1 antibody specific to mesangial cells causes the vasoconstriction of arterioles mediated by tubuloglomerular feedback to be lost. === Contractions regulate capillary flow === Mesangial cells can...	{ "page_id": 793343, "title": "Mesangial cell" }
risk of developing glomerular diseases. Mesangial cells grown on advanced glycosylation end product-modified matrix proteins demonstrate increased production of fibronectin and a decrease in proliferation. These factors eventually lead to the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, mesangial matrix expansion th...	{ "page_id": 793343, "title": "Mesangial cell" }
The molecular formula C21H22O5 (molar mass: 354.39 g/mol, exact mass: 354.146724 u) may refer to: Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalconoid Isoxanthohumol, a prenylated flavanone	{ "page_id": 26548992, "title": "C21H22O5" }
Intersubband transitions (also known as intraband transitions) are dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. Intersubband transitions when coupled with an optical resonator form new, mixed-state photons. This mixing i...	{ "page_id": 5905152, "title": "Intersubband polariton" }
Lingyun Gu (born in 1976) is an expert in Artificial Intelligence, founder, chairman of the board and CEO of IceKredit, independent director of Guilin Bank, board member of Nanjing International School, adjunct professor of Singapore University of Technology and Design. Gu got his PhD degree in Computer Science at Carn...	{ "page_id": 54074115, "title": "Lingyun Gu" }
Chemical, biological (CB) — and sometimes radiological — warfare agents were assigned what is termed a military symbol by the U.S. military until the American chemical and biological weapons programs were terminated (in 1990 and 1969, respectively). Military symbols applied to the CB agent fill, and not to the entire w...	{ "page_id": 2431749, "title": "CB military symbol" }
BZ – 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate SN – sernyl (PCP) K – lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) [EA 1729] === Nerve agents === GA – tabun [EA1205] GB – sarin [EA1208] GB2 – sarin as a binary agent from mixing OPA (isopropyl alcohol+isopropyl amine) + DF [EA5823] GD – soman [EA1210] GF – cyclosarin [EA1212] GE – ethyl sarin GH – ...	{ "page_id": 2431749, "title": "CB military symbol" }
A BZ variant EA 3834 - A BZ variant EA 5365 - GV EA 5823 - Sarin (GB) as a binary agent from mixing OPA (isopropyl alcohol+isopropyl amine) + DF == Biological agents == === Mycotic biological agents === OC - Coccidioides mycosis === Bacterial biological agents === N - anthrax TR - anthrax LE - plague UL - tularemia (sc...	{ "page_id": 2431749, "title": "CB military symbol" }
fumigatus mutant C-2 EC - Escherichia coli BT - Bacillus thuringiensis EH - Erwinia herbicola FP - fluorescent particle === Radiological agent === RA - == References == == Bibliography == United States Army Chemical School. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds (PDF) (Report). FM 3-11.9.	{ "page_id": 2431749, "title": "CB military symbol" }
Nuremberg kitchen is the traditional English name for a specific type of dollhouse, similar to a room box, usually limited to a single room depicting a kitchen. The name references the city of Nuremberg, the center of the nineteenth-century German toy industry. In German the toy is known as a Puppenküche (literally "do...	{ "page_id": 59775749, "title": "Nuremberg kitchen" }
popularity in the 1800s. In the early part of the century they were assembled by artisans working from their homes, who produced a remarkably large volume of toys made by hand. By the later part of the century they were being manufactured in even greater numbers in industrialized factories by such firms as Moritz Gotts...	{ "page_id": 59775749, "title": "Nuremberg kitchen" }
their homes and having them observe and assist with preparing meals than to provide miniaturized counterparts. Also, given that these toy kitchens had layouts that were more aesthetic and theatrical than accurately representational of real kitchens in full scale houses, that they often evoked nostalgia as family antiqu...	{ "page_id": 59775749, "title": "Nuremberg kitchen" }
Staircase voltammetry is a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry. In linear sweep voltammetry the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time. Oxidation or reduction of species is registered as a peak or trough in the ...	{ "page_id": 14097159, "title": "Staircase voltammetry" }
Cefpimizole (INN) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. == References == Hara K, Shimada J (June 1987). "[New antimicrobial agent series XXI: Cefpimizole]". The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics (in Japanese). 40 (6): 1108–22. PMID 3312705. == External links == Media related to Cefpimizole at Wikimedia Commons	{ "page_id": 18225928, "title": "Cefpimizole" }
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly") is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. Such compounds are called lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat-liking"). Such non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic, and...	{ "page_id": 596745, "title": "Lipophilicity" }
are also biologically important for the transport of fatty substances in the small intestine surface in the first step that leads to the absorption of the components of fats (largely fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides). Cell membranes are bilayer structures principally formed from phospholipids, molecules which have a hi...	{ "page_id": 596745, "title": "Lipophilicity" }
Stokesian dynamics is a solution technique for the Langevin equation, which is the relevant form of Newton's 2nd law for a Brownian particle. The method treats the suspended particles in a discrete sense while the continuum approximation remains valid for the surrounding fluid, i.e., the suspended particles are general...	{ "page_id": 8723207, "title": "Stokesian dynamics" }
{B} }} is the stochastic Brownian force due to thermal motion of fluid particles. F P {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {P} }} is the deterministic nonhydrodynamic force, which may be almost any form of interparticle or external force, e.g. electrostatic repulsion between like charged particles. Brownian dynamics is...	{ "page_id": 8723207, "title": "Stokesian dynamics" }
and due to the imposed shear flow ( R F E {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} _{\mathrm {FE} }} ). Note that the subscripts on the matrices indicate the coupling between kinematic ( U {\displaystyle \mathbf {U} } ) and dynamic ( F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } ) quantities. One of the key features of Stokesian dynamics is its ha...	{ "page_id": 8723207, "title": "Stokesian dynamics" }
An anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA. It acts as a probe for the presence of the target in a Southern blot assay or, more commonly, in the simpler dot blot assay. It is a common tool used in genetic testing, forensics, and molecular...	{ "page_id": 10099472, "title": "Allele-specific oligonucleotide" }
probe would be synthesized to be complementary to the altered sequence, here labeled as "S". As a control, another ASO would be synthesized for the normal sequence "A". Each ASO is fully complementary to its target sequence (and will bind strongly), but has a single mismatch against its non-target allele (leading to we...	{ "page_id": 10099472, "title": "Allele-specific oligonucleotide" }
laborious for routine screening. An earlier method, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) didn't need to know the sequence change beforehand, but required that the mutation affect the cleavage site of a Restriction Enzyme. The RFLP assay was briefly adapted to the use of oligonucleotide probes, but this techn...	{ "page_id": 10099472, "title": "Allele-specific oligonucleotide" }
The combination was specific enough that it could be used in a simple Dot blot, avoiding the laborious and inefficient Southern blot method. == Other uses == ASO-PCR may also be used to detect minimal residual disease in blood cancers such as multiple myeloma. == References == == External links == Image of ASO autoradi...	{ "page_id": 10099472, "title": "Allele-specific oligonucleotide" }
Elliott R. Sober (born 6 June 1948) is an American philosopher. He is noted for his work in philosophy of biology and general philosophy of science. Sober is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. == Education a...	{ "page_id": 3349265, "title": "Elliott Sober" }
addresses both topics. Sober has been a prominent critic of intelligent design. He also has written about evidence and probability, scientific realism and instrumentalism, laws of nature, the mind-body problem and naturalism. === Philosophy of biology === Sober's The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosop...	{ "page_id": 3349265, "title": "Elliott Sober" }
to think of parsimony in terms of the concept of likelihood, an idea he developed in his 1988 book Reconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference. In the 1990s he started to think about the role of parsimony in model selection theory—for example, in the Akaike Information Criterion. He published a series ...	{ "page_id": 3349265, "title": "Elliott Sober" }
University Press, 1994. (with David Sloan Wilson) Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, Harvard University Press, 1998; Spanish edition, Siglo Veintiouno de España Editores, 2000. (edited with Steven Orzack) Adaptationism and Optimality, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Evidence and Evolutio...	{ "page_id": 3349265, "title": "Elliott Sober" }
Elliott; Steel, Mike (2014). "Time and Knowability in Evolutionary Processes". Philosophy of Science. 81 (4). University of Chicago Press: 558–579. arXiv:1301.6470. doi:10.1086/677954. ISSN 0031-8248. S2CID 15455041. Sober, Elliott; Steel, Mike (2015). "How probable is common ancestry according to different evolutionar...	{ "page_id": 3349265, "title": "Elliott Sober" }
The following is a list of awards in the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology. == Awards == ASBMB DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences - "to a scientist for the most accessible and innovative development or application of computer technology to enhance research in the life sciences at the molecular ...	{ "page_id": 39000848, "title": "List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology" }
The International Union of Biological Sciences ( IUBS ) is a non-profit organization and non-governmental organization founded in 1919 that promotes biological sciences internationally. As a scientific umbrella organization, it was a founding member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). == History == The Uni...	{ "page_id": 1121041, "title": "International Union of Biological Sciences" }
and other members of the Extended Board. The Board meets annually. The Secretariat, with its Executive Director coordinates the programs and activities. === General Assembly === In the General Assembly, each national member has one vote. The scientific members are invited to send one representative each to the talks an...	{ "page_id": 1121041, "title": "International Union of Biological Sciences" }
Tin chloride can refer to: Tin(II) chloride or stannous chloride (SnCl2) Tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride or tin tetrachloride (SnCl4)	{ "page_id": 8788754, "title": "Tin chloride" }
Phospho.ELM is a database storing the phosphorylation data extracted from the literature and the analyses. == References == == External links == http://phospho.elm.eu.org	{ "page_id": 31333144, "title": "Phospho.ELM" }
International Geology Review is a peer-reviewed geoscientific publication dedicated to publishing original and timely research papers as well as in-depth scholarly reviews dealing with a wide range of topics related to the Earth sciences. The journal is published by Taylor and Francis. Geographic coverage is global and...	{ "page_id": 57219867, "title": "International Geology Review" }
In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation. Effective fitness is used in Evolutionary Computation to understand p...	{ "page_id": 1514277, "title": "Effective fitness" }
designing fitness functions with algorithms like novelty search in which the objective of the agents is unknown. In the case of bacteria effective fitness could include production of toxins and rate of mutation of different plasmids, which are mostly stochastically determined == Applications == When evolutionary equati...	{ "page_id": 1514277, "title": "Effective fitness" }
The desert fungi are a variety of terricolous fungi inhabiting the biological soil crust of arid regions. Those exposed to the sun typically contain melanin and are resistant to high temperatures, dryness and low nutrition. Species that are common elsewhere (e.g. Penicillium spp. and common soil Aspergillus spp.) do no...	{ "page_id": 11541285, "title": "Desert fungi" }
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of mass-energy, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of electric charge....	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
inversion or reversal of space, time, and charge. Conservation laws are considered to be fundamental laws of nature, with broad application in physics, as well as in other fields such as chemistry, biology, geology, and engineering. Most conservation laws are exact, or absolute, in the sense that they apply to all poss...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
by the weak interaction) Conservation of space-parity (violated by the weak interaction) Conservation of charge-parity (violated by the weak interaction) Conservation of time-parity (violated by the weak interaction) Conservation of CP parity (violated by the weak interaction); in the Standard Model, this is equivalent...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
changes, this stronger type of conservation law is Lorentz invariant; a quantity conserved in one reference frame is conserved in all moving reference frames. This is called a local conservation law. Local conservation also implies global conservation; that the total amount of the conserved quantity in the Universe rem...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
derivatives has been employed. The more general inhomogeneous case: y t + A ( y ) y x = s {\displaystyle y_{t}+A(y)y_{x}=s} is not a conservation equation but the general kind of balance equation describing a dissipative system. The dependent variable y is called a nonconserved quantity, and the inhomogeneous term s(y,...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
quantity j(y): y t + ∇ ⋅ j ( y ) = 0 {\displaystyle y_{t}+\nabla \cdot \mathbf {j} (y)=0} This is the case for the continuity equation: ρ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ u ) = 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{t}+\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {u} )=0} Here the conserved quantity is the mass, with density ρ(r,t) and current density ρu, identical to the...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
space u1, u2, ..., uN, s is the specific pressure (pressure per unit density) giving the source term, It can be shown that the conserved (vector) quantity and the current density matrix for these equations are respectively: y = ( 1 u ) ; J = ( u u ⊗ u + s I ) ; {\displaystyle {\mathbf {y} }={\begin{pmatrix}1\\\mathbf {...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }
∞ ∞ ϕ ( x , 0 ) y ( x , 0 ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\phi _{t}y+\phi _{x}j(y)\,dx\,dt=-\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\phi (x,0)y(x,0)\,dx} In the weak form all the partial derivatives of the density and current density have been passed on to the test function, which with the former hy...	{ "page_id": 6956, "title": "Conservation law" }

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