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term 'self-supervised' often refers to tasks based on a pretext-task training setup. This involves the (human) design of such pretext task(s), unlike the case of fully self-contained autoencoder training. In reinforcement learning, self-supervising learning from a combination of losses can create abstract representatio...	{ "page_id": 67902375, "title": "Self-supervised learning" }
of Self-Supervised Learning". arXiv:2304.12210 [cs.LG]. == External links == Doersch, Carl; Zisserman, Andrew (October 2017). "Multi-task Self-Supervised Visual Learning". 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). pp. 2070–2079. arXiv:1708.07860. doi:10.1109/ICCV.2017.226. ISBN 978-1-5386-1032-9. S2...	{ "page_id": 67902375, "title": "Self-supervised learning" }
In the Andean mining tradition pallaqueo, palleo or pirquineo is the hand selection of rock fragments with ore for further processing. Usually, pallaqueo is done in piles of discarded material with little planning, randomly and without authorization. However, historically in places like Potosí, Bolivia, pallaqueo has b...	{ "page_id": 79371176, "title": "Pallaqueo" }
(1): 109–138. doi:10.3989/aeamer.2012.1.04. Serrano Bravo, Carlos (2004). Historia de la minería andina boliviana (siglos XVI–XX) (PDF) (in Spanish). Potosí, Bolivia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)	{ "page_id": 79371176, "title": "Pallaqueo" }
The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have (1) an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or (2) an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen at...	{ "page_id": 4004777, "title": "Nitrogen rule" }
or formed, the nitrogen rule again reverses. Therefore, a more rigorous definition of the nitrogen rule for organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens would be as follows: An even nominal mass indicates that a net even number of covalent bo...	{ "page_id": 4004777, "title": "Nitrogen rule" }
A dry media reaction or solid-state reaction or solventless reaction is a chemical reaction performed in the absence of a solvent. Dry media reactions have been developed in the wake of developments in microwave chemistry, and are a part of green chemistry. The drive for the development of dry media reactions in chemis...	{ "page_id": 1711021, "title": "Dry media reaction" }
one of them a Wittig reaction. The reaction goes to completion in 5 minutes with immediate evaporation whereas the same reaction in solution after the same 5 minutes (dichloromethane) has only 70% conversion and even after 24 hours some of the aldehyde remains. == References ==	{ "page_id": 1711021, "title": "Dry media reaction" }
The BioGeM Institute (Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, "Biology and Molecular Genetics") is a nonprofit consortium formed by the National Research Council (CNR), the University of Naples "Federico II", the LUMSA of Rome, the Trieste AREA Science Park, the University of Udine, the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples...	{ "page_id": 37493678, "title": "BioGeM" }
Steria, a French company specialized in consulting and digital services. Since 2013 Biogem has a forensic genetics laboratory too. == Museum == Within the research center there is also Biogeo, a museum dedicated to the origins of geological history throughout the eras from the Precambrian until the Jurassic. Founded in...	{ "page_id": 37493678, "title": "BioGeM" }
In chemistry, the tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a triaugmented triangular prism (a trigonal prism with an extra atom attached to each of its three rectangular fac...	{ "page_id": 35855277, "title": "Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry" }
The medullary command nucleus (MCN), also called the pacemaker nucleus, is a group of nerve cells found in the bodies of weakly electric fish. It controls the function of electrocytes by regulating the frequency of electrical impulses. Signals originating in the MCN are transmitted to electrocytes, where changes in ion...	{ "page_id": 13114288, "title": "Medullary command nucleus" }
The molecular formula C16H10O7 may refer to: Laccaic acid Parietinic acid Wedelolactone	{ "page_id": 23993268, "title": "C16H10O7" }
M. A. Wazed Miah (Bengali: এম এ ওয়াজেদ মিয়া; 6 February 1942 – 9 May 2009) was a Bangladeshi physicist and the writer of a number of texts in physics and some political history books, a former chairman of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission and husband of former prime minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina. == Earl...	{ "page_id": 22748091, "title": "M. A. Wazed Miah" }
(PAEC), initially attached to the Atomic Energy Research Center (AERC) in Karachi. In 1969, Miah got an associateship at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Italy. In the same year, he returned home to Pakistan and continued with the AERC. In Karachi, Miah was the chief scientist at the Karachi Nuclear ...	{ "page_id": 22748091, "title": "M. A. Wazed Miah" }
Technology building of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology is named after him. An academic building is also constructed in his memory in Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. == Publications == Fundamentals of Electro-Magnetics (1982) Fundamentals of Thermodynamics (University Press, Dhaka...	{ "page_id": 22748091, "title": "M. A. Wazed Miah" }
PVSRIPO, or PVS-RIPO, is the name of a modified polio virus that has recently shown promise for treating cancer. It is the focus of clinical trials being conducted at Duke University. PVS-RIPO consists of a genetically modified nonpathogenic version of the oral poliovirus Sabin type 1. The internal ribosome entry site ...	{ "page_id": 46275516, "title": "PVSRIPO" }
Henry Quastler (November 11, 1908 – July 4, 1963) was an Austrian physician and radiologist who became a pioneer in the field of information theory applied to biology after emigrating to America. His work with Sidney Dancoff led to the publication of what is now commonly called Dancoff's Law. == Life == Quastler spent ...	{ "page_id": 43588545, "title": "Henry Quastler" }
concepts and formalisms of information theory with a speed that was almost unbelievable. And why? Because he needed this instrument urgently.". In the 1940s Quastler met Dancoff and collaborated with him to develop information theory in biology. They were interested in the problem of how to define the information conte...	{ "page_id": 43588545, "title": "Henry Quastler" }
of diversity or complexity with which it itself has been built? According to Lily E. Kay, Quastler and Dancoff created "the first technical application of the Weiner-Shannon theory in genetics." Quastler and Dancoff proposed that the replication errors inevitable in biological reproduction must be held in check by a st...	{ "page_id": 43588545, "title": "Henry Quastler" }
each monomer is bound not only along the sugar phosphate backbone, but also through inter-strand bonding between the bases. The capability for self-replication, a fundamental feature of life, emerged when double-stranded polynucleotides disassociated into single-stranded ones and each of these served as a template for ...	{ "page_id": 43588545, "title": "Henry Quastler" }
Henry, eds. (1964). Advances in Radiation Biology, Volume 1. New York: Academic Press. == References ==	{ "page_id": 43588545, "title": "Henry Quastler" }
The molecular formula C9H9NO5 (molar mass: 211.17 g/mol) may refer to: DIMBOA, or 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one Nitroapocynin Topaquinone (TPQ)	{ "page_id": 28449729, "title": "C9H9NO5" }
The molecular formula C9H11N5O3 (molar mass: 237.21 g/mol, exact mass: 237.0862 u) may refer to: Biopterin Dyspropterin Sepiapterin	{ "page_id": 26090437, "title": "C9H11N5O3" }
The molecular formula C9H8O3 (molar mass : 164.16 g/mol, exact mass : 164.047344) may refer to: Caffeic aldehyde, a phenolic aldehyde contained in the seeds of Phytolacca americana Coumaric acids o-Coumaric acid p-Coumaric acid m-Coumaric acid Phenylpyruvic acid Diformylcresol Nadic anhydride	{ "page_id": 23993287, "title": "C9H8O3" }
LCMT1 may refer to: Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (Phosphatase 2A protein)-leucine-carboxy methyltransferase	{ "page_id": 38607818, "title": "LCMT1" }
Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (17 December 1894 – 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics. == Background and education == Hans Kramers was born on 17 Decemb...	{ "page_id": 1842122, "title": "Hans Kramers" }
field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers–Kronig relations with Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated ...	{ "page_id": 1842122, "title": "Hans Kramers" }
Publications of H.A. Kramers	{ "page_id": 1842122, "title": "Hans Kramers" }
Iron bromide is a compound which comprises iron and bromine: Iron(II) bromide, ferrous bromide Iron(III) bromide, ferric bromide	{ "page_id": 34413520, "title": "Iron bromide" }
The molecular formula C15H19NO (molar mass: 229.32 g/mol, exact mass: 229.1467 u) may refer to: Pronethalol (Alderlin, Nethalide) Furfenorex, or furfurylmethylamphetamine	{ "page_id": 36772818, "title": "C15H19NO" }
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
received little benefit or harm. Those animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the 'tamer' individuals: less aggressive, with shorter fight-or-flight distances. Later, these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and led to a...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
this way of life prior to domestication and without human provisioning is unclear and highly debated. In contrast, cats may have become fully dependent on a commensal lifestyle before being domesticated by preying on other commensal animals, such as rats and mice, without any human provisioning. The debate over the ext...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
upon caribou, a Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter-gatherers, thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to adapt to the human habitat more successfully. === Aspergillus and Staphylococcus === Numerous genera of bacteria and fungi live on and ...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter spp. and similar bacteria. Nitrobacter spp. benefit from their association with Nitrosomonas spp. because they use nitrite to obtain energy for growth. Commensalistic associations also occur when one microbial group modifies the environment to make it better suited for another organis...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
and some types of gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered. Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been ...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
animal associating with another until the latter dies, then the former feeds on the corpse of the latter. Examples include some nematodes and some mites. == See also == Mutualism – where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship Parasitism – where one organism benefits at the expense of another organ...	{ "page_id": 72660, "title": "Commensalism" }
Whonamedit? is an online English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification. Though it is a dictionary, many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies. The dictionary is hosted in Norway and was developed by medical historia...	{ "page_id": 3677140, "title": "Whonamedit?" }
The molecular formula C21H20O6 may refer to: Cannflavin B, a prenylflavonoid Curcumin, a curcuminoid 7-O-Methylluteone, a prenylated isoflavone	{ "page_id": 23993305, "title": "C21H20O6" }
Myrmecochory ( (sometimes myrmechory); from Ancient Greek: μύρμηξ, romanized: mýrmēks ("ant") and χορεία khoreíā ("circular dance") is seed dispersal by ants, an ecologically significant ant–plant interaction with worldwide distribution. Most myrmecochorous plants produce seeds with elaiosomes, a term encompassing vari...	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
times in a large number of plant families. A recent phylogenetic study identified more than 100 separate origins of myrmecochory in 55 families of flowering plants. With many independent evolutionary origins, elaiosomes have evolved from a wide variety of parent tissues. Strong selective pressure or the relative ease w...	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
to myrmecochorous plants are increased dispersal distance, directed dispersal, and seed predator avoidance. === Dispersal distance === Increasing dispersal distance from the parent plant is likely to reduce seed mortality resulting from density-dependent effects. Ants can transport seeds as far as 180 m but the average...	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
in areas with infertile soils and less important in areas with more favourable soil chemistry, as in fertile forests. In fire-prone areas, depth of burial is an important factor for successful post-burn germination. This, in turn, is influenced by the nesting habits of the myrmecochorous ants. As such, the value of dir...	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
many other facultative mutualisms, cheating is present on both sides of the interaction. Ants cheat by consuming elaiosomes without transporting seeds or through outright seed predation. Myrmecochorous plants can also cheat, either by producing diaspores with nonremovable elaiosomes or by simulating the presence of a n...	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
of native ant populations. == See also == Myrmecophily Myrmecophyte == References == == External links == Media related to Myrmecochory at Wikimedia Commons Hallam, Jacque. "Flowers and Ants". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 20 January 2022.	{ "page_id": 3087323, "title": "Myrmecochory" }
Ectosymbiosis is a form of symbiotic behavior in which an organism lives on the body surface of another organism (the host), including internal surfaces such as the lining of the digestive tube and the ducts of glands. The ectosymbiotic species, or ectosymbiont, is generally an immobile (or sessile) organism existing o...	{ "page_id": 72668, "title": "Ectosymbiosis" }
Queen hypothesis. The Red Queen hypothesis states that a host will continually evolve defenses against a parasitic attack, and the parasite species will also adapt to these changes in the host defense, the result being competitive coevolution between the two species. Ectosymbiosis adds to the biodiversity of the enviro...	{ "page_id": 72668, "title": "Ectosymbiosis" }
interaction. There are many examples of mutualistic ectosymbiosis that occur in nature. One such relationship is between Branchiobdellida and crayfish in which the Branchiobdellida acts as a bacterial gut cleaner for the crayfish species. Another example is the iron-oxide associated chemoautotrophic bacteria found crus...	{ "page_id": 72668, "title": "Ectosymbiosis" }
other organism is actively harmed. This is the most common form of ectosymbiotic interactions. One of the many examples of ectosymbiotic parasites includes head lice in humans, which feed on blood by attaching to a human's scalp. Additionally, mature Branchiobdellida bacteria act as a nutrient thief in the gut of crayf...	{ "page_id": 72668, "title": "Ectosymbiosis" }
The molecular formula C14H23NO2 (molar mass: 237.343 g/mol) may refer to: 2C-Bu 2CE-5iPrO 2C-iBu 2C-tBu 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine	{ "page_id": 61479903, "title": "C14H23NO2" }
The molecular formula C8H14 (molar mass: 110.20 g/mol) may refer to: Allylcyclopentane Biisobutenyl Bimethallyl Cyclooctenes cis-Cyclooctene trans-Cyclooctene Methylcycloheptene Methylenecycloheptane 1,7-Octadiene Octynes 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne Bicyclooctane Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (polyq...	{ "page_id": 23993313, "title": "C8H14" }
Xanthan gum () is a polysaccharide with many industrial uses, including as a common food additive. It is an effective thickening agent and stabilizer that prevents ingredients from separating. It can be produced from simple sugars by fermentation and derives its name from the species of bacteria used, Xanthomonas campe...	{ "page_id": 596963, "title": "Xanthan gum" }
otherwise be achieved with gluten. In most foods, it is used at concentrations of 0.5% or less. Xanthan gum is used in a wide range of food products, such as sauces, dressings, meat and poultry products, bakery products, confectionery products, beverages, dairy products, and others. In the oil industry, xanthan gum is ...	{ "page_id": 596963, "title": "Xanthan gum" }
easily poured. When it exits the bottle, the shear forces are removed and it thickens again, so it clings to the salad. The rheology of xanthan aqua solutions become visco-elastic at higher concentrations of xanthan gum in water. === Concentrations used === The greater the concentration of xanthan gum in a liquid, the ...	{ "page_id": 596963, "title": "Xanthan gum" }
ratio 2:2:1. A strain of X. campestris that will grow on lactose has been developed, which allows it to be used to process whey, a waste product of cheese production. This can produce 30 g/L of xanthan gum for every 40 g/L of whey powder. Whey-derived xanthan gum is commonly used in many commercial products, such as sh...	{ "page_id": 596963, "title": "Xanthan gum" }
Henle's layer is the third and the outermost layer of the inner root sheath of the hair follicle, consisting of a single layer of cubical cells with clear flattened nuclei. It is named after German physician, pathologist and anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle. == See also == List of distinct cell types in the adult...	{ "page_id": 6036452, "title": "Henle's layer" }
The grandmother hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain the existence of menopause in human life history by identifying the adaptive value of extended kin networking. It builds on the previously postulated "mother hypothesis" which states that as mothers age, the costs of reproducing become greater, and energy devoted to...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
genetic material would better ensure the survival of at least a portion of it. Hamilton's rule suggests that individuals preferentially help those more related to them when costs to themselves are minimal. This is modeled mathematically as r b > c {\displaystyle rb>c} . Grandmothers would, therefore, be expected to for...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
effect == Evolutionary theory dictates that all organisms invest heavily in reproduction in order to replicate their genes. According to parental investment, human females will invest heavily in their young because the number of mating opportunities available to them and how many offspring they are able to produce in a...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
in captive chimpanzees (), with similar findings reflected in a study of the Ngogo (Uganda) wild chimpanzee community reported in October 2023 (). The report of the latter study questioned the grandmother hypothesis by observing that "...chimpanzees have very different living arrangements than humans. Older female chim...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
children are inefficient at acquiring successfully. Children, therefore, require the assistance of an adult to gain this crucial version of sustenance. Often, however, mothers are inhibited by the care of younger offspring and are less available to help their older children forage. In this regard, the Hadza grandmother...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
may be less important than chromosome inheritance. == Criticisms and alternative hypotheses == Some critics have cast doubt on the hypothesis because while it addresses how grandparental care could have maintained longer female post-reproductive lifespans, it does not provide an explanation for how it would have evolve...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
with lower levels of estrogen: osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease and coronary artery disease. However, cross-cultural studies of menopause have found that menopausal symptoms are quite variable among different populations, and that some populations of females do not recognize, and may not even experienc...	{ "page_id": 1580006, "title": "Grandmother hypothesis" }
In nuclear physics, hyperdeformation is theoretically predicted states of an atomic nucleus with an extremely elongated shape and a very high angular momentum. Less elongated states, superdeformation, have been well observed, but the experimental evidence for hyperdeformation is more limited. Hyperdeformed states corre...	{ "page_id": 21568490, "title": "Hyperdeformation" }
Mees' lines or Aldrich–Mees lines, also called leukonychia striata, are white lines of discoloration across the nails of the fingers and toes (leukonychia). == Presentation == They are typically white bands traversing the width of the nail. As the nail grows they move towards the end, and finally disappear when trimmed...	{ "page_id": 3218412, "title": "Mees' lines" }
The Facial Recognition Technology (FERET) program was a government-sponsored project that aimed to create a large, automatic face-recognition system for intelligence, security, and law enforcement purposes. The program began in 1993 under the combined leadership of Dr. Harry Wechsler at George Mason University (GMU) an...	{ "page_id": 20126705, "title": "FERET (facial recognition technology)" }
study. These personal databases were small and usually consisted of images from less than 50 individuals. The only notable exceptions were the following: Alex Pentland’s database of around 7500 facial images at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Joseph Wilder's database of around 250 individuals at Rutgers...	{ "page_id": 20126705, "title": "FERET (facial recognition technology)" }
the end of Phase I, five organizations were given the opportunity to test their face-recognition algorithm on the newly created FERET database in order to compare how they performed against each other. There five principal investigators were: MIT, led by Alex Pentland Rutgers University, led by Joseph Wilder The Analyt...	{ "page_id": 20126705, "title": "FERET (facial recognition technology)" }
database. The Phase III evaluation, which took place in September 1996, aimed to not only gauge the progress of the algorithms since the Phase I assessment but also identify the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm and determine future objectives for research. By the end of 1996, the FERET database had accumulate...	{ "page_id": 20126705, "title": "FERET (facial recognition technology)" }
British Plant Communities is a five-volume work, edited by John S. Rodwell and published by Cambridge University Press, which describes the plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification. Its coverage includes all native vegetation communities and some artificial ones of Great Britain, ...	{ "page_id": 2169841, "title": "British Plant Communities" }
list of errors found in the published books: In Volume 1, on page 38–39, the branches leading from couplets 22 and 23 should read W12, not W14 In volume 3, on page 117, the first branch in couplet 3 should lead to couplet 4, to enable the subcommunities of CG3 to be discerned In volume 3, page 284, the Juncus trifidus ...	{ "page_id": 2169841, "title": "British Plant Communities" }
Coated fabrics are those that have undergone a coating procedure to become more functional and hold the added properties, such as cotton fabrics becoming impermeable or waterproof. Coated textiles are used in a variety of applications, including blackout curtains and the development of waterproof fabrics for raincoats....	{ "page_id": 68426741, "title": "Coated fabrics" }
Kikuo Chishima (千島喜久男, Chishima Kikuo, October 10, 1899 – October 23, 1978) was a Japanese medical researcher known for advocating a variant of the Soviet medical biologist Olga Lepeshinskaya's pseudoscientific cellular theories. His work in this field, referred to as neo-haematology, has been largely discredited. == ...	{ "page_id": 9051130, "title": "Kikuo Chishima" }
by the so-called mitotic cell division. Haematopoietic organ of the red corpuscle is not the bone marrow but the intestinal villus in the adult and the placental villus in the embryonic stage. Orthodox genetics contains some basic mistakes. For instance, according to my finding, the germ cells such as spermatozoa and t...	{ "page_id": 9051130, "title": "Kikuo Chishima" }
orthodox principles, including the negation of spontaneous generation of microorganisms and conventional cell theory. It presents new theories about cell biology, the origin of life, and hematopoiesis. Volume II: Revolution of Heredity, Embryology, and Evolution in Relation to the Origin of Germ Cells - This volume exp...	{ "page_id": 9051130, "title": "Kikuo Chishima" }
civilization, focusing on the harmful effects of pollutants, toxic chemicals, and radioactivity. It covers a wide range of topics including air and water pollution, industrial hygiene, occupational diseases, the relationship between mind and body, the role of religion in medicine, and the principles of health and longe...	{ "page_id": 9051130, "title": "Kikuo Chishima" }
between mankind and the natural environment, alongside his autobiography. == References ==	{ "page_id": 9051130, "title": "Kikuo Chishima" }
Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the tasks of applying machine learning to real-world problems. It is the combination of automation and ML. AutoML potentially includes every stage from beginning with a raw dataset to building a machine learning model ready for deployment. AutoML was prop...	{ "page_id": 55843837, "title": "Automated machine learning" }
data exploration and model interpretation and prediction. == Targets of automation == Automated machine learning can target various stages of the machine learning process. Steps to automate are: Data preparation and ingestion (from raw data and miscellaneous formats) Column type detection; e.g., Boolean, discrete numer...	{ "page_id": 55843837, "title": "Automated machine learning" }
intensive work with knowledge of machine learning algorithms and system design. Additionally, other challenges include meta-learning and computational resource allocation. == See also == Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence and elections Neural architecture search Neuroevolution Self-tuning Neural Network In...	{ "page_id": 55843837, "title": "Automated machine learning" }
In zoology, an inquiline (from Latin inquilinus, "lodger" or "tenant") is an animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of an animal of another species. For example, some organisms, such as insects, may live in the homes of gophers or the garages of humans and feed on debris, fungi, roots, etc...	{ "page_id": 3087357, "title": "Inquiline" }
of the blackberry and some oak galls, in large numbers, and sometimes more than one kind occur in a single gall. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of these inquilines is their frequent close resemblance to the insect that produces the gall they infest. The term inquiline has also been applied to aquatic invertebrates...	{ "page_id": 3087357, "title": "Inquiline" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directi...	{ "page_id": 2169855, "title": "Carbon dioxide (data page)" }
by 22.678 cm3 mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463. == Spectral data == == Notes == == References == Linstrom...	{ "page_id": 2169855, "title": "Carbon dioxide (data page)" }
African village dogs are dogs found in Africa that are directly descended from an ancestral pool of indigenous dogs. African village dogs became the close companion of people in Africa, beginning in North Africa and spreading south. == Middle Eastern origins == The oldest dog remains to be found in Africa date 5,900 ye...	{ "page_id": 39459842, "title": "African village dog" }
dog from Kenya, large in size. Hahoawu: a "clean" medium-sized (11 to 14 kg) watch dog from Togo, with a far sight and a coat of fawn or red colour, well adapted to city life, named after the Haho river. Liberian Dog (a.k.a. Liberian Terrier): a terrier-like dog from West Africa, small and reddish-brown, named after Li...	{ "page_id": 39459842, "title": "African village dog" }
perhaps even the same breed as the African Hairless Dog, small in size (41 cms), with drooping ears. Shilluk Greyhound (a.k.a. Shilluk Dog): an antelope-hunting dog with a robust body and semi-erect (folded) ears, usually of red colour with a black mask, named after the Shilluk nation. Zanzibar Greyhound (a.k.a. Zanzib...	{ "page_id": 39459842, "title": "African village dog" }
Neuroangiogenesis is the coordinated growth of nerves and blood vessels. The nervous and blood vessel systems share guidance cues and cell-surface receptors allowing for this synchronised growth. The term neuroangiogenesis only came into use in 2002 and the process was previously known as neurovascular patterning. The ...	{ "page_id": 47979524, "title": "Neuroangiogenesis" }
development of functional treatments. === Endometriosis === Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disease caused by endometrial tissue implanting outside the uterus, a symptom of which is chronic pelvic pain. The formation, growth and persistence of these implants are dependent upon angiogenesis to increase the supp...	{ "page_id": 47979524, "title": "Neuroangiogenesis" }
The Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton–Boveri theory) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material. It correctly explains the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inheritance by identify...	{ "page_id": 14752773, "title": "Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory" }
but in 1905 it gained strong support when Nettie Stevens showed that the "accessory chromosome" of mealworms' sperm cells was decisive in the sex identity of the progeny, a discovery supported by her mentor E.B. Wilson. Later, Eleanor Carothers documented definitive evidence of independent assortment of chromosomes in ...	{ "page_id": 14752773, "title": "Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory" }
Universal Darwinism, also known as generalized Darwinism, universal selection theory, or Darwinian metaphysics, is a variety of approaches that extend the theory of Darwinism beyond its original domain of biological evolution on Earth. Universal Darwinism aims to formulate a generalized version of the mechanisms of var...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
pattern can "survive" (maintain, be retained) long enough or "reproduce" (replicate, be copied) sufficiently frequently so as not to disappear immediately. This is the heredity component: the information in the pattern must be retained or passed on. The second requirement is that during survival and reproduction variat...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
forms of knowledge by focusing on the variation and selection of ideas and theories, thus laying the basis for the domain of evolutionary epistemology. In the 1990s, Campbell's formulation of the mechanism of "blind-variation-and-selective-retention" (BVSR) was further developed and extended to other domains under the ...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
the past decades the Darwinian perspective has spread ever more widely, in particular across the social sciences as the foundation for numerous schools of study including memetics, evolutionary economics, evolutionary psychology, evolutionary anthropology, neural Darwinism, and evolutionary linguistics. Researchers hav...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
However, there is no strict separation possible, since most of these approaches (e.g. in sociology, psychology and linguistics) consider both genetic and non-genetic (e.g. cultural) aspects of evolution, as well as the interactions between them (see e.g. gene-culture coevolution). === Gene-based Darwinian extensions ==...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
reproduce and are selected for having fundamental constants that maximize "fitness" Complex adaptive systems models the dynamics of complex systems in part on the basis of the variation and selection of its components Evolutionary archaeology is a Darwinian approach to the cultural evolution of tools Evolutionary compu...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
discipline. == Books == Campbell, John. Universal Darwinism: the path of knowledge. Cziko, Gary. Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution. Hodgson, Geoffrey Martin; Knudsen, Thorbjorn. Darwin's Conjecture: The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution. Kelley...	{ "page_id": 20847621, "title": "Universal Darwinism" }
Microcrystallization (or microcrystal test) is a method for identifying lichen metabolites that was predominantly used before the advent of more advanced techniques such as thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Developed primarily by Yasuhiko Asahina, this approach relies on the formatio...	{ "page_id": 73473030, "title": "Microcrystallization" }

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