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jurisdiction. The High Seas treaty aims to address the regulatory gaps, by promoting coherence and coordination with and among existing institutions, frameworks, and bodies. Areas beyond national jurisdiction comprise the 'high seas' (water column beyond the national jurisdiction of countries) and the ‘area’ (internati...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
instrument: During the first session in September 2018, the concept of 'Beyond National Jurisdiction' seemed to have a greater influence on positions taken than the direct concerns regarding 'Biodiversity' itself. In the second session March/April 2019, it became clear that the principle stating that the new BBNJ agree...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
be open for two years from 20 September 2023. In January 2024, Ambassador Ilana Seid presented the agreement of Palau to the agreement. Palau was the first of the sixty required to agree with the new treaty. == The content of the treaty == === Marine genetic resources (MGRs), including the fair and equitable sharing of...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
protected areas (MPAs) are recognized as key tools for conserving and restoring biodiversity. They can be used to protect, preserve and maintain certain areas beyond national jurisdiction. Marine protected areas offer a degree of long term conservation, and are already established in some areas. However, the protection...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
assessments (EIAs) === Environmental impact assessments have the potential to predict, reduce and prevent human activities affecting marine biodiversity and ecosystems. While the institutional and legal framework for environmental impact assessments is well established in areas within national jurisdiction, it is less ...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
to monitor and review the undertaken initiatives, under the authority of the Conference of the Parties. == Institutional Setup == The treaty introduces a new institutional framework in part VI about 'Institutional Arrangements', including the Conference of the Parties, the Scientific and Technical Body, the secretariat...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
treaty in a timely manner. The clearing-house mechanism will work as an open-access platform, facilitating the access, provision, and dissemination of information. It will promote transparency and facilitate international cooperation and collaboration. The mechanism will be managed by the secretariat. In addition, the ...	{ "page_id": 73211394, "title": "BBNJ Agreement" }
The ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics is a biennial academic conference on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology, organized by the African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ASBCB). The conference was first held in 2007 as the "ASBCB Conference on the Bioinformatics of...	{ "page_id": 35528199, "title": "ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics" }
== List of conferences == == References == == External links == 2011 Conference Website 2009 Conference Website	{ "page_id": 35528199, "title": "ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics" }
Perturb-seq (also known as CRISP-seq and CROP-seq) refers to a high-throughput method of performing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on pooled genetic perturbation screens. Perturb-seq combines multiplexed CRISPR mediated gene inactivations with single cell RNA sequencing to assess comprehensive gene expression p...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
For example, the CRISPR-seq paper demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo studies using this technology, and the CROP-seq protocol facilitates large screens by providing a vector that makes the guide RNA itself readable (rather than relying on expressed barcodes), which allows for single-step guide RNA cloning. A June ...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
fluorescent protein, such that successfully transduced cells can be visually and quantitatively assessed by their expression. Antibiotic resistance gene: similar to fluorescent markers, antibiotic resistance genes are often incorporated into vectors to allow for selection of successfully transduced cells. CRISPR-associ...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
are performed to map quality reads to a reference genome. Deconvolution of cell barcodes, guide barcodes and UMIs enables the association of guide RNAs with the cells that contain them, thus allowing the gene expression profile of each cell to be affiliated with a particular perturbation. Further downstream analyses on...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
and powerful computational methods and bioinformatics pipelines to better make sense of the resulting data. Another challenge associated with this protocol is the creation of large scale CRISPR libraries. The preparation of these extensive libraries depends upon a comparative increase in the resources required to cultu...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
paper, “Perturb-Seq: Dissecting Molecular Circuits with Scalable Single-Cell RNA Profiling of Pooled Genetic Screens”, the authors used Perturb-seq to conduct knockouts of transcription factors related to the immune response in hundreds of thousands of cells to investigate the cellular consequences of their inactivatio...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
confirmed more than 70 known activators and repressors of TCR signaling cascades, hence showcasing the potential of Perturb-seq (CROP-seq) screens to support translational research. While these publications used these protocols for answering complex biological questions, this technology can also be used as a validation...	{ "page_id": 53353992, "title": "Perturb-seq" }
Cell unroofing encompasses various methods used to isolate and expose the cell membrane of cells. Unlike the more common membrane extraction protocols performed with multiple steps of centrifugation (which aims to separate the membrane fraction from a cell lysate), cell unroofing aims to tear and preserve patches of th...	{ "page_id": 59579913, "title": "Cell unroofing" }
Tephrochronology is a geochronological technique for dating archaeological, geological and palaeoenvironmental sequences and events by their location between upper and lower layers of tephra (volcanic ejecta) of known date, and for correlating such sequences and events at separate locations between the same layers. The...	{ "page_id": 3350024, "title": "Tephrochronology" }
applied to tephra and other samples from the same eruption, may allow magma sources, magma residence times and the geochemical conditions of the magma formation to be better understood with dating of more than just the eruption itself, but also when the magma first evolved separately, or incorporated other rocks. == Hi...	{ "page_id": 3350024, "title": "Tephrochronology" }
volcanic events may also leave their fingerprint in the geological record: Hayes Volcano is responsible for a series of six major tephra layers in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska. Tephra horizons provide a synchronous check against which to correlate the palaeoclimatic reconstructions that are obtained from terrestrial...	{ "page_id": 3350024, "title": "Tephrochronology" }
(2003). "Extending the limits of the Borrobol Tephra to Scandinavia and detection of new early Holocene tephras". Quaternary Research. 59 (3): 345–352. Bibcode:2003QuRes..59..345D. doi:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00035-8. S2CID 59409634. Dugmore, Andrew; Buckland, Paul (1991). "Tephrochronology and Late Holocene Soil Erosion...	{ "page_id": 3350024, "title": "Tephrochronology" }
Persoonia is an English-language peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes research within the disciplines of taxonomy, molecular systematics, and evolution of fungi. The journal, established in 1959, is edited by József Geml and Pedro W. Crous, and is published jointly by the National Herbarium of the Netherland...	{ "page_id": 48307730, "title": "Persoonia (journal)" }
A calibration gas is a reference gas or gas mixture used as comparative standard in the calibration of analytical instruments, like gas analysers or gas detectors. Therefore, a calibration gas has to be of a precisely defined nature or composition, like zero gas or span gas, for example 500 ppm carbon monoxide in nitro...	{ "page_id": 38936084, "title": "Calibration gas" }
for consistency across laboratories, regulatory compliance, and scientific reproducibility. == Tolerance and accuracy == In the calibration gas, preparation tolerance (PT) and certification/analytical accuracy (CA) are of utmost importance. Preparation tolerance is the concentration range that includes minor component ...	{ "page_id": 38936084, "title": "Calibration gas" }
ensures gas detectors perform reliably in safety-critical applications, helping prevent accidents, exposure to toxic substances, and potential regulatory violations. == References == == External links == Definition at hiq.linde-gas.com	{ "page_id": 38936084, "title": "Calibration gas" }
A refuge area is a countermeasure against pesticide resistance in agriculture. In this technique two adjacent pieces of land are demarcated, and one is applied with a pesticide and one is not – the refuge. Given that resistance develops concurrent with application, a more complex way of dealing with the problem is need...	{ "page_id": 66592277, "title": "Pesticide refuge area" }
Nucleotide sugars are the activated forms of monosaccharides. Nucleotide sugars act as glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions. Those reactions are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called glycosyltransferases. == History == The anabolism of oligosaccharides - and, hence, the role of nucleotide sugars - was not clear ...	{ "page_id": 14360086, "title": "Nucleotide sugar" }
of nucleotide sugars is very important. Any malfunction in any contributing enzyme will lead to a certain disease for example: Inclusion body myopathy: is a congenital disease resulted from altered function of UDP-GlcNAc epimerase . Macular corneal dystrophy: is a congenital disease resulted from malfunction of GlcNAc-...	{ "page_id": 14360086, "title": "Nucleotide sugar" }
This list of ecoregions of North America provides an overview of North American ecoregions designated by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in its North American Environmental Atlas. It should not be confused with Wikipedia articles based on the classification system developed by the World Wildlife Fund...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
deserts are the Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahuan and the Great Basin. === Plant communities === The North American Deserts are home to a variety of plant species. These plants are categorized as either xerophytes, adapted to the arid conditions of the desert, or phreatophytes, which are plants with very deep roots that are ...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
Deserts such as the bighorn sheep, mule deer, white-tailed deer, ground squirrel, coyote, prairie dog, cottontail rabbit, desert packrat, and mountain lion. There are a number of birds and reptiles that thrive in these ecosystems as well. The cactus wren, Gambel's quail, burrowing owl, red-tailed hawk, hummingbird, des...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
Mojave lies between the Sonoran (south) and the Great Basin (north). Here, soil is shallow, rocky, and dry. The average elevation is between 3,000–6,000 feet (910–1,830 m) above sea level. The Mojave has several mountain range boundaries, the Garlock and the San Andres. They are made up of the two largest faults in the...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
desert ecosystem. All four deserts experience times of drought and times of intense precipitation. The Colorado River flows through the Mojave, Great Basin, and Sonoran desert. But, differences in seasonal rain create the differing hydrological cycles. The Great Basin receives most its rainfall in the winter. This lead...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
the Chihuahuan desert. These areas have a tropical desert climate, and are known as the hottest and driest place on the continent. This is due to the continental interior location on the leeward side of mountains, with constant subtropical high pressures. The high temperatures throughout the year are due to the high pe...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
system located in the Chihuahuan desert, while also building new low tech water treatment facilities that will help to prevent overall water table depletion. The World Wildlife Fund is replanting disturbed, upland vegetation in order to retain species habitat and biodiversity. These measures are helping to protect and ...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
It tends to be around 46 centimeters tall and has about a 20 centimeter diameter. It has 8 ribs that are lined with spines. The cactus blooms from April to May with a purple flower and white, hairy fruit. Like many cacti, it is rather slow growing at a rate of just 2 inches in 10 years, due to minimal nutrient input. I...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
as natural erosion from increased rainfall has caused a 4–5 degree increase in average afternoon temperatures, which means for many species less available water and nutrients they need to survive. These effects will lead to less biodiversity in the area, which is one of the main combatant factors that biota have agains...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
Basin region and this resource is non-renewable. Oil is mined out of rocks and creates massive holes that disrupt the ecosystem. The process with taking oil is not sustainable and this resource is scarce. Another resource that is mined is copper. Along with oil, this resource is also scarce as it is non-renewable and a...	{ "page_id": 17964574, "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)" }
Trichosclereids are hard needlelike branched cells found in some species of plants that serve the purpose of protecting the plant from herbivores. They are usually approximately 6 mm (1/4 inch) long, but in some species they grow to as long as 1 cm (0.4 inches). Trichosclereids are a type of sclereids that can be found...	{ "page_id": 20651551, "title": "Trichosclereid" }
Model building is a hobby and career that involves the creation of physical models either from kits or from materials and components acquired by the builder. The kits contain several pieces that need to be assembled in order to make a final model. Most model-building categories have a range of common scales that make t...	{ "page_id": 1252897, "title": "Model building" }
of Fine Arts located in Yekaterinburg Russia (Foto)	{ "page_id": 1252897, "title": "Model building" }
In quantum physics, exceptional points are singularities in the parameter space where two or more eigenstates (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) coalesce. These points appear in dissipative systems, which make the Hamiltonian describing the system non-Hermitian. == Photonics == The losses in photonic systems, are a feature...	{ "page_id": 70917667, "title": "Exceptional point" }
0 R ( λ + ϵ ) ⟩ ⟨ ψ 0 L ( λ + ϵ ) \| ψ 0 R ( λ ) ⟩ {\displaystyle F=\langle \psi _{0}^{L}(\lambda )\|\psi _{0}^{R}(\lambda +\epsilon )\rangle \langle \psi _{0}^{L}(\lambda +\epsilon )\|\psi _{0}^{R}(\lambda )\rangle } the real part of the fidelity susceptibility diverges toward negative infinity when the parameters approa...	{ "page_id": 70917667, "title": "Exceptional point" }
A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in a related or sub-field: engineering or computational mechanics, applied mechanics, geomechanics, biomechanics, and mechanics of materials. Names other than mechanician have been used occasionally, such as mechaniker and mechanicist. Th...	{ "page_id": 4595238, "title": "Mechanician" }
Gabriel Stokes: fluid mechanics Gustav Kirchhoff: theory of plates Josiah Willard Gibbs: thermodynamics Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: contact mechanics == People who made lasting contributions to mechanics and died during or after the 20th century == Ludwig Burmester: theory of linkages Carlo Alberto Castigliano: Elasticity (...	{ "page_id": 4595238, "title": "Mechanician" }
The molecular formula C18H10O9 (molar mass: 370.27 g/mol, exact mass: 370.0325 u) may refer to: Eckstolonol Variegatorubin	{ "page_id": 37887527, "title": "C18H10O9" }
Coprophagia ( KOP-rə-FAY-jee-ə) or coprophagy ( kə-PROF-ə-jee) is the consumption of feces. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek κόπρος kópros "feces" and φαγεῖν phageîn "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allo...	{ "page_id": 7720, "title": "Coprophagia" }
have a symbiotic relationship (e.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites, a three-way symbiotic relationship exists; termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these ter...	{ "page_id": 7720, "title": "Coprophagia" }
sterile and do not contain these bacteria. Without doing this, they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Piglets with access to maternal feces early in life exhibited better performance. Hamsters, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and pigs eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a so...	{ "page_id": 7720, "title": "Coprophagia" }
The 120 Days of Sodom, a 1785 novel by Marquis de Sade, prominently features depictions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia. The 1975 film of the same name also contains scenes of coprophilia and coprophagia. === As a supposed medical treatment === Ayurveda and Siddha medicine use animal excreta in various forms, wit...	{ "page_id": 7720, "title": "Coprophagia" }
Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The Observatory provides solar data and images of observation. Study solar flares and sunspots. == See also == List of astronomical observatories == Refer...	{ "page_id": 42868264, "title": "Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory" }
Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU, BUdR, BrdUrd, broxuridine) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with a chemical structure similar to thymidine. BrdU is commonly used to study cell proliferation in living tissues and has been studied as a radiosensitizer and diagnostic tool in people with cancer. During ...	{ "page_id": 5381677, "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine" }
of the labeled DNA can then be used to identify the microbial taxa that participated in the degradation of the added carbon source. However, it is not certain whether all microbes present in an environmental sample can incorporate BrdU into their biomass during de novo DNA synthesis. Therefore, a group of microorganism...	{ "page_id": 5381677, "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine" }
For the purpose of DNA replication, the HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR Assay (HELP Assay) is one of several techniques used for determining whether DNA has been methylated. The technique can be adapted to examine DNA methylation within and around individual genes, or it can be expanded to exami...	{ "page_id": 8855086, "title": "HELP assay" }
The National Center for Atmospheric Research Land Surface Model (LSM) is a unidimensional computational model developed by Gordon Bonan that describes ecological processes joined in many ecosystem models, hydrological processes found in hydrological models and flow of surface common in surface models using atmospheric ...	{ "page_id": 11148848, "title": "NCAR LSM 1.0" }
Empirically derived NDVI products have been shown to be unstable, varying with soil colour, soil moisture, and saturation effects from high density vegetation. In an attempt to improve NDVI, Huete developed a vegetation index that accounted for the differential red and near-infrared extinction through the vegetation ca...	{ "page_id": 47259185, "title": "Soil-adjusted vegetation index" }
Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter the liquid or solid bulk phase of a material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption). A more com...	{ "page_id": 1383986, "title": "Absorption (chemistry)" }
] 2 = constant = K N ( x , 12 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {[x]_{1}}{[x]_{2}}}={\text{constant}}=K_{N(x,12)}} The value of constant KN depends on temperature and is called partition coefficient. This equation is valid if concentrations are not too large and if the species "x" does not change its form in any of the two phase...	{ "page_id": 1383986, "title": "Absorption (chemistry)" }
feels dry. The water can be driven off by heating in an oven, leading to a measurable decrease in weight, which will gradually be regained if the fiber is returned to a 'normal' atmosphere. This effect is crucial in the textile industry – where the proportion of a material's weight made up by water is called the moistu...	{ "page_id": 1383986, "title": "Absorption (chemistry)" }
Bloch oscillation is a phenomenon from solid state physics. It describes the oscillation of a particle (e.g. an electron) confined in a periodic potential when a constant force is acting on it. It was first pointed out by Felix Bloch and Clarence Zener while studying the electrical properties of crystals. In particular...	{ "page_id": 12131888, "title": "Bloch oscillation" }
ℏ sin ⁡ a k , {\displaystyle v(k)={\frac {1}{\hbar }}{\frac {d{\mathcal {E}}}{dk}}=-{\frac {Aa}{\hbar }}\sin {ak},} and the electron position x {\displaystyle x} can be computed as a function of time: x ( t ) = ∫ 0 t v ( k ( t ′ ) ) d t ′ = x ( 0 ) + A e E cos ⁡ ( a e E ℏ t ) . {\displaystyle x(t)=\int _{0}^{t}{v(k(t')...	{ "page_id": 12131888, "title": "Bloch oscillation" }
the absence of a lattice the observation of Bloch oscillations in the classical system of macroscopic pendula == See also == Super Bloch oscillations == References ==	{ "page_id": 12131888, "title": "Bloch oscillation" }
The molecular formula C18H18O3 may refer to: Erteberel (SERBA-1), a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen which acts as a selective ERβ agonist Obovatol, a biphenolic anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and nootropic SERBA-2, a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen which acts as a selective ERβ agonist	{ "page_id": 41492020, "title": "C18H18O3" }
In general relativity, Gauss–Bonnet gravity, also referred to as Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity, is a modification of the Einstein–Hilbert action to include the Gauss–Bonnet term (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) ∫ d D x − g G {\displaystyle \int d^{D}x{\sqrt {-g}}\,G} , where G = R 2 − 4 R μ ν...	{ "page_id": 27926075, "title": "Gauss–Bonnet gravity" }
Nature Machine Intelligence is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio covering machine learning and artificial intelligence. The editor-in-chief is Liesbeth Venema. == History == The journal was created in response to the machine learning explosion of the 2010s. It launched in January ...	{ "page_id": 59973182, "title": "Nature Machine Intelligence" }
A conceptus (from Latin: concipere, to conceive) is an embryo and its appendages (adnexa), the associated membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord; the products of conception or, more broadly, "the product of conception at any point between fertilization and birth." The conceptus includes all structures that develop fro...	{ "page_id": 5709376, "title": "Conceptus" }
In organic chemistry, the Ganem oxidation is a name reaction that allows for the preparation of carbonyls from primary or secondary alkyl halides with the use of trialkylamine N-oxides, such as N-methylmorpholine N-oxide or trimethylamine N-oxide. == Mechanism == As in other oxoammonium-catalyzed oxidation reactions, t...	{ "page_id": 35462722, "title": "Ganem oxidation" }
Novymonas esmeraldas is a protist and member of flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a bug, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an...	{ "page_id": 65543749, "title": "Novymonas" }
novymonadis that belongs to Gram-negative rod-shaped β-proteobacteria in the family Burkholderiaceae. Unlike in other symbiont-harbouring trypanosomatids such as Strigonomas culicis, Kentomonas sorsogonicus, and Angomonas deanei, the division of the endosymbiont is not synchronized with the host. Novymonas cells can be...	{ "page_id": 65543749, "title": "Novymonas" }
Saefftigen's pouch is an anatomical feature found in male Acanthocephalans. It is an elongate genital pouch located inside the genital sheath which is continuous with the spaces of the bursal cap It functions to inject fluid for eversion of the bursa. == References ==	{ "page_id": 63381065, "title": "Saefftigen's pouch" }
Slewing is the rotation of an object around an axis, usually the z axis. An example is a radar scanning 360 degrees by slewing around the z axis. This is also common terminology in astronomy. The process of rotating a telescope to observe a different region of the sky is referred to as slewing. The term slewing is also...	{ "page_id": 1908302, "title": "Slewing" }
MOLEC, the European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems, is a biannual scientific conference. It is held every two years usually late summer. The first conference was held in Trento, Italy in the year of 1976. == Conference locations == The conference has been held in the following locations: Trento (Italy)...	{ "page_id": 58662481, "title": "European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems" }
Maximum Variance Unfolding (MVU), also known as Semidefinite Embedding (SDE), is an algorithm in computer science that uses semidefinite programming to perform non-linear dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional vectorial input data. It is motivated by the observation that kernel Principal Component Analysis (kPCA)...	{ "page_id": 1187410, "title": "Semidefinite embedding" }
of X {\displaystyle X\,\!} and Y {\displaystyle Y\,\!} (i.e.: G i j = X i ⋅ X j , K i j = Y i ⋅ Y j {\displaystyle G_{ij}=X_{i}\cdot X_{j},K_{ij}=Y_{i}\cdot Y_{j}\,\!} ). We can express the above constraint for every neighbor points i , j {\displaystyle i,j\,\!} in term of G , K {\displaystyle G,K\,\!} : G i i + G j j ...	{ "page_id": 1187410, "title": "Semidefinite embedding" }
infinity). Since the graph has N points, the distance between any two points \| Y i − Y j \| 2 ≤ N τ {\displaystyle \|Y_{i}-Y_{j}\|^{2}\leq N\tau \,\!} . We can then bound the objective function as follows: T ( Y ) = 1 2 N ∑ i , j \| Y i − Y j \| 2 ≤ 1 2 N ∑ i , j ( N τ ) 2 = N 3 τ 2 2 {\displaystyle T(Y)={\dfrac {1}{2N}}\su...	{ "page_id": 1187410, "title": "Semidefinite embedding" }
= K i i + K j j − K i j − K j i , ∀ i , j where η i j = 1 , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{Maximize}}&&Tr(\mathbf {K} )\\&{\text{subject to}}&&\mathbf {K} \succeq 0,\sum _{ij}\mathbf {K} _{ij}=0\\&{\text{and}}&&G_{ii}+G_{jj}-G_{ij}-G_{ji}=K_{ii}+K_{jj}-K_{ij}-K_{ji},\forall i,j{\mbox{ where }}\eta _{ij}=1,\end{...	{ "page_id": 1187410, "title": "Semidefinite embedding" }
K. (1 May 2006). "Unsupervised learning of image manifolds by semidefinite programming" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Vision. 70: 77–90. doi:10.1007/s11263-005-4939-z. S2CID 291166. Lawrence, Neil D (2012). "A unifying probabilistic perspective for spectral dimensionality reduction: insights and new models"....	{ "page_id": 1187410, "title": "Semidefinite embedding" }
Krypton (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptos 'the hidden one') is a chemical element; it has symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. Krypton is chemically inert. Krypton...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
light travels in vacuum during 1/299,792,458 s. == Characteristics == Krypton is characterized by several sharp emission lines (spectral signatures) the strongest being green and yellow. Krypton is one of the products of uranium fission. Solid krypton is white and has a face-centered cubic crystal structure, which is a...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
noble gas compounds had been synthesized. Following the first successful synthesis of xenon compounds in 1962, synthesis of krypton difluoride (KrF2) was reported in 1963. In the same year, KrF4 was reported by Grosse, et al., but was subsequently shown to be a mistaken identification. Under extreme conditions, krypton...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
be grown at pressures above 5 GPa. They have a face-centered cubic structure where krypton octahedra are surrounded by randomly oriented hydrogen molecules. === Natural occurrence === Earth has retained all of the noble gases that were present at its formation except helium. Krypton's concentration in the atmosphere is...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
to track an imploding pellet. In experimental particle physics, liquid krypton is used to construct quasi-homogeneous electromagnetic calorimeters. A notable example is the calorimeter of the NA48 experiment at CERN containing about 27 tonnes of liquid krypton. This usage is rare, since liquid argon is less expensive. ...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
is good evidence that the two properties are mechanistically related), with narcotic potency seven times greater than air, and breathing an atmosphere of 50% krypton and 50% natural air (as might happen in the locality of a leak) causes narcosis in humans similar to breathing air at four times atmospheric pressure. Thi...	{ "page_id": 10624594, "title": "Krypton" }
CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the lachrymatory effects of chloroacetophenone and choking effects of chloropicrin. It has a flypaper-like odor. CNS was used as a riot control agent, but it is no longer used. == References ==	{ "page_id": 58400340, "title": "CNS (chemical weapon)" }
Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted or...	{ "page_id": 13180501, "title": "Phytomining" }
The Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) is a chemical process for the production of linear alpha olefins via ethylene oligomerization and olefin metathesis invented and exploited by Shell plc. The olefin products are converted to fatty aldehydes and then to fatty alcohols, which are precursors to plasticizers and deterg...	{ "page_id": 5250644, "title": "Shell higher olefin process" }
ethenolysis reaction, which causes the internal double bond to break up to form a mixture of α-olefins with odd and even carbon chain-length of the desired molecular weight. The C12 to C18 olefins subsequently are subjected to hydroformylation (oxo process) to give aldehydes. The aldehyde is hydrogenated to give fatty ...	{ "page_id": 5250644, "title": "Shell higher olefin process" }
Crop diversity or crop biodiversity is the variety and variability of crops, plants used in agriculture, including their genetic and phenotypic characteristics. It is a subset of a specific element of agricultural biodiversity. Over the past 50 years, there has been a major decline in two components of crop diversity; ...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
of genetic differences: a crop may have genes conferring early maturity or disease resistance. Such traits collectively determine a crop's overall characteristics and their future potential. Diversity within a crop includes genetically-influenced attributes such as seed size, branching pattern, height, flower color, fr...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
detoxification of waste products. However, modern agriculture seriously reduces biodiversity. Traditional systems maintain diversity within a crop species, such as in the Andes mountains where up to 50 varieties of potato are grown. Strategies to raise genetic diversity can involve planting mixtures of crop varieties. ...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
fungus affected the monocultured 1970 US corn crop, causing a loss of over one billion dollars in production. A danger to agriculture is wheat rust, a pathogenic fungus causing reddish patches, coloured by its spores. A virulent form of the wheat disease, stem rust, strain Ug99, spread from Africa across to the Arabian...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
'Tropical Race 4'. Such threats can be countered by strategies such as planting multi-line cultivars and cultivar mixes, in the hope that some of the cultivars will be resistant to any individual outbreak of disease. == Organizations and technologies == The implications of crop diversity are at both local and world lev...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
accessions of more than 3,000 crop, forage, and agroforestry species. The collection includes farmers' varieties and improved varieties and, in substantial measure, the wild species from which those varieties were created. National germplasm storage centers include the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center f...	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
food TED talk	{ "page_id": 21831256, "title": "Crop diversity" }
Mirnov oscillations (a.k.a. magnetic oscillations) are amplitude perturbations of the magnetic field in a plasma. It is named after Sergei V. Mirnov who designed a probe to measure these oscillations in 1965. The probe name is Mirnov coil. Mirnov oscillations have been extensively studied in tokamaks as they provide in...	{ "page_id": 61152852, "title": "Mirnov oscillations" }
The grey commissure is a thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification. == External links == Blok BF, van Maarseveen JT, Holstege G (June 1998). "Electric...	{ "page_id": 16719450, "title": "Grey commissure" }
Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages. Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce about ...	{ "page_id": 1973851, "title": "Multi-stage flash distillation" }
exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier. The total evaporation in all the stages is up to approximately 85% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. With increasing temperature there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 110-...	{ "page_id": 1973851, "title": "Multi-stage flash distillation" }
an intermediate temperature between the inlet temperature and the heater, while much of the steam would not condense and the stage would not maintain the lowest pressure and temperature. Such plants can operate at 23–27 kWh/m3 (appr. 90 MJ/m3) of distilled water. Because the colder salt water entering the process count...	{ "page_id": 1973851, "title": "Multi-stage flash distillation" }
The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness. It can be determined, for example, by the Vicat method (ASTM-D1525 or ISO 306), Heat Deflection Test (ASTM-D648) or a ring and ball method (ISO 4625 or ASTM E28-67/E28-99 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493 - 11 or JIS K 6863). A r...	{ "page_id": 14884442, "title": "Softening point" }

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