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cluster contains not only a precursor peptide and modification enzymes, but also a self-immunity gene to protect the producing strain, and genes encoding export of the natural product. Microcins have bioactivity against Gram-negative bacteria but usually display narrow-spectrum activity due to hijacking of specific rec...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
bond between the N- and C-termini, sometimes referred to as bacteriocins, although this term is used more broadly. The distinctive nature of this class is not only the relatively large size of the natural products but also the modifying enzymes responsible for macrocyclization. Other N-to-C cyclized RiPPs, such as the ...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
168 and glycocin F are both Cys-glycosylated and, in addition, have disulfide bonds between non-glycosylated Cys residues. While both members bear S-glycosyl groups, RiPPs bearing O- or N-linked carbohydrates will also be included in this family as they are discovered. Linaridins are characterized by C-terminal aminovi...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
known to date. Six enzymes are responsible for installing a total of 48 posttranslational modifications onto the polytheonamide A and B precursor peptides, including 18 epimerizations. Polytheonamides are exceptionally large, as a single molecule is able to span a cell membrane and form an ion channel. Sactipeptides co...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
RiPP biosynthesis, the unmodified precursor peptide (containing an unmodified core peptide, UCP) is recognized and chemically modified sequentially by biosynthetic enzymes (PRPS). Examples of modifications include dehydration (i.e. lanthipeptides, thiopeptides), cyclodehydration (i.e. thiopeptides), prenylation (i.e. c...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
sequence homology to other lanthipeptide biosynthetic enzymes; the cyclase domain has homology to LanC. Class III (LanKC) and IV (LanL) enzymes have similar N-terminal lyase and central kinase domains, but diverge in C-terminal cyclization domains: the LanL cyclase domain is homologous to LanC, but the class III enzyme...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
responsible for macrocyclization. For cyanobactins, the precursor peptide is referred to as the E peptide. Minimally, the E peptide requires a leader peptide region, a core (structural) region, and both N-terminal and C-terminal protease recognition sequences. In contrast to most RiPPs, for which a single precursor pep...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
B and C proteins, which install dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine moieties by dehydrating Ser/Thr precursor residues. Azole and azoline synthesis is effected by the E protein, the dehydrogenase, and the G protein, the cyclodehydratase. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle is installed by the D protein cyclase via a put...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
the C protein is referred to as the lasso cyclase. Some lasso peptide biosynthetic gene clusters also require an additional protein of unknown function for biosynthesis. Additionally, lasso peptide gene clusters usually include an ABC transporter (D protein) or an isopeptidase, although these are not strictly required ...	{ "page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides" }
Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI) is an India based scientific society dedicated to the field of chemistry. It was established in 1999 as a part of celebrating India's 50th anniversary of independence. C. N. R. Rao became its founder president and the organization currently has 1500 lifetime members. == Referen...	{ "page_id": 42935347, "title": "Chemical Research Society of India" }
Aporia is a machine learning observability platform based in Tel Aviv, Israel. The company has a US office located in San Jose, California. Aporia has developed software for monitoring and controlling undetected defects and failures used by other companies to detect and report anomalies, and warn in the early stages of...	{ "page_id": 73278524, "title": "Aporia (company)" }
from several high-profile clients, including financial institutions and healthcare providers. Investigations revealed that Aporia had delayed patching the identified vulnerability despite prior warnings from independent security researchers. == References ==	{ "page_id": 73278524, "title": "Aporia (company)" }
uBiome, Inc. was a biotechnology company based in San Francisco that developed technology to sequence the human microbiome. Founded in 2012, the company filed for bankruptcy in 2019 following an FBI raid in an investigation over possible insurance fraud involving the US health insurance program Medicare. In 2021, the S...	{ "page_id": 40051773, "title": "UBiome" }
federal crimes including conspiracy to commit fraud and money laundering. Richman and Apte married in 2019 and relocated to Germany in June 2020. Since 2021, the FBI has considered them to be fugitives. === Products and services === Customers purchase kits to sample one or more parts of their body, including the gut, g...	{ "page_id": 40051773, "title": "UBiome" }
raised its initial round of crowdfunding in early 2013, many questions were raised by bioethicists about the company's citizen science business model — namely whether it had actually obtained informed consent from its customers, and whether direct to consumer genetic testing initiatives could be ethically conducted at ...	{ "page_id": 40051773, "title": "UBiome" }
Protein–protein interaction screening refers to the identification of Protein–protein interaction with high-throughput screening methods such as computer- and/or robot-assisted plate reading, flow cytometry analyzing. The interactions between proteins are central to virtually every process in a living cell. Information...	{ "page_id": 16524351, "title": "Protein–protein interaction screening" }
trying to isolate/identify interacting proteins. Common crosslinkers for this application include the non-cleavable [NHS-ester] crosslinker, [bis-sulfosuccinimidyl suberate] (BS3); a cleavable version of BS3, [dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)](DTSSP); and the [imidoester] crosslinker [dimethyl dithiobispropionim...	{ "page_id": 16524351, "title": "Protein–protein interaction screening" }
Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. == History == The first example of this occurred...	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
to insights on how these two diverged in the past. In the field of synthetic biology, they have been used to test various synthetic approaches, from synthesizing genomes to creating novel nucleotides. == Food == Bacteria have been used in the production of food for a very long time, and specific strains have been devel...	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
them. The high cost of extraction and purification has meant that only high value products have been produced at an industrial scale. === Pharmaceutical production === The majority of the industrial products from bacteria are human proteins for use in medicine. Many of these proteins are impossible or difficult to obta...	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
lactic acid. These transgenic bacteria, if allowed to colonize a person's mouth, could perhaps reduce the formation of cavities. Transgenic microbes have also been used in recent research to kill or hinder tumors, and to fight Crohn's disease. If the bacteria do not form colonies inside the patient, the person must rep...	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and other bacteria can help protect crops from insect infestation and plant diseases. With advances in genetic engineering, these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range. Markers have also been added to aid in tracing the spread of the b...	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
(4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-43416-0.	{ "page_id": 25175105, "title": "Genetically modified bacteria" }
In biology, phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. Phototropism is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light contain a hormone called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This cau...	{ "page_id": 30876740, "title": "Phototropism" }
source. Auxins activate proton pumps, decreasing the pH in the cells on the dark side of the plant. This acidification of the cell wall region activates enzymes known as expansins which disrupt hydrogen bonds in the cell wall structure, making the cell walls less rigid. In addition, increased proton pump activity leads...	{ "page_id": 30876740, "title": "Phototropism" }
responses in the "pin3" mutant were reduced significantly, but only slightly reduced in "pin7" mutants. There is some redundancy among "PIN1", "PIN3", and "PIN7", but it is thought that PIN3 plays a greater role in pulse-induced phototropism. There are phototropins that are highly expressed in the upper region of coleo...	{ "page_id": 30876740, "title": "Phototropism" }
modulates the auxin transport activity of PIN3, likely through phosphorylation as well. Third, upstream of D6PK/D6PKLs, PDK1.1 and PDK1.2 acts an essential activator for these AGC kinases. Interestingly, different AGC kinases might participate in different steps during the progression of a phototropic response. D6PK/D6...	{ "page_id": 30876740, "title": "Phototropism" }
plant. Receiving light inhibits the horizontal auxin flow from the main vertical auxin flow to the irradiated exposed side. And according to the study by Sakai and Haga, the observed asymmetric auxin distribution and subsequent phototropic response in hypocotyls seems most consistent with this fifth scenario. == Effect...	{ "page_id": 30876740, "title": "Phototropism" }
This is a list of Foucault pendulums in the world: == Europe == === Austria === Technisches Museum Wien, Vienna St. Ruprecht an der Raab, Styria, erected in 2001 at Hauptplatz, moved 2016 to 10, Untere Hauptstrasse in a slim stainless steel pyramid, partially with glass windows; it is worldwide the first to exist outsi...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
live webcam, description Münster, 48 kg, 29 m, with mirrors, Zwei Graue Doppelspiegel für ein Pendel by artist Gerhard Richter in a former church, opened 17 June 2018 University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Lower Saxony - Length: 19.5 m, weight: 70 kg Gymnasium of the city Lennestadt, North Rhine-Westphalia - Length: 11 m,...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
University in 2011) === Luxembourg === University of Luxembourg - Length: 16 m, weight 32 kg === Moldova === Technical University of Moldova, Chişinău - Length: 19 m, Weight 155 kg (2006 - 1851 = 155) === Netherlands === Radboud University Nijmegen Sint-Bavokerk in Haarlem === Norway === Department of Physics, Universi...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
Petersburg (pendulum length was 98 m; removed in 1990s) Saint Petersburg Planetarium (length: 8 m) Smolensk Planetarium (length: 12 m) Volgograd Planetarium Institute of Geology Komi Sci. Center Ural Div. RAS, Syktyvkar (length: 17 m) Murmansk Regional Universal Scientific Library (length: 21 m; weight: 32 kg) === Serb...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
School, Cheshire Science Faculty, Uppingham School, Rutland. Length 11.5m. University of Liverpool Chemistry Department. Length 7.9m. Period 5.6s. Science Museum, London. Length 22.45m. Period 9.5s. Harris Museum, Preston Cattermole Building, Kesteven and Sleaford High School, Sleaford HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Univ...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
City Science Museum, Himeji, Kobe Kyoto Youth Science Centre, Fuji-no-Mori, Kyoto Sapporo City Youth Science Center, Sapporo === Kuwait === Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Kuwait City (Length: 36.5m) === Pakistan === National Museum of Science and Technology, Lahore === Thailand === Khonkaen Universi...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
Queensland School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart. Rosebank College, Five Dock, New South Wales. === New Zealand === College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand == Antarctica == South Pole, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, in the cylindrical stairwell "beer can" - Length: 3...	{ "page_id": 7873607, "title": "List of Foucault pendulums" }
Evolutionary mismatch (also "mismatch theory" or "evolutionary trap") is the evolutionary biology concept that a previously advantageous trait may become maladaptive due to change in the environment, especially when change is rapid. It is said this can take place in humans as well as other animals. Environmental change...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
this temporary period of "disequilibrium" that is referred to as mismatch. Mismatched traits are ultimately addressed in one of several possible ways: the organism may evolve such that the maladaptive trait is no longer expressed, the organism may decline and/or become extinct as a result of the disadvantageous trait, ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
namely the transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, in which humans foraged for food, to an agricultural lifestyle. This change occurred approximately 10,000–12,000 years ago. Humans began to domesticate both plants and animals, allowing for the maintenance of constant food resources. This transition quickly and dr...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
Human diets have changed considerably over the 10,000 years since the advent of agriculture, with more processed foods in their diets that lack nutritional value and lead them to consume more sodium, sugar, and fat. These high-calorie, nutrient-deficient foods cause people to consume more calories than they burn. Fast ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
by immunologists and epidemiologists, has been proved to have a strong connection with evolutionary mismatch through recent studies. The hygiene hypothesis states that the profound increase in allergies, autoimmune diseases, and some other chronic inflammatory diseases is related to the reduced exposure of the immune s...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
immediate return environment is when decisions made in the present create immediate results. Prehistoric human brains evolved to assimilate to this particular environment; creating reactions such as anxiety to solve short-term problems. For example, the fear of a predator stalking a human, causes the human to run away ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
humans foraged and hunted for food, novelty-seeking could be advantageous, leading to discovery of new food sources for example. However, casinos exploit this tendency to draw in customers, leading to a mismatch of adaptation and environment. Rapid risk assessment was also beneficial to hunter-gatherers in the face of ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
food scarcity rewarded consumption of high energy meals in order to save excess energy as fat. Now that food is readily available, the neurological system that once helped people recognize the survival advantages of essential eating has now become disadvantageous as it promotes overeating. This has become especially da...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
If the light sensors detect the most intense light on a hatchling's left side, the sea turtle would turn left. A similar proposal called the complex phototropotaxis system theorizes that the eyes contain light intensity comparators that take in detailed information of the intensity of light from all directions. Sea tur...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
Their fearlessness made them easy targets and their inability to fly gave them no opportunity to evade danger. Thus, they were easily driven to extinction within a century of their discovery. The dodo's inability to fly was once beneficial for the bird because it conserved energy. The dodo conserved more energy relativ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
seen among insects. One example is the giant jewel beetle (Julodimorpha bakewelli). The male jewel beetle has evolved to be attracted to identifiable features of the female jewel beetle as it flies across the desert. These features include size, color, and texture. However, similar physical traits are seen in some beer...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
gained from watching others leads to information cascades, where birds follow the rest of the crowd even though prior experience may have suggested that the decision of the crowd is a poor one. For instance, if a nutmeg mannikin sees enough mannikins feeding at a feeder, nutmeg mannikins have been shown to choose that ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
shows that humans are actually taking advantage of a trait that worms adapted to avoid hungry burrowing moles which prey on the worms. This type of evolutionary trap, where an originally beneficial trait is exploited in order to catch prey, was coined the "rare enemy effect" by Richard Dawkins, an English evolutionary ...	{ "page_id": 10560587, "title": "Evolutionary mismatch" }
The Russian Chemical Reviews journal was founded in 1932 and is currently published by the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The journal publishes high-quality authoritative and critical reviews on topical issues of modern chemistry and related sciences According to the J...	{ "page_id": 49030222, "title": "Russian Chemical Reviews" }
A Neural Network Gaussian Process (NNGP) is a Gaussian process (GP) obtained as the limit of a certain type of sequence of neural networks. Specifically, a wide variety of network architectures converges to a GP in the infinitely wide limit, in the sense of distribution. The concept constitutes an intensional definitio...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
=== Scope === The first correspondence result had been established in the 1995 PhD thesis of Radford M. Neal, then supervised by Geoffrey Hinton at University of Toronto. Neal cites David J. C. MacKay as inspiration, who worked in Bayesian learning. Today the correspondence is proven for: Single hidden layer Bayesian n...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
and x ∗ {\displaystyle x^{*}} against each other. The black dots show the function computed by the neural network on these inputs for random draws of the parameters from p ( θ ) {\displaystyle p(\theta )} . The red lines are iso-probability contours for the joint distribution over network outputs z L ( x ; θ ) {\displa...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
1 {\displaystyle n^{L+1}} of the readout vector z L {\displaystyle z^{L}} is taken to be 1. The parameters of this network have a prior distribution p ( θ ) {\displaystyle p(\theta )} , which consists of an isotropic Gaussian for each weight and bias, with the variance of the weights scaled inversely with layer width. ...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
coefficients for each of those Gaussian variables are the preceding activations y j l {\displaystyle y_{j}^{l}} . Because they are a weighted sum of zero-mean Gaussians, the z i l {\displaystyle z_{i}^{l}} are themselves zero-mean Gaussians (conditioned on the coefficients y j l {\displaystyle y_{j}^{l}} ). Since the z...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
is a Gaussian process conditioned on K l {\displaystyle K^{l}} , rather than conditioned on y l {\displaystyle y^{l}} , z i l ∣ K l ∼ G P ( 0 , σ w 2 K l + σ b 2 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}z_{i}^{l}\mid K^{l}&\sim {\mathcal {GP}}\left(0,\sigma _{w}^{2}K^{l}+\sigma _{b}^{2}\right).\end{aligned}}} ==== As layer w...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
layer width n l {\displaystyle n^{l}} goes to infinity, this average over n l {\displaystyle n^{l}} samples from the Gaussian process can be replaced with an integral over the Gaussian process: lim n l → ∞ K l ( x , x ′ ) = ∫ d z d z ′ ϕ ( z ) ϕ ( z ′ ) N ( [ z z ′ ] ; 0 , σ w 2 [ K l − 1 ( x , x ) K l − 1 ( x , x ′ ) ...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
l = F ( K l − 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{n^{l}\rightarrow \infty }K^{l}&=F\left(K^{l-1}\right).\end{aligned}}} ==== ==== z L ∣ x {\displaystyle z^{L}\mid x} is an NNGP By recursively applying the observation that K l ∣ K l − 1 {\displaystyle K^{l}\mid K^{l-1}} is deterministic as n l → ∞ {\displaystyle...	{ "page_id": 63513679, "title": "Neural network Gaussian process" }
In statistical genetics, Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm (or Felsenstein's tree-peeling algorithm), attributed to Joseph Felsenstein, is an algorithm for efficiently computing the likelihood of an evolutionary tree from nucleic acid sequence data. The algorithm is often used as a subroutine in a search for a maxim...	{ "page_id": 17441873, "title": "Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm" }
be: The second assumption concerns the models of DNA sequence evolution. The computation of the likelihood needs the nucleotide frequencies as well as the transition probabilities (when a mutation occurs, probability of going from a nucleotide to another). The simplest model is the Jukes-Cantor model, assuming equal nu...	{ "page_id": 17441873, "title": "Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm" }
w_{k}(X)=(\sum _{Y}p_{X\rightarrow Y}\centerdot w_{i}(Y))\centerdot (\sum _{Z}p_{X\rightarrow Z}\centerdot w_{j}(Z))} where Y {\displaystyle Y} and Z {\displaystyle Z} are also DNA bases. p X → Y {\displaystyle p_{X\rightarrow Y}} is the transition probability from nucleotide X {\displaystyle X} to nucleotide Y {\displ...	{ "page_id": 17441873, "title": "Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm" }
Ciaccio's glands or Wolfring's glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. These accessory lacrimal glands are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Some...	{ "page_id": 11871316, "title": "Ciaccio's glands" }
SequenceBase is a privately held company, is an international patent sequence information provider with headquarters located in Edison, NJ, USA. SequenceBase develops and markets the SequenceBase Research Portal to the biotechnology, legal, pharmaceutical, scientific, technical and academic bioinformatics communities. ...	{ "page_id": 40379477, "title": "SequenceBase" }
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a fluorescence microscopy technique with an intermediate-to-high optical resolution, but good optical sectioning capabilities and high speed. In contrast to epifluorescence microscopy only a thin slice (usually a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers) of the sample is...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
lens and a microscope objective as the latter is available in better optical quality and with higher numerical aperture than the first. This way a thin sheet of light or lightsheet is created in the focal region that can be used to excite fluorescence only in a thin slice (usually a few micrometers thin) of the sample....	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
scanning a normal laser focus up and down. This also allows use of self-reconstructing beams (such as bessel beams or Airy beams) for the illumination which improve the penetration of the lightsheet into thick samples, as the negative effect of scattering on the lightsheet is reduced. These self-reconstructing beams ca...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
to be compatible with all objectives, even coverslip-based, oil-immersion objectives with high numerical aperture to increase native spatial resolution and fluorescence detection efficiency. This technique involves tilting the light sheet relative to the detection objective at a precise angle to allow the light sheet t...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
clear gels containing a growth medium. The gels are cut away at the position of imaging, so they do not reduce the lightsheet and image quality by scattering and absorption. Liquid samples (e.g. for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) can be mounted in small bags made of thin plastic foil matching the refractive ind...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
resolution as described below. Some studies also use a selective plane illumination microscope to image only one slice of the sample, but at much higher temporal resolution. This allows e.g. to observe the beating heart of a zebra fish embryo in real-time. Together with fast translation stages for the sample a high-spe...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
Microscopy, structured illumination techniques have been applied to further improve the optical sectioning capacity of light sheet fluorescence microscopy. === Stripe artifacts === As the illumination typically penetrates the sample from one side, obstacles lying in the way of the lightsheet can disturb its quality by ...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
26 µm longitudinally but at a sample size in the millimeter range. The orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscope used a simple cylindrical lens for illumination. Further development and improvement of the selective plane illumination microscope started in 2004. After this publication by Huisken et al....	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
Review". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 59 (2): 129–138. doi:10.1369/0022155410394857. ISSN 0022-1554. PMC 3201139. PMID 21339178. Review of different light sheet fluorescence microscopy modalities and results in developmental biology: Huisken, J.; Stainier, D.Y.R. (22 May 2009). "Selective plane illuminati...	{ "page_id": 37430358, "title": "Light sheet fluorescence microscopy" }
In organic chemistry, a moiety ( MOY-ə-tee) is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well. Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules, and it should not be used to describe or name smaller functional group...	{ "page_id": 24716375, "title": "Moiety (chemistry)" }
Introduction to Solid State Physics, known colloquially as Kittel, is a classic condensed matter physics textbook written by American physicist Charles Kittel in 1953. The book has been highly influential and has seen widespread adoption; Marvin L. Cohen remarked in 2019 that Kittel's content choices in the original ed...	{ "page_id": 65741913, "title": "Introduction to Solid State Physics" }
writing and was defined by only a few treatises that, in the Ehrenreich's view, expounded rather than explained the topics and were not suitable as textbooks. == Content == The book covers a wide range of topics in solid state physics, including Bloch's theorem, crystals, magnetism, phonons, Fermi gases, magnetic reson...	{ "page_id": 65741913, "title": "Introduction to Solid State Physics" }
edition of the book also received reviews, including one by Donald F. Holcomb. A German translation of the book has also received several reviews. == Publication history == === Original editions === Kittel, Charles (1953). Introduction to solid state physics (1st ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 396. OCLC 859669173. Kittel, C...	{ "page_id": 65741913, "title": "Introduction to Solid State Physics" }
OCLC 820453856. Kittel, Charles; McEuen, Paul (2015). Introduction to solid state physics (8th ed.). New Delhi: Wiley. p. 680. ISBN 978-81-265-3518-7. OCLC 987438137. === Foreign translations === == See also == List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics List of textbooks in electromagnetism == Refer...	{ "page_id": 65741913, "title": "Introduction to Solid State Physics" }
Line notation is a typographical notation system using ASCII characters, most often used for chemical nomenclature. == Chemistry == Cell notation for representation of an electrochemical cell Dyson / IUPAC (1944) Hayward (1961) International Chemical Identifier (InChI) Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) (1952) Simplified mo...	{ "page_id": 8463452, "title": "Line notation" }
Bioproducts engineering or bioprocess engineering refers to engineering of bio-products from renewable bioresources. This pertains to the design and development of processes and technologies for the sustainable manufacture of bioproducts (materials, chemicals and energy) from renewable biological resources. Bioproducts...	{ "page_id": 34808927, "title": "Bioproducts engineering" }
conglomerate of mathematics, biology and industrial design, and consists of various spectrums like designing of fermentors, study of fermentors (mode of operations etc.). It also deals with studying various biotechnological processes used in industries for large scale production of biological product for optimization o...	{ "page_id": 34808927, "title": "Bioproducts engineering" }
Pheophorbide or phaeophorbide is a product of chlorophyll breakdown and a derivative of pheophytin where both the central magnesium has been removed and the phytol tail has been hydrolyzed. It is used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. Pheophorbide may be generated by digestion of ingested plant matter. Both...	{ "page_id": 33694818, "title": "Pheophorbide" }
Pilbaria is a genus of fossil stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria from the Paleoproterozoic era 2.3 to 1.7 billion years ago. It is named after the Pilbara region of Western Australia where the type specimen was found. == Description == The type species, Pilbaria perplexa is characterised by long, mostly straight, subpa...	{ "page_id": 77079654, "title": "Pilbaria" }
The Gate of Angels is a 1990 historical novel by the British author Penelope Fitzgerald. It is set in 1912 at St Angelicus, a fictional Cambridge University college. The novel was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. == Plot == Fred Fairly, a Junior Fellow of St Angelicus ('Angels'), a (fictional) Cambridge college, is a ...	{ "page_id": 45556839, "title": "The Gate of Angels" }
cart that caused the accident has not been found and this draws the interest of Dr Matthews, Provost of St James and teller of ghost stories. It also draws the attention of the local police who open an investigation. In the ensuing trial, Fred, Daisy and Mrs Wrayburn are called as witnesses. While Daisy is in the witne...	{ "page_id": 45556839, "title": "The Gate of Angels" }
cart that collided with Fred and Daisy Herbert and Venetia Wrayburn: residents of Cambridge James Elder: an attempted suicide Dr Sage: a quack. == Background == Fitzgerald's inspiration for the opening of the novel came when she saw through a Cambridge bus window some cows in ecstasy over willow branches that had been ...	{ "page_id": 45556839, "title": "The Gate of Angels" }
were long and enthusiastic, with John Bailey speaking of her 'mesmeric insouciance' and Sebastian Faulks likening it to being taken in a ride in a peculiar kind of car where everything works beautifully but, halfway through and with exhilarating results, "someone throws the steering wheel out of the window". Louis B. J...	{ "page_id": 45556839, "title": "The Gate of Angels" }
Fitzgerald: A Life. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701184957. Wolfe, Peter (2004). Understanding Penelope Fitzgerald. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-561-X.	{ "page_id": 45556839, "title": "The Gate of Angels" }
Starfish, or sea stars, are radially symmetrical, star-shaped organisms of the phylum Echinodermata and the class Asteroidea. Aside from their distinguishing shape, starfish are most recognized for their remarkable ability to regenerate, or regrow, arms and, in some cases, entire bodies. While most species require the ...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
also contains the starfish mouth and stomach. This replication and delocalization of vital organs makes starfish especially resilient to the loss of appendages. In addition to being able to replicate organs, starfish are also capable of regenerating neuron cells. Other cells that are left over from the injury are able ...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
regeneration defined by the ability to regrow the main body axis after whole body severance. Starfish that exhibit disk-dependent bidirectional regeneration are capable of regenerating a full starfish when less than half of the original starfish is intact, given that all or part of the central disk is present. The pres...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
new organs. Note, the following section details the regrowth of a starfish's arm following amputation in a unidirectional manner of regeneration. === Repair phase === Immediately following amputation, all starfish must seal their coelomic cavities, particularly the perivisceral coelomic canal, to prevent fluid loss and...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
established epithelial layer. Overall, this provisional tissue matures over time, to ultimately provide a scaffold for regenerative growth. In many ways, the edematous area resembles the granulation tissue of mammals, possessing a disorganized mix of fibroblasts, phagocytes, nervous elements, differentiating myocytes, ...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
and differentiation of the other. Furthermore, initial regeneration of the radial nerve cord results from proliferation of existing structure as well as the differentiation of supporting cells that create cell 'niches' for future neuronal growth. Specifically, the supporting cells (believed to be glial cells) acquire a...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
3–6 months post amputation. This miniaturized arm will resemble the non-regenerating arms of the starfish, and will continue growing throughout the organism's lifetime. Importantly, and especially evident in the last phase, starfish re-growth follows a "distalization-intercalary" regenerative model after arm amputation...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
the exact role of stem cell, dedifferentiation, and cellular differentiation requires further exploration. == Autotomy and regeneration == Though starfish are well understood to utilize their regenerative capabilities to regrow arms eaten or damaged by predators, they are also capable of regenerating arms they have int...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
fertilized a blastula is formed. After the formation of the blastula cilia is produced on the cell allowing the cell to move through the water. When the cell later turns into larva, the starfish larva will start to produce its organs before turning into an adult starfish. The host starfish then regenerates the lost arm...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
10). Animals. [1] Carnegie Mellon University. The Future of Human Healing Lies in the Brain of a Starfish—News—Carnegie Mellon University. http://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2020/march/dahl-starfish.html Scientists Search Starfish For Key to Human Regeneration \| WIRED. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2020, from htt...	{ "page_id": 65610859, "title": "Starfish regeneration" }
The Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research is a scientific institute in Wrocław, Poland. It is named after Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski, the Polish chemist, physicist and mathematician. == Localization == Until 1993 the Institute was placed at Gajowicka street and the Bishop Palace, ...	{ "page_id": 6431857, "title": "Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences" }
Lifemapper is building a species diversity map of the world. It is similar to the SETI@Home client, in that it uses a volunteer computing client running primarily on home user's computers to correlate georeferenced biological samples with environmental models of the Earth. It is an experimental GIS, or Geographic Infor...	{ "page_id": 337010, "title": "Lifemapper" }
In immunology, a naive B cell is a B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen. These are located in the tonsils, spleen, and primary lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes. Once exposed to an antigen, the naive B cell either becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell that secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that w...	{ "page_id": 21374067, "title": "Naive B cell" }
SLP65/SLP76, Csk-interacting membrane protein, termed SCIMP, belongs to family of transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAP) which do not directly associate with a receptor, such as LAT, NTAL, LIME or LAX. SCIMP is expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC), namely B cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophag...	{ "page_id": 46343283, "title": "SCIMP protein" }

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