Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
allows for genome-wide detection of numerous RNA and DNA interactions that occur at the same time. === ChIA-Drop === ChIA-Drop is a straightforward method for analyzing multiplex chromatin interactions using droplet-based and barcode-linked sequencing at single-molecule accuracy. Previous pairwise population-level appr...	{ "page_id": 26289430, "title": "ChIA-PET" }
picture of binding sites and interactions along with a whole genome landscape.	{ "page_id": 26289430, "title": "ChIA-PET" }
Bull kelp is a common name for the brown alga Nereocystis luetkeana which is a true kelp in the family Laminariaceae. Species in the genus Durvillaea are also sometimes called "bull kelp", but this is just a shortening of the common name southern bull kelp. Durvillaea is a genus in the order Fucales and, though superfi...	{ "page_id": 21636379, "title": "Bull kelp" }
In organic chemistry, dihydroxybenzenes (benzenediols) are organic compounds in which two hydroxyl groups (−OH) are substituted onto a benzene ring (C6H6). These aromatic compounds are classed as phenols. There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihy...	{ "page_id": 1516827, "title": "Dihydroxybenzenes" }
A chafery is a variety of hearth used in ironmaking for reheating a bloom of iron, in the course of its being drawn out into a bar of wrought iron. The equivalent term for a bloomery was string hearth, except in 17th century Cumbria, where the terminology was that of the finery forge. A finery forge for the Walloon pro...	{ "page_id": 17638686, "title": "Chafery" }
A hyperbaric stretcher is a lightweight pressure vessel for human occupancy (PVHO) designed to accommodate one person undergoing initial hyperbaric treatment during or while awaiting transport or transfer to a treatment chamber. Originally developed as advanced diving equipment, it has since been used for other medical...	{ "page_id": 26158367, "title": "Hyperbaric stretcher" }
This can be achieved by making the unit small enough to be loaded inside the hyperbaric facility for transfer under pressure, or by having a mating flange compatible with the larger chamber, by way of an adapter if necessary. Some types of treatment may be done in the hyperbaric stretcher, provided the patient is suffi...	{ "page_id": 26158367, "title": "Hyperbaric stretcher" }
Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1969 as Radiation Effects. It obtained its current title in 1989 and covers radiation effects and phenomena induced by the interaction of all types of radiation with condensed matter: radiation physics, radiation chemi...	{ "page_id": 33170739, "title": "Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids" }
Puerto Rico state forests (Spanish: Bosques estatales de Puerto Rico), sometimes referred to as Puerto Rico Commonwealth forests in English, are protected forest reserves managed by the government of Puerto Rico, particularly by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. In addition to their fun...	{ "page_id": 2434357, "title": "List of Puerto Rico state forests" }
or territorial-level protected forests in the island and, in December 1919, ownership of the federally protected forest tract in the westernmost portion of the Cordillera Central passed to the territorial government, making the Maricao Forest the first woodland to receive this designation. By 1935 all the newly protect...	{ "page_id": 2434357, "title": "List of Puerto Rico state forests" }
Observation P = Picnicking R = Scientific Research S = Swimming W = Bird Watching == See also == List of National Natural Landmarks in Puerto Rico List of U.S. National Forests El Yunque National Forest Protected areas of Puerto Rico == Notes == == References == == External links == Puerto Rico Department of Natural an...	{ "page_id": 2434357, "title": "List of Puerto Rico state forests" }
Silicynes are allotropes of silicon. 1-dimensional silicyne is analogous to the carbon allotrope carbyne, being a long chain of silicons, instead of carbons. It is amorphous silicon with sp hybridization of the valence electrons. Silicyne is a single linear molecule composed of just silicon atoms. One of the manners th...	{ "page_id": 40772919, "title": "Silicyne" }
The McFadyen–Stevens reaction is a chemical reaction best described as a base-catalyzed thermal decomposition of acylsulfonylhydrazides to aldehydes.[1][2] Dudman et al. have developed an alternative hydrazide reagent.[3] == Reaction mechanism == The mechanism of the McFadyen–Stevens reaction is still under investigati...	{ "page_id": 5907769, "title": "McFadyen–Stevens reaction" }
A light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) is a device to remotely measure chlorophyll fluorescence in plants in a fast and non-destructive way. By using a series of excitation light pulses, LIFT combines chlorophyll fluorescence data with spectral and RGB information to provide insights into various photosynthetic ...	{ "page_id": 72099131, "title": "Light-induced fluorescence transient" }
leading to an increase in fluorescence to its maximum (Fm'). The naturally occurring fluorescence (F') can also be measured without the excitation light. The variable fluorescence (Fq') can be calculated as the difference between Fm' and F'. The Photosystem II operating efficiency can be calculated using the equation: ...	{ "page_id": 72099131, "title": "Light-induced fluorescence transient" }
the effects of future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the seasonal photosynthesis dynamics of different wheat cultivars. The authors showed that the elevated CO2 concentration increased the photosynthetic efficiency, mainly during vegetative growth. == References ==	{ "page_id": 72099131, "title": "Light-induced fluorescence transient" }
Westlake Corporation is an international manufacturer and supplier of petrochemicals, polymers and fabricated building products, which are fundamental to various consumer and industrial markets. The company was founded by Ting Tsung Chao in 1986. it is the largest producer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in the US a...	{ "page_id": 45688123, "title": "Westlake Corporation" }
RNase PH is a tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, present in archaea and bacteria, that is involved in tRNA processing. Contrary to hydrolytic enzymes, it is a phosphorolytic enzyme, meaning that it uses inorganic phosphate as a reactant to cleave nucleotide-nucleotide bonds, releasing diphosphate nucleotides. The active stru...	{ "page_id": 12592446, "title": "RNase PH" }
The Luria–Delbrück experiment (1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrated that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selective pressure rather than being a response to it. Thus, it concluded Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to mor...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
as 1 number of survivors {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\text{number of survivors}}}} . In particular, if the distribution of survivor number turns out to decay more like a power law than like an exponential, then we can conclude with high statistical likelihood that Darwinian scenario is true. This is a rough overview of t...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
a probability distribution (now called the Luria–Delbrück distribution) that gives a relationship between moments consistent with the experimentally obtained values. Therefore, the conclusion was that mutations in bacteria, as in other organisms, are random rather than directed. The results of Luria and Delbrück were c...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
difficult to compute without the use of a computer. == Description of the test == A small number of cells are used to inoculate parallel cultures in a non-selective medium. The cultures are grown to saturation to obtain equal cell densities. The cells are plated onto selective media to obtain the number of mutants (r)....	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
) {\displaystyle \mu =m/{\operatorname {median} (N_{t})}} (2) μ = m / ( 2 median ⁡ ( N t ) ) {\displaystyle \mu =m/(2\operatorname {median} (N_{t}))} (3) μ = m ln ⁡ ( 2 ) / median ⁡ ( N t ) {\displaystyle \mu =m\ln(2)/{\operatorname {median} (N_{t})}} where Nt is the median of the number of viable cells on a non-indica...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
exp ⁡ ( β t ) ] {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {\beta \ln(\rho )}{n_{0}[1-\exp(\beta t)]}}} where β is the cellular growth rate, n0 is the initial number of bacteria in each culture, t is the time, and ρ = N s N {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {N_{s}}{N}}} where Ns is the number of cultures without resistant bacteria and N is ...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
confers sensitivity to microcin J25 and colicin M and acts as a receptor for the phages T5 and phi80 as well as T1. The FhuA protein has a beta-barrel domain (residues 161 to 714) that is closed by a globular cork domain (residues 1 to 160). Within the cork domain is the TonB binding region (residues 7 to 11). The larg...	{ "page_id": 1647936, "title": "Luria–Delbrück experiment" }
This is a list of topics named after Hermann Weyl, the influential German mathematician from the 20th century. == Mathematics and physics == == Other == Weyl (crater) == References ==	{ "page_id": 7218498, "title": "List of things named after Hermann Weyl" }
The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience. These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and con...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
forms along the long axis of the neural plate and, by week four of development, the neural plate wraps in on itself to give rise to the neural tube, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As the embryo develops, the anterior part of the neural tube forms three primary brain vesicles, which become the primary a...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
requires signals from the mesoderm. At the onset of gastrulation presumptive mesodermal cells move through the dorsal blastopore lip and form a layer in between the endoderm and the ectoderm. These mesodermal cells that migrate along the dorsal midline give rise to a structure called the notochord. Ectodermal cells ove...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
explant cultures (which allow direct cell-cell interactions) the same cells differentiate into epidermis. This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. During neural induction, noggin and chordin are produced by the dorsal mesoderm (notochor...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
causes its alar plate to flare and form the fourth ventricle of the brain. The pons and the cerebellum form in the upper part of the rhombencephalon, whilst the medulla oblongata forms in the lower part. == Neuroimaging == Neuroimaging is responsible for great advancements in understanding how the brain develops. EEG a...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
adolescents when tested on emotional tests of mentalising. Finally, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the anterior dorsal MPFC (dMPFC) are activated when the mind is stimulated by psychology. === Three-dimensional sonography === Higher resolution imaging has allowed three-dimensional ultrasound to help identify h...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
and increase of white matter may occur throughout a lifetime though the more robust changes occur from childhood to adolescence. == Neuronal migration == Neuronal migration is the method by which neurons travel from their origin or birthplace to their final position in the brain. Their most common means of migration ar...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
migration have been worked out, starting with the extracellular guidance cues that trigger intracellular signaling. These intracellular signals, such as calcium signaling, lead to actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics, which produce cellular forces that interact with the extracellular environment through cell adh...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
mechanisms and especially, the extent and speed. The nervous system continues to develop during adulthood until brain death. For example: physical exercise has neurobiological effects the consumption of foods (or nutrients), obesity, alterations of the microbiome, drinks, dietary supplements, recreational drugs and med...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
birth. Hence, there is a need for dense coverage of this age range with a time-varying, age-dependent atlas. Such spatio-temporal atlases can accurately represent the dynamic changes occurring during early brain development, and can be used as a normative reference space. Furthermore, large scale gene expression studie...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
is not commonly done without strong medical arguments; in 2019 a study reported that "neuroimaging approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of early brain development" Human tissue inaccessibility has impeded molecular understanding of the formation of cognitive capacities. The placenta is researc...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
increased amygdala volume, decreased activity in frontal cortical and limbic brain structures, and altered white matter structures. Early life stress is believed to produce changes in brain development by interfering with neurogenesis, synaptic production, and pruning of synapses and receptors. Interference with these ...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
high glucocorticoid receptor density are the hippocampus and cerebellar vermis. Stress activates the HPA axis, and results in the production of glucocorticoids. Increased glucocorticoid production results in increased activation of these brain regions, facilitating the development of certain neural pathways at the cost...	{ "page_id": 13968711, "title": "Development of the nervous system in humans" }
An architectural model is a type of scale model made to study aspects of an architectural design or to communicate design intent. They are made using a variety of materials including paper, plaster, plastic, resin, wood, glass, and metal. Models are built either with traditional handcraft techniques or via 3D printing ...	{ "page_id": 7742793, "title": "Architectural model" }
a large resort, a campus, an industrial facility, a military base, and so on. Urban models are a tool for town and city planning and development. Urban models of large urban areas are displayed at museums such as the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center, the Queens Museum in New York, the Beijing Planning Exhibiti...	{ "page_id": 7742793, "title": "Architectural model" }
vehicles, trees, bushes, and other features that are found in the models. Features such as vehicles, people figurines, trees, streetlights, and others are called "scenery elements" and serve not only to beautify the model but also to help the observer obtain a correct feel of the scale and proportions represented by th...	{ "page_id": 7742793, "title": "Architectural model" }
with high precision. Cork models were esteemed in the princely courts of the 18th century. They were also acquired for their scientific value by schools of architecture in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, or by institutions like the Society of Antiquaries of London and the British Museum, as a way of introducing...	{ "page_id": 7742793, "title": "Architectural model" }
(or real) size for details 1:2 Details 1:5 Details 1:10 Interior spaces and furniture 1:20 Interior spaces and furniture 1:50 Interior spaces, detailed floor plans, and different floor levels 1:100 Building plans and layouts 1:200 Building plans and layouts 1:500 Building layouts or site plans 1:1000 Urban scale for si...	{ "page_id": 7742793, "title": "Architectural model" }
A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte. It is characterized by having a curved but not lobular nucleus. The term "band cell" implies a granulocytic lineage (e.g., neutrophils). == Clinical s...	{ "page_id": 7284042, "title": "Band cell" }
Swapan Kumar Gayen (Bengali: স্বপন কুমার গায়েন) is a Bengali-American physicist. He is a professor of physics at the City College of New York. == Education and career == Gayen was born in a Bengali Kayastha family in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He completed his BSc (Hons) and MSc in physics from the University of Dhaka in 1977...	{ "page_id": 49423692, "title": "Swapan K. Gayen" }
Surface acoustic wave gas sensor or surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors consist of an input transducer, a chemically adsorbent polymer film, and an output transducer on a piezoelectric substrate, which is typically made of quartz. The input transducer launches an acoustic wave that travels through the chemical film and...	{ "page_id": 14230861, "title": "Microwave chemistry sensor" }
In theoretical physics, a local reference frame (local frame) refers to a coordinate system or frame of reference that is only expected to function over a small region or a restricted region of space or spacetime. The term is most often used in the context of the application of local inertial frames to small regions of...	{ "page_id": 2434383, "title": "Local reference frame" }
detection facility of a particle accelerator. == See also == Breit frame Center-of-mass frame Frame bundle Inertial frame of reference Local coordinates Local spacetime structure Lorentz covariance Minkowski space Normal coordinates	{ "page_id": 2434383, "title": "Local reference frame" }
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate () is a mixture that has equal amounts (50:50) of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. == History == The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, w...	{ "page_id": 75089, "title": "Racemic mixture" }
d and l is discouraged by IUPAC. == Properties == A racemate is optically inactive (achiral), meaning that such materials do not rotate the polarization of plane-polarized light. Although the two enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions, the rotations cancel each other out because they are presen...	{ "page_id": 75089, "title": "Racemic mixture" }
small amount of one enantiomer to the racemic compound decreases the melting point. But the pure enantiomer can have a higher or lower melting point than the compound. A special case of racemic compounds are kryptoracemic compounds (or kryptoracemates), in which the crystal itself has handedness (is enantiomorphic), de...	{ "page_id": 75089, "title": "Racemic mixture" }
not require special conditions. This fact also leads to the question of how biological homochirality evolved on what is presumed to be a racemic primordial earth. The reagents of, and the reactions that produce, racemic mixtures are said to be "not stereospecific" or "not stereoselective", for their indecision in a par...	{ "page_id": 75089, "title": "Racemic mixture" }
resulting enantiopure drug is called a chiral switch. As examples, esomeprazole is a chiral switch of (±)-omeprazole and levocetirizine is a chiral switch of (±)-cetirizine. While often only one enantiomer of the drug may be active, there are cases in which the other enantiomer is harmful, like salbutamol and thalidomi...	{ "page_id": 75089, "title": "Racemic mixture" }
Cellular dewetting refers to the process of nucleation and enlargement of transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels in endothelial cells (Figure 1). This phenomenon is analogous to the nucleation and growth of dry patches in viscous liquids spreading on a non-wettable substrate (Figure 2). Cellular dewetting is...	{ "page_id": 50406738, "title": "Cellular dewetting" }
resisting force along the edge of the tunnel that opposes membrane tension and limits dewetting. This line tension can have physical and molecular components. == References ==	{ "page_id": 50406738, "title": "Cellular dewetting" }
Alpha male and beta male are terms for men derived from the designations of alpha and beta animals in ethology. They may also be used with other genders, such as women, or additionally use other letters of the Greek alphabet (such as sigma). The popularization of these terms to describe humans has been widely criticize...	{ "page_id": 53814610, "title": "Alpha and beta male" }
attributes the popular awareness of the terms to a 1999 Time magazine article, which described an opinion held by Naomi Wolf, who was at the time an advisor to then-presidential candidate Al Gore: "Wolf has argued internally that Gore is a 'Beta male' who needs to take on the 'Alpha male' in the Oval Office before the ...	{ "page_id": 53814610, "title": "Alpha and beta male" }
the manosphere, a collection of websites, blogs, and online forums promoting masculinity, strong opposition to feminism, and misogyny which includes movements such as the men's rights movement, incels (involuntary celibates), Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW), pick-up artists (PUA), and fathers' rights groups. The term b...	{ "page_id": 53814610, "title": "Alpha and beta male" }
blog post by American writer Vox Day. Later, California plastic surgeon John T. Alexander published the book The Sigma Male: What Women Really Want. In 2018, the term appeared on YouTube and in 2021 it went viral after a tweet by Lily Simpson. The term sigma male has also taken on an ironic and satirical meaning, often...	{ "page_id": 53814610, "title": "Alpha and beta male" }
with women in the hope of eventually getting into a romantic relationship or having sex with them. The term earned some media attention in 2019 with the murder of Bianca Devins. A man killed the 17-year-old Devins and posted photographs of her body online, one of which bore the caption, "sorry fuckers, you're going to ...	{ "page_id": 53814610, "title": "Alpha and beta male" }
A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell. It is characterized by the appearance of a bent nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and the absence of visible nucleoli. (If the nucleus is not yet bent, then it is likely a myelocyte.) == Additional images == == See a...	{ "page_id": 7284050, "title": "Metamyelocyte" }
Deutsche Physik (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə fyˈziːk], lit. "German Physics") or Aryan Physics (German: Arische Physik) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany. The term appears in the title of a four-volume physics textbook by Nobel...	{ "page_id": 730450, "title": "Deutsche Physik" }
German side it was suggested to avoid an unnecessary use of English language in scientific texts (concerning, e.g., the renaming of German-discovered phenomena with perceived English-derived names, such as "X-ray" instead of "Röntgen ray"). It was stressed, however, that this measure should not be misunderstood as a re...	{ "page_id": 730450, "title": "Deutsche Physik" }
physicists resented Einstein's dismissal of the notion of a luminiferous aether, which had been a mainstay of their work for the majority of their productive lives. They were not convinced by the empirical evidence for relativity. They believed that the measurements of the perihelion of Mercury and the null result of t...	{ "page_id": 730450, "title": "Deutsche Physik" }
a long period of harassment of quantum physicist Werner Heisenberg, which included getting him labeled a "White Jew" in Das Schwarze Korps. Heisenberg was an extremely eminent physicist, and the Nazis realized that they were better off with him rather than without, however "Jewish" his theory might be in the eyes of St...	{ "page_id": 730450, "title": "Deutsche Physik" }
had not embraced Lenard and Stark's ideas, the German antisemitic agenda was enough by itself to destroy the Jewish scientific community in Germany. Furthermore, the German nuclear weapons program was never pursued with anywhere near the vigor of the Manhattan Project in the United States, and for that reason would lik...	{ "page_id": 730450, "title": "Deutsche Physik" }
In anatomy, a canal (or canalis in Latin) is a tubular passage or channel which connects different regions of the body. == Examples == === Cranial region === Alveolar canals Carotid canal Facial canal Greater palatine canal Incisive canals Infraorbital canal Mandibular canal Optic canal Palatovaginal canal Pterygoid ca...	{ "page_id": 8332631, "title": "Canal (anatomy)" }
Henrik Henriksen Beck (1799-1863) was a Danish geologist, conchologist, and naturalist. He wrote Index molluscorum praesentis aevi musei principis augustissimi Christiani Frederici (1837) in which several new species were described and Bemærkninger om Danmarks Geologi : oplæste i det geologiske Selskab (1835). == Refer...	{ "page_id": 54207831, "title": "Henrik Henriksen Beck" }
Wiswesser line notation (WLN), invented by William J. Wiswesser in 1949, was the first line notation capable of precisely describing complex molecules. It was the basis of ICI Ltd's CROSSBOW database system developed in the late 1960s. WLN allowed for indexing the Chemical Structure Index (CSI) at the Institute for Sci...	{ "page_id": 8463705, "title": "Wiswesser line notation" }
In evolutionary biology, sequence space is a way of representing all possible sequences (for a protein, gene or genome). The sequence space has one dimension per amino acid or nucleotide in the sequence leading to highly dimensional spaces. Most sequences in sequence space have no function, leaving relatively small reg...	{ "page_id": 41624922, "title": "Sequence space (evolution)" }
a vast empty space of non-functional sequence. The density of functional proteins in sequence space, and the proximity of different functions to one another is a key determinant in understanding evolvability. The degree of interpenetration of two neutral networks of different activities in sequence space will determine...	{ "page_id": 41624922, "title": "Sequence space (evolution)" }
DNA libraries that sample regions of sequence space, often with the goal of finding mutants of proteins with enhanced functions compared to the wild type. These libraries are created either by using a wild type sequence as a template and applying one or more mutagenesis techniques to make different variants of it, or b...	{ "page_id": 41624922, "title": "Sequence space (evolution)" }
At the level of a line extending from the lower part of the pubic symphysis to the spine of the ischium is a thickened whitish band in this upper layer of the diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia. It is termed the tendinous arch or white line of the pelvic fascia, and marks the line of attachment of the special fasc...	{ "page_id": 4924762, "title": "Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia" }
Penta-graphene is a hypothetical carbon allotrope composed entirely of carbon pentagons and resembling the Cairo pentagonal tiling. Penta-graphene was proposed in 2014 on the basis of analyses and simulations. Further calculations predicted that it is unstable in its pure form, but can be stabilized by hydrogenation. D...	{ "page_id": 45294937, "title": "Penta-graphene" }
An impingement filter can be used to purify a polluted solution, be it gas or liquid. The impingement filter acts by inducing the solution to change direction and the particles to adhere to the filter medium. In many cases this filter medium is designed to contain apertures of specific size which will absorb the impuri...	{ "page_id": 26223965, "title": "Impingement filter" }
The NatureServe conservation status system, maintained and presented by NatureServe in cooperation with the Natural Heritage Network, was developed in the United States in the 1980s by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) as a means for ranking or categorizing the relative imperilment of species of plants, animals, or other or...	{ "page_id": 1910110, "title": "NatureServe conservation status" }
to address infraspecific taxa (subspecies and plant varieties). === Global, national, and subnational levels === NatureServe conservation statuses may be applied at any or all of three geographical levels: G - Ranks designated at the global (or range-wide) level (G-rank), N - Ranks designated at a national level (N-ran...	{ "page_id": 1910110, "title": "NatureServe conservation status" }
for example, a G3 species is "globally vulnerable", and an N2 species is "nationally imperiled" for the particular country the rank is assigned. Species with G, N, or S rankings of 4 or 5 are generally not the basis for major conservation actions. == Ranks for additional cases == Several less frequent special cases are...	{ "page_id": 1910110, "title": "NatureServe conservation status" }
polyploid species of ferns formed by interspecific hybridization followed by chromosome doubling. Some of these hybrid-derived species are quite rare (ranked G1), but others are so widespread, abundant, and secure as to deserve a G5 rank. === Taxa extant only in captivity or cultivation === C - When appended to X or H,...	{ "page_id": 1910110, "title": "NatureServe conservation status" }
The Ginzburg–Landau equation, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, describes the nonlinear evolution of small disturbances near a finite wavelength bifurcation from a stable to an unstable state of a system. At the onset of finite wavelength bifurcation, the system becomes unstable for a critical wavenumber k c ...	{ "page_id": 4597084, "title": "Ginzburg–Landau equation" }
Θ = a r g ( A ) {\displaystyle \Theta =\mathrm {arg} (A)} is the phase, one obtains the following equations ∂ R ∂ t = [ ∇ 2 R − R ( ∇ Θ ) 2 ] − α ( 2 ∇ Θ ⋅ ∇ R + R ∇ 2 Θ ) + ( 1 − R 2 ) R , R ∂ Θ ∂ t = α [ ∇ 2 R − R ( ∇ Θ ) 2 ] + ( 2 ∇ Θ ⋅ ∇ R + R ∇ 2 Θ ) − β R 3 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial R}{\pa...	{ "page_id": 4597084, "title": "Ginzburg–Landau equation" }
is an arbitrary real constant. Similar solutions can be constructed numerically in a finite domain. == Some solutions of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation == === Traveling wave === The traveling wave solution is given by A ( x , t ) = 1 − k 2 e i k ⋅ x − ω t , ω = β + ( α − β ) k 2 , \| k \| < 1. {\displaystyle A(\mat...	{ "page_id": 4597084, "title": "Ginzburg–Landau equation" }
+3M-\alpha M^{2}=-\beta L^{2}.} === Coherent structure solutions === The coherent structure solutions are obtained by assuming A = e i k ⋅ x − ω t B ( ξ , t ) {\displaystyle A=e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {x} -\omega t}B({\boldsymbol {\xi }},t)} where ξ = x + u t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\xi }}=\mathbf {x} +\mathb...	{ "page_id": 4597084, "title": "Ginzburg–Landau equation" }
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sexual ethics: Sexual ethics – branch of philosophy that explores the moral obligations, and permissibility, or impermissibility of sexual activities. Also deals with issues arising from all aspects of sexuality and human sexual behaviour relating...	{ "page_id": 5645664, "title": "Outline of sexual ethics" }
views on contraception == Sexual ethics concepts == === Dating and marriage === Marriage—how the love described above is or is not related to the permissibility or forbiddenness of sex; what kind of commitment it is that is central to marriage. Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Extramarital sex Adultery Divorce Infidelity ==...	{ "page_id": 5645664, "title": "Outline of sexual ethics" }
This is a list of Passeriforme species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Passeriformes is the taxonomic order to which the perching birds belong. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by popu...	{ "page_id": 49554785, "title": "List of Passeriformes by population" }
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly, natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is often hydrogen production, although syngas has multiple other uses such as production of...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
{CO} +3\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{SR}=206\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} } Via the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), additional hydrogen is released by reaction of water with the carbon monoxide generated according to equation [1]: [ 2 ] C O + H 2 O ⇌ C O 2 + H 2 Δ H W G S R = − 41 k J / m o l {\displaystyle [2]\qquad \mathr...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
typically categorized into: top-fired, bottom-fired, and side-fired. A notable design is the Foster-Wheeler terrace wall reformer. Inside the tubes, a mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
100 bar. In addition to reactions [1] – [3], ATR introduces the following reaction: [ 4 ] C H 4 + 0.5 O 2 ⇌ C O + 2 H 2 Δ H R = − 24.5 k J / m o l {\displaystyle [4]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+0.5\,\mathrm {O} _{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +2\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{R}=-24.5\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} } The main di...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
energy. Reforming for combustion engines is based on steam reforming, where non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) of low quality gases are converted to synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and finally to methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) - thereby improving the fuel gas quality (methane number). === For fuel cells ==...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
be more expensive at the smaller scale needed for fuel cells. ==== Challenges with reformers supplying fuel cells ==== There are several challenges associated with this technology: The reforming reaction takes place at high temperatures, making it slow to start up and requiring costly high-temperature materials. Sulfur...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
on the purity of the hydrogen product. == See also == Biogas Boudouard reaction Catalytic reforming Chemical looping reforming and gasification Cracking (chemistry) Hydrogen pinch Hydrogen technologies Industrial gas Lane hydrogen producer Methane pyrolysis (for Hydrogen) Partial oxidation PROX Reformed methanol fuel c...	{ "page_id": 1320289, "title": "Steam reforming" }
Atmospheric optics is "the study of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere or products of atmospheric processes .... [including] temporal and spatial resolutions beyond those discernible with the naked eye". Meteorological optics is "that part of atmospheric optics concerned with the study of patterns observable...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }
a temperature inversion, in which objects on the horizon or even beyond the horizon (e.g. islands, cliffs, ships, and icebergs) appear elongated and elevated, like "fairy tale castles". Rainbows. These result from a combination of internal reflection and dispersive refraction of light in raindrops. Because rainbows are...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }
of an object depends on its judged distance: an object that appears near appears smaller than an object having the same image size on the retina that appears far. With the overhead Moon, there is no uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies. Hence it appears far and small. With a horizon Moon, there is an uninterrup...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }
point a great distance from the observer it has a much higher chance of reaching the observer than blue light. At distances nearing infinity, the scattered light is therefore white. Distant clouds or snowy mountaintops will seem yellow for that reason; that effect is not obvious on clear days, but very pronounced when ...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }
clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }
scattered by water droplets, and the long rays are more likely to be absorbed. The bluish color is evidence that such scattering is being produced by rain-sized droplets in the cloud. A cumulonimbus cloud emitting green is a sign that it is a severe thunderstorm, capable of heavy rain, hail, strong winds and possible t...	{ "page_id": 28779877, "title": "Atmospheric optics" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.