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An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system. The technique was developed in the early 1990s. Since it integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles, it has pote... | {
"page_id": 31663887,
"title": "Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system"
} |
in which the features are converted into normalized values between 0 and 1. An ANFIS neural network doesn't need a sigmoid function, but it's doing the preprocessing step by converting numeric values into fuzzy values. Here is an example: Suppose, the network gets as input the distance between two points in the 2d spac... | {
"page_id": 31663887,
"title": "Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system"
} |
Stanislav Komárek (born 6 August 1958) is a Czech biologist, philosopher and writer; author of original essays, poet and novelist, ethologist, anthropologist, historian of biology and university teacher. He deals mainly with the history of biology, the relationship between nature and culture, human ethology, biological... | {
"page_id": 76752657,
"title": "Stanislav Komárek"
} |
later years and it became a central object of his interest. In 1993, he completed a six-month internship in the Netherlands at the University of Leiden, which was associated with the study of the extensive book collections there, work on the bibliography of mimetic phenomena, and at the same time lecturing. In the year... | {
"page_id": 76752657,
"title": "Stanislav Komárek"
} |
A plastomer is a polymer material which combines qualities of elastomers and plastics, such as rubber-like properties with the processing ability of plastic. As such, the word plastomer is a portmanteau of the words plastic and elastomer. Significant plastomers are ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers. == References == | {
"page_id": 34678549,
"title": "Plastomer"
} |
Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)C(O)CH3. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It is chiral. The form produced by bacteria is (R)-acetoin. == Production in bacteria == Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used a... | {
"page_id": 1779484,
"title": "Acetoin"
} |
in liquids for electronic cigarettes to give a buttery or caramel flavor. == See also == Diacetyl Acetylpropionyl == References == | {
"page_id": 1779484,
"title": "Acetoin"
} |
A neurotropic virus is a virus that is capable of infecting nerve tissue. == Terminology == A neurotropic virus is said to be neuroinvasive if it is capable of accessing or entering the nervous system and neurovirulent if it is capable of causing disease within the nervous system. Both terms are often applied to centra... | {
"page_id": 15738653,
"title": "Neurotropic virus"
} |
potential use in treatment. In particular, they are being used to improve the understanding of the nervous systems circuits. == Other neurotropic infections == Several diseases, including transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, kuru, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease resemble a slow neurotropic virus infection—but are, in... | {
"page_id": 15738653,
"title": "Neurotropic virus"
} |
The molecular formula C9H14N4O3 (molar mass: 226.24 g/mol, exact mass: 226.1066 u) may refer to: Carnosine Nimorazole | {
"page_id": 24520478,
"title": "C9H14N4O3"
} |
The molecular formula C11H15ClO2 (molar mass: 214.69 g/mol, exact mass: 214.0761 u) may refer to: Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol | {
"page_id": 44377886,
"title": "C11H15ClO2"
} |
In quantum mechanics, orbital magnetization, Morb, refers to the magnetization induced by orbital motion of charged particles, usually electrons in solids. The term "orbital" distinguishes it from the contribution of spin degrees of freedom, Mspin, to the total magnetization. A nonzero orbital magnetization requires br... | {
"page_id": 31926045,
"title": "Orbital magnetization"
} |
is the Bohr magneton, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, and S is the electron spin operator. The orbital magnetization M is defined as the orbital moment density; i.e., orbital moment per unit volume. For a crystal of volume V composed of isolated entities (e.g., molecules) labelled by an index j having magnetic moment... | {
"page_id": 31926045,
"title": "Orbital magnetization"
} |
Z 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ⟨ ψ n k | r × p | ψ n k ⟩ d 3 k , {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} _{\rm {orb}}={\frac {-e}{2m_{e}}}\sum _{n}\int _{\rm {BZ}}{\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{3}}}\,\langle \psi _{n\mathbf {k} }\vert \mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {p} \vert \psi _{n\mathbf {k} }\rangle \,d^{3}k\,,} where p is the momentum operator, L = r × p, an... | {
"page_id": 31926045,
"title": "Orbital magnetization"
} |
\mathbf {M} _{\rm {orb}}={\frac {e}{2\hbar }}\sum _{n}\int _{\rm {BZ}}{\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{3}}}\,f_{n\mathbf {k} }\;\operatorname {Im} \;\left\langle {\frac {\partial u_{n\mathbf {k} }}{\partial {\mathbf {k} }}}\right|\times \left(H_{\mathbf {k} }+E_{n\mathbf {k} }-2\mu \right)\left|{\frac {\partial u_{n\mathbf {k} }}{\... | {
"page_id": 31926045,
"title": "Orbital magnetization"
} |
based either on the Barnett effect or the Einstein–de Haas effect. Experimental data for Fe, Co, Ni, and their alloys have been compiled. == References == | {
"page_id": 31926045,
"title": "Orbital magnetization"
} |
Podospora anserina is a filamentous ascomycete fungus from the order Sordariales. It is considered a model organism for the study of molecular biology of senescence (aging), prions, sexual reproduction, and meiotic drive. It has an obligate sexual and pseudohomothallic life cycle. It is a non-pathogenic coprophilous fu... | {
"page_id": 34481954,
"title": "Podospora anserina"
} |
the het-s locus. The reference genome published in 2008 corresponds to S+, a haploid derivate of the S strain with a + mating type. In addition, two other populations have been sampled, one in Usingen, Germany, and the other in Wageningen, the Netherlands, both of which have been used to study spore killing, the phenot... | {
"page_id": 34481954,
"title": "Podospora anserina"
} |
cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex). This strain also exhibits more stable mtDNA. Copper use is similar to Δex1 strain. Δex1 is an 'immortal strain' that has been grown for over 12 years and still shows no signs of senescence. This strain respires via a cyanide-resistant, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive pathway... | {
"page_id": 34481954,
"title": "Podospora anserina"
} |
model, autophagy, a pathway for the degradation of damaged biomolecules and organelles, was shown to be a longevity assurance mechanism. === Heterokaryon incompatibility === The following genes, both allelic and nonallelic, are found to be involved in vegetative incompatibility (only those cloned and characterized are ... | {
"page_id": 34481954,
"title": "Podospora anserina"
} |
well underway in the 1990s for the genus Podospora. From Podospora anserina two new natural products classified as pentaketides, specifically derivatives of benzoquinones, were discovered; these showed antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Horizontal gene transfer is common in bacteria and between prokar... | {
"page_id": 34481954,
"title": "Podospora anserina"
} |
Eli Keshet (Hebrew: אלי קשת) is an Israeli biochemist and professor of molecular biology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the laureate of the 2021 Israel Prize for Life Sciences. == Biography == Keshet completed his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His post-doctoral work include... | {
"page_id": 66922274,
"title": "Eli Keshet"
} |
1997, pp. 8761–8766 == Awards == 2021: Israel Prize for life sciences 2015: NAVBO Benditt Meritorious Award for an American's life-work in the study of blood vessels diseases 2015: Teva Founders Award 2014: Rothschild Award 2006: EMET Award == References == | {
"page_id": 66922274,
"title": "Eli Keshet"
} |
The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution. The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversia... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
mtDNA is only passed down along the matrilineal line, and therefore mutations passed down to sons are lost. Random genetic drift may also cause the loss of mutations. For these reasons, the actual mutation rate will not be equivalent to the mutation rate observed from a population sample. === Population size === Popula... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
selection in the coding region. === Temporal variability === The mutation rate has been observed to vary with time. Mutation rates within the human species are faster than those observed along the human-ape lineage. The mutation rate is also thought to be faster in recent times, since the beginning of the Holocene 11,0... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
and divided by the TMRCA to arrive at the mutation rate. The human mutation rate is usually estimated by comparing the sequences of modern humans and chimpanzees and then reconstructing the ancestral haplotype of the chimpanzee-human common ancestor. According to the paleontological record the last common ancestor of h... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
approximately 210 ky and the most recent estimates Soares et al. 2009 (using 7 million year chimpanzee human mtDNA MRCA) differ by only 9%, which is relatively close considering the wide confidence range for both estimates and calls for more ancient TCHLCA. Endicott & Ho (2008) have reevaluated the predicted migrations... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
42,000 years in age. However the oldest Indian site with AMH remains is from 34,000 years, and another site with AMH compatible archaeology is in excess of 76,000 years in age. Therefore, application of the anchor is a subjective interpretation of when humans were first present. A simple measure the sequence divergence... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
11.5% to 17.3% per million years. Vigilant et al. (1991) also estimated the sequence divergence rate for the sites in the rapidly evolving HVR I and HVR II regions. As noted in the table above, the rate of evolution is so high that site saturation occurs in direct chimpanzee and human comparisons. Consequently, this st... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
TMRCA. Also, Vigilant et al. (1991) used a more recent CHLCA anchor of 4 to 6 million years. == Coding region sequence based methods == Partial coding region sequence originally supplemented HVR studies because complete coding region sequence was uncommon. There were suspicions that the HVR studies had missed major bra... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
L0 subbranches was lacking and one other deep L1 branches has been found. Despite these limitations that sampling was adequate for the hallmark study. Today, L0 is restricted to African populations, whereas L1 is the ancestral haplogroup of all non-Africans, as well as most Africans. Mitochondrial Eve's sequence can be... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
by magnitudes. Soares et al. (2009) used 2196 mitogenomic sequences and uncovered 10,683 substitution events within these sequences. Eleven of 16560 sites in the mitogenome produced greater than 11% of all the substitutions with statistically significant rate variation within the 11 sites. They argue that there is a ne... | {
"page_id": 25372452,
"title": "Human mitochondrial molecular clock"
} |
The Zippe-type centrifuge is a gas centrifuge designed to enrich the rare fissile isotope uranium-235 (235U) from the mixture of isotopes found in naturally occurring uranium compounds. The isotopic separation is based on the slight difference in mass of the isotopes. The Zippe design was originally developed in the So... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
1,500 revolutions per second (90,000 rpm). If we assume a rotor diameter of 20 cm (as in some modern centrifuges), this would correspond to a centripetal acceleration of around 900,000 x g (around 42 times the max speed of a standard, lab benchtop microcentrifuge and between 0.9 and 9 times the max speed of a standard ... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
that rotates with the centrifuge; it collects the 238UF6-rich fraction. The other scoop is without baffle. It slows down the gas rotation and thus increases the pressure towards the inside, so that also the 235UF6-rich fraction can be collected without pumping. Each centrifuge has one inlet on the axis and two output l... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
of the rotor. With a countercurrent-to-feed ratio of 4, Glaser calculates a separation factor of 1,74 for a TC-21 centrifuge of 5 m height. Lowering this ratio (by increasing the feed) decreases the separation factor but increases the throughput and thus the productivity. To reduce friction, the rotor spins in a vacuum... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
efficiency of the centrifuges is improved by increasing their speed of rotation. To do so, stronger materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials, are used; but details of the material and its protection against chemical attacks are proprietary. Such are also the various techniques that are used to avo... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
more uranium per machine than the P1. In Pakistan, the Zippe-type centrifuge had a local designation and was known as Centrifuge Khan (after Abdul Qadeer Khan).: 151 Russian sources dispute the account of Soviet centrifuge development given by Gernot Zippe. They cite Max Steenbeck as the German scientist in charge of t... | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
page 140, John E. Gray, Vice Chairman of the Atlantic Council, citing Nuclear Fuel article Here Comes the Troika whilst testifying before the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization (United States House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urbain Affaires) | {
"page_id": 22685481,
"title": "Zippe-type centrifuge"
} |
The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on scientific evidence, mainly fossils. In biology, evolution is any change across successive generatio... | {
"page_id": 10029,
"title": "Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"
} |
86% of all species lost, including most graptolites Late Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including most trilobites End Permian, The Great Dying: 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and most trees and synapsids End Triassic: 200 million years ago, 80% of species l... | {
"page_id": 10029,
"title": "Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"
} |
to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123. == External links == "Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-03-18. "Life on Earth". Tree of Life Web Project. Univers... | {
"page_id": 10029,
"title": "Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"
} |
Warmed-over flavor is an unpleasant characteristic usually associated with meat which has been cooked and then refrigerated. The deterioration of meat flavor is most noticeable upon reheating. As cooking and subsequent refrigeration is the case with most convenience foods containing meat, it is a significant challenge ... | {
"page_id": 27535150,
"title": "Warmed-over flavor"
} |
juice to industrial additives such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate. Other preservatives such as sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate may work by binding iron and preventing it from catalyzing the chemical reactions which lead to warmed-over flavor; as th... | {
"page_id": 27535150,
"title": "Warmed-over flavor"
} |
The von Richter reaction, also named von Richter rearrangement, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry. It is named after Victor von Richter, who discovered this reaction in year 1871. It is the reaction of aromatic nitro compounds with potassium cyanide in aqueous ethanol to give the product of cine substitution ... | {
"page_id": 2500406,
"title": "Von Richter reaction"
} |
carboxylate group, which extrudes nitrogen gas to afford the anionic form of the observed benzoic acid product, presumably through the generation and immediate protonation of an aryl anion intermediate. The product is isolated upon acidic workup. Subsequent mechanistic studies have shown that the subjection of independ... | {
"page_id": 2500406,
"title": "Von Richter reaction"
} |
In nuclear physics, separation energy is the energy needed to remove one nucleon (or other specified particle or particles) from an atomic nucleus. The separation energy is different for each nuclide and particle to be removed. Values are stated as "neutron separation energy", "two-neutron separation energy", "proton s... | {
"page_id": 55977783,
"title": "Separation energy"
} |
In relativity, an event is anything that happens that has a specific time and place in spacetime. For example, a glass breaking on the floor is an event; it occurs at a unique place and a unique time. Strictly speaking, the notion of an event is an idealization, in the sense that it specifies a definite time and place,... | {
"page_id": 24651576,
"title": "Event (relativity)"
} |
== References == | {
"page_id": 24651576,
"title": "Event (relativity)"
} |
In particle physics, models with universal extra dimensions include one or more spatial dimensions beyond the three spatial and one temporal dimensions that are observed. == Overview == Models with universal extra dimensions, studied in 2001 assume that all fields propagate universally in the extra dimensions; in contr... | {
"page_id": 4597562,
"title": "Universal extra dimensions"
} |
β-Neoendorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide with a nonapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro (YGGFLRKYP). β-Neoendorphins (β-NEP) have the capability to stimulate wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration. This is achieved by β-NEP's activation of mitogen-activa... | {
"page_id": 30418754,
"title": "Β-Neoendorphin"
} |
The molecular formula CH2O2 (molar mass: 46.03 g/mol) may refer to: Dihydroxymethylidene Dioxirane, an unstable cyclic peroxide Formic acid, an organic acid Methylenedioxy, a functional group Molar Mass of 46g/mol rounded to the nearest whole number | {
"page_id": 12461892,
"title": "CH2O2"
} |
Turbidimetry (the name being derived from turbidity) is the process of measuring the loss of intensity of transmitted light due to the scattering effect of particles suspended in it. Light is passed through a filter creating a light of known wavelength which is then passed through a cuvette containing a solution. A pho... | {
"page_id": 35006277,
"title": "Turbidimetry"
} |
The effective potential (also known as effective potential energy) combines multiple, perhaps opposing, effects into a single potential. In its basic form, it is the sum of the "opposing" centrifugal potential energy with the potential energy of a dynamical system. It may be used to determine the orbits of planets (bot... | {
"page_id": 4597574,
"title": "Effective potential"
} |
for r 0 {\displaystyle r_{0}} , plug this back into U eff {\displaystyle U_{\text{eff}}} to find the maximum value of the effective potential U eff max {\displaystyle U_{\text{eff}}^{\text{max}}} . A circular orbit may be either stable or unstable. If it is unstable, a small perturbation could destabilize the orbit, bu... | {
"page_id": 4597574,
"title": "Effective potential"
} |
m r ˙ 2 = 2 E − L 2 m r 2 + 2 G m M r = 2 E − 1 r 2 ( L 2 m − 2 G m M r ) , {\displaystyle m{\dot {r}}^{2}=2E-{\frac {L^{2}}{mr^{2}}}+{\frac {2GmM}{r}}=2E-{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\left({\frac {L^{2}}{m}}-2GmMr\right),} 1 2 m r ˙ 2 = E − U eff ( r ) , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {r}}^{2}=E-U_{\text{eff}}(r),} where U ... | {
"page_id": 4597574,
"title": "Effective potential"
} |
Reports. 348 (4–5): 267–439. Bibcode:2001PhR...348..267L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.7668. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00141-1. | {
"page_id": 4597574,
"title": "Effective potential"
} |
The molecular formula CH3O may refer to: Hydroxymethyl group (HOCH2–) Methoxy group (H3CO–) | {
"page_id": 12461895,
"title": "CH3O"
} |
The molecular formula C9H20 (molar mass: 128.25 g/mol, exact mass: 128.1565 u) may refer to: Nonane List of isomers of nonane Tetraethylmethane | {
"page_id": 24520523,
"title": "C9H20"
} |
The Schlesinger Institute for Medical-Halachic Research, often shortened to the Schlesinger Institute, is a research and publication institute that addresses ethical and legal questions in medicine from a Halakha (Jewish law) perspective. Its work includes researching and providing commentary on the intersections of me... | {
"page_id": 20784973,
"title": "Schlesinger Institute"
} |
to obligation to save human life. === Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics === The Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics covers topics in medical practice from the perspective of halacha and Jewish thought, drawing on sources from scripture through ancient, medieval, and modern rabbinic literature. It includes surveys... | {
"page_id": 20784973,
"title": "Schlesinger Institute"
} |
problems in halacha. The views of leading authorities are summarized on each point, covering issues in medical halacha, and it contains indices. It is written by A.S. Abraham, M.D., F.R.C.P. === Additional books === The institute has published other books, including: Halachot for the Physician and Patient on the Sabbat... | {
"page_id": 20784973,
"title": "Schlesinger Institute"
} |
Ethics | {
"page_id": 20784973,
"title": "Schlesinger Institute"
} |
The molecular formula C3H3 (molar mass: 39.06 g/mol, exact mass: 39.0235 u) may refer to: Cyclopropenium Propargyl | {
"page_id": 12461903,
"title": "C3H3"
} |
Judith M. Dawes is an Australian physicist who is Professor of Physics at Macquarie University. She studies the interactions of light at the nanoscale and the applications of lasers in sensing. She is a former president of the Australian Optical Society, and a Fellow of SPIE and Optica (formerly the Optical Society). =... | {
"page_id": 61548368,
"title": "Judith Dawes"
} |
evaporation. The photonic crystals developed by Dawes can include rare earth ion optical emitters and nanodiamonds that include colour centres. In general, Dawes creates the opals using self-assembly, starting with a suspension of polystyrene or microsphere of silica. It is important that the silica microspheres are mo... | {
"page_id": 61548368,
"title": "Judith Dawes"
} |
by liquid phase epitaxy. === Academic service === Dawes chairs the Macquarie University Faculty of Science and Engineering Women in STEM committee, is an elected member of the University Senate, and was elected to the Executive of Science and Technology Australia. She served as president of the Australian Optical Socie... | {
"page_id": 61548368,
"title": "Judith Dawes"
} |
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, is simply SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2. Thus, sulfur monoxide and disulfur ... | {
"page_id": 10065,
"title": "Empirical formula"
} |
Calculation example == A chemical analysis of a sample of methyl acetate provides the following elemental data: 48.64% carbon (C), 8.16% hydrogen (H), and 43.20% oxygen (O). For the purposes of determining empirical formulas, it's assumed that we have 100 grams of the compound. If this is the case, the percentages will... | {
"page_id": 10065,
"title": "Empirical formula"
} |
2 = 2 {\displaystyle 1\times 2=2} Thus, the empirical formula of methyl acetate is C3H6O2 . This formula also happens to be methyl acetate's molecular formula. == References == | {
"page_id": 10065,
"title": "Empirical formula"
} |
The molecular formula C3H5 (molar mass: 41.07 g/mol, exact mass: 41.0391 u) may refer to: Allyl group Cyclopropyl group | {
"page_id": 12461906,
"title": "C3H5"
} |
Akhouri Sinha is a professor in the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. The United States has named a mountain in Antarctica in honour of Sinha, Mt Sinha. Mr Sinha's native place is Churamanpur, a village in the state of Bihar in the eastern part of India. == References ... | {
"page_id": 43198295,
"title": "Akhouri Sinha"
} |
Ganache ( or ; French: [ɡanaʃ]) is a glaze, icing, sauce, or filling for pastries, made from chocolate and cream. In the broad sense of the term, ganache is an emulsion between (melted) solid chocolate (which is made with cocoa butter, the fat phase) and a water-based ingredient, which can be cream, milk or fruit pulp.... | {
"page_id": 26879832,
"title": "Ganache"
} |
contemporary Victorien Sardou called Les Ganaches ("The Chumps"). Ganache-like sweets have probably been made earlier. An example being the German confectioner Jordan & Timaeus, who sold chocolate combining cocoa paste, sugar and fresh milk in 1839 in Dresden. == Gallery == == See also == Enrobing — a chocolate coating... | {
"page_id": 26879832,
"title": "Ganache"
} |
Samuel Colville Lind (June 15, 1879 – February 12, 1965) was a radiation chemist, referred to as "the father of modern radiation chemistry". He gained his B.A in 1899 at Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. After a short spell at MIT he moved to study chemistry at Leipzig University in Germany, carrying ... | {
"page_id": 19277655,
"title": "Samuel C. Lind"
} |
life == He married Marie Holladay of Omaha, Nebraska in 1915. == References == | {
"page_id": 19277655,
"title": "Samuel C. Lind"
} |
The molecular formula C4H2O4 (molar mass: 114.06 g/mol, exact mass: 113.9953 u) may refer to: Acetylenedicarboxylic acid, or butynedioic acid Squaric acid, or quadratic acid | {
"page_id": 12461912,
"title": "C4H2O4"
} |
The molecular formula C9H20O (molar mass: 144.25 g/mol, exact mass: 144.1514 u) may refer to: 3,5,5-Trimethyl-hexan-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-octanol, or 3-methyloctan-3-ol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol Isononyl alcohol | {
"page_id": 24520535,
"title": "C9H20O"
} |
The Chemical Industry Medal is an annual American award given to an industrial chemist by the Society of Chemical Industry America (SCI America). The medal has been awarded since 1933, when it replaced the Grasselli Medal. It was initially given to "a person making a valuable application of chemical research to industr... | {
"page_id": 44050262,
"title": "Chemical Industry Medal"
} |
1968 Harold W. Fisher, Standard Oil of New Jersey 1969 Charles B. McCoy, Dupont 1970 William H. Lycan, Johnson & Johnson 1971 Carroll A. Hochwalt, Thomas & Hochwalt, Monsanto 1972 Jesse Werner, Gaf 1973 Ralph Landau, Scientific Design 1974 Carl Gerstacker, Dow 1975 Leonard P. Pool, Air Products & Chemicals 1976 Harold ... | {
"page_id": 44050262,
"title": "Chemical Industry Medal"
} |
Corporation 2020, Christopher D. Pappas, Trinseo 2021, Craig Rogerson, Hexion 2022, Mark Vergnano, Chemours 2023, Bhavesh (Bob) Patel, W.R. Grace & Co. 2024, John J. Paro, Hallstar 2025, Albert Chao and James Chao, Westlake Corporation == See also == List of chemistry awards == External links == SCI Chemical Industry M... | {
"page_id": 44050262,
"title": "Chemical Industry Medal"
} |
The area of national forest estate in Ireland has increased to approximately 700,000 hectares as a result of a significant increase in private forest development in the mid-1980s, with the introduction of grant schemes funded by the EU aimed at encouraging private land owners, mainly farmers, to become involved in fore... | {
"page_id": 33695581,
"title": "List of forests in Ireland"
} |
Park County Dublin Barnaslingan Wood Carrickgollogan Forest Trail Tibradden Wood County Meath Mullaghmeen Forest County Wicklow Avondale Forest Crone Woods Djouce Woods === Connacht === County Galway Barna Woods Coole Park and Garryland Nature Reserve County Leitrim Glenfarne Demesne County Sligo Gortarowey Forest Recr... | {
"page_id": 33695581,
"title": "List of forests in Ireland"
} |
Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups, more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, (i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose). In order of increasing number of mannose-to-gal... | {
"page_id": 1648479,
"title": "Galactomannan"
} |
In computational biology, a Cellular Potts model (CPM, also known as the Glazier-Graner-Hogeweg model) is a computational model of cells and tissues. It is used to simulate individual and collective cell behavior, tissue morphogenesis and cancer development. CPM describes cells as deformable objects with a certain volu... | {
"page_id": 8202081,
"title": "Cellular Potts model"
} |
change in energy Δ H {\displaystyle \Delta H} , as follows: if the new energy is lower, always accept the copy; if the new energy is higher, accept the copy with probability e − Δ H / T {\displaystyle e^{-\Delta H/T}} (the Boltzmann temperature T determines the likelihood of energetically unfavorable fluctuations). ===... | {
"page_id": 8202081,
"title": "Cellular Potts model"
} |
some of which are partially or entirely off-lattice. Various cell behaviours, such as chemotaxis, elongation and haptotaxis can be incorporated by extending either the Hamiltonian, H, or the change in energy Δ H {\displaystyle \Delta H} . Auxiliary sub-lattices may be used to include additional spatial information, suc... | {
"page_id": 8202081,
"title": "Cellular Potts model"
} |
suitable for studying tissue morphogenesis, cancer, cell sorting, and pattern formation. Below is a table summarizing key biological applications of CPM along with representative references. === Frameworks Implementing the Cellular Potts Model === The following frameworks allow users to apply the CPM to multicellular m... | {
"page_id": 8202081,
"title": "Cellular Potts model"
} |
The Airy processes are a family of stationary stochastic processes that appear as limit processes in the theory of random growth models and random matrix theory. They are conjectured to be universal limits describing the long time, large scale spatial fluctuations of the models in the (1+1)-dimensional KPZ universality... | {
"page_id": 73934690,
"title": "Airy process"
} |
} × R ) {\displaystyle P(A_{2}(t_{1})<\xi _{1},\dots ,A_{2}(t_{n})<\xi _{n})=\det(1-f^{1/2}K_{\operatorname {Ai} }^{\operatorname {ext} }f^{1/2})_{L^{2}(\{t_{1},\dots ,t_{n}\}\times \mathbb {R} )}} where f := f ( t j , ξ ) = 1 { ( ξ j , ∞ ) } ( ξ ) {\displaystyle f:=f(t_{j},\xi )=1_{\{(\xi _{j},\infty )\}}(\xi )} and K... | {
"page_id": 73934690,
"title": "Airy process"
} |
)} with counting measure on { t 1 , … , t n } {\displaystyle \{t_{1},\dots ,t_{n}\}} and Lebesgue measure on R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , the kernel is f 1 / 2 K Ai ext ( t i , x ; t j , y ) f 1 / 2 {\displaystyle f^{1/2}K_{\operatorname {Ai} }^{\operatorname {ext} }(t_{i},x;t_{j},y)f^{1/2}} . == Literature == Präh... | {
"page_id": 73934690,
"title": "Airy process"
} |
The molecular formula C5H6O (molar mass: 82.10 g/mol, exact mass: 82.0419 u) may refer to: Cyclopentenone, or 2-cyclopentenone Methylfuran 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran Pyran, or oxine | {
"page_id": 12461923,
"title": "C5H6O"
} |
Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent ev... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
where a result of heat motions in some chains or their segments occur parallel. Those seeds can either dissociate, if thermal motion destroys the molecular order, or grow further, if the grain size exceeds a certain critical value. Apart from the thermal mechanism, nucleation is strongly affected by impurities, dyes, p... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
grow radially and form larger quasi-spherical aggregates called spherulites. Spherulites have a size between about 1 and 100 micrometers and form a large variety of colored patterns (see, e.g. front images) when observed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope, which often include the "Maltese cross" patter... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
from the melt. Crystallization from solution may result in the highest degree of polymer crystallinity. For example, highly linear polyethylene can form platelet-like single crystals with a thickness on the order 10–20 nm when crystallized from a dilute solution. The crystal shape can be more complex for other polymers... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
transition occurs with the retention of crystallinity. Often one can determine the crystal structure of such polymers and the mechanism of polymerisation via single crystal X-ray diffraction. Since the polymerization happens in the crystalline lattice without the aid of solvents or reagents, it comes under the domain o... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
Calorimetry Additional energy is released upon melting a semicrystalline polymer. This energy can be measured with differential scanning calorimetry and compared with that released upon melting of the standard sample of the same material with known crystallization degree. X-ray diffraction Regular arrangement of atoms ... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
the typical rubber-elastic properties. A constant force applied to a polymer at temperatures above Tg results in a viscoelastic deformation, i.e., the polymer begins to creep. Heat resistance is usually given for amorphous polymers just below the glass transition temperature. Relatively strong intermolecular forces in ... | {
"page_id": 27535205,
"title": "Crystallization of polymers"
} |
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