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The force law is thus F = − m h 2 u 2 ( 2 D 2 u 3 − u + u ) = − 2 m h 2 D 2 u 5 = − 2 m h 2 D 2 r 5 . {\displaystyle F=-mh^{2}u^{2}\left(2D^{2}u^{3}-u+u\right)=-2mh^{2}D^{2}u^{5}=-{\frac {2mh^{2}D^{2}}{r^{5}}}.} Note that solving the general inverse problem, i.e. constructing the orbits of an attractive 1 / r 5 {\displ... | {
"page_id": 26290265,
"title": "Binet equation"
} |
Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) a... | {
"page_id": 1976413,
"title": "Divergent evolution"
} |
the other types of evolution. === Divergent versus convergent evolution === Convergent evolution is the development of analogous structures that occurs in different species as a result of those two species facing similar environmental pressures and adapting in similar ways. It differs from divergent evolution as the sp... | {
"page_id": 1976413,
"title": "Divergent evolution"
} |
ancestor that lived on the islands, and due to geographic isolation, evolved to fill the particular niche on each of the islands. This is supported by modern day genomic sequencing. == Divergent evolution in dogs == Another example of divergent evolution is the origin of the domestic dog and the modern wolf, who both s... | {
"page_id": 1976413,
"title": "Divergent evolution"
} |
The plants they diverged from either went extinct leaving little in the fossil record or migrated surviving in less arid climates. == See also == Cladistics Contingency (evolutionary biology) Devolution Chronospecies == References == == Further reading == Jonathan B. Losos (2017). Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, an... | {
"page_id": 1976413,
"title": "Divergent evolution"
} |
Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) is a process in which energy is redistributed between different quantum states of a vibrationally excited molecule, which is required by successful theories explaining unimolecular reaction rates such as RRKM theory. Such theories assume a full statistical redistri... | {
"page_id": 45230173,
"title": "Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution"
} |
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities ... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
the reaction product (aRed) by the reagent activity (aOx) is equal to the equilibrium constant K of the half-reaction: K = a Red a Ox {\displaystyle K={\frac {a_{\text{Red}}}{a_{\text{Ox}}}}} The standard thermodynamics also says that the actual Gibbs free energy ΔG is related to the free energy change under standard s... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
number of electrons transferred in the cell reaction or half-reaction, F is Faraday's constant, the magnitude of charge (in coulombs) per mole of electrons: F = 96485.3321233100184 C mol−1, Qr is the reaction quotient of the cell reaction, and, a is the chemical activity for the relevant species, where aRed is the acti... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
equation becomes: E red = E red ⊖ − R T z F ln ( γ Red γ Ox C Red C Ox ) {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}=E_{\text{red}}^{\ominus }-{\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln \left({\frac {\gamma _{\text{Red}}}{\gamma _{\text{Ox}}}}{\frac {C_{\text{Red}}}{C_{\text{Ox}}}}\right)} E red = E red ⊖ − R T z F ( ln γ Red γ Ox + ln C Red C Ox ) ... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
}-{\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln {\frac {\gamma _{\text{Red}}}{\gamma _{\text{Ox}}}}} So that the Nernst equation for the half-cell reaction can be correctly formally written in terms of concentrations as: E red = E red ⊖ ′ − R T z F ln C Red C Ox {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}=E_{\text{red}}^{\ominus '}-{\frac {RT}{zF}}\ln {\fr... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
ratio of the oxidized and reduced species (i.e., when Cred/Cox = 1) under given conditions. Indeed: as, E red = E red ⊖ {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}=E_{\text{red}}^{\ominus }} , when a red a ox = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{red}}}{a_{\text{ox}}}}=1} , E red = E red ⊖ ′ {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}=E_{\text{re... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
one molal (m), and so are said to be one formal (F). So, expressing the concentration C in molarity M (1 mol/L): C red C ox = 1 M red 1 M ox = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {C_{\text{red}}}{C_{\text{ox}}}}={\frac {1\,\mathrm {M} _{\text{red}}}{1\,\mathrm {M} _{\text{ox}}}}=1} The term formal concentration (F) is now largely ... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
better corresponding to real conditions than the standard state. Formal standard reduction potentials ( E red ⊖ ′ {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}^{\ominus '}} ) allow to more easily estimate if a redox reaction supposed to occur in a metabolic process or to fuel microbial activity under some conditions is feasible or not... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
pH and E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} as follows: E h = E red = E red ⊖ − 0.05916 z log ( { C } c { D } d { A } a { B } b ) − 0.05916 h z pH {\displaystyle E_{h}=E_{\text{red}}=E_{\text{red}}^{\ominus }-{\frac {0.05916}{z}}\log \left({\frac {\{C\}^{c}\{D\}^{d}}{\{A\}^{a}\{B\}^{b}}}\right)-{\frac {0.05916\,h}{z}}{\text{pH}... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
hypotheses made on the activity coefficients must always be explicitly indicated. When using, or comparing, several formal reduction potentials they must also be internally consistent. Problems may occur when mixing different sources of data using different conventions or approximations (i.e., with different underlying... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2 (cathode: reduction) Higher stability line with oxygen gas evolution due to water oxygen oxidation at very high Eh: 2 H2O ⇌ O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e− (anode: oxidation) When solving the Nernst equation for each corresponding reduction reaction (need to revert the water oxidation reaction producing oxygen), both e... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
V for the reduction of oxygen. The offset of −414 mV in E red {\displaystyle E_{\text{red}}} is the same for both reduction reactions because they share the same linear relationship as a function of pH and the slopes of their lines are the same. This can be directly verified on a Pourbaix diagram. For other reduction r... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
inside cell}}]}}=2.3026{\frac {RT}{zF}}\log _{10}{\frac {[{\text{ion outside cell}}]}{[{\text{ion inside cell}}]}}.} When the membrane is in thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., no net flux of ions), and if the cell is permeable to only one ion, then the membrane potential must be equal to the Nernst potential for that ion... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
per mole). The potential across the cell membrane that exactly opposes net diffusion of a particular ion through the membrane is called the Nernst potential for that ion. As seen above, the magnitude of the Nernst potential is determined by the ratio of the concentrations of that specific ion on the two sides of the me... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
account, E m = R T F ln ( r P K + [ K + ] o u t + P N a + [ N a + ] o u t + P C l − [ C l − ] i n r P K + [ K + ] i n + P N a + [ N a + ] i n + P C l − [ C l − ] o u t ) . {\displaystyle E_{m}={\frac {RT}{F}}\ln {\left({\frac {rP_{\mathrm {K} ^{+}}\left[\mathrm {K} ^{+}\right]_{\mathrm {out} }+P_{\mathrm {Na} ^{+}}\l... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
{[\mathrm {Red} ]}{[\mathrm {Ox} ]}}&={\frac {\exp \left(-[{\text{barrier for gaining an electron}}]/kT\right)}{\exp \left(-[{\text{barrier for losing an electron}}]/kT\right)}}\\[6px]&=\exp \left({\frac {\mu _{\mathrm {c} }}{kT}}\right).\end{aligned}}} Taking the natural logarithm of both sides gives μ c = k T ln [ ... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
the molecule. The number of states must vary linearly with the volume V of the system (here an idealized system is considered for better understanding, so that activities are posited very close to the true concentrations). Fundamental statistical proof of the mentioned linearity goes beyond the scope of this section, b... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
units of c2. We can, therefore, write the entropy of an arbitrary molecule A as S ( A ) = S ⊖ ( A ) − k ln [ A ] , {\displaystyle S(\mathrm {A} )=S^{\ominus }(\mathrm {A} )-k\ln[\mathrm {A} ],} where S ⊖ {\displaystyle S^{\ominus }} is the entropy at standard conditions and [A] denotes the concentration of A. The cha... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
reactions (E = μc/e). E is related to the Gibbs free energy change ΔG only by a constant: ΔG = −zFE, where n is the number of electrons transferred and F is the Faraday constant. There is a negative sign because a spontaneous reaction has a negative Gibbs free energy ΔG and a positive potential E. The Gibbs free ener... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
dissolved species under given experimental conditions (T, P, ionic strength, pH, and complexing agents) and is the potential that is actually measured in an electrochemical cell. == Relation to the chemical equilibrium == The standard Gibbs free energy Δ G ⊖ {\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ominus }} is related to the equilib... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
298.15 K {\displaystyle \log _{10}K={\frac {zE^{\ominus }}{\lambda V_{T}}}={\frac {zE^{\ominus }}{0.05916{\text{ V}}}}\quad {\text{at }}T=298.15~{\text{K}}} We have thus related the standard electrode potential and the equilibrium constant of a redox reaction. == Limitations == In dilute solutions, the Nernst equation ... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
cause spontaneous nuclear fusion. In reality, only 10,000–20,000 atmospheres were achieved. The American physicist John R. Huizenga claimed their original calculation was affected by a misinterpretation of the Nernst equation. He cited a paper about Pd–Zr alloys. The Nernst equation allows the calculation of the extent... | {
"page_id": 75873,
"title": "Nernst equation"
} |
In organic chemistry, carboboration is an addition of both a carbon and a boron moiety to certain carbon-containing double and triple bonds, such as alkenes, alkynes, and allenes. In the synthesis of organic compounds, this chemical reaction is used to install a new carbon-carbon bond and carbon-boron bond. The product... | {
"page_id": 74000485,
"title": "Carboboration"
} |
Wrackmeyer-type 1,1 carboboration is proposed to go through a zwitterionic intermediate, and this intermediate has been isolated and characterized in some cases. However, the mechanism can be highly substrate and reagent dependent. In a borane, the compound typically adopts a trigonal planar molecular geometry, making ... | {
"page_id": 74000485,
"title": "Carboboration"
} |
alkene 1,2 carboborations, Heck-type and the Wacker-type. However, the Cu- and Ni-catalyzed reactions can proceed through similar mechanisms. These two mechanisms mainly differ in the oxidation state of the active catalyst and how the carbon group is delivered to the substrate: whether the C–C bond is formed via migrat... | {
"page_id": 74000485,
"title": "Carboboration"
} |
Picasso was a restaurant run by chef Julian Serrano in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The name is derived from the artist Pablo Picasso and features the artist's paintings throughout the restaurant. The cuisine of Picasso was French with a Spanish influence, and the restaurant was known for its reinvention and inter... | {
"page_id": 37890151,
"title": "Picasso (restaurant)"
} |
Brucella suis is a bacterium that causes swine brucellosis, a zoonosis that affects pigs. The disease typically causes chronic inflammatory lesions in the reproductive organs of susceptible animals or orchitis, and may even affect joints and other organs. The most common symptom is abortion in pregnant susceptible sows... | {
"page_id": 2697320,
"title": "Brucella suis"
} |
diseases in humans. In contrast, biovar 2 found in wild boars in Europe shows mild or no clinical signs and cannot infect healthy humans, but does infect pigs and hares. == Pathogenesis == Phagocytes are an essential component of the host's innate immune system with various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to clear pat... | {
"page_id": 2697320,
"title": "Brucella suis"
} |
which in turn may neutralize acidic pH. Since B. suis is unable to grow in a strongly acidic medium, it could be protected from acidification by the ammonia. Summary: Brucella suis encounters a macrophage, but no oxidative burst occurs. Lipid rafts are necessary for macrophage penetration. The phagosome rapidly acidifi... | {
"page_id": 2697320,
"title": "Brucella suis"
} |
The posterior median line is a sagittal line on the posterior torso at the midline. A similar term is "vertebral line", which defined by the spinous processes. However, this term is not in Terminologia Anatomica. == References == | {
"page_id": 24651881,
"title": "Posterior median line"
} |
Evolutionary baggage is the part of the genome of a population that was advantageous in past individuals but is disadvantageous under the pressures exerted by natural selection today. == Origin == Genes that may have been advantageous in the past may be critically unfit for individuals in today's environment. Natural s... | {
"page_id": 24979563,
"title": "Evolutionary baggage"
} |
deadly disease that causes fever, fatigue, nausea, muscular pain, coughing, and, in extreme cases, coma and death. Malaria is caused by parasitic protozoans transferred through mosquito saliva into a person's circulatory system, where they travel to the liver to mature. There were an estimated 219 million documented ca... | {
"page_id": 24979563,
"title": "Evolutionary baggage"
} |
The molecular formula C40H58 (molar mass: 538.89 g/mol, exact mass: 538.4539 u) may refer to: Neurosporene α-Zeacarotene β-Zeacarotene | {
"page_id": 38676583,
"title": "C40H58"
} |
A superprism is a photonic crystal in which an entering beam of light will lead to an extremely large angular dispersion. The ability of the photonic crystal to send optical beams with different wavelengths to considerably different angles in space in superprisms has been used to demonstrate wavelength demultiplexing i... | {
"page_id": 3401787,
"title": "Superprism"
} |
Edinburgh BioQuarter is an initiative in the development of Scotland's life sciences industry, which, as of August 2020, employs more than 39,000 people in over 750 organisations. A community of 8,000 people currently work and study within the boundary of BioQuarter, located on the south side of Edinburgh, Scotland’s c... | {
"page_id": 29698161,
"title": "Edinburgh BioQuarter"
} |
Edinburgh, they launched the Edinburgh BioQuarter. In August 2010, British author J.K. Rowling endowed research at BioQuarter with a £10 million gift to create the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic in memory of her mother, who died in 1990 from complications related to multiple sclerosis. The clinic was offici... | {
"page_id": 29698161,
"title": "Edinburgh BioQuarter"
} |
Willow water is a traditional method to extract the rooting hormone indolebutyric acid from willow (Salix) trees, which is believed to be present in sufficient quantities to stimulate root growth. == References == | {
"page_id": 36907131,
"title": "Willow water"
} |
The anterior median line is a sagittal line on the anterior of the head and torso running at midline. == External links == Figure 50-1 | {
"page_id": 24651900,
"title": "Anterior median line"
} |
A dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes or half-planes. It is a plane angle formed on a third plane, perpendicular to the line of intersection between the two planes or the common edge between the two half-planes. In higher dimensions, a dihedral angle represents the angle between two hyperplanes.... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
of their lengths. The absolute value is required in above formulas, as the planes are not changed when changing all coefficient signs in one equation, or replacing one normal vector by its opposite. However the absolute values can be and should be avoided when considering the dihedral angle of two half planes whose bou... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
then bond vectors are defined by u1=r2−r1, u2=r3−r2, and ui=ri+1−ri, more generally. This is the case for kinematic chains or amino acids in a protein structure. In these cases, one is often interested in the half-planes defined by three consecutive points, and the dihedral angle between two consecutive such half-plane... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
_{3})).} This dihedral angle does not depend on the orientation of the chain (order in which the point are considered) — reversing this ordering consists of replacing each vector by its opposite vector, and exchanging the indices 1 and 3. Both operations do not change the cosine, but change the sign of the sine. Thus, ... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
× u 3 ) = [ ( u 2 × u 3 ) ⋅ u 1 ] u 2 − [ ( u 2 × u 3 ) ⋅ u 2 ] u 1 = [ ( u 2 × u 3 ) ⋅ u 1 ] u 2 {\displaystyle (\mathbf {u} _{1}\times \mathbf {u} _{2})\times (\mathbf {u} _{2}\times \mathbf {u} _{3})=[(\mathbf {u} _{2}\times \mathbf {u} _{3})\cdot \mathbf {u} _{1}]\mathbf {u} _{2}-[(\mathbf {u} _{2}\times \mathbf {u... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
(c) and those between 0° and ±30° or ±150° and 180° are called periplanar (p). The two types of terms can be combined so as to define four ranges of angle; 0° to ±30° synperiplanar (sp); 30° to 90° and −30° to −90° synclinal (sc); 90° to 150° and −90° to −150° anticlinal (ac); ±150° to 180° antiperiplanar (ap). The syn... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
rare cis case). The distance between the Cα atoms in the trans and cis isomers is approximately 3.8 and 2.9 Å, respectively. The vast majority of the peptide bonds in proteins are trans, though the peptide bond to the nitrogen of proline has an increased prevalence of cis compared to other amino-acid pairs. The side ch... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
and CP, the cosine of the dihedral angle between the faces containing APC and BPC is: cos φ = cos ( ∠ A P B ) − cos ( ∠ A P C ) cos ( ∠ B P C ) sin ( ∠ A P C ) sin ( ∠ B P C ) {\displaystyle \cos \varphi ={\frac {\cos(\angle \mathrm {APB} )-\cos(\angle \mathrm {APC} )\cos(\angle \mathrm {BPC} )}{\sin(\angle... | {
"page_id": 338046,
"title": "Dihedral angle"
} |
The Blaise ketone synthesis (named after Edmond Blaise) is the chemical reaction of acid chlorides with organozinc compounds to give ketones.[1][2] The reaction was claimed to bring excellent yields by Blaise, however, investigators failed to obtain better than moderate yields (50%).[3][4] Thus, the reaction is particu... | {
"page_id": 3876991,
"title": "Blaise ketone synthesis"
} |
Ketone". Organic Syntheses. 55: 122; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 248. ^ Fujisawa, T.; Sato, T. (1988). "Ketones from Carboxylic Acids and Grignard Reagents: Methyl 6-Oxodecanoate". Organic Syntheses. 66: 116; Collected Volumes, vol. 8, p. 441. ^ Cason, J. (1947). "The Use of Organocadmium Reagents for the Preparation... | {
"page_id": 3876991,
"title": "Blaise ketone synthesis"
} |
In metallurgy, a shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, and muscle wire. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the d... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
as “de-twinning”, which results in a deformation which is not recovered (remembered) after releasing the mechanical load. De-twinning starts at a certain stress σs and ends at σf above which martensite continue exhibiting only elastic behavior (as long as the load is below the yield stress). The memorized deformation f... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
Since these structures have different lattice sizes and symmetry, cooling austenite into martensite introduces internal strain energy in the martensitic phase. To reduce this energy, the martensitic phase forms many twins—this is called "self-accommodating twinning" and is the twinning version of geometrically necessar... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again, it will retain the shape, until deformed again. With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a macroscopic s... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
the internal stresses, which leads to the material shape change. And while heating back the SMA into austenite, it recovers its initial shape. There are several ways of doing this. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain point will lose the two-way memory effect. == Pseudoelasticity == SMAs display a phenomeno... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
a critical stress for austenite is reached (σas). The material will recover nearly all strain that was induced from the structural change, and for some SMAs this can be strains greater than 10 percent. This hysteresis loop shows the work done for each cycle of the material between states of small and large deformations... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
homogeneous nucleation. Likewise, increasing temperature will reduce the driving force for the phase transformation, so a larger σms will be necessary. One can see that as you increase the operational temperature of the SMA, σms will be greater than the yield strength, σy, and superelasticity will no longer be observab... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
Crystal structures == Many metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape-memory effect. The special property that allows shape-memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In mos... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
manufactured to almost any shape and size. The yield strength of shape-memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel, but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or aluminum. The yield stress for Ni Ti can reach 500 MPa. The high cost of the metal itself and the processing requirements make... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
convection, and lagging the SMA with a conductive material in order to manipulate the heat transfer rate. Novel methods to enhance the feasibility of SMA actuators include the use of a conductive "lagging". this method uses a thermal paste to rapidly transfer heat from the SMA by conduction. This heat is then more read... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
by Joule heating. If the SMA is used in an environment where the ambient temperature is uncontrolled, unintentional actuation by ambient heating may occur. == Applications == === Industrial === ==== Aircraft and spacecraft ==== Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, Texas A&M University ... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
noise/EMC/weight/form factor/power consumption) were the crucial factor in the decision to replace the old standard technology with SMA. The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette became the first vehicle to incorporate SMA actuators, which replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from t... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
coupling for piping, e.g. oil pipe lines, for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications. === Consumer electronics === ==== Smartphone cameras ==== Several smartphone companies have released handsets with optical image stabilisation (OIS) modules incorporating ... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
shape-memory alloys are more robust against being accidentally damaged. ==== Orthopedic surgery ==== Memory metal has been utilized in orthopedic surgery as a fixation-compression device for osteotomies, typically for lower extremity procedures. The device, usually in the form of a large staple, is stored in a refriger... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
=== Sold in small round lengths for use in affixment-free bracelets. === Heating and cooling === German scientists at Saarland University have produced a prototype machine that transfers heat using a nickel-titanium ("nitinol") alloy wire wrapped around a rotating cylinder. As the cylinder rotates, heat is absorbed on ... | {
"page_id": 665728,
"title": "Shape-memory alloy"
} |
Neil Elbridge Gordon (October 7, 1886 – May 30, 1949) was an American chemist and educator. He founded the Journal of Chemical Education (c. 1924) and established the Gordon Research Conferences (c. 1931). == Life == He held several Chair positions spanning his time at the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins Universi... | {
"page_id": 52832391,
"title": "Neil Gordon"
} |
Kiln furniture are devices and implements inside furnaces used during the heating of manufactured individual pieces, such as pottery or other ceramic or metal components. Kiln furniture is made of refractory materials, i.e., materials that withstand high temperatures without deformation. Kiln furniture can account for ... | {
"page_id": 70133895,
"title": "Kiln furniture"
} |
carbide and in special cases from zirconia. A pernette or stilt is a prop to support pottery in a kiln so that pottery does not touch each other or kiln's floor. In archaeology, they may be upside-down fired clay tripods, leaving characteristic marks at the bottoms of the pottery/porcelain. They expose the bottom of th... | {
"page_id": 70133895,
"title": "Kiln furniture"
} |
The Clab, also known as Centralt mellanlager för använt kärnbränsle (Swedish for 'Central holding storage for spent nuclear fuel') is an interim radioactive waste repository located at Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant about 25 km north of Oskarshamn. Clab used to be owned by Oskarshamnsverkets Kraftgrupp AB (OKG) but is ... | {
"page_id": 9054351,
"title": "Clab"
} |
Wolfgang Kilian (10 May 1581 – 1662) was a German engraver and member of the Kilian family of engravers in Augsburg. == Biography == He was the son of Bartholomaus Kilian the elder and Maria Pfeiffelmann. After his father's death in 1583, his mother remarried Dominicus Custos and he and his brother Lucas became his pup... | {
"page_id": 40118421,
"title": "Wolfgang Kilian"
} |
The molecular formula C25H27N (molar mass: 341.49 g/mol, exact mass: 341.2143 u) may refer to: JWH-184 JWH-196 | {
"page_id": 36186262,
"title": "C25H27N"
} |
Oncomatryx Biopharma S. L. is a pharmaceutical biotechnology company that develops personalized treatments against invasive cancer as well as tests for its early detection. Established by Laureano Simón, PhD, Oncomatryx thus engages twofold in the fight against invasive kinds of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer or inv... | {
"page_id": 41756826,
"title": "Oncomatryx"
} |
de Medicina. Universidad de Valladolid, CINAD. Valladolid, Spain. Manuel Hidalgo, M.D., Ph.D. Head of Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research unit. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas. Madrid, Spain. Roland E. Kontermann, Ph.D. Mildred-Scheel Professor. Biomedical Engineering unit. Institut für Zellbiologi... | {
"page_id": 41756826,
"title": "Oncomatryx"
} |
is already being used in USA hospitals such as Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, has 93.5% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in detecting invasive breast tumors in biopsies. In addition, it helps to predict if a benign lesion of the breast, such as a papilloma, will turn into... | {
"page_id": 41756826,
"title": "Oncomatryx"
} |
Fructose phosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose, and are common in the biochemistry of cells. A fructose phosphate is formed when fructose is phosphorylated through the addition of an inorganic phosphate group (Pi). Fructose is a naturally occurring monosaccharide and is referred to as a “fruit sugar” due ... | {
"page_id": 5712026,
"title": "Fructosephosphates"
} |
and gluconeogenesis based on hormonal nutritional signals. However, if fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels become unregulated and result in a decrease in its production, gluconeogenesis is favored over glycolysis, which contributes to hepatic glucose output in diabetes. == Real-World Applications == Because of fructose ph... | {
"page_id": 5712026,
"title": "Fructosephosphates"
} |
The molecular formula C25H27NO (molar mass: 343.47 g/mol) may refer to: JWH-185 Cinfenine N-Desmethyltamoxifen | {
"page_id": 36186268,
"title": "C25H27NO"
} |
Shannon Jennifer Turley is an American biologist and Immunology Fellow at Genentech. She develops immunotherapies for inflammatory diseases and cancers. She was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2025. == Early life and education == Turley was born and raised in Chicago. She spent a summer at the She... | {
"page_id": 79964317,
"title": "Shannon Turley"
} |
create tissue-specific tolerance by the presentation of ectopic antigens on lymph node stromal cells. At Genentech, Turley created a discovery programme dedicated to the tumour microenvironment. She is particularly interested in the development of immontherapies for patients with advanced cancers and inflammatory disea... | {
"page_id": 79964317,
"title": "Shannon Turley"
} |
Natural Product Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It publishes reviews commissioned by the editorial board on all areas of natural products research. The editors-in-chief is Tobias Gulder (Technical University of Dresden). == Abstracting and indexing == T... | {
"page_id": 7612572,
"title": "Natural Product Reports"
} |
Progress in Optics are a series of books published by Elsevier. Edited by Emil Wolf until his death in 2018, the series is now edited by Taco D. Visser. They consist of collections of already published review articles deemed to be representative of the advances made in the fields of optics. The series was established i... | {
"page_id": 29632669,
"title": "Progress in Optics"
} |
The James Flack Norris Award is an award handed out yearly for "outstanding contributions to the field of chemical education". The award, which was established in 1950 and was handed out the first time in 1951 was created by the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society in memory of the contributions of Jam... | {
"page_id": 26945696,
"title": "James Flack Norris Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Teaching of Chemistry"
} |
Synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) is a major mechanism of homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although many of the features of SDSA were first suggested in 1976, the double-Holliday junction model proposed in 1983 was favored by many researchers. In 1994, studies of double-strand gap ... | {
"page_id": 37890211,
"title": "Synthesis-dependent strand annealing"
} |
the recipient homologous DNA duplex by DNA polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction, so that the D-loop physically translocates – a process referred to as bubble migration DNA synthesis. The resulting single Holliday junction then slides down the DNA duplex in the same direction in a process called branch migration, displa... | {
"page_id": 37890211,
"title": "Synthesis-dependent strand annealing"
} |
when the D-loop is disassembled allow the nascent strand to anneal to other resected end of the DSB (in the double-Holliday junction model the strand displaced by D-loop extension anneals to the other end of the DSB in "2nd end capture"). Research in Drosophila melanogaster identified the Bloom syndrome helicase (Blm) ... | {
"page_id": 37890211,
"title": "Synthesis-dependent strand annealing"
} |
are NCOs, and suggest that SDSA is the principal pathway for recombination during meiosis. == References == | {
"page_id": 37890211,
"title": "Synthesis-dependent strand annealing"
} |
Perfluorocarbon emulsions are emulsions containing either bubbles or droplets which have perfluorocarbons inside them. Some of them are commonly used in medicine as ultrasound contrast agents, and others have been studied for use as oxygen therapeutics. == Ultrasound contrast agents == The most common use of perfluoroc... | {
"page_id": 28190884,
"title": "Perfluorocarbon emulsions"
} |
droplets picked up oxygen when passing through the lungs and offloaded oxygen when passing through the capillaries in other tissues. The primary form of excretion of the perfluorocarbon was through the reticulo-endothelial system - the droplets would remain in the bloodstream until they were recognized by the immune sy... | {
"page_id": 28190884,
"title": "Perfluorocarbon emulsions"
} |
through the lower parts of the oxygen cascade. While it is difficult to observe the positioning of the perfluorocarbon molecules directly, molecules positioned in the right places between red blood cells and mitochondria may reduce resistance to oxygen flow. In cases where the oxygen tension at the mitochondria are ver... | {
"page_id": 28190884,
"title": "Perfluorocarbon emulsions"
} |
Moth traps are devices used for capturing moths for scientific research or domestic pest control. Entomologists use moth traps to study moth populations, behavior, distribution, and role in ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity conservation and ecological monitoring efforts. Homeowners, on the other hand, employ mot... | {
"page_id": 36448421,
"title": "Moth trap"
} |
light is uncertain. The most accepted theory is that moths migrate using the moon and stars as navigational aids, and that the placement of a closer-than-the-moon light causes subtended angles of light at the insect's eye to alter so rapidly that it has to fly in a spiral to reduce the angular change. This results in t... | {
"page_id": 36448421,
"title": "Moth trap"
} |
PHerc. Paris. 4 is a carbonized scroll of papyrus, dating to the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. Part of a corpus known as the Herculaneum papyri, it was buried by hot-ash in the Roman city of Herculaneum during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. It was subsequently discovered in excavations of the Villa of... | {
"page_id": 76032166,
"title": "PHerc. Paris. 4"
} |
Paris. 1 is in fragments and bits; Paris. 2 is better preserved. Paris. 5 broke into pieces in an 1877 attempt to unpeel it, and Paris. 6 was lost when it disintegrated in an 1816 attempt. == Unscrolling and reading == The 20th century yielded progress in the readings of Herculaneum texts utilizing microscopes, digital... | {
"page_id": 76032166,
"title": "PHerc. Paris. 4"
} |
year old college student and SpaceX intern Luke Farritor and physicist Casey Handmer identified the word "porphyras" (πορΦυρας) or "purple" on the scroll utilizing neural networking to differentiate the paper and the ink; Farritor subsequently won US$40,000 for his find. On 5 February 2024, the Grand Prize, for reading... | {
"page_id": 76032166,
"title": "PHerc. Paris. 4"
} |
Vesuvius Challenge for 2024 is towards deciphering 90% of the scroll's contents in addition to other fragments held by the Institut de France. == References == | {
"page_id": 76032166,
"title": "PHerc. Paris. 4"
} |
The molecular formula C26H27NO (molar mass: 369.50 g/mol, exact mass: 369.2093 u) may refer to: JWH-048 JWH-116 JWH-149 JWH-210 | {
"page_id": 36186279,
"title": "C26H27NO"
} |
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