Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
Genetic studies show that Russians are overall closely related to other Northeastern and Eastern European populations, such as Finns, Poles, Belarusians, Ukrainians as well as Latvians, Estonians and Lithuanians, but also display significant genetic heterogenity, evidence for multiple genetic ancestries and admixture e...	{ "page_id": 50535213, "title": "Genetic studies on Russians" }
== Autosomal DNA == Autosomally, European Russians can be subdivided into at least two groups: central–southern and northern Russians. Russians from Tver, Murom, and Kursk were found to be more similar to populations from central-eastern Europe, especially other Eastern Slavs, but distinct from Russians in the Mezen an...	{ "page_id": 50535213, "title": "Genetic studies on Russians" }
and 5% Siberian/Nganasan-like ancestries. === Historical context === Historical Russians formed primarily from early Slavic peoples, who came into contact with Uralic-speaking groups. Subsequently historical Russians expanded further eastwards, coming into contact with various other groups of Central Asia and Siberia. ...	{ "page_id": 50535213, "title": "Genetic studies on Russians" }
Laser Physics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the physics and technology of lasers and their applications. It is owned and editorially managed by Astro Ltd. and published on their behalf by IOP Publishing. The journal was established in 1990 with Alexander M. Prokhorov as founding edi...	{ "page_id": 10296109, "title": "Laser Physics (journal)" }
The molecular formula C6H12N2O4 (molar mass: 176.17 g/mol, exact mass: 176.0797 u) may refer to: DMDNB Ethylenediaminediacetic acid (EDDA)	{ "page_id": 29825840, "title": "C6H12N2O4" }
The molecular formula C6H15O3P (molar mass: 166.157 g/mol, exact mass: 166.0759 u) may refer to: Diisopropylphosphite Triethyl phosphite	{ "page_id": 61479732, "title": "C6H15O3P" }
In neuroscience and neurology, a trigger zone is an area in the body, or of a cell, in which a specific type of stimulation triggers a specific type of response. The term was first used in this context around 1914 by Hugh T. Patrick, who was writing about trigeminal neuralgia, a condition in which pain fibers in the tr...	{ "page_id": 56498997, "title": "Trigger zone" }
reached. == References ==	{ "page_id": 56498997, "title": "Trigger zone" }
In analytical chemistry, quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample. It relates to the determination of percentage of constituents in any given sample. == Methods == Once the pre...	{ "page_id": 5839673, "title": "Quantitative analysis (chemistry)" }
and a reduction agent. There are some more methods like Liebig method / Duma's method / Kjeldahl's method and Carius method for estimation of organic compounds. For example, quantitative analysis performed by mass spectrometry on biological samples can determine, by the relative abundance ratio of specific proteins, in...	{ "page_id": 5839673, "title": "Quantitative analysis (chemistry)" }
change color when a drop of sample is added? It could also be used as a quantitative test, by studying the color of the indicator solution with different concentrations of the metal ion. (This would probably be done using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.) == See also == Microanalysis Isotope dilution == References ==	{ "page_id": 5839673, "title": "Quantitative analysis (chemistry)" }
Oligomer Restriction (abbreviated OR) is a procedure to detect an altered DNA sequence in a genome. A labeled oligonucleotide probe is hybridized to a target DNA, and then treated with a restriction enzyme. If the probe exactly matches the target, the restriction enzyme will cleave the probe, changing its size. If, how...	{ "page_id": 16784189, "title": "Oligomer restriction" }
in the early 1980s, working at Cetus Corporation in Emeryville, California. It was patented in 1984 and published in 1985, having been applied to the genomic mutation responsible for Sickle Cell Anemia. OR was soon replaced by the more general technique of Allele Specific Oligonucleotide (ASO) probes. == Problems == Th...	{ "page_id": 16784189, "title": "Oligomer restriction" }
cut all of the hybridized probe, and a second unlabeled oligonucleotide was used to 'block' the unhybridized probe. These controls would not have been available for other targets. == Relationship to PCR == Despite its limitations, the OR technique benefited from its close association with the development of the polymer...	{ "page_id": 16784189, "title": "Oligomer restriction" }
Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion. However, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of the corkscrew-like flagella of many prokaryotes). Biologists have offered several explanations for the a...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
to protect their bodies from predators; this posture has been seen in pangolins, wheel spiders, hedgehogs, armadillos, armadillo girdled lizards, isopods, and fossilized trilobites. Pangolins and wheel spiders have been observed to purposely roll away from predators. These species may roll passively (under the influenc...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
=== Free rotation === ==== Macroscopic ==== Among animals, there exists a single known example of an apparently freely rotating structure, though it is used for digestion rather than propulsion: the crystalline style of certain bivalves and gastropods.: 89 The style consists of a transparent glycoprotein rod which is c...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
by single-celled prokaryotes for propulsion.: 396 The bacterial flagellum is the best known example. About half of all known bacteria have at least one flagellum; thus, given the ubiquity of bacteria, rotation may in fact be the most common form of locomotion used by living systems—though its use is restricted to the m...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
using a band of free-flowing mucilage strands, in the manner of a tracked vehicle. == Biological barriers to wheeled organisms == The absence of wheels in nature is frequently attributed to constraints imposed by biology: natural selection constrains the evolutionary paths available to species, and the processes by whi...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
partially evolved wheel, missing one or more key features, would probably not impart an advantage to an organism. The exception to this is the flagellum, the only known example of a freely rotating propulsive system in biology; in the evolution of flagella, individual components were recruited from older structures, wh...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
cannot be affixed to the rest of the machine or organism).: 44 There are several functional problems created by this requirement, though these may be partly surmountable. ==== Power transmission to driven wheels ==== In the case of a driven wheel, a torque must be applied to generate the locomotive force. In human tech...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
is the limited ability of an organism to transfer materials across this interface. If the tissues that make up a wheel are living, they will need to be supplied with oxygen and nutrients and have wastes removed to sustain metabolism. A typical animal circulatory system, composed of blood vessels, would not be able to p...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
soft terrain such as soil, because they are vulnerable to rolling resistance. In rolling resistance, a vehicle loses energy to the deformation of its wheels and the surface on which they are rolling. Smaller wheels are especially susceptible to this effect.: 401 Softer surfaces deform more and recover less than firm su...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
tail or bird wing.: 398 === Traction === Wheels are prone to slipping—an inability to generate traction—on loose or slippery terrain. Slipping wastes energy and can potentially lead to a loss of control or becoming stuck, as with an automobile on mud or snow. This limitation of wheels can be seen in the realm of human ...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
this limitation, wheels intended for rough terrain require a larger diameter.: 400 In addition, without articulation, a wheeled vehicle can become stuck on top of an obstacle, with the obstacle between the wheels, preventing them from contacting the ground. Limbs, in contrast, are useful for climbing and are equipped t...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
Dictionnaire Infernal as having radially-arranged arms on which it rolled. The Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher illustrated a rolling creature of his own invention in a 1951 lithograph. Rolling creatures are also featured in works by comic author Carl Barks, science fiction writers Fredric Brown, George R. R. Martin, ...	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
== == References == == External links == "Animal Olympians: Gymnastics" on YouTube, featuring a rolling golden wheel spider "Rolling Salamanders & Caterpillars" on YouTube, from BBC's Weird Nature	{ "page_id": 19995454, "title": "Rotating locomotion in living systems" }
The molecular formula C7H6O5 (molar mass: 170.12 g/mol, exact mass: 170.021523 u) may refer to: Gallic acid, a phenolic compound Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, a phenolic compound	{ "page_id": 24189759, "title": "C7H6O5" }
Metaphoetesis is an ecological term coined by G. E. Hutchinson, to denote a change in diet with a changing stage of the life cycle of an animal. This characteristic, exhibited by many species such as insects and fishes, is important in determining the length of a food chain, particularly in aquatic and amphibious envir...	{ "page_id": 77273920, "title": "Metaphoetesis" }
Cell Cycle is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of cell biology. It was established in 2002. Originally published bimonthly, it is now published biweekly. == Abstracting and indexing == The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a ...	{ "page_id": 6979, "title": "Cell Cycle" }
The chemical formula C15H10O5 (molar mass : 270.23 g/mol, exact mass : 270.052823) may refer to: Trihydroxyflavones: Apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) Galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) Norwogonin (5,7,8-Trihydroxyflavone) 7,8,3'-Trihydroxyflavone 6,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone Aloe emod...	{ "page_id": 23993155, "title": "C15H10O5" }
The Anheuser–Busch Coastal Research Center is a biological field station located in Oyster, Virginia that is operated by the University of Virginia. It is a member of the Organization of Biological Field Stations (OBFS). It serves as the research home for the Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Program...	{ "page_id": 14293829, "title": "Anheuser–Busch Coastal Research Center" }
Apicophilicity is the phenomenon in which electronegative substituents of trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate compounds prefer to occupy apical (axial) positions (Lap). The term "apicophilicity" was first proposed by Earl L. Muetterties in 1963 for the structural analysis of pentacoordinate phosphorus fluorides by 19F...	{ "page_id": 1252164, "title": "Apicophilicity" }
An L-ribonucleic acid aptamer (L-RNA aptamer, trade name Spiegelmer) is an RNA-like molecule built from L-ribose units. It is an artificial oligonucleotide named for being a mirror image of natural oligonucleotides. L-RNA aptamers are a form of aptamers. Due to their L-nucleotides, they are highly resistant to degradat...	{ "page_id": 33233736, "title": "L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer" }
proteins that are produced synthetically, an enantiomer is made using synthetic D-amino acids. If the target is a larger protein molecule, beyond synthetic abilities, the enantiomer of an epitope is produced. === SELEX === Conventional (up to 1016 different oligonucleotides) existing molecule library serves as a starti...	{ "page_id": 33233736, "title": "L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer" }
The molecular formula C18H21NO6 (molar mass: 347.36 g/mol, exact mass: 347.1369 u) may refer to: Evoxine (haploperine) Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen)	{ "page_id": 29825864, "title": "C18H21NO6" }
The Hemetsberger indole synthesis (also called the Hemetsberger–Knittel synthesis) is a chemical reaction that thermally decomposes a 3-aryl-2-azido-propenoic ester into an indole-2-carboxylic ester. Yields are typically above 70%. However, this is not a popular reaction, due to the lack of stability and difficulty in ...	{ "page_id": 2300744, "title": "Hemetsberger indole synthesis" }
The molecular formula C10H16O2 may refer to: Ascaridole Chrysanthemic acid trans-4,5-Epoxy-(E)-2-decenal Geranic acid Iridodial Iridomyrmecin Jasmine lactone Lineatin Massoia lactone Nepetalactol Nerolic acid	{ "page_id": 23993164, "title": "C10H16O2" }
ChoKyun Rha (October 5, 1933 – March 2, 2021) was a Korean-born American food technologist, inventor, and professor of biomaterials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was the first Asian woman awarded tenure at MIT. == Early life == ChoKyun Rha was born in Seoul, the daughte...	{ "page_id": 69540685, "title": "ChoKyun Rha" }
relation to the physical and textural properties of the curd" (1978, with Cho Lee) "Single-Cell Protein: Engineering, Economics, and Utilization in Foods" (1980, with C. L. Cooney and S. R. Tannenbaum) "Improved detergent-based recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)" (2011, with Yung-Han Yang, Christopher Brigham, La...	{ "page_id": 69540685, "title": "ChoKyun Rha" }
Diglycine may refer to: Glycylglycine, dipeptide of glycine Iminodiacetic acid, an acid	{ "page_id": 34413390, "title": "Diglycine" }
A collodion bag is a membrane used to filter or concentrate substances, often proteins, using pressure. It usually takes the form of a small finger shaped receptacle hooked up to a positive pressure pump. The bag has a characteristic that allows small particles, like water or unbound ions, to flow out while retaining l...	{ "page_id": 22092623, "title": "Collodion bag" }
Leptosin is an aurone glycoside derived from kusrunt's leaves. == References ==	{ "page_id": 74586960, "title": "Leptosin" }
Pectolase may refer to one of two enzymes: Pectin lyase Polygalacturonase == See also == Polygalacturonase activity	{ "page_id": 14621518, "title": "Pectolase" }
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides or I+G, E number E635, is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami. It is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodiu...	{ "page_id": 9771859, "title": "Disodium ribonucleotides" }
References ==	{ "page_id": 9771859, "title": "Disodium ribonucleotides" }
The molecular formula C7H5Cl3 may refer to: Benzotrichloride Trichlorotoluene	{ "page_id": 23993171, "title": "C7H5Cl3" }
Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans hav...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
surveyed only certain types of variation (e.g. comparative genomic hybridization) but provided definitive genetic diagnoses in fewer than half of all patients. Exome sequencing is now increasingly used to complement these other tests: both to find mutations in genes already known to cause disease as well as to identify...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
include the need for expensive hardware as well as a relatively large amount of DNA. ==== In-solution capture ==== To capture genomic regions of interest using in-solution capture, a pool of custom oligonucleotides (probes) is synthesized and hybridized in solution to a fragmented genomic DNA sample. The probes (labele...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
technologies are microarrays and whole-genome sequencing. === Microarray-based genotyping === Microarrays use hybridization probes to test the prevalence of known DNA sequences, thus they cannot be used to identify unexpected genetic changes. In contrast, the high-throughput sequencing technologies used in exome sequen...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
align and assemble sequence reads. Various sequencing technologies also have different error rates and generate various read-lengths which can pose challenges in comparing results from different sequencing platforms. False positive and false negative findings are associated with genomic resequencing approaches and are ...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
reduce the stringency of the thresholds in the presence of heterogeneity and ethnicity, however this will reduce the power to detect variants as well. Using a genotype-first approach to identify candidate genes might also offer a solution to overcome these limitations. Unlike common variant analysis, the analysis of ra...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
to identify with our current assays. However, disease-causing variants of large effect have been found to lie within exomes in candidate gene studies, and because of negative selection, are found in much lower allele frequencies and may remain untyped in current standard genotyping assays. Whole genome sequencing is a ...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
of Mendelian gene discovery involves the discovery of de novo variants using trio sequencing, where parents and proband are genotyped. ==== Case studies ==== A study published in September 2009 discussed a proof of concept experiment to determine if it was possible to identify causal genetic variants using exome sequen...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
sites and short coding insertions or deletions. Since Miller syndrome is a rare disorder, it is expected that the causal variant has not been previously identified. Previous exome sequencing studies of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in public SNP databases were used to further exclude candidate genes. Af...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
in the clinic was in the treatment of an infant with inflammatory bowel disease. A number of conventional diagnostics had previously been used, but the results could not explain the infant's symptoms. Analysis of exome sequencing data identified a mutation in the XIAP gene. Knowledge of this gene's function guided the ...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
introductory price of $695. This price per DNADTC web site is currently $895. In October 2013, BGI announced a promotion for personal whole exome sequencing at 50X coverage for $499. In June 2016 Genos was able to achieve an even lower price of $399 with a CLIA-certified 75X consumer exome sequenced from saliva. A 2018...	{ "page_id": 26418006, "title": "Exome sequencing" }
A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure at the same time. J.C. Séamus Davis theorised that frozen helium-4 (at 0.2 K and 50 atm) may be a superglass. == Notes == == References == Superglass could be new state of matter Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback...	{ "page_id": 20650838, "title": "Superglass" }
Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivit...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
A region with greater thermal energy (heat) corresponds with greater molecular agitation. Thus when a hot object touches a cooler surface, the highly agitated molecules from the hot object bump the calm molecules of the cooler surface, transferring the microscopic kinetic energy and causing the colder part or object to...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
differs from contact resistance, as it exists even at atomically perfect interfaces. Understanding the thermal resistance at the interface between two materials is of primary significance in the study of its thermal properties. Interfaces often contribute significantly to the observed properties of the materials. The i...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
with which a particular medium conducts, engineers employ the thermal conductivity, also known as the conductivity constant or conduction coefficient, k. In thermal conductivity, k is defined as "the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time (t) through a thickness (L), in a direction normal to a surface of area (A), du...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to "heat currents". In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances" as the analog to electrical resistances. In such cases, temperature plays the role of voltage, and heat transferred per unit time (heat power) is the analog of electric current. Steady-...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
a new source of heat "turning on" within an object, causing transient conduction, is an engine starting in an automobile. In this case, the transient thermal conduction phase for the entire machine is over, and the steady-state phase appears, as soon as the engine reaches steady-state operating temperature. In this sta...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
time, but in practice, it is over, for all intents and purposes, in a much shorter period. At the end of this process with no heat sink but the internal parts of the ball (which are finite), there is no steady-state heat conduction to reach. Such a state never occurs in this situation, but rather the end of the process...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
equivalent thermal circuit consists of a simple capacitor in series with a resistor. In such cases, the remainder of the system with a high thermal resistance (comparatively low conductivity) plays the role of the resistor in the circuit. === Relativistic conduction === The theory of relativistic heat conduction is a m...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
flow rates or fluxes of energy locally. Newton's law of cooling is a discrete analogue of Fourier's law, while Ohm's law is the electrical analogue of Fourier's law and Fick's laws of diffusion is its chemical analogue. === Differential form === The differential form of Fourier's law of thermal conduction shows that th...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
T}{\partial t}}=\alpha \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial z^{2}}}\right)} with a fundamental solution famously known as the heat kernel. === Integral form === By integrating the differential form over the material's total surface S {\...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
{Q}}} This law forms the basis for the derivation of the heat equation. == Conductance == Writing U = k Δ x , {\displaystyle U={\frac {k}{\Delta x}},} where U is the conductance, in W/(m2 K). Fourier's law can also be stated as: Δ Q Δ t = U A ( − Δ T ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta t}}=UA\,(-\Delta T).} The...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
it can sometimes be quite significant. === Intensive-property representation === The previous conductance equations, written in terms of extensive properties, can be reformulated in terms of intensive properties. Ideally, the formulae for conductance should produce a quantity with dimensions independent of distance, li...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
When Fourier's equation is applied: Q ˙ = − k A r d T d r = − 2 k π r ℓ d T d r {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=-kA_{r}{\frac {dT}{dr}}=-2k\pi r\ell {\frac {dT}{dr}}} and rearranged: Q ˙ ∫ r 1 r 2 1 r d r = − 2 k π ℓ ∫ T 1 T 2 d T {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}\int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}{\frac {1}{r}}\,dr=-2k\pi \ell \int _{T_{1}}^{T_{...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
r 1 {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=4k\pi {\frac {T_{1}-T_{2}}{1/{r_{1}}-1/{r_{2}}}}=4k\pi {\frac {(T_{1}-T_{2})r_{1}r_{2}}{r_{2}-r_{1}}}} == Transient thermal conduction == === Interface heat transfer === The heat transfer at an interface is considered a transient heat flow. To analyze this problem, the Biot number is impor...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
y coordinate and the Fourier number, which is calculated by Fo = α t L 2 . {\displaystyle {\text{Fo}}={\frac {\alpha t}{L^{2}}}.} The Biot number increases as the Fourier number decreases. There are five steps to determine a temperature profile in terms of time. Calculate the Biot number Determine which relative depth ...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
= k ρ C p {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {k}{\rho C_{p}}}} . This varies according to the material. === Metal quenching === Metal quenching is a transient heat transfer process in terms of the time temperature transformation (TTT). It is possible to manipulate the cooling process to adjust the phase of a suitable materi...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
must not undergo a phase transition, such as evaporation or fusion, at the temperature at which it must conduct heat. But when only thermal equilibrium is considered and time is not urgent, so that the conductivity of the material does not matter too much, one suitable heat conductor is as good as another. Conversely, ...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
in all the filaments and hence same resistances are also maintained; resulting in a balanced Wheatstone bridge. However, If the dissimilar gas sample (or gas mixture) is passed over one set of two filaments and the reference gas on the other set of two filaments, then the Wheatstone bridge becomes unbalanced. And the r...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
Heat Conduction. Wiley-Interscience. 1993. ISBN 9780471532569. W. Kelly, Understanding Heat Conduction. Nova Science Publischer. 2010. ISBN 978-1-53619-182-0. Latif M. Jiji, Amir H. Danesh-Yazdi. Heat Conduction. Fourth Edition. Springer. 2024. ISBN 978-3031437397. John H Lienhard IV and John H Lienhard V. A Heat Trans...	{ "page_id": 72536, "title": "Thermal conduction" }
An icemaker, ice generator, or ice machine may refer to either a consumer device for making ice, found inside a home freezer; a stand-alone appliance for making ice, or an industrial machine for making ice on a large scale. The term "ice machine" usually refers to the stand-alone appliance. The ice generator is the par...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
the founding fathers of the refrigerator. Unfortunately for John Gorrie, his plans of manufacturing and selling his invention were met with fierce opposition by Frederic Tudor, the Boston “Ice King”. By then, Tudor was shipping ice from the United States to Cuba and was planning to expand his business to India. Fearing...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
served as its superintendent. In 1876, German engineer Carl von Linde patented the process of liquefying gas that would later become an important part of basic refrigeration technology (U.S. Patent 1027862). In 1879 and 1891, two African American inventors patented improved refrigerator designs in the United States (Th...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
is to compress low-pressure refrigerant vapor to high-pressure vapor, and deliver it to the condenser. Here, the high-pressure vapor is condensed into high-pressure liquid, and drained out through the throttle valve to become low-pressure liquid. At this point, the liquid is conducted to the evaporator, where heat exch...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
the user had to open the freezer door to obtain ice. In 1965, Frigidaire introduced icemakers that dispensed from the front of the freezer door. In these models, pressing a glass against a cradle on the outside of the door runs a motor, which turns an auger in the bin and delivers ice cubes to the glass. Most dispenser...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
water is pumped into a small tube with metal pegs immersed in the water. Because the unit is portable, water must be filled manually. The water is pumped from the bottom of the reservoir to the freeze tray. The pegs use a heating and cooling system inside to freeze the water around them and then heat up so the ice slip...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
the water has 98% of the solids removed, resulting in very hard, virtually pure, clear ice. In vertical evaporators the ice is softer, more so if there are actual individual cube cells. Commercial ice machines can make different sizes of ice like flakes, crushed, cubes, octagons, and tubes. When the sheet of ice on the...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
like all ice machines. Most manufactures also utilize an evaporator pressure regulating valve (EPRV). ==== Applications ==== Sea water flake ice machine can make ice directly from the seawater. This ice can be used in the fast cooling of fish and other sea products. The fishing industry is the largest user of flake ice...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
where it conducts the heat exchange with water, and freezes the water into ice cubes. Once frozen, an ejection mechanism releases the cubes into a collection bin. Frigidaire ice makers introduced in various types such as under counter, countertop, and commercial models, cube ice makers cater to diverse settings includi...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
pushed by a crank shaft. Rotary compressors, mainly used in air conditioning equipment, have a very low refrigerating effect, normally not exceeding 5 kW. They work by compressing gas using a piston pushed by a rotor, which spins in an isolated compartment. ==== Condenser ==== All condensers can be classified as one of...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
global applications with positive impact upon the economy, technology, social dynamics, health, and the environment. === Economic applications === Refrigeration is necessary for the implementation of many current or future energy sources (hydrogen liquefying for alternative fuels in the automotive industry and thermonu...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
are based on the leaks occurring in insufficiently leak-tight refrigerating installations or during maintenance-related refrigerant-handling processes. Depending on the refrigerants used, these installations and their subsequent leaks can lead to ozone depletion (chlorinated refrigerants like CFCs and HCFCs) and/or cli...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
warming effects of the quantities required for use as a refrigerant are also negligible. Modern technology is solving such issues and CO2 is widely used today as an alternative to traditional refrigeration in several fields: industrial refrigeration (CO2 is usually combined with ammonia, either in cascade systems or as...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
to be safe from both an ozone layer and greenhouse effect point of view. The legally binding agreement could reduce projected emissions by as much as 88% and lower global warming with almost 0.5 degrees Celsius (nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit) by 2100. == See also == Pumpable ice technology Yakhchāl == References == == Ext...	{ "page_id": 3021657, "title": "Icemaker" }
The IUPAC Nomenclature for Organic Chemical Transformations is a methodology for naming a chemical reaction. Traditionally, most chemical reactions, especially in organic chemistry, are named after their inventors, the so-called name reactions, such as Knoevenagel condensation, Wittig reaction, Claisen–Schmidt condensa...	{ "page_id": 1842011, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical transformations" }
The European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) was the focal point for the data and assessment procedure on dangerous chemicals within the European Union (EU). The ECB was located in Ispra, Italy, within the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. In 2008 the ECB completed its mandate. Some of its activities were ...	{ "page_id": 11869020, "title": "European Chemicals Bureau" }
setting, and risk assessment steps of Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93. == New Chemicals == The "New Chemicals" Work Area included: Co-ordination of EU notification scheme and risk assessment for new chemical substances (Directive 67/548/EEC including Annexes VII and VIII, Directive 93/67/EEC). Management of the New Che...	{ "page_id": 11869020, "title": "European Chemicals Bureau" }
The molecular formula C7H7Br (molar mass: 171.03 g/mol) may refer to: Benzyl bromide Bromotoluene	{ "page_id": 23993180, "title": "C7H7Br" }
Eco is a wire-frame 3D evolution life simulation game developed by Denton Designs for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was released in 1987 and published by Ocean Software. The player uses a mouse or joystick to control an insect, which must avoid predators, find food, and then find another insect of the same species and mat...	{ "page_id": 2562910, "title": "Eco (1987 video game)" }
Handwriting recognition (HWR), also known as handwritten text recognition (HTR), is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices. The image of the written text may be sensed "off line" from a piece of...	{ "page_id": 203619, "title": "Handwriting recognition" }
currently available. ===== Feature extraction ===== Feature extraction works in a similar fashion to neural network recognizers. However, programmers must manually determine the properties they feel are important. This approach gives the recognizer more control over the properties used in identification. Yet any system...	{ "page_id": 203619, "title": "Handwriting recognition" }
that can negatively affect the recognition. This concerns speed and accuracy. Preprocessing usually consists of binarization, normalization, sampling, smoothing and denoising. The second step is feature extraction. Out of the two- or higher-dimensional vector field received from the preprocessing algorithms, higher-dim...	{ "page_id": 203619, "title": "Handwriting recognition" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.