Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
biases, or on the introduction process. === Evolution by mutation pressure === In classic sources, evolution by "mutation pressure" means the mass transformation of a population by mutational conversion, as in Wilson and Bossert (1971, p. 42). The general assessment of this theory, following Haldane (1932) and Fisher (...	{ "page_id": 72359343, "title": "Bias in the introduction of variation" }
divergence will tend to be aligned (in phenotype space) with the dimension of greatest variation, g m a x {\displaystyle g_{max}} , and this predicted effect of standing variation has been seen repeatedly. This effect (explained more fully in Developmental bias) is called adaptation "along genetic lines of least resist...	{ "page_id": 72359343, "title": "Bias in the introduction of variation" }
a mutational hotspot, e.g.,. in the sense that the evolutionary change would not have happened in the observed manner if the distinctive mutation had not occurred in the manner inferred. This notion differs from the theory of biases in the introduction process because it is an explanatory concept (rather than a mechani...	{ "page_id": 72359343, "title": "Bias in the introduction of variation" }
form is an evolutionarily impossible form), the idea of graduated biases prompts questions of causation, due to the conflict with the classic Haldane-Fisher "opposing pressures" argument, which holds that mere variational tendencies are ineffectual because mutation rates are small. The seminal "developmental constraint...	{ "page_id": 72359343, "title": "Bias in the introduction of variation" }
favored outcomes are not the most fit options, as in the original Yampolsky-Stoltzfus model, where one choice has a higher mutation rate but a smaller fitness benefit, and the other has a higher fitness benefit but a smaller mutation rate. The theory assumes neither that mutationally favored outcomes are more fit, nor ...	{ "page_id": 72359343, "title": "Bias in the introduction of variation" }
The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is the most widespread technique for analyzing codon usage bias. As opposed to other measures of codon usage bias, such as the 'effective number of codons' (Nc), which measure deviation from a uniform bias (null hypothesis), CAI measures the deviation of a given protein coding gene sequ...	{ "page_id": 33496499, "title": "Codon Adaptation Index" }
) 1 L {\displaystyle {\text{CAI}}=(\Pi _{i=1}^{L}w_{i})^{\frac {1}{L}}} == See also == Codon usage bias Genetic code Codon == References ==	{ "page_id": 33496499, "title": "Codon Adaptation Index" }
This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible. To change this template's initial visibility, the \|state=...	{ "page_id": 58465720, "title": "Template:Overton Prize" }
In solid-state physics, the kagome metal or kagome magnet is a type of ferromagnetic quantum material. The atomic lattice in a kagome magnet has layered overlapping triangles and large hexagonal voids, akin to the kagome pattern in traditional Japanese basket-weaving. This geometry induces a flat electronic band struct...	{ "page_id": 56892858, "title": "Kagome metal" }
and more. Magnetic skyrmionic bubbles have been found in Kagome metals over a wide temperature range. For example, they were observed in Fe3Sn2 at ~200-600 K using LTEM but with high critical field ~0.8 T. == See also == Herbertsmithite, a natural kagome magnet Magnon – Spin 1 quasiparticle; quantum of a spin wave == R...	{ "page_id": 56892858, "title": "Kagome metal" }
The molecular formula C10H15N3O5 (molar mass: 257.24 g/mol, exact mass: 257.1012 u) may refer to: Benserazide 5-Methylcytidine	{ "page_id": 25959867, "title": "C10H15N3O5" }
Council for Chemical Research is an organization based in Washington, DC, whose membership represents the U.S. chemical research enterprise. CCR was formed in 1979 to promote cooperation in basic research and encourage high-quality education in the chemical sciences and chemical engineering. CCR's membership currently ...	{ "page_id": 24583613, "title": "Council for Chemical Research" }
on topics such as Intellectual Property Issues. CCR works with the US President, US Congress and federal agencies and research labs on public policy issues within its area of expertise, and writes position statements annually on the budget for federal agencies which fund research in the chemical sciences. === Awards ==...	{ "page_id": 24583613, "title": "Council for Chemical Research" }
Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (abbreviated as CNBS or BACNBS) is a brain research institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) of Harvard Medical School in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area of Boston, Massachusetts. The center is specialized in research, educating, and clini...	{ "page_id": 59186624, "title": "Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation" }
Natural heritage refers to the sum total of the elements of biodiversity, includes flora and fauna, ecosystems and geological structures. It forms part of our natural resources. == Definition == Definitions: Natural heritage refers to natural features, geological and physiographical formations and delineated areas that...	{ "page_id": 3218881, "title": "Natural heritage" }
programs, too, use the same core methodology as the 50 state natural heritage programs. In 1994 The network of natural heritage programs formed a membership association to work together on projects of common interest: the Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI). In 1999, Through an agreement with The Nature Cons...	{ "page_id": 3218881, "title": "Natural heritage" }
and innovation. The new agreements commit countries to conserve biodiversity, develop resources for sustainability and share the benefits resulting from their use. Under new rules, it is expected that bioprospecting or collection of natural products has to be allowed by the biodiversity-rich country, in exchange for a ...	{ "page_id": 3218881, "title": "Natural heritage" }
Vaccination requirements for international travel are the aspect of vaccination policy that concerns the movement of people across borders. Countries around the world require travellers departing to other countries, or arriving from other countries, to be vaccinated against certain infectious diseases in order to preve...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
requirements == === Yellow fever === Travellers who wish to enter certain countries or territories must be vaccinated against yellow fever ten days before crossing the border, and be able to present a vaccination record/certificate at the border checks.: 45 In most cases, this travel requirement depends on whether the ...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
extensively Saudi Arabia for Muslims visiting or working in Mecca and Medina during the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages. For some countries in African meningitis belt, vaccinations prior to entry are not required, but highly recommended.: 21–24 === COVID-19 === During the COVID-19 pandemic, several COVID-19 vaccines were dev...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
Qantas' policy, stating: "Sooner or later, having proof of vaccination or a negative test will become compulsory." Ryanair announced it would not require proof of vaccination for air travel within the EU, EasyJet stated it would not require any proof at all. The Irish Times commented that a vaccination certificate for ...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
has no plans" for a passport vaccination stamp, his government was working on changing the passenger locator form to include proof of PCR negative tests for the coronavirus, and that it was likely to be further adjusted to include vaccination data when a COVID-19 vaccine would become available. Coveney stressed that "W...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
the WHO.: 21–24 As of July 2019, ebola vaccines and malaria vaccines were still in development and not yet recommended for travellers.: 4 Instead, the WHO recommends various other means of prevention, including several forms of chemoprophylaxis, in areas where there is a significant risk of becoming infected with malar...	{ "page_id": 66002370, "title": "Vaccination requirements for international travel" }
The Kinyoun method or Kinyoun stain (cold method), developed by Joseph J. Kinyoun, is a procedure used to stain acid-fast species of the bacterial genus Mycobacterium. It is a variation of a method developed by Robert Koch in 1882. Certain species of bacteria have a waxy lipid called mycolic acid, in their cell walls w...	{ "page_id": 43785666, "title": "Kinyoun stain" }
The molecular formula C18H29NO4 (molar mass: 323.43 g/mol, exact mass: 323.2097 u) may refer to: Bufetolol Cicloprolol	{ "page_id": 41557441, "title": "C18H29NO4" }
In atomic, molecular and optical physics, the Araki–Sucher correction is a leading-order correction to the energy levels of atoms and molecules due to effects of quantum electrodynamics (QED). It is named after Huzihiro Araki and Joseph Sucher, who first calculated it for the helium atom in 1957. The method is based on...	{ "page_id": 55582147, "title": "Araki–Sucher correction" }
DNA re-replication (or simply rereplication) is an undesirable and possibly fatal occurrence in eukaryotic cells in which the genome is replicated more than once per cell cycle. Rereplication is believed to lead to genomic instability and has been implicated in the pathologies of a variety of human cancers. To prevent ...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
factors also have a large influence on what gets replicated and when it gets replicated. == Origin licensing == All known mechanisms that prevent DNA rereplication in eukaryotic organisms inhibit origin licensing. Origin licensing is the preliminary step for normal replication initiation during late G1 and early S phas...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
state from the moment of initiation until passage through mitosis. Origins of replication alternate between these two distinct states during the cell cycle. A licensing factor which is required for replication initiation binds to origins in the prereplicative state. At the G1/S transition, the factor is inactivated and...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
differences across organisms are noted. In multicellular eukaryotes pre-RC assembly is regulated by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in addition to CDKs. APC, an E3 enzyme, ubiquitinates the protein geminin and targets it for degradation. Geminin normally prevents origin licensing by binding to and inhibiting Cdt1....	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
may not be sufficient to maintain genome stability over many generations. Instead, it is believed that the multiplicative effect of many overlapping mechanisms is what sufficiently prevents rereplication and ensures the faithful transmission of a cell's genome. == Preventing rereplication == Cells with replication stre...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
organisms and humans. Replication initiation proteins are overexpressed in tissue samples from several types of human cancers and experimental overexpression of Cdt1 and Cdc6 can cause tumor development in mouse cells. Similarly, Geminin ablation in knockout mice has been reported to enhance tumor formation. Further, t...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
important and widespread mechanism in many cell types. It does not adhere to many of the cell cycle checkpoints and damage controls in regularly dividing cells, but it does not result in uncontrolled re-replication. Endoreduplication is a controlled process and occurs to perform a specific cell function. In some cells,...	{ "page_id": 34086352, "title": "DNA re-replication" }
The Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry (RSEQ) is a Spanish scientific society dedicated to the development and dissemination of chemistry, in its aspect of pure science and in its applications. It originated in 1980 after the split of the Spanish Royal Society of Physics and Chemistry which itself was founded in 1903. ...	{ "page_id": 41557458, "title": "Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry" }
of the developing policies of the time. In the 70 territorial sections are consolidated specialized groups, such as Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (created in 1967), and Adsorption (created in 1978). At the end of the decade it was decided to divide the society into two independent branches, the Royal Society of Ch...	{ "page_id": 41557458, "title": "Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry" }
Chimica Italiana, Liebigs Annalen, Polish Journal of Chemistry, Recueil des Travaux des Pays-Bas Chimiques and Revista Portuguesa de Química. The Association of European Journals in partnership with Wiley-VCH publishes several magazines: Chemistry - A European Journal, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, European ...	{ "page_id": 41557458, "title": "Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry" }
Butylphthalide (3-n-butylphthalide or NBP) is one of the chemical constituents in celery oil, along with sedanolide, which is primarily responsible for the aroma and taste of celery. Studies in animal models suggest that butylphthalide may be useful for the treatment of hypertension and may have neuroprotective effects...	{ "page_id": 33693140, "title": "Butylphthalide" }
SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a statistical software suite developed by SAS Institute for data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, and predictive analytics. SAS was developed at North Carolina State University from 1966 until 1976, when SAS Institute was inc...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
also display results, sort data or perform other operations. SAS macros are pieces of code or variables that are coded once and referenced to perform repetitive tasks. SAS data can be published in HTML, PDF, Excel, RTF and other formats using the Output Delivery System, which was first introduced in 2007. SAS Enterpris...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
documentation. The first versions of SAS, from SAS 71 to SAS 82, were named after the year in which they were released. In 1971, SAS 71 was published as a limited release. It was used only on IBM mainframes and had the main elements of SAS programming, such as the DATA step and the most common procedures, i.e. PROCs. T...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
PL/I, Fortran, and assembly language. In the 1980s and 1990s, SAS released a number of components to complement Base SAS. SAS/GRAPH, which produces graphics, was released in 1980, as well as the SAS/ETS component, which supports econometric and time series analysis. A component intended for pharmaceutical users, SAS/PH...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
for patterns in business intelligence applications. In 2004, SAS Version 9.0 was released, referred to as "Project Mercury" internally, and was designed to make SAS accessible to a broader range of business users. SAS 9.0 added custom user interfaces based on the user's role and established the point-and-click user int...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
announced several new products that were specialized for different industries, as well as new training software. The company has invested in the development of artificial general intelligence, or "strong AI", with the goal of advancing deep learning and natural language processing to the point of achieving cognitive co...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
easier to learn but had less capable analytic abilities, though these could be expanded with paid (in SPSS) or free (in Stata) add-ons. Acock concluded that SAS was best for power users, while occasional users would benefit most from SPSS and Stata. A 2014 comparison by the University of California, Los Angeles, gave s...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
platform. == Adoption == According to IDC, SAS is the largest market-share holder in "advanced analytics" with 35.4 percent of the market as of 2013. It is the fifth largest market-share holder for business intelligence (BI) software with a 6.9% share and the largest independent vendor. It competes in the BI market aga...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
Healthcare and life sciences === SAS has been a partner of the Cleveland Clinic since 1982. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the clinic used predictive models developed by SAS to forecast factors such as patient volume, availability of medical equipment and bed capacity in various scenarios. SAS joined UNC Chapel Hill's R...	{ "page_id": 990677, "title": "SAS (software)" }
A singleton field theory is a quantum field theory that treats massless particles in anti-de Sitter spacetime as pairs of "singletons". Originally introduced by Moshé Flato and Christian Frønsdal, they are based on Paul Dirac's work on the representation theory of the group SO(3,2). == See also == Preon == References =...	{ "page_id": 3415509, "title": "Singleton field" }
In cellular biology, mechanotransduction (mechano + transduction) is any of various mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into electrochemical activity. This form of sensory transduction is responsible for a number of senses and physiological processes in the body, including proprioception, touch, balan...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
ear canal cause the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles. At the end of the ossicular chain, movement of the stapes footplate within the oval window of the cochlea generates a pressure field within the cochlear fluids, imparting a pressure differential across the basilar membrane. A sinusoidal pr...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
they are subsequently dissipated and transmitted to chondrocytes (cartilage cells). Chondrocytes sense and convert the mechanical signals they receive into biochemical signals, which subsequently direct and mediate both anabolic (matrix building) and catabolic (matrix degrading) processes. These processes include the s...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
regulate matrix production and degradation. Integrin receptors have an extracellular domain that binds to the ECM proteins (collagen, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin and osteopontin), and a cytoplasmic domain that interacts with intracellular signaling molecules. When an integrin receptor binds to its ECM ligand and ...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
studies published by Wann et al. in FASEB Journal have demonstrated for the first time that primary cilia are required for chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Chondrocytes derived from IFT88 mutant mice did not express primary cilia and did not show the characteristic mechanosensitive up regulation of proteoglycan synthes...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
D.; Martin, P. (2000). "Putting ion channels to work: Mechanoelectrical transduction, adaptation, and amplification by hair cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (22): 11765–72. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9711765H. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11765. PMC 34347. PMID 11050207. Hudspeth, A. J. (1989). "How the ea...	{ "page_id": 2891226, "title": "Mechanotransduction" }
The United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning was a nonbinding statement against all forms of human cloning approved by a divided UN General Assembly. The vote came in March 2005, after four years of debate and an end to attempts for an international ban. In the 191-nation assembly, there were 84 votes in favor of a ...	{ "page_id": 53485022, "title": "United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning" }
Centre.	{ "page_id": 53485022, "title": "United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning" }
The molecular formula C12H14O2 (molar mass: 190.24 g/mol) may refer to: Butylphthalide (3-n-butylphthalide or NBP) Ligustilide	{ "page_id": 33693150, "title": "C12H14O2" }
Entozoa is an obsolete taxonomic term that historically referred to a group of parasitic animals that live inside the bodies of other organisms. It was originally used in older classifications to describe a diverse assortment of internal parasites, including parasitic worms (like tapeworms and roundworms) and some prot...	{ "page_id": 78519776, "title": "Entozoa" }
In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components. == See also == Reference ranges for common blood tests == References ==	{ "page_id": 466401, "title": "List of human blood components" }
Walter Benenson (born April 27, 1936) is a university distinguished professor emeritus in the department of physics and astronomy at Michigan State University. He retired in 2008, but continued to teach for another 10 years. == Research == Walter Benenson obtained his Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics from the Univ...	{ "page_id": 69148127, "title": "Walter Benenson" }
first version of their online homework system. In subsequent years, they were instrumental in creating the LearningOnline Network with CAPA (LON-CAPA), which is now used at more than 70 universities and colleges in the United States and around the world. == Administrative positions == Member, IUPAP Commission on Symbol...	{ "page_id": 69148127, "title": "Walter Benenson" }
BioUML (Biological Universal Modeling Language) is an open-source web-based software platform written in Java with support for JavaScript and R. The main field is systems biology and data analysis - visualization of biological data, modeling of biological systems, as well as access to bioinformatics databases. It was o...	{ "page_id": 33693156, "title": "BioUML" }
analyze and produce visualizations and simulations. It allows for parameter fitting and supports several analysis techniques required to deal with large amounts of raw data. The management of large volumes of data, commonly referred to as 'big data,' poses technical challenges in terms of storage, delivery, and sharing...	{ "page_id": 33693156, "title": "BioUML" }
Nina Antonivna Karavanska (née Strokata; 31 January 1926 – 2 August 1998) was a Ukrainian dissident, Soviet microbiologist and immunologist. She was a member of the dissident movement in the USSR, a co-founder of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group and one of the leading human rights activists in Odesa during the Soviet perio...	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
university, where she worked until 1971. At that time she had prepared her PhD thesis. Karavansky resumed his studies at the evening department of the philological faculty of Odesa State University (now the I. I. Mechnikov Odesa State University), and also joined the opposition struggle. He prepared and distributed sam...	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
Antonovna Strokata in order to instill in her a sense of high patriotic duty as a citizen of the USSR." The result of this decision was the persecution of Strokata, condemnation of her behavior in the team and in the administration. Prolonged harassment at work ended with her dismissal in May 1971. As Strokata could no...	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
of the Ukrainian SSR to four years in a maximum security camp on charges of "conducting anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." The woman was serving her sentence in the women's department of the ZhKh-385/3 camp, located in the village of Barashevo, Tengushevsky District, Mordovia. Even during her nine-month stay in the...	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
Helsinki Accords. She took an active part in this movement, in particular, all documents and appeals of the group were created with the participation of Karavanska and signed. In addition, she also maintained contact with the Moscow Helsinki Group. Only then, that is 10 years after the arrest of Sviatoslav Karavansky, ...	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
implementation of the Helsinki Accords." == Notes == == References ==	{ "page_id": 67444197, "title": "Nina Strokata Karavanska" }
Surrogacy is an arrangement whereby a woman gets pregnant and gives birth on behalf of another person or couple who will become the child's legal parents after birth. People pursue surrogacy for a variety of reasons such as infertility, dangers or undesirable factors of pregnancy, or when pregnancy is a medical impossi...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
are differentiated by the genetic origin of the egg. Gestational surrogacy tends to be more common than traditional surrogacy and is considered less legally complex. === Traditional surrogacy === A traditional surrogacy (also known as partial, natural, or straight surrogacy) is one where the surrogate's egg is fertilis...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
== === Embryo === The embryo implanted in gestational surrogacy faces the same risks as anyone using IVF would. Preimplantation risks of the embryo include unintentional epigenetic effects, influence of media which the embryo is cultured on, and undesirable consequences of invasive manipulation of the embryo. Often, mu...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
== Among gestational surrogacy arrangements, between 19–33% of gestational surrogates will successfully become pregnant from an embryo transfer. Of these cases, 30–70% will result in live birth. For surrogate pregnancies where only one child is born, the preterm birth rate in surrogacy is marginally lower than babies b...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
(IVF), using the eggs and sperm of the intended parents or donors, and is then transferred to the surrogate. Because gestational surrogacy includes at least one round of IVF, it is always more expensive than a round of IVF alone. According to recommendations made by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryo...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
Keane wrote the first surrogacy contract in the United States. 1978 – Louise Brown, the first "test-tube baby", was born in England, the product of the first successful IVF procedure. 1985–1986 – A woman carried the first successful gestational surrogate pregnancy. 1986 – Melissa Stern, otherwise known as "Baby M," was...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
of Tabasco that restricts surrogacy to Mexican married couples is unconstitutional. It also ruled that legal parentage should be based on the presence of procreational will, not genetic or gestational relationship. 2024 – Italy bans surrogacy both at home and abroad, making it illegal for Italian citizens to travel abr...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
surrogacy have reported similar experiences to those of other couples who have used surrogacy, including their relationship with both their child and their surrogate. A study has followed a cohort of 32 surrogacy, 32 egg donation, and 54 natural conception families through to age seven, reporting the impact of surrogac...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
laws, but the practice has since been restricted. In 2013, Thailand banned commercial surrogacy, and restricted altruistic surrogacy to Thai couples. In 2016, Cambodia also banned commercial surrogacy. Nepal, Mexico, and India have also recently banned foreign commercial surrogacy. Laws dealing with surrogacy must deal...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
prohibited or void, then there is no recourse if one party to the agreement has a change of heart: if a surrogate changes her mind and decides to keep the child, the intended mother has no claim to the child even if it is her genetic offspring, and the couple cannot get back any money they may have paid the surrogate; ...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
identified the question of citizenship of these children as a "pressing problem" in the Permanent Bureau 2014 Study (Hague Conference Permanent Bureau, 2014a: 84–94). According to U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, for a child born abroad to be a U.S. citizen one or both of the child's genetic parent...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
is a surrogate mother or a connecting third agency, despite the state government's attitude to ban such practice. Any medical organization involved in surrogacy will be considered as law violation, including any institution that organizes, implements, or facilitates egg retrieval and sale of women. Statistics found mor...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
While some hold that any consensual process is not a human rights violation, other human rights activists argue that human rights are not just about survival but about human dignity and respect. Almost all countries ban the sale of human organs (e.g., selling a spare kidney) and renting out the use of human organs and ...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
control over the process of surrogate pregnancy. Isolated from friends and family and required to live in separate surrogacy hostels on the pretext of ensuring consistent prenatal care, it is argued that gestational carriers may face psychological challenges that cannot be offset by the (limited) economic benefits of s...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
is the birthmother; similarly, a surrogate is still the birthmother even if she was paid to use a donor egg. Some argue that birth mothers cannot be coerced (or paid) to relinquish their custody of the child they bore (though any birthmother might need to share custody with another). It has been argued that under laws ...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
a good or service that the State can guarantee or provide, but rather a rights-bearing human being” and argues that commercial surrogacy (where transfer of the child is a condition for payment) violates human rights as it is considered to be the sale of children (and humans cannot be bought or sold). UNICEF says “A leg...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
process. However, there are also opinions that this separation from the children is not voluntary for surrogate mothers, but is forced by third-party agencies or restricted by unfair contracts. They can only give up the right to raise their children and send them away despite suffering great psychological and emotional...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
create the embryos. Additionally, some people have additional fees for egg or sperm donations, travel, money paid to the surrogate for lost work, maternity clothes, or other expenses. == Religious issues == Different religions take different approaches to surrogacy, often related to their stances on assisted reproducti...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
birth, marriage, and life. Paragraph 2376 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that: "Techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral.". Paragraph 2378 states, “A child is not som...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
a story in the Bhagavata Purana which suggests the practice of gestational carrier-hood: Kamsa, the wicked king of Mathura, had imprisoned his sister Devaki and her husband Vasudeva because oracles had informed him that her child would be his killer. Every time she delivered a child, he smashed its head on the floor. H...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
Lord Mahavira was transferred from a Brahmin woman Devananada to the womb of Trishala, the queen of Kshatriya ruler Siddharth, by a divinity named Harinegameshin. This account is not present in Digambara Jain texts, however. Other sources state that surrogacy is not objectionable in the Jain view as it is seen as a phy...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
Jewish scholars and rabbis also cite ethical concerns surrounding the "broken relationship" between the child and its surrogate birth mother. Rabbi Immanuel Jacovits, chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregation from 1976 to 1991, reported in his 1975 publication Jewish Medical Ethics that "to use another person as an...	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
have all recently implemented bans on commercial surrogacy for non-residents. China is also a famous destination, even though surrogacy is legally banned. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Berend, Zsuzsa (2016). "The Online World of Surrogacy". Berghahn Books. Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (April 3, 2010)....	{ "page_id": 1514981, "title": "Surrogacy" }
A centrode, in kinematics, is the path traced by the instantaneous center of rotation of a rigid plane figure moving in a plane. There are two types of centrodes: a space or fixed centrode, and a body or moving centrode. The moving centrode rolls without slip on the fixed centrode. == Gallery == == See also == Four-bar...	{ "page_id": 26025449, "title": "Centrode" }
A toxophore is the chemical group that produces the toxic effect in a toxin molecule: commonly used in pharmaceutical and pesticide sciences. == References ==	{ "page_id": 30678506, "title": "Toxophore" }
Novelty detection is the mechanism by which an intelligent organism is able to identify an incoming sensory pattern as being hitherto unknown. If the pattern is sufficiently salient or associated with a high positive or strong negative utility, it will be given computational resources for effective future processing. T...	{ "page_id": 12656117, "title": "Novelty detection" }
Phoslock is the commercial name for a bentonite clay in which the sodium and/or calcium ions are exchanged for lanthanum. The lanthanum contained within Phoslock reacts with phosphate to form an inert mineral known as rhabdophane ( LaPO 4 ⋅ n H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {LaPO4.{\mathit {n}}H2O}}} ). Phoslock is used in l...	{ "page_id": 37887483, "title": "Phoslock" }
Wax emulsions are stable mixtures of one or more waxes in water. Waxes and water are normally immiscible but can be brought together stably by the use of surfactants and a clever preparation process. Strictly speaking a wax emulsion should be called a wax dispersion since the wax is solid at room temperature. However, ...	{ "page_id": 49552891, "title": "Wax emulsion" }
Emulsions based on natural waxes are used for coating fruits and candies and crop protection. Synthetic wax based emulsions are often used in food packaging. Wax emulsions based on beeswax, carnauba wax and paraffin wax are used in creams and ointments. The emergence of soybean waxes with varying properties and melt po...	{ "page_id": 49552891, "title": "Wax emulsion" }
The Emde degradation (also called Emde-reaction or Emde-reduction) is a method for the reduction of a quaternary ammonium cation to a tertiary amine with sodium amalgam: This organic reaction was first described in 1909 by the German chemist Hermann Emde. It was for a long time of great importance in structure elucidat...	{ "page_id": 5643773, "title": "Emde degradation" }
The Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction or BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the High Seas Treaty or Global Ocean Treaty, is a legally binding instrument fo...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
possibility to create marine protected areas in international waters. By doing so the agreement now makes it possible to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030 (part of the 30 by 30 target). Though the agreement does not directly address climate change, it also serves as a step towards protecting the ecosystems that store c...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.