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in binding side for Csk. Indicating negative feedback loop performed by Csk kinase. Fusion proteins are commonly used in order to study signalling ability of proteins with a small extracellular domain hidden for antibody in membrane glycocalix. However knock down of SCIMP didn´t influence calcium release after anti MHC...	{ "page_id": 46343283, "title": "SCIMP protein" }
Boo Boo was the world's smallest dog from 2007 to 2013. She stood at a height of 10.16 cm (4.00 in) according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Boo Boo was replaced by Milly, who stood at 9.65 cm (3.80 in), who was another Chihuahua, as the World's Smallest Dog. Other contenders for the record included Beyoncé, a ...	{ "page_id": 35595379, "title": "Boo Boo (dog)" }
Glide is a molecular modeling software for docking of small molecules into proteins and other biopolymers. It was developed by Schrödinger, Inc. == References == == Further reading ==	{ "page_id": 73147509, "title": "Glide (docking)" }
Collidine is the trivial name used to describe the chemical compounds which are trimethyl derivatives of pyridine. Their chemical properties resemble those of pyridine, although the presence of the methyl groups may prohibit some of the more straightforward reactions. Collidine comes in several isomers: 2,3,4-Collidine...	{ "page_id": 3351675, "title": "Collidine" }
Cryo-adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures (150—60 K) is physically adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon. The achievable storage density is between liquid-hydrogen (LH2) storage systems and compressed-hydrogen (CGH2) storage systems. == See als...	{ "page_id": 19342460, "title": "Cryo-adsorption" }
A sun valve (Swedish: solventil, "solar valve") is a flow control valve that automatically shuts off gas flow during daylight. It earned its inventor Gustaf Dalén the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics. Subsequently other variants of sun valve were developed for different uses. == Dalén's valve == The valve was the key compon...	{ "page_id": 10626173, "title": "Sun valve" }
could only be used in static locations (unlike Dalén's valves, very many of which were installed on floating buoys). Lamplough's 'valve' was a form of rocker switch, on which were mounted two glass bulbs, one black, the other clear, part-filled with liquid ether and linked by a tube. During the day, heat from the sunli...	{ "page_id": 10626173, "title": "Sun valve" }
Touton giant cells are a type of multinucleated giant cell observed in a myriad of pathological disorders and conditions. Specifically, Touton giant cells are found in lipid-rich lesions such as those of fat necrosis, xanthoma, xanthelasma and xanthogranulomas. Touton giant cells are also referred to as xanthelasmatic ...	{ "page_id": 23536766, "title": "Touton giant cell" }
the central zone. The central zone is the cytoplasm surrounded by the nuclei which is described as both amphophilic and eosinophilic. Meanwhile, the cytoplasm near the periphery of the cell, the peripheral zone, is pale and contains vacuoles due to the lipid content in this zone of the cell. == Activation and macrophag...	{ "page_id": 23536766, "title": "Touton giant cell" }
Macrophages are derived from monocytes, white blood cells that aid in destroying bacteria and germs to prevent infection. These monocytes arise from the myeloid stem cell line. Touton giant cells aim to remove harmful substances in the tissue in which they are from. They do so by engulfing and degrading large foreign m...	{ "page_id": 23536766, "title": "Touton giant cell" }
The Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory or "Eagleworks Laboratories" at NASA's Johnson Space Center is a small research group investigating a variety of theories regarding new forms of spacecraft propulsion. The principal investigator is Dr. Harold G. White. The group is developing the White–Juday warp-field interfe...	{ "page_id": 46736509, "title": "Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory" }
Physics Program JPL Lockheed Skunk Works, advanced projects division NASA Swamp Works == References ==	{ "page_id": 46736509, "title": "Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory" }
In reinforcement learning, error-driven learning is a method for adjusting a model's (intelligent agent's) parameters based on the difference between its output results and the ground truth. These models stand out as they depend on environmental feedback, rather than explicit labels or categories. They are based on the...	{ "page_id": 27141248, "title": "Error-driven learning" }
real output and the expected output of a system to regulate the system's parameters. Typically applied in supervised learning, these algorithms are provided with a collection of input-output pairs to facilitate the process of generalization. The widely utilized error backpropagation learning algorithm is known as GeneR...	{ "page_id": 27141248, "title": "Error-driven learning" }
visual data based on a statistical, trial and error approach and can deal with context and other subtleties of visual data. === Natural Language Processing === ==== Part-of-speech tagging ==== Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is a crucial component in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It helps resolve human language ambig...	{ "page_id": 27141248, "title": "Error-driven learning" }
the role of NER becomes crucial in error-driven learning. By accurately recognizing and classifying entities, it can help minimize these errors and improve the overall accuracy of the learning process. Furthermore, deep learning-based NER methods have shown to be more accurate as they are capable of assembling words, e...	{ "page_id": 27141248, "title": "Error-driven learning" }
of machine learning algorithms: They can learn from feedback and correct their mistakes, which makes them adaptive and robust to noise and changes in the data. They can handle large and high-dimensional data sets, as they do not require explicit feature engineering or prior knowledge of the data distribution. They can ...	{ "page_id": 27141248, "title": "Error-driven learning" }
The molecular formula C6H9NO2 (molar mass: 127.14 g/mol, exact mass: 127.0633 u) may refer to: γ-Acetylenic-GABA Baikiain 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole Guvacine Isoguvacine	{ "page_id": 26616962, "title": "C6H9NO2" }
Macromolecular structure validation is the process of evaluating reliability for 3-dimensional atomic models of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. These models, which provide 3D coordinates for each atom in the molecule (see example in the image), come from structural biology experiments suc...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
the R-factor is nearly as small as the uncertainty in the experimental data (well under 5%). Therefore, that one test by itself provides most of the validation needed, but a number of additional consistency and methodology checks are done by automated software as a requirement for small-molecule crystal structure paper...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
Microscopy). == Stages of validation == Validations can be broken into three stages: validating the raw data collected (data validation), the interpretation of the data into the atomic model (model-to-data validation), and finally validation on the model itself. While the first two steps are specific to the technique u...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
modelling purposes. ==== Packing and Electrostatics: globular proteins ==== For globular proteins, interior atomic packing (arising from short-range, local interactions) of side-chains has been shown to be pivotal in the structural stabilization of the protein-fold. On the other hand, the electrostatic harmony (non-loc...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
Privateer, which is a tool that is integrated into the model building and refinement process itself. Privateer is able to check stereo- and regio-chemistry, ring conformation and puckering, linkage torsions, and real-space correlation against positive omit density, generating aperiodic torsion restraints on ring bonds,...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
and electron density, can give an accurate picture of the reliability of the structure model or any hypothesis based on local features of the model." ==== Relationship to resolution and B-factor ==== === Data validation === ==== Structure factors ==== ==== Twinning ==== === Model-to-data validation === ==== Residuals a...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
be used to highlight implausible modeling choices and guide modeler toward more native-like structures. The CaBLAM method, which only uses Cα atoms, is suitable for low-resolution structures from cyro-EM. A way to compute the difference density map has been formulated for cyro-EM. Cross-validation using a "free" map, c...	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
to evaluate predictions of 3D protein structure for newly solved crystallographic or NMR structures held in confidence until the end of the relevant competition. The major criterion for CASP evaluation is a weighted score called GDT-TS for the match of Calpha positions between the predicted and the experimental models....	{ "page_id": 41100419, "title": "Structure validation" }
Decomposition in animals is a process that begins immediately after death and involves the destruction of soft tissue, leaving behind skeletonized remains. The chemical process of decomposition is complex and involves the breakdown of soft tissue, as the body passes through the sequential stages of decomposition. Autol...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
proteolysis and must be broken down by special keratinolytic microorganisms. This is the reason that hair and nails are commonly found with skeletal remains. ==== Proteolysis products ==== In general, proteolysis breaks down proteins into: proteoses peptones polypeptides amino acids Continuing proteolysis leads to the ...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
capable of oxidizing ammonia, ammonia will accumulate in the soil. === Phosphorus release === Phosphorus can be released from various components of the body, including proteins (especially those making up nucleic acids), sugar phosphate, and phospholipids. The route phosphorus takes once it is released is complex and r...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
triglycerides are the most common. The fatty acid content of the triglycerides varies from person to person, but contains oleic acid in the greatest amount, followed by linoleic, palmitoleic, and palmitic acids. === Neutral lipid degradation === Neutral lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases shortly after death, to free the ...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
CHOO − ( CH 2 ) 7 ⋅ CH 2 − CH 2 − ( CH 2 ) 5 ⋅ CH 3 saturated fatty acid {\displaystyle {\ce {{\overset {unsaturated\ fatty\ acid}{CHOO-(CH2)7.CH=CH-(CH2)5.CH3}}+H2->[{\ce {bacterial\ enzymes}}]{\overset {saturated\ fatty\ acid}{CHOO-(CH2)7.CH2-CH2-(CH2)5.CH3}}}}} ==== Aerobic degradation ==== In the presence of oxygen...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
of hydroxyapatite(the mineral that contains the calcium and phosphorus in a bone), which stiffens the protein structure a ground substance made of other organic compounds The collagen and hydroxyapatite are held together by a strong protein-mineral bond that provides bone with its strength and its ability to remain lon...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
basic soils, thus accelerating the disintegration of bone. ==== Biotic factors ==== Microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, play a role in bone degradation. They are capable of invading bone tissue and causing minerals to leach into the surrounding environment, leading to disturbances in its structure. Small and lar...	{ "page_id": 29435011, "title": "Chemical process of decomposition" }
Pseudogene is a database of pseudogenes annotations compiled from various sources. == See also == Gene prediction Glossary of genetics Index of molecular biology articles == References == == External links == http://www.pseudogene.org	{ "page_id": 30483590, "title": "Pseudogene (database)" }
Nixtamalization ( nish-tə-mə-lih-ZAY-shən) is a process for the preparation of maize (corn), or other grain, in which the grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater (but sometimes aqueous alkali metal carbonates), washed, and then hulled. The term can also refer to the removal via an alkali p...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
Mexican Spanish nixtamal ([nistaˈmal]). The Nahuatl word is a compound of nextli "lime ashes" and tamalli "unformed/cooked corn dough, tamal". The term nixtamalization can also be used to describe the removal of the pericarp from any grain by an alkali process, including maize, sorghum, and others. When the unaltered S...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
the tryptophan within is unavailable without processing.: §5.2 A population that depends on untreated maize as a staple food risks malnourishment and is more likely to develop deficiency diseases such as pellagra, niacin deficiency, or kwashiorkor, the absence of certain amino acids that maize is deficient in. Maize co...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
staple crop due to its high caloric efficiency relative to the land use required for its cultivation. A prominent example of endemic pellagra occurred in northern Italy in the late 19th century, from which the English term pellagra derives: "pel" meaning skin and "agra" meaning rough or sour in the Bergamo dialect. == ...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
which has an unpleasant flavor. The pericarp is then removed, leaving the endosperm of the grain with or without the germ, depending on the process. This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small-scale preparation, or mechanically, in larger scale or industrial production. The prepared grain is called ...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
(to approximately four hours) compared to traditional nixtamalization with only a minor loss in quality. == Impact on health == The primary nutritional benefits of nixtamalization arise from the alkaline processing involved. The processing renders the protein more digestible, allowing tryptophan to be absorbed by human...	{ "page_id": 1909895, "title": "Nixtamalization" }
para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is an organic compound containing amine and aldehyde moieties which is used in Ehrlich's reagent and Kovac's reagent to test for indoles. The carbonyl group typically reacts with the electron rich 2-position of the indole but may also react at the C-3 or N-1 positions. It may also be used...	{ "page_id": 15803524, "title": "Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde" }
be pronounced to the tune of the familiar jig "The Irish Washerwoman", and relates an anecdote in which a receptionist of Irish descent, hearing him singing the syllables thus, mistook them for the original Gaelic words to the jig. This essay inspired Jack Carroll's 1963 filk song "The Chemist's Drinking Song," (NESFA ...	{ "page_id": 15803524, "title": "Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde" }
George Richard Isaak (7 March 1933 – 5 June 2005) was a Polish Australian physicist, an important figure in the development of helio- and asteroseismology. Isaak was born in Poland on 7 March 1933. His family moved to Germany after the Second World War and to Australia in 1950. Isaak studied at the University of Melbou...	{ "page_id": 9053320, "title": "George Isaak" }
External links == Obituary, VIRGO Science Team Obituary, Astronomy and Geophysics Obituary, Bright Sparcs register of Australian Scientists and Technologists Obituary, Daily Telegraph	{ "page_id": 9053320, "title": "George Isaak" }
The species Rhizorhabdus wittichii, formerly Sphingomonas wittichii, is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped motile bacterium, with an optimum growth temperature at 30 °C. It forms a greyish white colony. It has been found to have a 67 mol% of DNA G+C content. The R. wittichii RW1 genome consists of 5,915,246 bp and consists of...	{ "page_id": 70984843, "title": "Rhizorhabdus wittichii" }
The Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, or SHARE, started in 1988, is an Antarctic research project designed to observe velocities and irregularities of electrical fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is operated jointly by the University of Natal, Potchefstroom University, the British Antarctic Sur...	{ "page_id": 4138124, "title": "Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment" }
Magosphaera planula was a spherical multiflagellated multicellular microorganism discovered by Ernst Haeckel in September 1869 while he was collecting sponges off Gisøy island off the coast of Norway. He claimed to have seen it break up into separate cells which then became amoeboid. Nobody else has found it, and he ke...	{ "page_id": 39527566, "title": "Magosphaera planula" }
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug, although some poisons act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well. Most drugs with parasympatholytic properties are antic...	{ "page_id": 3024021, "title": "Parasympatholytic" }
Teuthology (from Greek τεῦθος, "cuttlefish, squid", and -λογία, -logia) is the study of cephalopods, which are members of the class Cephalopoda in the phylum Mollusca. Some common examples of cephalopods are octopus, squid, and cuttlefish. Teuthology is a large area of study that covers cephalopod life cycles, reproduc...	{ "page_id": 861338, "title": "Teuthology" }
Aldrichimica Acta is a scientific journal published by Sigma-Aldrich. Established in 1968 in Milwaukee, Wi, Aldrichimica Acta publishes reviews in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, with each issue focusing on a special topic. The journal is open access. In 2015, the Acta was ranked #1 among journals in the fiel...	{ "page_id": 13575324, "title": "Aldrichimica Acta" }
TNP-ATP is a fluorescent molecule that is able to determine whether a protein binds to ATP, and the constants associated with that binding. It is primarily used in fluorescence spectroscopy, but is also very useful as an acceptor molecule in FRET, and as a fluorescent probe in fluorescence microscopy and X-ray crystall...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
where proteins or nucleotides absorb. When TNP-ATP is in water or other aqueous solutions, this emission is very weak. However, once TNP-ATP binds to a protein, there is a dramatic increase in fluorescent intensity. This property enables researchers to study various proteins’ binding interaction with ATP. Thus, with en...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
ATP-requiring proteins and enzymes. There have also been a growing number of papers that display TNP-ATP use as a means of assessing the ATP-binding capacity of various mutant proteins. == Preparation == Preparing TNP-ATP is a one-step synthesis that is relatively safe and easy. Adenosine’s ribose moiety can be trinitr...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
slight shifts in neutral pH. Spectroscopic superposition indicated TNP-ATP’s isosbestic point to be 339 nm. == Constants and calculations == At low concentrations of TNP-ATP (≤1 μM), fluorescent intensity is proportional to the concentration of TNP added. However, at concentrations exceeding 1 μM, inner filter effects ...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
e i n ] t o t a l + [ T N P ] t o t a l + K d ) 2 − ( 4 × [ p r o t e i n ] t o t a l × [ T N P ] ) ) 2 [ T N P ] t o t a l {\displaystyle \mathrm {RFU_{obs}} =\mathrm {RFU_{free}} +{\frac {(\mathrm {RFU_{bound}} -\mathrm {RFU_{free}} )\times \left((\mathrm {[protein]_{total}} +\mathrm {[TNP]_{total}} +\mathrm {K_{d}} ...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
P K c o m p e t i t o r × [ c o m p e t i t o r ] + [ T N P ] + [ p r o t e i n ] ) 2 − 4 × [ T N P ] × [ p r o t e i n ] ) {\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {[TNP]} \times \left(\mathrm {K_{TNP}} +{\frac {\mathrm {K_{TNP}} }{\mathrm {K_{competitor}} }}\times \mathrm {[competitor]} +\mathrm {[TNP]} +\mathrm ...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
shown to change from 25 Angstroms to 28 Angstroms in changing from the Na+ conformation to the K+ conformation. In addition to fluorescent spectroscopy, TNP-ATP is very useful in fluorescent microscopy. This is because it greatly increases the sensitivity of the observations when bound to proteins—the enhanced fluoresc...	{ "page_id": 48309405, "title": "TNP-ATP" }
Phosphomimetics are amino acid substitutions that mimic a phosphorylated protein, thereby activating (or deactivating) the protein. Within cells, proteins are commonly modified at serine, tyrosine and threonine amino acids by adding a phosphate group. Phosphorylation is a common mode of activating or deactivating a pro...	{ "page_id": 40707230, "title": "Phosphomimetics" }
used to probe the biological function of the phosphorylation of a threonine residue of a ribosomal protein both in vivo and in vitro to investigate a gain-of-function mutation on a kinase that is related to Parkinson's disease. Phosphomimetics were also used to investigate the therapeutic potential of proteins or pepti...	{ "page_id": 40707230, "title": "Phosphomimetics" }
In the study of heat transfer, absorptance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in absorbing radiant energy. It is the ratio of the absorbed to the incident radiant power. == Mathematical definitions == === Hemispherical absorptance === Hemispherical absorptance of a surface, denoted A is defined as A = Φ ...	{ "page_id": 23471261, "title": "Absorptance" }
, {\displaystyle A_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {\mathrm {e} ,\Omega } }^{\mathrm {a} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} where ⁠ L e , Ω a {\displaystyle L\mathrm {_{e,\Omega }^{a}} } ⁠ is the radiance absorbed by that surface; ⁠ L e , Ω i {\displaystyle L\mathrm {_{e,\Omega }^{i}} } ⁠ is the radiance recei...	{ "page_id": 23471261, "title": "Absorptance" }
In the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particu...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
need for the protein coded by the mRNA, perhaps indicating a homeostatic response or a pathological condition. For example, higher levels of mRNA coding for alcohol dehydrogenase suggest that the cells or tissues under study are responding to increased levels of ethanol in their environment. Similarly, if breast cancer...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
a hypothesis, and he or she performs an expression profiling experiment with the idea of potentially disproving this hypothesis. In other words, the scientist is making a specific prediction about levels of expression that could turn out to be false. More commonly, expression profiling takes place before enough is know...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
reasons. First, different cells and tissues express a subset of genes as a direct consequence of cellular differentiation so many genes are turned off. Second, many of the genes code for proteins that are required for survival in very specific amounts so many genes do not change. Third, cells use many other mechanisms ...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
microarrays. So it often makes sense to perform semi-quantitative DNA microarray analysis experiments to identify candidate genes, then perform qPCR on some of the most interesting candidate genes to validate the microarray results. Other experiments, such as a Western blot of some of the protein products of differenti...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
the p-values, or use a false discovery rate calculation to adjust p-values in proportion to the number of parallel tests involved. Unfortunately, these approaches may reduce the number of significant genes to zero, even when genes are in fact differentially expressed. Current statistics such as Rank products aim to str...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
individual gene differential expression analysis. Gene sets are groups of genes that are functionally related according to current knowledge. Therefore, gene set analysis is considered a knowledge based analysis approach. Commonly used gene sets include those derived from KEGG pathways, Gene Ontology terms, gene groups...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
quite restrictive categories like "inositol and derivative phosphorylation". Genes have other attributes beside biological function, chemical properties and cellular location. One can compose sets of genes based on proximity to other genes, association with a disease, and relationships with drugs or toxins. The Molecul...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
be on a list of cholesterol genes as well. Based on the overall prevalence of the cholesterol genes (0.5%) one expects an average of 1 cholesterol gene for every 200 regulated genes, that is, 0.005 times 200. This expectation is an average, so one expects to see more than one some of the time. The question becomes how ...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
in the process of making cholesterol. Finally, proteins typically play many roles, so these genes may be regulated not because of their shared association with making cholesterol but because of a shared role in a completely independent process. Bearing the foregoing caveats in mind, while gene profiles do not in themse...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
of treatments. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and similar methods take advantage of this kind of logic but uses more sophisticated statistics, because component genes in real processes display more complex behavior than simply moving up or down as a group, and the amount the genes move up and down is meaningful, n...	{ "page_id": 4007073, "title": "Gene expression profiling" }
Marie Lopez del Puerto is a condensed matter physicist whose research concerns the computational study of the electronic, optical, and quantum properties of nanocrystals and nanostructures. As a physics educator, she has worked to integrate computational physics into the undergraduate physics curriculum. Educated in Me...	{ "page_id": 75113634, "title": "Marie Lopez del Puerto" }
and for service to the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers". == References ==	{ "page_id": 75113634, "title": "Marie Lopez del Puerto" }
Baroukh Vojtech Berkovits (May 7, 1926 – October 23, 2012) was one of the pioneers of bio-engineering, particularly the cardiac defibrillator and artificial cardiac pacemaker. In particular, Berkovits invented the "demand pacemaker" and the DC defibrillator. == Biography == Berkovits was born in Czechoslovakia. His par...	{ "page_id": 6038692, "title": "Barouh Berkovits" }
Stictic acid is an aromatic organic compound, a product of secondary metabolism in some species of lichens. Stictic acid is the subject of preliminary biomedical research. Stictic acid has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in vitro. Computational studies suggest stictic acid may also stimulate p53 reactivation. == Refere...	{ "page_id": 38413476, "title": "Stictic acid" }
The Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event (NOE), also called the Second Great Oxidation Event, was a geologic time interval between around 850 and 540 million years ago during the Neoproterozoic era, which saw a very significant increase in oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Taking place after the end to the Bo...	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
to +11%. No significant change is observed across the Cryogenian-Ediacaran boundary, implying that oxygen was already ubiquitous in the global ocean as early as 750 Mya, during the Tonian period. === Sulfur isotopes === Seawater sulfate δ34S values, which saw a gradual increase over most of the Neoproterozoic punctuate...	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
isotope ratios for high oxygenation in this interval of time. === Chromium isotopes === Surface oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) causes isotopic fractionation of chromium; Cr(VI), typically present in the environment as either chromate or dichromate, has elevated values of δ53Cr, or the ratio of chromium-53 to chromium-5...	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
as an isotopic measurement of changes in seawater oxygenation, during much of the Neoproterozoic have been interpreted to reflect progressive oxygenation punctuated by temporary, transient expansions of anoxic and euxinic waters. During the Early Ediacaran, the shift in uranium isotopes occurred in tandem with enrichme...	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
(e.g. choanoflagellates and primitive poriferans such as Otavia), is believed to have shifted oxygen demand further down in the water column, which would result in a positive feedback loop wherein phosphorus was removed from the ocean, which reduced productivity and decreased oxygen demand, which in turn led to increas...	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
== See also == Great Oxidation Event Avalon explosion Cambrian explosion Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution == References ==	{ "page_id": 72230055, "title": "Neoproterozoic oxygenation event" }
The molecular formula C23H20N6O may refer to: LGK974 Mocetinostat Zipalertinib	{ "page_id": 78455976, "title": "C23H20N6O" }
In the Gallagher–Hollander degradation (1946) pyruvic acid is removed from a linear aliphatic carboxylic acid yielding a new acid with two carbon atoms fewer. The original publication concerns the conversion of bile acid in a series of reactions: acid chloride (2) formation with thionyl chloride, diazoketone formation ...	{ "page_id": 16262317, "title": "Gallagher–Hollander degradation" }
The Hierarchical navigable small world (HNSW) algorithm is a graph-based approximate nearest neighbor search technique used in many vector databases. Nearest neighbor search without an index involves computing the distance from the query to each point in the database, which for large datasets is computationally prohibi...	{ "page_id": 76162223, "title": "Hierarchical navigable small world" }
The Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn (German: Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn) was the official journal of the Natural History Society in Brno (German: Brünn), published from 1861 to 1920. A free archive of the journal is available through the Biodiversity Heritage Library. This ...	{ "page_id": 3155120, "title": "Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn" }
The molecular formula C20H21NO (molar mass: 291.39 g/mol, exact mass: 291.1623 u) may refer to: Butinoline (Azulone) Cotriptyline (SD-2203-01) Danitracen JWH-030 PRC200-SS	{ "page_id": 34874546, "title": "C20H21NO" }
The resource fragmentation hypothesis was first proposed by Janzen & Pond (1975), and says that as species richness becomes large there is not a linear increase in the number of parasitoid species that can be supported. The mechanism for this hyperbolic relationship is suggested to be that each of the new host species ...	{ "page_id": 13706420, "title": "Resource fragmentation hypothesis" }
The molecular formula C22H26N6O2 may refer to: Saruparib Verucerfont	{ "page_id": 78455988, "title": "C22H26N6O2" }
The molecular formula C34H24N6Na4O16S4 (molar mass: 992.80 g/mol, exact mass: 991.9723 u) may refer to: Direct Blue 1 Direct Blue 15	{ "page_id": 61482165, "title": "C34H24N6Na4O16S4" }
A Rydberg molecule is an electronically excited chemical species. Electronically excited molecular states are generally quite different in character from electronically excited atomic states. However, particularly for highly electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron c...	{ "page_id": 4400311, "title": "Rydberg molecule" }
access to these Rydberg molecules as intermediates. This is particularly true for Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy, since multiphoton processes involve different selection rules from single photon processes. The study of high principal quantum number Rydberg states has spawned a number of ...	{ "page_id": 4400311, "title": "Rydberg molecule" }
binding mechanism, butterfly Rydberg molecules show peculiar properties such as multiple vibrational ground states at different bond lengths and giant dipole moments in excess of 500 debye. == See also == Rydberg atom Rydberg matter == References == == Further reading == Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. ...	{ "page_id": 4400311, "title": "Rydberg molecule" }
Ecological sufficiency, or simply sufficiency, refers to the concept or strategy to reduce the environmental footprint of societies through moderating the need for energy, carbon and material-based services and products. The term was popularised by authors such as Thomas Princen, a professor at MIT, in his 2005 book Th...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
For instance, France has published a National energy sufficiency plan in October 2022 (Plan national de sobriété énergétique). == Background == === Definitions === Sufficiency is a concept that relates both to an ideal and a strategy to achieve it. As a goal, sufficiency is about ensuring that all humans can live a goo...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
it is strongly related to the concepts of voluntary simplicity and downshifting. === Energy sufficiency === The concept of sufficiency has been primarily developed in the area of energy consumption, where levels of greenhouse gas emissions far exceed what the planet may absorb and "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
== Sufficiency largely remains a blindspot in most established ecological/energy transition scenarios, where efficiency and greener technologies are the main and only strategies usually modelled. There are exceptions though. The French négaWatt Association has assessed the potential of energy sufficiency at the level o...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
such as quality of life and work-life balance. Sufficiency, as a strategy, may also be operationalised through distinguishing between different approaches to limiting the need for energy/resource-intensive services: Reducing (i.e. consuming less); Substituting (replacing highly-consuming services by less intensive ones...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
sufficiency trends. Three examples are: The growth of cycling for daily trips in an increasing number of cities worldwide; The "flight shame" movement; The reduction of average beef consumption in some countries (e.g. France). The role of intentionality in sufficiency is debated. While for many authors sufficiency requ...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }
As it builds on a sense of self and collective moderation in relation to the consumption of energy and material-based services, sufficiency requires drawing a line between wants seen as superfluous and actual justified needs. It triggers potentially complex and contentious theoretical and practical questions. Answers m...	{ "page_id": 5121209, "title": "Eco-sufficiency" }

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