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In lattice field theory, the Ginsparg–Wilson equation generalizes chiral symmetry on the lattice in a way that approaches the continuum formulation in the continuum limit. The class of fermions whose Dirac operators satisfy this equation are known as Ginsparg–Wilson fermions, with notable examples being overlap, domain...	{ "page_id": 72034350, "title": "Ginsparg–Wilson equation" }
The molecular formula C25H25NO2 (molar mass: 371.47 g/mol, exact mass: 371.1885 u) may refer to: JWH-081 JWH-164	{ "page_id": 61024303, "title": "C25H25NO2" }
In stochastic game theory, Bayesian regret is the expected difference ("regret") between the utility of a given strategy and the utility of the best possible strategy in hindsight—i.e., the strategy that would have maximized expected payoff if the true underlying model or distribution were known. This notion of regret ...	{ "page_id": 8529968, "title": "Bayesian regret" }
The Manning criteria are a diagnostic algorithm used in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The criteria consist of a list of questions the physician can ask the patient. The answers are used in a process to produce a diagnostic decision regarding whether the patient can be considered to have IBS. The Mann...	{ "page_id": 12855345, "title": "Manning criteria" }
The vaginal epithelium is the inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells. The basal membrane provides the support for the first layer of the epithelium-the basal layer. The intermediate layers lie upon the basal layer, and the superficial layer is the outermost layer of the epithelium....	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
other epithelial tissue in the body. The surface patterns on the cells themselves are circular and arranged in longitudinal rows. The epithelial cells of the uterus possess some of the same characteristics of the vaginal epithelium. == Structure == Vaginal epithelium forms transverse ridges or rugae that are most promi...	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
=== Cell junctions === The junctions between epithelial cells regulate the passage of molecules, bacteria and viruses by functioning as a physical barrier. The three types of structural adhesions between epithelial cells are: tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. "Tight junctions (zonula occludens) are c...	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle the structure of the vaginal epithelium varies. The number of cell layers vary during the days of the estrous cycle: Day 10, 22 layers Days 12-14, 46 layers Day 19, 32 layers Day 24, 24 layers The glycogen levels in the cells is at its highest immediately before ovulati...	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
to control vaginal microbiota. Vaginal epithelial cells have a relatively high concentration of glycogen compared to other epithelial cells of the human body. The metabolism of this complex sugar by the lactobacillus dominated microbiome is responsible for vaginal acidity. == Function == The cellular junctions of the v...	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
adenocarcinoma arises from secretory cells in the epithelium Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina arises in response to prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol Vaginal melanoma arises from melanocytes in the epithelium === Inflammation === Candida vaginitis is a fungal infection; the discharge is irritating to the v...	{ "page_id": 56502322, "title": "Vaginal epithelium" }
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
a continuous phase, with the boundary between the phases called the "interface". Emulsions tend to have a cloudy appearance because the many phase interfaces scatter light as it passes through the emulsion. Emulsions appear white when all light is scattered equally. If the emulsion is dilute enough, higher-frequency (s...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
by dilution, by heating, or by changing pH levels. Common emulsions are inherently unstable and, thus, do not tend to form spontaneously. Energy input – through shaking, stirring, homogenizing, or exposure to power ultrasound – is needed to form an emulsion. Over time, emulsions tend to revert to the stable state of th...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
creaming and normally observed in water-in-oil emulsions. Sedimentation happens when the dispersed phase is denser than the continuous phase and the gravitational forces pull the denser globules towards the bottom of the emulsion. Similar to creaming, sedimentation follows Stokes' law. An appropriate surface active age...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
accelerates destabilization processes up to 200 times. Mechanical methods of acceleration, including vibration, centrifugation, and agitation, can also be used. These methods are almost always empirical, without a sound scientific basis. == Emulsifiers == An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by redu...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
droplets in suspension. This principle is exploited in soap, to remove grease for the purpose of cleaning. Many different emulsifiers are used in pharmacy to prepare emulsions such as creams and lotions. Common examples include emulsifying wax, polysorbate 20, and ceteareth 20. Sometimes the inner phase itself can act ...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
the emulsifier Vinaigrette – an emulsion of vegetable oil in vinegar, if this is prepared using only oil and vinegar (i.e., without an emulsifier), an unstable emulsion results Water-in-oil emulsions are less common in food, but still exist: Butter – an emulsion of water in butterfat Margarine Other foods can be turned...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
cells, or the cells of most other higher organisms, with the exceptions of sperm cells and blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures. For this reason, these nanoemulsions are not currently used intravenously (IV). The most effective application of this type...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
can serve as vaccine adjuvants by strengthening immune responses against specific antigens. Emulsions can enhance antigen solubility and uptake by immune cells while simultaneously providing controlled release, amplifying an immunological response and thus amplifying its effect. Taste Masking: Emulsions can be used to ...	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
1962. Macmillan. ISBN 9780080102900. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology; Nalwa, H.S., ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2000; Volume 5, pp. 501–575 == External links == The dictionary definition of emulsion at Wiktionary	{ "page_id": 10290, "title": "Emulsion" }
The molecular formula C27H27NO (molar mass: 381.519 g/mol) may refer to: JWH-147 JWH-370	{ "page_id": 61024309, "title": "C27H27NO" }
Abhik Ghosh (Bengali: অভীক ঘোষ) is an Indian inorganic chemist and materials scientist and a professor of chemistry at UiT – The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, Norway. == Early life and education == Abhik Ghosh was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in 1964. He attended St. Lawrence High School (1971–1981) an...	{ "page_id": 45819958, "title": "Abhik Ghosh" }
many occasions (2006–2016). He has authored/coauthored over 300 scientific papers, which have been cited over 13,000 times with an h-index of 65 (according to Google Scholar). He has received many awards for teaching and research, including the Olav Thon Prize for Outstanding Teaching (2025) and the Hans Fischer Career...	{ "page_id": 45819958, "title": "Abhik Ghosh" }
some of the first first-principles calculations on high-valent iron-oxo species. Transition metal spin state energetics. In the 1990s, Abhik (partly in collaboration with Peter Taylor at the San Diego Supercomputer Center) showed that common exchange-correlation functionals yield highly divergent results on the energet...	{ "page_id": 45819958, "title": "Abhik Ghosh" }
reported the first example of a stable cis tautomer of a free-base porphyrin in the form of a termolecular hydrogen-bonded complex. Subsequently, they found additional examples of porphyrin cis tautomers, proving that they can be reliably obtained from virtually any strongly saddled porphyrin co-crystallized with two m...	{ "page_id": 45819958, "title": "Abhik Ghosh" }
and other American Chemical Society journals. == References == == Further reading == Buntrock, R. E. (January 2012). "Review: Letters to a Young Chemist". Choice. p. 913.	{ "page_id": 45819958, "title": "Abhik Ghosh" }
Roberto D. Merlin is an Argentine physicist and Peter A. Franken Collegiate Professor of Physics and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan. He is known, among other things, for his work on quasiperiodic superlattices, squeezed phonons, and, most recently, for the discove...	{ "page_id": 18556981, "title": "Roberto Merlin" }
(17): 1768–1770. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..55.1768M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1768. PMID 10031918. Merlin, R. (2007). "Radiationless electromagnetic interference: Evanescent-field lenses and perfect focusing". Science. 317 (5840): 927–929. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..927M. doi:10.1126/science.1143884. PMID 17626847. S2CID 229201...	{ "page_id": 18556981, "title": "Roberto Merlin" }
The molecular formula C21H23NO (molar mass: 305.41 g/mol, exact mass: 305.1780 u) may refer to: Dapoxetine Indapyrophenidone JWH-167 (1-pentyl-3-(phenylacetyl)indole)	{ "page_id": 61024315, "title": "C21H23NO" }
The extraperitoneal space is the portion of the abdomen and pelvis which does not lie within the peritoneum. It includes: Retroperitoneal space, situated posteriorly to the peritoneum Preperitoneal space, situated anteriorly to the peritoneum Retropubic space, deep to the pubic bone Retro-inguinal space, deep to the in...	{ "page_id": 8005694, "title": "Extraperitoneal space" }
Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted: Wanted immunogenicity typically relates to vaccines, where the injection of an antigen (the vaccine) provokes an immune response against the patho...	{ "page_id": 4007999, "title": "Immunogenicity" }
small molecules and/or have non-immunogenic properties. Consequently, they may require conjugation with an epitope such as a protein or polysaccharide to increase immunogenic potency so that they can evoke an immune response. Proteins and few polysaccharides have immunogenic properties, which allows them to induce humo...	{ "page_id": 4007999, "title": "Immunogenicity" }
(mAbs) are used for several diseases, including cancer and Rheumatoid arthritis. Consequently, the high immunogenicity limited efficacy and was associated with severe infusion reactions. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, it is suspected that the mAbs are inducing infusion reactions by eliciting antibody antigen ...	{ "page_id": 4007999, "title": "Immunogenicity" }
be identified, and cluster scores can be calculated and compiled. Using this approach, the clinical immunogenicity of a novel protein therapeutics can be calculated. Consequently, a number of biotech companies have integrated in silico immunogenicity into their pre-clinical process as they develop new protein drugs. ==...	{ "page_id": 4007999, "title": "Immunogenicity" }
The little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Baja California and Sonora in Mexico and in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Utah in the United States. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is a common ...	{ "page_id": 12527680, "title": "Little pocket mouse" }
Operation Red Hat was a United States Department of Defense movement of chemical warfare munitions from Okinawa, Japan to Johnston Atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, which occurred in 1971. == Background == U.S. chemical weapons were brought into Okinawa in 1962 based on the recommendation of Secretary of Defense Robert...	{ "page_id": 4859968, "title": "Operation Red Hat" }
Hat Storage Area (RHSA) which included hardened igloos in the weapon storage area, the Red Hat building (#850), two Red Hat hazardous waste warehouses (#851 and #852), an open storage area, and security entrances and guard towers. == Transfer in 1971 == The US government directed relocation of chemical munitions from O...	{ "page_id": 4859968, "title": "Operation Red Hat" }
were 2nd Logistical Command and the 267th Chemical Company, the 5th and 196th Ordnance Detachments (EOD), and the 175th Ordnance Detachment. Originally, it was planned that the munitions be moved to Umatilla Chemical Depot but this never happened due to public opposition and political pressure. The United States Congre...	{ "page_id": 4859968, "title": "Operation Red Hat" }
Operation Steel Box == References == == External links == Media related to Operation Red Hat at Wikimedia Commons EPA: "National Priorities List Report", Operation Red Hat	{ "page_id": 4859968, "title": "Operation Red Hat" }
Mushrooms have been found in art traditions around the world, including in western and non-western works. Ranging throughout those cultures, works of art that depict mushrooms can be found in ancient and contemporary times. Often, symbolic associations can also be given to the mushrooms depicted in the works of art. Fo...	{ "page_id": 63645762, "title": "Mushrooms in art" }
religious, and therapeutic purposes. == Registry of Mushrooms in Works of Art == The Registry of Mushrooms in Works of Art is maintained by the North American Mycological Association and its stated goal is, "to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between mushrooms and people as reflected in works of art...	{ "page_id": 63645762, "title": "Mushrooms in art" }
Allylic strain (also known as A1,3 strain, 1,3-allylic strain, or A-strain) in organic chemistry is a type of strain energy resulting from the interaction between a substituent on one end of an olefin (a synonym for an alkene) with an allylic substituent on the other end. If the substituents (R and R') are large enough...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
=== The simplest type of molecules which exhibit allylic strain are olefins. Depending on the substituents, olefins maintain varying degrees of allylic strain. In 3-methyl-1-butene, the interactions between the hydrogen and the two methyl groups in the allylic system cause a change in enthalpy equal to 2 kcal/mol. As e...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
the 1 and 3 positions of an allylic group is often the largest factor contributing to the magnitude of the strain. As a rule, larger substituents will create a larger magnitude of strain. Proximity of bulky groups causes an increase in repulsive Van der Waals forces. This quickly increases the magnitude of the strain. ...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
form. === Solvents === Solvents also have an effect on allylic strain. When used in conjunction with knowledge of the effects of polarity on allylic strain, solvents can be very useful in directing the conformation of a product that contains an allylic structure in its transition state. When a bulky and polar solvent i...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
=== In cases where an enolization is occurring around an allylic group (usually as part of a cyclic system), A1,3 strain can cause the reaction to be nearly impossible. In these situations, acid treatment would normally cause the alkene to become protonated, moving the double bond to the carboxylic group, changing it t...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
is not close to the methyl group on the alkene. Second, the TMS group conferred a stereoelectronic effect on the molecule by adopting an anti conformation to the directing orbitals of the alkene. For the regioselectivity of the reaction, the TMS group can stabilize the developing partial positive charge on the secondar...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
in good yield. The bulky TMS substituent helps enhance allylic 1,3 strain in the conformation of the molecule. === Total synthesis of natural products === In the seminar paper on the total synthesis of (+)-monensin, Kishi and co-workers utilized the allylic strain to induce asymmetric induction in the hydroboration oxi...	{ "page_id": 8005697, "title": "Allylic strain" }
"A Clockwork Origin" is the ninth episode in the sixth season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 97th episode of the series overall. It aired on Comedy Central on August 12, 2010. In the episode, Professor Farnsworth leaves Earth after being frustrated by anti-evolutionists' belief in "Creatur...	{ "page_id": 27994180, "title": "A Clockwork Origin" }
states that he is proud of the nanobots' growth after he dumped their ancestors in a pond a few days ago. The robots, who believe unquestioningly in robot evolution, are angered by Farnsworth, when he shows a picture of a robot (Bender) riding a robotic Stegosaurus at the start of their creation. Farnsworth is subseque...	{ "page_id": 27994180, "title": "A Clockwork Origin" }
Clockwork Origin" originally aired August 12, 2010 on Comedy Central. In its original American broadcast, "A Clockwork Origin" was viewed by an estimated 1.926 million viewers with a 1.3 rating/2% share in the Nielsen ratings and a 1.0 rating/3% share in the 18-49 demographic, nearly identical to the previous week's ep...	{ "page_id": 27994180, "title": "A Clockwork Origin" }
Million B.C.. == See also == Ascension Grey goo Technological singularity == References == == External links == "A Clockwork Origin" at the Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki. "A Clockwork Origin" at IMDb "A Clockwork Origin" at MSN	{ "page_id": 27994180, "title": "A Clockwork Origin" }
Molecular promiscuity indicates the ability of a molecule to bind to interact with one or more other classes and subtypes of molecules, in synergistic or antagonistic ways. These interactions may involve multiple paracrine, endocrine and autocrine features. == References ==	{ "page_id": 10758209, "title": "Molecular promiscuity" }
Theda M. Daniels-Race is an American engineer and Michael B. Voorhies Distinguished Professor in the Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Louisiana State University. Her research is in nanoelectronics, specialising in the growth and characterization of nanomaterials and hybrid electronic devices based on ...	{ "page_id": 64432193, "title": "Theda Daniels-Race" }
semiconductor materials, with federal funding from the National Science Foundation. She was a visiting scholar at the Microelectronics Research Center at the University Texas Austin in spring 1995. From 2001 to 2003, she was awarded funding from the US Department of Energy to investigate the effects of variation in mol...	{ "page_id": 64432193, "title": "Theda Daniels-Race" }
their applications for the book Nanolithography: The Art of Fabricating Nanoelectronic and Nanophotonic Devices and Systems. == Personal life == Daniels-Race is married to Paul Race (MD, JD). == References ==	{ "page_id": 64432193, "title": "Theda Daniels-Race" }
Photoelectrolysis of water, also known as photoelectrochemical water splitting, occurs in a photoelectrochemical cell when light is used as the energy source for the electrolysis of water, producing dihydrogen which can be used as a fuel. This process is one route to a "hydrogen economy", in which hydrogen fuel is prod...	{ "page_id": 1321031, "title": "Photoelectrolysis of water" }
photoelectrochemical systems. Advantages: Utilizing sunlight, photoelectrolysis serves as a renewable method for hydrogen production, offering scalability and adaptability across different geographical conditions. Challenges: The primary hurdles include the still-developing efficiency of the process and the intermitten...	{ "page_id": 1321031, "title": "Photoelectrolysis of water" }
This is a list of herbaria in Europe, organized first by region where the herbarium is located (using the United Nations geoscheme for Europe), then within each region by size of the collection. For other continents, see List of herbaria. == Eastern Europe == The tables below list herbaria located in Eastern Europe as ...	{ "page_id": 18032715, "title": "List of herbaria in Europe" }
=== == Western Europe == The tables below list herbaria located in Western Europe as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe: France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries. === Austria and Switzerland === The following table includes herbaria located in Austria and Switzerland, as well as Liec...	{ "page_id": 18032715, "title": "List of herbaria in Europe" }
Averaged one-dependence estimators (AODE) is a probabilistic classification learning technique. It was developed to address the attribute-independence problem of the popular naive Bayes classifier. It frequently develops substantially more accurate classifiers than naive Bayes at the cost of a modest increase in the am...	{ "page_id": 24455245, "title": "Averaged one-dependence estimators" }
By the definition of conditional probability P ( y ∣ x 1 , … x n ) = P ( y , x 1 , … x n ) P ( x 1 , … x n ) . {\displaystyle P(y\mid x_{1},\ldots x_{n})={\frac {P(y,x_{1},\ldots x_{n})}{P(x_{1},\ldots x_{n})}}.} For any 1 ≤ i ≤ n {\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n} , P ( y , x 1 , … x n ) = P ( y , x i ) P ( x 1 , … x n ∣ y...	{ "page_id": 24455245, "title": "Averaged one-dependence estimators" }
available. It predicts class probabilities rather than simply predicting a single class, allowing the user to determine the confidence with which each classification can be made. Its probabilistic model can directly handle situations where some data are missing. AODE has computational complexity O ( l n 2 ) {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 24455245, "title": "Averaged one-dependence estimators" }
The Chan rearrangement is a chemical reaction that involves rearranging an acyloxy acetate (1) in the presence of a strong base to a 2-hydroxy-3-keto-ester (2).[1] This procedure was employed in the Holton Taxol total synthesis.[2] == Reaction mechanism == The methylene bridge in the reactant with adjacent carbonyl and...	{ "page_id": 3680334, "title": "Chan rearrangement" }
In astronomy, magnitude is a measure of the brightness of an object, usually in a defined passband. An imprecise but systematic determination of the magnitude of objects was introduced in ancient times by Hipparchus. Magnitude values do not have a unit. The scale is logarithmic and defined such that a magnitude 1 star ...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
can also be measured in photometric units such as lux. == History == The Greek astronomer Hipparchus produced a catalogue which noted the apparent brightness of stars in the second century BCE. In the second century CE, the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy classified stars on a six-point scale, and originated the term ma...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
Orders of Stars, as there are Stars, few of them being exactly of the same Bigness and Lustre. And even among those Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for Sirius or Arcturus are each of them brighter than Aldebaran or the Bull's Eye, or even than the Star in Spica; an...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
through the telescope. However, early telescopes produced a spurious disk-like image of a star that was larger for brighter stars and smaller for fainter ones. Astronomers from Galileo to Jaques Cassini mistook these spurious disks for the physical bodies of stars, and thus into the eighteenth century continued to thin...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
brighter than sixth magnitude stars. Thus in 1856 Norman Pogson of Oxford proposed that a logarithmic scale of 5√100 ≈ 2.512 be adopted between magnitudes, so five magnitude steps corresponded precisely to a factor of 100 in brightness. Every interval of one magnitude equates to a variation in brightness of 5√100 or ro...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
dimmer in the sky than Alpha Centauri A (apparent magnitude 0.0, absolute magnitude 4.4) even though it emits thousands of times more light, because Betelgeuse is much farther away. === Apparent magnitude === Under the modern logarithmic magnitude scale, two objects, one of which is used as a reference or baseline, who...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
− M = 2.5 log 10 ⁡ ( d / 10 ) 2 = 5 ( log 10 ⁡ d − 1 ) , {\displaystyle m-M=2.5\log _{10}(d/10)^{2}=5\left(\log _{10}d-1\right)\,,} because intensity falls off proportionally to distance squared. This is known as the distance modulus, where d is the distance to the star measured in parsecs, m is the apparent magnitude,...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
from the Sun to the faintest object visible with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): === Other scales === Any magnitude systems must be calibrated to define the brightness of magnitude zero. Many magnitude systems, such as the Johnson UBV system, assign the average brightness of several stars to a certain number to ...	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
== == External links == Rothstein, Dave (18 September 2003). "What is apparent magnitude?". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 23 December 2011.	{ "page_id": 2500686, "title": "Magnitude (astronomy)" }
Bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNN) connect two hidden layers of opposite directions to the same output. With this form of generative deep learning, the output layer can get information from past (backwards) and future (forward) states simultaneously. Invented in 1997 by Schuster and Paliwal, BRNNs were intr...	{ "page_id": 49686608, "title": "Bidirectional recurrent neural networks" }
General procedures for training are as follows: For forward pass, forward states and backward states are passed first, then output neurons are passed. For backward pass, output neurons are passed first, then forward states and backward states are passed next. After forward and backward passes are done, the weights are ...	{ "page_id": 49686608, "title": "Bidirectional recurrent neural networks" }
Very short patch (VSP) repair is a DNA repair system that removes GT mismatches created by the deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine. This system exists because the glycosylases which normally target deaminated bases cannot target thymine (it being one of the regular four bases in DNA). The components of the syste...	{ "page_id": 26945617, "title": "Very short patch repair" }
DNA and separating the two strands. The N-terminal domain stabilizes the interaction between the protein and the cleaved product, thereby protecting the nick from DNA ligase until the arrival of DNA Polymerase I. == References ==	{ "page_id": 26945617, "title": "Very short patch repair" }
The gold number is the minimum weight (in milligrams) of a protective colloid/lyophilic colloid required to prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of a standard hydro gold sol when 1 ml of a 10% sodium chloride solution is added to it. It was first used by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy in 1901. An electrical double layer is normal...	{ "page_id": 22489171, "title": "Gold number" }
A cache language model is a type of statistical language model. These occur in the natural language processing subfield of computer science and assign probabilities to given sequences of words by means of a probability distribution. Statistical language models are key components of speech recognition systems and of man...	{ "page_id": 31139924, "title": "Cache language model" }
it more likely that if it is spoken it will be recognized correctly. Once "elephant" has occurred several times, the system is likely to recognize it correctly every time it is spoken until the letter has been completely dictated. This increase in the probability assigned to the occurrence of "elephant" is an example o...	{ "page_id": 31139924, "title": "Cache language model" }
which one uses certain words will be quite different from their frequencies when one is discussing other topics in other contexts. The traditional N-gram language models, which rely entirely on information from a very small number (four, three, or two) of words preceding the word to which a probability is to be assigne...	{ "page_id": 31139924, "title": "Cache language model" }
Commercial animal cloning is the cloning of animals for commercial purposes, including animal husbandry, medical research, competition camels and horses, pet cloning, and restoring populations of endangered and extinct animals. The practice was first demonstrated in 1996 with Dolly the sheep. == Cloning methods == Movi...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
similar fashion to monozygotic twins). == Livestock cloning == The US Food and Drug Administration has concluded that "Food from cattle, swine, and goat clones is as safe to eat as food from any other cattle, swine, or goat." It has also been noted that the main use of agricultural clones is to produce breeding stock, ...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
the first Massachusetts General Hospital announced the success transplant of a genetically-edited pig kidney into a man with end-stage kidney disease. The pig kidney, provided by eGenesis in Cambridge Massachusetts, was edited using the CRISPR_Cas technology to remove any harmful genes from the pig and add human genes ...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
of a male Przewalski's horse stallion whose cell line was cryopreserved over 40 years ago by the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Biodiversity Bank’s Frozen Zoo. Kurt, the world's first cloned Przewalski's horse, lives in the San Diego Safari Park, he was born in 2020 from the same cell line that Ollie was cloned from. ...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
thus far, it seems to be a reasonable method to continue and soon be able to help stop species like the sturgeons from becoming endangered and possibly stop extinction from occurring. Cloning long-extinct animals using current methods is impossible because DNA begins to denature after death, meaning the entire genome o...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
of its dog cloning service. In July 2008, the Seoul National University (co-parents of Snuppy, reputedly the world's first cloned dog in 2005) created five clones of a dog named Booger for its Californian owner. The woman paid $50,000 for this service. Sooam Biotech continued developing proprietary techniques for cloni...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
animal in the womb of the surrogate. Some common issues seen with cloned animals are shortened telomeres, the repetitive end sequences of DNA whose decreasing length over the lifespan of an organism have been associated with aging; large offspring syndrome, the abnormal size of cloned individuals due to epigenetic (gen...	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
Working animal == References ==	{ "page_id": 1321047, "title": "Commercial animal cloning" }
In quantum mechanics and its applications to quantum many-particle systems, notably quantum chemistry, angular momentum diagrams, or more accurately from a mathematical viewpoint angular momentum graphs, are a diagrammatic method for representing angular momentum quantum states of a quantum system allowing calculations...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
expressions equal to each other. The most basic diagrams are for kets and bras: Arrows are directed to or from vertices, a state transforming according to: a standard representation is designated by an oriented line leaving a vertex, a contrastandard representation is depicted as a line entering a vertex. As a general ...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
vertex correctly, as forward-time and reversed-time operators would become mixed up. === Inner product === The inner product of two states \|j1, m1⟩ and \|j2, m2⟩ is: ⟨ j 2 , m 2 \| j 1 , m 1 ⟩ = δ j 1 j 2 δ m 1 m 2 {\displaystyle \langle j_{2},m_{2}\|j_{1},m_{1}\rangle =\delta _{j_{1}j_{2}}\delta _{m_{1}m_{2}}} and the di...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
m takes the set of values given above. There is no difference between the forward-time and reversed-time states for the outer product contraction, so here they share the same diagram, represented as one line without direction, again labelled by j only and not m: === Tensor products === The tensor product ⊗ of n states ...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
1 ′ \| j 1 , m 1 , j 2 , m 2 , . . . j n , m n ⟩ = ⟨ j n ′ , m n ′ \| . . . ⟨ j 2 ′ , m 2 ′ \| ⟨ j 1 ′ , m 1 ′ \| \| j 1 , m 1 ⟩ \| j 2 , m 2 ⟩ . . . \| j n , m n ⟩ = ∏ k = 1 n ⟨ j k ′ , m k ′ \| j k , m k ⟩ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\left\langle j'_{n},m'_{n},...,j'_{2},m'_{2},j'_{1},m'_{1}\|j_{1},m_{1},j_{2},m_{2},...j_...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
Structure Theory: Part 2. Applications. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. Vol. 14. Elsevier. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-08-054047-4. M. Barysz; Y. Ishikawa (2010). Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. Springer. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-4020-9975-5. G.H.F. D...	{ "page_id": 39659607, "title": "Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)" }
The Binet equation, derived by Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, provides the form of a central force given the shape of the orbital motion in plane polar coordinates. The equation can also be used to derive the shape of the orbit for a given force law, but this usually involves the solution to a second order nonlinear, or...	{ "page_id": 26290265, "title": "Binet equation" }
u d θ = d d t ( 1 r ) d t d θ = − r ˙ r 2 θ ˙ = − r ˙ h d 2 u d θ 2 = − 1 h d r ˙ d t d t d θ = − r ¨ h θ ˙ = − r ¨ h 2 u 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {\mathrm {d} u}{\mathrm {d} \theta }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left({\frac {1}{r}}\right){\frac {\mathrm {d} t}{\mathrm {d} \theta }}=-{\frac {\...	{ "page_id": 26290265, "title": "Binet equation" }
θ 2 + u ) {\displaystyle -ku^{2}=-mh^{2}u^{2}\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}u}{\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}}}+u\right)} d 2 u d θ 2 + u = k m h 2 ≡ constant > 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}u}{\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {k}{mh^{2}}}\equiv {\text{constant}}>0.} If the angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } is meas...	{ "page_id": 26290265, "title": "Binet equation" }
polar equation for an ellipse gives l d 2 u d θ 2 = − ε cos ⁡ θ . {\displaystyle l\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}u}{\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}}}=-\varepsilon \cos \theta .} The force law is therefore F = − m h 2 u 2 ( − ε cos ⁡ θ l + 1 + ε cos ⁡ θ l ) = − m h 2 u 2 l = − m h 2 l r 2 , {\displaystyle F=-mh^{2}u^{2}\left({\frac ...	{ "page_id": 26290265, "title": "Binet equation" }
− k r 3 . {\displaystyle F(r)=-{\frac {k}{r^{3}}}.} The shapes of the orbits of an inverse cube law are known as Cotes spirals. The Binet equation shows that the orbits must be solutions to the equation d 2 u d θ 2 + u = k u m h 2 = C u . {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}u}{\mathrm {d} \theta ^{2}}}+u={\frac {ku}...	{ "page_id": 26290265, "title": "Binet equation" }

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