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down the sample length. During necking, the disordered chains align along the tensile direction, forming an ordered structure that demonstrates strengthening due to the molecular reorientation. The flow stress now increases significantly following neck propagation. Mechanical anisotropy increases and the elastic modulu...	{ "page_id": 27535205, "title": "Crystallization of polymers" }
tensile test which lasts minutes), shock loading, the behavior under long-term and static loading, as well as the vibration-induced stress. === Optical properties === Crystalline polymers are usually opaque because of light scattering on the numerous boundaries between the crystalline and amorphous regions. The density...	{ "page_id": 27535205, "title": "Crystallization of polymers" }
While chemically pure materials have a single melting point, chemical mixtures often partially melt at the temperature known as the solidus (TS or Tsol), and fully melt at the higher liquidus temperature (TL or Tliq). The solidus is always less than or equal to the liquidus, but they need not coincide. If a gap exists ...	{ "page_id": 74786662, "title": "Liquidus and solidus" }
temperatures coincide at a point known as the invariant point. At the invariant point, the mixture undergoes a eutectic reaction where both solids melt at the same temperature. == Modeling and measurement == There are several models used to predict liquidus and solidus curves for various systems. Detailed measurements ...	{ "page_id": 74786662, "title": "Liquidus and solidus" }
and forming processes, and it also may lead to product failure. == See also == Melting/freezing point Phase diagram Solvus == References ==	{ "page_id": 74786662, "title": "Liquidus and solidus" }
In molecular biology, the Ycf4 protein is involved in the assembly of the photosystem I complex which is part of an energy-harvesting process named photosynthesis. Without Ycf4, photosynthesis would be inefficient affecting plant growth. Ycf4 is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Ycf4 is important fo...	{ "page_id": 36382567, "title": "Ycf4 protein domain" }
The moment of inertia, denoted by I, measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis; it is the rotational analogue to mass (which determines an object's resistance to linear acceleration). The moments of inertia of a mass have units of dimension ML2 ([mass] × [length]2). ...	{ "page_id": 468843, "title": "List of moments of inertia" }
n j , {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \cdot \mathbf {I} \cdot \mathbf {n} \equiv n_{i}I_{ij}n_{j}\,,} where the dots indicate tensor contraction and the Einstein summation convention is used. In the above table, n would be the unit Cartesian basis ex, ey, ez to obtain Ix, Iy, Iz respectively. == See also == List of second m...	{ "page_id": 468843, "title": "List of moments of inertia" }
The molecular formula C44H34O22 may refer to: Theasinensin A Theasinensin D	{ "page_id": 75769708, "title": "C44H34O22" }
Rhabdosphaeraceae is a family of algae belonging to the order Syracosphaerales. == Genera == The following is a list of Rhabdosphaeraceae genera: Acanthoica Lohmann, 1903 Algirosphaera Schlauder, 1945 Amitha Shafik, 1989 Anacanthoica G. Deflandre, 1952 Anthosphaera Blackites W.W. Hay & K.M. Towe, 1962 Cepekiella P.H. R...	{ "page_id": 67577711, "title": "Rhabdosphaeraceae" }
The molecular formula C44H34O21 may refer to: Theasinensin F Theasinensin G	{ "page_id": 75769715, "title": "C44H34O21" }
Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect varia...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
that something is, or is likely to be, the cause of something else". "Identification of the cause or causes of a phenomenon, by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with the cause preceding the effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes." == Methodology == === General...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
computer science, or philosophical perspectives, methodological approaches continue to expand rapidly, and many aspects of causal inference receive limited coverage. Common frameworks for causal inference include the causal pie model (component-cause), Pearl's structural causal model (causal diagram + do-calculus), str...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
used to assess causality of variables outside microbiology, although even these criteria are not exclusive ways to determine causality. In molecular epidemiology the phenomena studied are on a molecular biology level, including genetics, where biomarkers are evidence of cause or effects. A recent trend is to identify e...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
data for two time-independent variables, say X and Y, has been tackled using asymmetry between evidence for some model in the directions, X → Y and Y → X. The primary approaches are based on Algorithmic information theory models and noise models. === Noise models === Incorporate an independent noise term in the model t...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
publication of Designing Social Inquiry, by Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba, in 1994. King, Keohane, and Verba recommend that researchers apply both quantitative and qualitative methods and adopt the language of statistical inference to be clearer about their subjects of interest and units of analysis. Prop...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
inference in the economic and political sciences continues to see improvement in methodology and rigor, due to the increased level of technology available to social scientists, the increase in the number of social scientists and research, and improvements to causal inference methodologies throughout social sciences. De...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
of this correlation through the introduction of a new instrumental variable thus reduces the error present in the model as a whole. ==== Model specification ==== Model specification is the act of selecting a model to be used in data analysis. Social scientists (and, indeed, all scientists) must determine the correct mo...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
motivating concern in the use of sensitivity analysis is the pursuit of discovering confounding variables. Confounding variables are variables that have a large impact on the results of a statistical test but are not the variable that causal inference is trying to study. Confounding variables may cause a regressor to a...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
Despite the advancements in the development of methodologies used to determine causality, significant weaknesses in determining causality remain. These weaknesses can be attributed both to the inherent difficulty of determining causal relations in complex systems but also to cases of scientific malpractice. Separate fr...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
correlations have been detrimental to the integrity of the social sciences, although improvements stemming from better methodologies have been noted. A potential effect of scientific studies that erroneously conflate correlation with causality is an increase in the number of scientific findings whose results are not re...	{ "page_id": 37103476, "title": "Causal inference" }
Nylatron is a tradename for a family of nylon plastics, typically filled with molybdenum disulfide lubricant powder. It is used to cast plastic parts for machines, because of its mechanical properties and wear-resistance. Nylatron is a brand name of Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, Inc. and was originally develo...	{ "page_id": 14428025, "title": "Nylatron" }
Multiple Annealing and Looping Based Amplification Cycles (MALBAC) is a quasilinear whole genome amplification method. Unlike conventional DNA amplification methods that are non-linear or exponential (in each cycle, DNA copied can serve as template for subsequent cycles), MALBAC utilizes special primers that allow ampl...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
that on a single fragment at any cycle, there could be multiple primers annealed to the fragment. A DNA polymerase such as one derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst polymerase) is able to displace the 5’ end of another upstream strand growing in the same direction. === Error rate === Bst DNA polymerase has an e...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
linear MALBAC amplification. Regular PCR – The MALBAC product is further amplified by PCR. By using the 27 common nucleotides as primers, only the full amplicons are amplified. At the end of PCR, picograms of genetic material is amplified to microgram of DNA, yielding enough DNA to be sequenced. == Applications == MALB...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
highlighted the heterogeneity present within a tumour. MALBAC has been applied as a method to examine the genetic diversity amongst reproductive cells. By sequencing the genomes of 99 individual human sperm cells from an anonymous donor, MALBAC was used to examine genetic recombination events involving single gametes a...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
of the genome. The reduced bias associated with MALBAC has generated better genome sequence coverage than other single cell sequencing methods. === Requires very little template DNA === MALBAC can be used to amplify and subsequently sequence DNA when only one or a few cells are available, such as in the analysis of cir...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
polymerase during the first cycle of amplification that are further propagated during subsequent cycles. This false positive rate can be eliminated by sequencing 2-3 cells within a lineage derived from a single cell to verify the presence of a SNP, and by eliminating sequencing and amplification errors by sequencing un...	{ "page_id": 38610814, "title": "MALBAC" }
In the context of microbiology, enucleation refers to removing the nucleus of a cell and replacing it with a different nucleus. This is used mainly in cloning but can also be used for creating hybrids of plants or animals. It was discovered that cells can be chemically enucleated with Cytochalasin B in 1967. == List of...	{ "page_id": 21440386, "title": "Enucleation (microbiology)" }
Phonetotopy is the concept that articulatory features as well as perceptual features of speech sounds are ordered in the brain in a similar way as tone (tonotopy), articulation and its somatosensory feedback (somatotopy), or visual location of an object (retinotopy). It is assumed that a phonetotopic ordering of speech...	{ "page_id": 41756547, "title": "Phonetotopy" }
Erich Tschermak, Edler von Seysenegg (15 November 1871 – 11 October 1962) was an Austrian agronomist who developed several new disease-resistant crops, including wheat-rye and oat hybrids. He was a son of the Moravia-born mineralogist Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg. His maternal grandfather was the botanist, Eduard Fen...	{ "page_id": 1517443, "title": "Erich von Tschermak" }
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested materials. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eat...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
the cells of some tissues, being especially abundant in smooth muscle, type I pneumocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Uptake of extracellular molecules is also believed to be specifically mediated via receptors in caveolae. Potocytosis is a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses caveolae v...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
membrane and recycle them back to the surface (as in early endosomes and recycling endosomes), or sort them to degradation (as in late endosomes and lysosomes). The principal components of the endocytic pathway are: Early endosomes are the first compartment of the endocytic pathway. Early endosomes are often located in...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
reticulum, modified in the Golgi apparatus and function in an acidic environment. The approximate pH of a lysosome is 4.8 and by electron microscopy (EM) usually appear as large vacuoles (1-2 μm in diameter) containing electron dense material. They have a high content of lysosomal membrane proteins and active lysosomal...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
protein called clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which is associated with a 25- kD protein called clathrin light chain (CLC), forming three-legged trimers called triskelions. Vesicles selectively concentrate and exclude certain proteins during formation and are not representative of the membrane as a whole. AP2 adaptors are ...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
(CAV2), and caveolin-3 (CAV3), play significant roles in the caveolar formation process. More specifically, CAV1 and CAV2 are responsible for caveolae formation in non-muscle cells while CAV3 functions in muscle cells. The process starts with CAV1 being synthesized in the ER where it forms detergent-resistant oligomers...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
via cholesterol, the membrane starts to bend, leading to spontaneous curvature. This effect is due to the force distribution generated when the caveolin oligomer binds to the membrane. The force distribution then alters the tension of the membrane which leads to budding and eventually vesicle formation. == Gallery == E...	{ "page_id": 10116, "title": "Endocytosis" }
Hyperthermia, also known simply as overheating, is a condition in which an individual's body temperature is elevated beyond normal due to failed thermoregulation. The person's body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. When extreme temperature elevation occurs, it becomes a medical emergency requiring immed...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
If the condition progresses to heat stroke, then hot, dry skin is typical as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat loss. An inability to cool the body through perspiration may cause dry skin. Hyperthermia from neurological disease may include little or no sweating, cardiovascular problems, and confusion o...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
alcohol, or lack of air conditioning, can worsen the problem. The increase in body temperature that results from a breakdown in thermoregulation affects the body biochemically. Enzymes involved in metabolic pathways within the body such as cellular respiration fail to work effectively at higher temperatures, and furthe...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
mis-classified as stroke or heart attack. === Drugs === Some drugs cause excessive internal heat production. The rate of drug-induced hyperthermia is higher where use of these drugs is higher. Many psychotropic medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), a...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
resistance and decrease in vapor permeability. As physical work is performed, the body's natural thermoregulation (i.e. sweating) becomes ineffective. This is compounded by increased work rates, high ambient temperature and humidity levels, and direct exposure to the sun. The net effect is that desired protection from ...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
support for the concept of a temperature set point; that is, maintenance of an optimal temperature for the metabolic processes that life depends on. Nervous activity in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus of the brain triggers heat losing (sweating, etc.) or heat generating (shivering and muscle contraction, etc.) activ...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
takes solar radiation into account, give useful indications of the degree of heat stress and are used by several agencies as the basis for heat-stress prevention guidelines. (Wet-bulb temperature is essentially the lowest skin temperature attainable by evaporative cooling at a given ambient temperature and humidity.) A...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
a liquid-circulating garment, usually a vest, is worn over the torso to maintain a safe core body temperature. By contrast, soldiers traveling in combat vehicles can face microclimate temperatures in excess of 65 °C (149 °F) and require a multiple-user, vehicle-powered cooling system with rapid connection capabilities....	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
amount of heat in a relatively short period of time. It was once thought that immersion in very cold water is counterproductive, as it causes vasoconstriction in the skin and thereby prevents heat from escaping the body core. However, a British analysis of various studies stated: "this has never been proven experimenta...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
conditions, most commonly seen in the summer. Various cases of different types of hyperthermia have been reported. A research study was published in March 2019 that looked into multiple case reports of drug induced hyperthermia. The study concluded that psychotropic drugs such as anti-psychotics, antidepressants, and a...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
Later that same summer, the 2015 Pakistani heat wave killed about 2,000 people. An extreme 2003 European heat wave caused tens of thousands of deaths. Causes of hyperthermia include dehydration, use of certain medications, using cocaine and amphetamines or excessive alcohol use. Bodily temperatures greater than 37.5–38...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
Physiological symptom Occupational heat stress – Net heat load of a worker Rhabdomyolysis – Human disease (condition) in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly Space blanket == References == == External links == Tips to Beat the Heat Archived 21 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine—American Red Cross Extreme Hea...	{ "page_id": 75654, "title": "Hyperthermia" }
The Sociome is a concept used by scientists in Biology and Sociology referring to the dimensions of existence that are social. The term is also an indication of the convergence of systems biology and the study of society as a complex system that has begun to occur among early 21st Century scientists. Just as the phenom...	{ "page_id": 52307847, "title": "Sociome" }
Del Savio and colleagues discussed the blurring of the boundaries between disciplines, and increased enthusiasm for the sociome concept and its importance for research in social science, epigenetics and epidemiology, with cautionary advice about the risks rooted in the marred history of Sociobiology Still other authors...	{ "page_id": 52307847, "title": "Sociome" }
The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of crude oil. The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion probl...	{ "page_id": 6629251, "title": "Total acid number" }
Total base number == References == Robert O'Leary BevSense LLC. "Testing Brix and Acid In-Line for the Beverage Industry" (PDF). – O'Leary describes the theory and practice of measuring Total acid number on-line in beverages. == External links ==	{ "page_id": 6629251, "title": "Total acid number" }
The Art of Racing in the Rain is a 2008 novel by American author Garth Stein. Narrated from the perspective of the protagonist's dog Enzo, the novel explores philosophy and the human condition through the narrative device of car racing. The novel was a New York Times bestseller for 156 weeks. A film adaptation of the s...	{ "page_id": 26683273, "title": "The Art of Racing in the Rain" }
of view. Stein had originally named the dog "Juan Pablo" after Colombian race car driver Juan Pablo Montoya, but changed his name at the suggestion of his wife, naming the dog instead after Enzo Ferrari, founder of the famous Italian automobile marque of the same name. The race car driving experience of the novel's cha...	{ "page_id": 26683273, "title": "The Art of Racing in the Rain" }
in the Rain was listed among 52 books banned by the Alpine School District following the implementation of Utah law H.B. 374, “Sensitive Materials In Schools." == References == == External links == The Art of Racing in the Rain. - Official Website at Fox Movies The Art of Racing in the Rain. - at the Garth Stein offici...	{ "page_id": 26683273, "title": "The Art of Racing in the Rain" }
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive cha...	{ "page_id": 1845123, "title": "Chain drive" }
chains were connected to a windlass, which by winding back and forth would automatically fire the machine's arrows until its magazine was empty. Although the device did not transmit power continuously since the chains "did not transmit power from shaft to shaft, and hence they were not in the direct line of ancestry of...	{ "page_id": 1845123, "title": "Chain drive" }
a higher inertia. Theoretically, this can lead to a greater flywheel effect, however in practice the belt or chain inertia often makes up a small proportion of the overall drivetrain inertia. One problem with roller chains is the variation in speed, or surging, caused by the acceleration and deceleration of the chain a...	{ "page_id": 1845123, "title": "Chain drive" }
gears in order to vary the gear ratio. Multi-speed bicycles with derailleurs make use of this. Also, the more positive meshing of a chain can make it easier to build gears that can increase or shrink in diameter, again altering the gear ratio. However, some newer synchronous belts claim to have "equivalent capacity to ...	{ "page_id": 1845123, "title": "Chain drive" }
a popular alternative to the Système Panhard. A common design was using a differential located near the centre of the car, which then transferred drive to the rear axle via roller chains. This system allowed for a relatively simple design which could accommodate the vertical axle movement associated with the rear suspe...	{ "page_id": 1845123, "title": "Chain drive" }
The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineer...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
Project. It includes a number of events prior to the official formation of the Manhattan Project, and a number of events after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, until the Manhattan Project was formally replaced by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. == 1939 == August 2: Albert Einstein signs the letter (...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
September – Belgian mining engineer Edgar Sengier orders that half of the uranium stock available from the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo—about 1,050 tons—be secretly dispatched to New York by African Metals Corp., a commercial division of Union Minière. == 1941 == February 25: Conclusive discovery of plutonium ...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
Harold Urey is assigned to develop research into gaseous diffusion as a uranium enrichment method, while Ernest O. Lawrence is assigned to investigate electromagnetic separation methods which resulted in the invention of Calutron. Compton puts the case for plutonium before Bush and Conant. December 7: The Japanese atta...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
Rear Admiral William R. Purnell is created to oversee the project. September - Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols meets Edgar Sengier in the New York offices of Union Minière. Nichols has been ordered by General Groves to find uranium. Sengier's answer has become history: "You can have the ore now. It is in New York, a...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
the project at the Site Y laboratory. November - The first uranium oxide shipment leaves the Congolese port of Lobito (it will later change to Matadi because of better security). Only two shipments will ever be lost at sea. Aerodromes at Elizabethville and Leopoldville are expanded with US assistance. The OSS is employ...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
July 10: First sample of plutonium arrives at Los Alamos. August 10: Medical Section of the MED created, on 3 November Colonel Stafford Warren commissioned to head it. August 13: First drop test of gun-type fission weapon at Dahlgren Proving Ground under the direction of Norman F. Ramsey. August 13: Kenneth Nichols rep...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
by enriched uranium, goes critical at Los Alamos. July 4: Oppenheimer reveals Segrè's final measurements to the Los Alamos staff, and the development of the gun-type plutonium weapon July 17: "Thin Man" is abandoned. Designing a workable implosion design (Fat Man) becomes the top priority of the laboratory, and design ...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos. May 28: Third meeting which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped: Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata and Kyoto. May 30: Stimson drops Kyoto from the target list; it is replaced by Nagasaki. June 11: Metallurgical Laboratory scientists under James Fran...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
for us to send overseas the ingredients of another atomic bomb. A Fat Man bomb as enough U-235 for a second Little Boy bomb would not be available until December. August 14: Surrender of Japan to the Allied powers. August 21: Harry Daghlian, a physicist, receives a fatal dose (510 rems) of radiation from a criticality ...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
of nuclear weapons Timeline of nuclear weapons development == Notes == == References == Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41202-8. Goudsmit, Samuel A. (1947). Alsos. New York: Henry Schuman. ISBN 0-93822...	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
the Atomic Bomb" by DOE−Department of Energy. NuclearWeaponArchive.org: Chronology for the origin of atomic weapons	{ "page_id": 2697091, "title": "Timeline of the Manhattan Project" }
The MicVac method is a pasteurization method for the food processing industry producing ready meals. Food ingredients are inserted into a package, which is sealed. The food is then cooked and pasteurized in the sealed package. During the heating process a valve on the package opens and releases steam and oxygen. The pr...	{ "page_id": 21505932, "title": "Micvac" }
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized pro...	{ "page_id": 1648525, "title": "Nuclear localization sequence" }
nucleoplasmin (AVKRPAATKKAGQAKKKKLD), EGL-13 (MSRRRKANPTKLSENAKKLAKEVEN), c-Myc (PAAKRVKLD) and TUS-protein (KLKIKRPVK) through rapid intracellular protein delivery. They found significantly higher nuclear localization efficiency of c-Myc NLS compared to that of SV40 NLS. === Non-classical === There are many other type...	{ "page_id": 1648525, "title": "Nuclear localization sequence" }
to studies of nuclear reprogramming, directly relevant to stem cell research. The presence of several million pore complexes in the oocyte nuclear membrane and the fact that they appeared to admit many different molecules (insulin, bovine serum albumin, gold nanoparticles) led to the view that the pores are open channe...	{ "page_id": 1648525, "title": "Nuclear localization sequence" }
molecular details of nuclear protein import are now known. This was made possible by the demonstration that nuclear protein import is a two-step process; the nuclear protein binds to the nuclear pore complex in a process that does not require energy. This is followed by an energy-dependent translocation of the nuclear ...	{ "page_id": 1648525, "title": "Nuclear localization sequence" }
== Further reading == Görlich D (Jun 1997). "Nuclear protein import". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 9 (3): 412–9. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80015-4. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-1CC5-E. PMID 9159081. Lusk CP, Blobel G, King MC (May 2007). "Highway to the inner nuclear membrane: rules for the road". Nature Reviews Mol...	{ "page_id": 1648525, "title": "Nuclear localization sequence" }
In mathematics, any Lagrangian system generally admits gauge symmetries, though it may happen that they are trivial. In theoretical physics, the notion of gauge symmetries depending on parameter functions is a cornerstone of contemporary field theory. A gauge symmetry of a Lagrangian L {\displaystyle L} is defined as a...	{ "page_id": 24586129, "title": "Gauge symmetry (mathematics)" }
(mathematics) Gauge gravitation theory == Notes == == References == Daniel, M., Viallet, C., The geometric setting of gauge symmetries of the Yang–Mills type, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52 (1980) 175. Eguchi, T., Gilkey, P., Hanson, A., Gravitation, gauge theories and differential geometry, Phys. Rep. 66 (1980) 213. Gotay, M., Ma...	{ "page_id": 24586129, "title": "Gauge symmetry (mathematics)" }
Synesthesia is a neurological condition where activating one sense unintentionally triggers a response in another. For example, hearing sounds may evoke the perception of colors. While the phenomenon has intrigued researchers for decades, its genetic foundations are still not fully understood. Initial theories suggeste...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
genetic variants associated with the condition, none of which were common across all families. This finding supports the idea that synesthesia emerges from different genetic factors unique to each individual. Notably, six key genes identified, COL4A1, ITGA2, MYO10, ROBO3, SLC9A6, and SLIT2 are involved in axonogenesis,...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
linkage studies, which analyze how traits are inherited within families. These studies often use a statistical measure called the LOD score (logarithm of the odds), which assesses the likelihood that two loci—such as a genetic marker and a trait—are located near each other on a chromosome and therefore inherited togeth...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
conditions. The study estimated that 46% of the variance in synesthesia could be attributed to additive genetic factors, while the remaining 54% was due to non-shared environmental factors (i.e., factors unique to each individual, such as personal experiences or minor developmental differences). When examining the over...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
and Migration === TBR1: Involved in cerebral cortex development and neuronal differentiation. SLIT2, MYO10, ROBO3, ITGA2, COL4A1, SLC9A6: Identified by Tilot et al. (2018), these genes contribute to neuronal growth, migration, and axon guidance during early brain development. === Genes Involved in Apoptosis and Neural ...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
brain. KATNB1: Encodes an enzyme that contributes to neuronal pruning, supporting the elimination of excess synaptic connections during early brain development. Its role provides further support for the neural pruning hypothesis of synesthesia. CIAPIN1: Produces apoptosis inhibitor proteins, which are highly expressed ...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
be acquired in adulthood under the right conditions. == Comparison to Schizophrenia == Recent studies have compared the perceptual and cognitive profiles of individuals with synesthesia and those with schizophrenia, identifying both distinct and overlapping characteristics. Synesthetes often display heightened perceptu...	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
See also == Synesthesia Autism Spectrum Disorder Schizophrenia == References ==	{ "page_id": 53684119, "title": "Genetics of synesthesia" }
The Micius Quantum Prize is awarded every year since 2018 "for promoting the quantum information science and technology research". The recipients are awarded one million Chinese yuan (about 150,000 US dollars) and a gold medal. The prize is awarded by the Micius quantum foundation, which was established thanks to donat...	{ "page_id": 66201497, "title": "Micius Quantum Prize" }
The molecular formula C16H18O3 may refer to: EBOB Pelubiprofen	{ "page_id": 75769756, "title": "C16H18O3" }
Protein methylase I may refer to: Histone-arginine N-methyltransferase (Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase	{ "page_id": 38479773, "title": "Protein methylase I" }
Harry Zvi Tabor (Hebrew: הרי צבי תבור; March 7, 1917 – December 15, 2015) was an Israeli physicist. He is known as the father of Israeli solar energy. He is generally credited with having brought Israel's solar energy program to international prominence. == Biography == Harry Zvi Tabor was born at London in 1917 to Cha...	{ "page_id": 20850588, "title": "Harry Zvi Tabor" }
as a consultant to solar start-up companies such as Northrup, Inc. which subsequently merged into ARCO Solar, which became BP Solar. Tabor experimented with various coatings to optimize the absorptivity of solar energy, with minimizing the re-radiation, or emissivity of the heat absorbed. This led to his development of...	{ "page_id": 20850588, "title": "Harry Zvi Tabor" }
In plant physiology, the Warburg effect is the decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to high oxygen concentrations. Oxygen is a competitive inhibitor of carbon dioxide fixation by RuBisCO which initiates photosynthesis. Furthermore, oxygen stimulates photorespiration which reduces photosynthetic output. These two ...	{ "page_id": 58599330, "title": "Warburg effect (plant physiology)" }
The molecular formula C9H16O (molar mass: 140.22 g/mol) may refer to: Cyclohexylacetone Nonenals 2-Nonenal 3-Nonenal 4-Nonenal 5-Nonenal 6-Nonenal 7-Nonenal 8-Nonenal	{ "page_id": 37758885, "title": "C9H16O" }
Foods is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering various aspects of food science. It is published by MDPI and was established in 2012. The editor-in-chief is Arun K. Bhunia (Purdue University). The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and commentaries related to food research, including food chemistry, foo...	{ "page_id": 57223078, "title": "Foods (journal)" }
Urinary anti-infective agent, also known as urinary antiseptic, is medication that can eliminate microorganisms causing urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI can be categorized into two primary types: cystitis, which refers to lower urinary tract or bladder infection, and pyelonephritis, which indicates upper urinary trac...	{ "page_id": 76556199, "title": "Urinary anti-infective agent" }

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